J Behav Addict. 2018 Sep 11: 1-9. i-doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.77.
Chen L1,2,3, Yang Y2, USu W1,2,3, UZheng L4, I-Ding C5, Potenza MN3,6,7,8,9.
abstract
Ingemuva futhi ihlose
Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet kuvamile phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi futhi kuyinkinga kwabanye, nokho kuncane okwaziwayo maqondana nokwakhiwa kwengqondo okuyi-Internet okuyizinkinga zocansi (PIPU). Ukudonsela imodeli yokusebenzisana kwe-Umuntu-Afitive-Cognition-Execution, lolu cwaningo luvivinye imodeli yokuthi ukufuna inkanuko yezocansi (i-SSS) kuzoba nomthelela kwi-PIPU ngemisebenzi yezocansi eku-inthanethi (i-OSAs) nokuthi lobu budlelwano buzothonywa ngumthelela womuntu wesithathu ( I-TPE; ukukhetha okubonakalayo komphakathi okuhlobene nemithelela etholwayo kwabanye uma kuqhathaniswa nakho) ngendlela ethinta ubulili.
izindlela
Bangu-808 abafundi basekolishi laseChina (iminyaka yobudala: iminyaka ye-17-22, iminyaka engu-57.7% eyabesilisa) baphinde bahlolwa futhi bahlolwa.
Imiphumela
Abesilisa bathole amaphuzu aphezulu kunabesifazane kuma-OSAs naku-PIPU nakwezici zezinto zesikali ngasinye. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-SSS ne-PIPU babulungiswa ngama-OSA, kanti i-TPE yabuhlola lobu budlelwano: indlela yokubikezela (SSS to PIPU) ibibalulekile kuphela kubahlanganyeli abane-TPE ephezulu. Imodeli yokulamula esetshenzisiwe ibingangeni njalo kumaqembu wobulili, ngemininingwane ephakamisa ukuthi ibinengxenye enkulu yokwehluka kwamadoda uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane.
Ingxoxo neziphetho
Okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi i-SSS ingasebenza ngokuzibandakanya kuma-OSAs ukuholela kwi-PIPU, futhi lobu budlelwano buhlobene kakhulu nabesilisa abaseminyakeni yasekolishi abathola phezulu kwi-TPE. Lokhu okutholakele kunemiphumela kubantu abangase babe sengozini enkulu yokuthuthukisa i-PIPU nokuqondisa imizamo yemfundo nokubheka ukungenelela kwabafundi asebekhulile asekolishi. Izinga lokhu okutholakele kufinyelela nakwamanye amaqembu wobudala namasiko kudinga ukuthi kubuye kuhlolwe.
KEYWORDS: ubulili; ukulamula okulungisiwe; imisebenzi yezocansi online; ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga; ukufuna umuzwa wobulili; umphumela wesithathu
I-PMID: 30203696
I-DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.77
Isingeniso
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi ukuthola okuya ocansini kuvame ngama-13% wemigomo efakwe ezinjini zokusesha ze-Intanethi ezihlobene nezocansi (I-Ogas & Gaddam, 2011). Cishe i-90% yabantu abadala ezweni lonke iChina ibandakanyeke emisebenzini yezocansi eku-inthanethi (OSAs) esikhathini sezinyanga ze-6 (Li & Zheng, 2017; UZheng & Zheng, 2014). Abafundi abaningi basekolishi babike okuhlangenwe nakho kokuthola ulwazi lwezocansi (i-89.8%) nokuzijabulisa ngezocansi (i-76.5%) online, futhi cishe nengxenye yabo (48.5%) babike ukuphequlula imikhiqizo yezocansi (UDöring, Daneback, Shaughnessy, Grov, & Byers, 2017). Ezimweni eziningi, ukubuka izithombe zocansi akuhlotshaniswa nokuphazanyiswa ezindaweni ezinkulu zokusebenza kwempilo. Kodwa-ke, kwabanye, kungahle kube yinkinga futhi kuhlotshaniswe nemiphumela emibi (IFord, iDurtschi, neFranklin, 2012; Weaver et al., 2011). Ngalezi zizathu, kubalulekile ukuphenya izindlela ezingaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kokusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zocansi kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga (PIPU).
Ifana nengxaki yokugembula noma eminye imisebenzi ethe xaxa eku-inthanethi, ukubandakanyeka okungasasebenzi ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi kuthathwe njengomqondo wokulutha "lokuziphatha" (Cooper, Delmonico, Griffin-Shelley, & Mathy, 2004). I-PIPU ibonakala yabelana ngezici ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo nezinye izindlela zokulutha (UBrand et al., 2011). Ngokujwayelekile kufaka ukusetshenziswa okulawulwa kabi nokusebenzisa ngokweqile, izifiso ezinamandla, izisusa nokulangazelela, imicabango ebonakalayo, nokuqhubeka kokuzibandakanya yize kunemiphumela emibi, yona, eholela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu komuntu kanye nokulimazeka kokusebenza (UCooper et al., 2004; Kor et al., 2014; UWry noBillieux, 2015). I-PIPU ingahle ibe nezinto ezihlobene nokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga (i-PIU) nomlutha wezocansi (Griffiths, i-2012) noma ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha kobulili okuphoqelekile (UKraus et al., 2018), mhlawumbe njengesiqalo esithile esithile (Umkhiqizo, Intsha, neLaier, 2014; Intsha, i-2008).
Njengomuntu ongaba khona ubuntu, ukufuna imizwa yezocansi (SSS) kuphakanyisiwe ukuholela kwi-PIPU (I-Perry, i-Accordino, ne-Hewes, ngo-2007). I-SSS ibhekela kokuthambekela kokuzama okungafani nolwengqondo okuhlangenwe nakho kocansi ukufezekisa amazinga aphakeme wokuvuselela ngokocansi (UKalichman et al., 1994). Kuhlotshaniswe ne-hypersexuality (UWalton, uCantor, uBhullar, noLykins, 2017), ukuziphatha okuyingozi kwezocansi (IHeidinger, iGorgens, neMorgenstern, 2015), nemvamisa ephezulu yama-OSAs (ULu, Ma, Lee, Hou, noLiao, 2014; ULuder et al., 2011; UPeter & Valkenburg, 2011; UZheng, Zhang, & Feng, 2017; UZheng & Zheng, 2014). Ngakho-ke, i-SSS ingukuhluka okubalulekile ukutadisha ukuthuthukiswa kwe-PIPU. Kodwa-ke, izindlela i-SSS engaholela ngazo kuholele ekutheni i-PIPU ihlale ingaziwa. Ukuqonda okungcono kwalezi zinqubo kungenza ukuqondiswa okusebenzayo kubantu kanye nabasebenza kwezempilo nakothisha ngokuthi bangawakha kanjani amasu wokungenelela (IMacKinnon neLuecken, ngo-2008). Ukuqonda okushiwo yi-SSS nge-PIPU ngokuphelele, ucwaningo kufanele luphenye izindlela ezingaba yimbangela ezibandakanyekile enkambweni lapho kuthinteka khona imithelela ehlobene ne-SSS (okungukuthi, ukulamula). Okwesibili, amamodeli kufanele akhanyise izici zesimo lapho imithelela ehlobene ne-SSS incike khona (okungukuthi, ukulinganisela). Ngenxa yalokho, lolu cwaningo luphenya ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-SSS nezinye izinto ezingachaza izindlela i-SSS engaholela ngayo kwi-PIPU (ukulamula) nezinto ezingathinta lezi zindlela (ukulinganisela).
Ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-SSS ne-PIPU ngemininingwane eminingi, sidweba imodeli yokusebenzisana kwe-Umuntu-Afitive-Cognition-Rulection (I-PACE) yezinkinga ezithile zokusebenzisa i-Intanethi (UBrand et al., 2014; Umkhiqizo, Omncane, uLaier, uWölfling, noPotenza, 2016). Imodeli inika ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokugcinwa kwezinhlobo ezithile ze-PIU kungaqhutshwa yizimpawu zomuntu (izidingo, izinhloso, ukuqagelwa okuthile ngqo, kanye ne-psychopathology) futhi kuthonywe ukuqonda komuntu, futhi lokhu kungaholela ekuziphatheni okuthile okufana nee-OSAs. Uma umuntu ethola ukwaneliseka kokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni, angaqiniswa futhi aphindaphinde; esimweni sama-OSAs, lokhu kungaholela ku-PIPU, kuhambisana nedatha ekhona ephathelene nokweneliswa kwezocansi, i-cybersex, ne-PIPU (U-Lu et al., 2014). Izinhlobo zokulutha nazo zibonisa ukuthi ukuthambekela kokufuna umuzwa okuxhunyiwe kuzinisusa ezinhle zokuqiniswa kuhlobene nokuziphatha okuluthayo (USteinberg et al., 2008). Njengoba i-Intanethi iqukethe amathuba amaningi okubandakanya ama-OSAs (ahlobene nokubuka izithombe zocansi, abelana ngezinto ezibonakalayo zocansi, njll.), Abantu abane-SSS ephakeme, abafuna isisusa sokuya ocansini, bangaba sengozini enkulu yokuthuthukisa i-PIPU ngokuzibandakanya kwabo Ama-OSAs. Imodeli ye-I-PACE inikela ngencazelo yemibono ngomthelela we-SSS ku-PIPU. Ngokuhambisana nalombono, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaza wama-OSAs ne-PIPU buqaphelekile ukuthi buhle (I-Twohig, iCrosby, neCox, ngo-2009). Abanye abaphenyi bahlongoze ukuthi imvamisa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ibalulekile ukucatshangelwa ekuthuthukisweni kwe-PIPU (ICooper, iDelmonico, neBurg, 2000; UCooper et al., 2004), kepha akuyona ukuphela kwenqubo yokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga, ikakhulukazi uma indlela yokuziphatha ilawulwa ekusethweni kwezinye izinto eziza kuqala futhi kungaholeli ekulimaleni noma ekuxinekeni (UBőthe et al., 2017; Kor et al., 2014; UWry noBillieux, 2015).
Imodeli ye-I-PACE ibheka ukuthi imbandezelo yokuxilongwa ehlobene ne-Intanethi ingafaka izinkolelo zamanga ngemiphumela engenzeka yokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezithile / amasayithi. Umbono wokuthi imidiya inamandla amakhulu kwabanye kunokuba uzenzele igama kuthiwa ngumphumela womuntu wesithathu (i-TPE) futhi ukubona ukuthonya ngokwakho kukhulu kunalokho kwabanye kubizwa ngokuthi umphumela wokuqala (UDavison, 1983). Ngokuya ngemodeli ye-I-PACE, ukucabanga kokuqagela kungasebenza ngekhonsathi nezimpawu ezisetshenziselwa abasebenzisi, kusheshise ukuqina kokuphinda kwenzeke kanye nesifiso, futhi kukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwezicelo / amasayithi akhethekile (Umkhiqizo, uYoung, et al., 2016). Ngokuhambisana nalolu cwaningo, abantu ababika amazinga aphezulu we-SSS kubikwe ukuthi bathanda ngokwengeziwe (IGaither & Sellbom, 2003), kanye nokukodwa kungaqhakambisa inkolelo yokuthi izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi zingaba nemithelela emibi kakhulu kwabanye kunabo (U-Lee & Tamborini, 2005). I-TPE ingahle iholele ekuqwashiseni okuphansi mayelana nomphumela ongemuhle wezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi futhi ngakho-ke ingaxhunyaniswa ngokuqondile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-PIPU.
Kulesi luhlaka lwethiyori, sifune ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe umthelela we-SSS ku-PIPU uqondiswe ngabakwa-OSAs nokuthi ngabe lobu budlelwano buhlungwa ngamazinga we-TPE. Ngakho-ke, sakha imodeli yokulinganisa yokulinganisa (Umdwebo 1). Njengoba kunikezwe umehluko obalulekile ohlobene nobulili kuma-OSAs nase-PIPU (Kor et al., 2014; ITurban, iPotenza, iHoff, iMartino, neKraus, 2017), nokuzibandakanya kwabesilisa ekuziphatheni okungaba umlutha kuxhunywe ngokuqinile kuzisusa eziqinisa amandla kunokubandakanya kwabesifazane (UPotenza et al., 2012; IZakiniaeiz, iCosgrove, iMazure, nePotenza, 2017), sihlole ukuthi imodeli yayizwela kangakanani ubulili.
Umfanekiso we-1. Imodeli ye-Hypothesis. I-SSS: ukufuna umuzwa wokuya ocansini; I-TPE: umphumela womuntu wesithathu; I-PIPU: Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga; I-OSA: imisebenzi yezocansi online
izindlela
Abahlanganyeli nezinqubo
Imininingwane iqoqwe phakathi kukaNovemba 2016 noMashi 2017 kusuka kusampula yabafundi basekolishi laseChina ngenhlolovo esekelwe online. Inani labafundi basekolishi le-808 [amadoda we-466, abesifazane be-342; Mage = Iminyaka engu-18.54, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile (SD) = = 0.75] baqashwa kabusha ngewebhusayithi yokuhlola yobuchwepheshe yaseChinese (www.sojump.com). Azikho izisusa zemali ezinikezwe ukubamba iqhaza. Amavolontiya lawo avela emanyuvesi asemphakathini abalulekile (n = 276), amanyuvesi ezinga lokuqala (n = 200), amanyuvesi wesigaba sesibili (n = 150), amakolishi omphakathi, namakolishi okufundela (n = 182). Ukungaziwa kwabahlanganyeli bekuvikelwe (akukho datha yomuntu siqu noma amakheli we-Internet protocol aqoqiwe).
Imiphumela yokwenza
Isikali se-PIPU (PIPUS) isikali sokuzibika se-12-nto esuselwe ku-Izinkinga Zokusebenzisa Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile (Kor et al., 2014) futhi yasetshenziselwa ukuhlola i-PIPU. Isikali siqukethe izinto ezine kufaka (a) usizi nezinkinga zokusebenza, (b) ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, (c) ubunzima bokuzibamba, kanye (d) nokusebenzisa ukuze ubalekele noma ugweme imizwa engemihle. Kulolu cwaningo, "izithombe zocansi" zashintshwa zaba "Izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi" zisuka kwasekuqaleni. Isici ngasinye se-PIPUS sifaka izinto ezintathu. Abaphenduli bacelwe ukuthi babike ngokusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi kwe-Intanethi ezinyangeni zokugcina ze-6 esikalini se-6-point Likert esukela ku-0 (ungalokothi) ku-5 (ngaso sonke isikhathi) enezikolo eziphakeme kakhulu ezibonisa ubukhulu be-PIPU. Amanani we-Cronbach's α yalezi zinto ezine futhi inani eliphelele kulolu cwaningo laliyi .78, .85, .90, .87, kanye .94. Uhlobo lwesi-China lwesilinganiso sitholakele luthembekile futhi luvumelekile phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi baseChinese (Chen, Wang, Chen, Jiang, & Wang, 2018).
Ama-OSA bahlolwe kusetshenziswa izinto ze-13 ngesilinganiso esilinganise ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi kwabahlanganyeli (a) ukubuka izinto eziveza ucansi, (b) ukufuna abalingani bocansi, (c) i-cybersex, kanye (d) nokudlala ngothando nokulungisa ubudlelwano (UZheng & Zheng, 2014). Izinto ezihlolwe zikalwe ku-1 (ungalokothi) ku-9 (okungenani kanye ngosuku). Izikolo eziphakeme kakhulu zibonakalisa ukuzibandakanya okuningi kuma-OSAs. Ukubukwa kwesigaba sezinto ezibonakalayo eziveza ucansi kufaka phakathi izinto ezinhlanu ngokuvakashela amawebhusayithi ezintube, ukubuka nokulanda amavidiyo ama-erotic online, nokufunda izinto ezi-erotic online (Cronbach's α = .86). Kwakunezinto ezimbili ezazilinganisa imvamisa yokufuna abalingani bezocansi, kufaka phakathi inani labalingani bezocansi elifunwayo nenombolo yabalingani bezocansi abatholakala online (Cronbach's α = .70). Imvamisa ye-cybersex ihlolwe kusetshenziswa izinto ezine kufaka phakathi ukushaya indlwabu noma ukubuka abantu abangabazi ukushaya indlwabu nge-webcam, kuchazwa imicabango yangempela yocansi ngethayipha noma ngezwi, nokushintshana kwezithombe ezivusa inkanuko online (Cronbach's α = .80). Ukulungiswa kobuhlobo obudlalayo ubulinganisa kusetshenziswa izinto ezimbili (Cronbach's α = .64). I-Cronbach's α yesilinganiso sonke bekuyi-.89.
I-TPE kulinganiswe ngokubuza imibuzo emibili ehlukene: “Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ze-Inthanethi zinethonya elingakanani kuwe / kwabanye abafundi eyunivesithi yakho? (isb., thonya imikhuba yakho yezocansi / yabanye ngokobulili obuhlukile), ”ngokwencazelo kaDavison (1983), Bheka, Wei, noWu (2010), noZhao noCai (2008). Abahlanganyeli baphendule le mibuzo kwisikali samaphoyinti we-7, kusuka ku-1 (akukho thonya nakancane) ku-7 (ithonya elikhulu). Izikolo ze-TPE zithathwe ngokususa ithonya elibonakalayo lokuzikhohlisa kusuka kuthonya elithile kwabanye abafundi abane-0 enkulu emele i-TPE futhi engaphansi kwe-0 emele umphumela womuntu wokuqala (IGolan & Day, 2008). Ukuze sinciphise ukuthonya kokubhekisisa okuyizimpawu zokuhlola, lezi zinto zombili zifakwe ezingxenyeni ezimbili zekhasi lemibuzo.
Isikali Sokufuna Ukubhebhana Ngobulili (SSSS) yasungulwa nguKalichman et al. (1994) ukukala izinga le-SSS. I-SSSS yisilinganiselo sohlobo lwe-11-nto Likert-hlobo ngezindlela zokuphendula ezisukela ku-1 (hhayi neze njengami) ku-4 (kakhulu njengami). Isikali sento ye-11 sifaka phakathi izitatimende ezinjengokuthi, "Nginentshisekelo yokuzama okuhlangenwe nakho okusha kwezocansi" futhi "ngizizwa ngathi ngifuna ukubuka ubulili bami." Izikolo eziphakeme zibonisa ukuthambekela okuqinile kwe-SSS. Ukuvumelana okungaphakathi (i-Cronbach's α) ye-SSSS kwakungu -XXUMUM.
Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende
Ukwehluka okuhlobene nobulili ezicini zomtholampilo kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa ukucubungula okukodwa kwendlela eyodwa yokuhlunga (ama-MANOVA). Ukulawulwa kweminyaka yobudala kanye nobudala nokuhlaziywa kokuhlangana kokuxhumana kwaqashwa ukukala amandla wobudlelwano phakathi kokuguquguquka okuyinhloko kufaka i-PIPU, i-OSAs, i-SSS kanye ne-TPE. I-Mplus7.2 isetshenziselwe ukuhlola imodeli yokulamula yokumodareyitha ye-SSS ne-PIPU kanye nokwehluka okungenzeka kwemodeli ngokobulili. Silinganise ukubaluleka kwama-coefficients afanayo nge-1,000 bootstrap iterations. Kulolu cwaningo, kutholakale amaphutha ajwayelekile kanye nezikhathi zokuzithemba zokulinganisa kwepharamitha. Uma izikhathi zokuzithemba ze-95% zingaqukanga zero, okutholakele kuthathwe njengokubalulekile ngokwezibalo.
Ethics
Iphrothokholi yokufunda nezinto zokwakha zavunywa yikomidi lesimilo le-Institute of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Fuzhou University, China. Zonke izifundo zazisiwe ngalolo cwaningo futhi bonke banikezwe imvume yokufunda.
Imiphumela
Izibalo ezichazayo zezinto eziguqukayo
Kuyo yonke isampula, kusho ukuthi i-7.13 yamaphuzu yi-PNUX (SD = 8.48, skewness = 1.97, futhi i-kurtosis = 5.55) kanye nobuningi bama-OSA 1.70 (SD = 0.94, skewness = 2.84, futhi i-kurtosis = 12.34). Abesilisa babenezibalo eziphakeme ku-PIPUS futhi babenza ama-OSA kaningi uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane (Ithebula 1). Ukuhlaziywa okunye [indlela yendlela eyodwa ye-MANOVA enenqwaba yezikhwanyana ezine ze-OSA, i-multivariate F(4, 803) = 26.12, p <.001, ingxenye η2 = 0.12, kanye nezikali ezine ze-PIPUS, multivariate F (4, 803) = 12.91, p <.001, ingxenye η2 = 0.06, ngokulandelana] kukhombisile ukuthi leli phethini linwebele kuzici zezinto zesikali ngasinye.
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Ithebula 1. Izibalo ezichazayo, umehluko ohlobene nobulili, kanye ne-coinfficients yokuhlobanisa (rphakathi kwezinto eziguqukayo
Bonke ababambiqhaza (N = 808) | Abesilisa (n = 466) | Abesifazane (n = 342) | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD, ukukhohlisa, i-kurtosis) | M (SD, ukukhohlisa, i-kurtosis) | M (SD, ukukhohlisa, i-kurtosis) | |||||
| 1 | IPIPU | I-7.13 (8.48, 1.97, 5.55) | I-8.82 (9.27, 1.84, 4.96) | I-4.81 (6.60, 1.92, 3.68) *** | |||
| 2 | Ama-OSA | I-1.69 (0.93, 2.84, 12.34) | I-1.92 (2.57, 1.97, 10.46) | I-1.38 (0.66, 3.48, 16.15) *** | I-0.60 *** | ||
| 3 | Sss | I-20.80 (7.59, 0.34, −0.60) | I-22.16 (7.57, 0.18, −0.71) | I-19.02 (7.28, 0.71, −0.04) *** | I-0.45 *** | I-0.50 *** | |
| 4 | I-TPE | I-0.84 (1.57, 0.74, 1.57) | I-1.02 (1.67, 0.49, 0.71) | I-0.58 (0.38, 1.91, 3.55) *** | I-0.34 *** | I-0.55 *** | I-0.30 *** |
Qaphela. I-SD: ukuphambuka okujwayelekile; I-PIPU: Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga; Ama-OSAs: imisebenzi yezocansi eku-inthanethi; I-SSS: ukufuna umuzwa wokuya ocansini; I-TPE: umphumela womuntu wesithathu.
*** Okutholakele kubantu besifazane kukhombisa ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kulokhu kuhlukahluka ku p <.001; i-coefficient yokuhlanganisa i-coefficient ehlanganisiwe ngemuva kokulawula iminyaka nobulili.
***p <.001.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-SSS, TPE, OSAs, ne-PIPU
I-Pearson's ingxenye yokuhlangana kokuhlangana phakathi kwe-PIPU, i-OSAs, i-SSS, ne-TPE iyakhonjiswa, kulawula ubudala nobulili (Ithebula 1). Inani eliphelele le-PIPU kanye nezinto zalo kuhlobene kakhulu ne-OSAs. Njengoba kungalindeleka, ukuhlangana ngezikolo ze-PIPU ngokuvamile kwakuyizingqabavu zokubonisa ukubukwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zocansi (r = .65, p <.001) kanye nezinyathelo ezinamandla zokudlala ngothando nezinyathelo zobudlelwano (r = .21, p <.001). Kokubili i-SSS ne-TPE bezihambisana kahle nama-OSA nezinyathelo ze-PIPU futhi zodwa. Imiphumela iphakamisa ukuthi nge-SSS enkulu, kwakukhona amathuba amaningi okuzibandakanya kuma-OSA kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi ngokuyinkinga.
Ithonya le-SSS ku-PIPU: Ama-OSA njengento yokulamula kanye ne-TPE njengomengameli
Ngokuka-Edward noLambert (2007), kuyadingeka ukuvivinya imingcele yezilinganiso ezintathu zokubuyiselwa kumodeli esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo enezindlela ezisezingeni eliphakathi ezilinganisiwe: (a) I-equation 1 ihlola umphumela olawulayo we-variable (TPE emelwe yi-U) ekungafani okuzimeleyo (i-SSS emelwe ngu-X ) kanye nokwehluka okuthembekile (i-PIPU emelwe yi-Y). (b) I-equation 2 ilinganisa indima yokulawula yokuguquguquka kokulinganisa (i-TPE) kokuguquguqukayo okuzimele (SSS) nokuhlukahluka okuphakathi (OSA okumelwe yi-W). (c) I-equation 3 ihlola umphumela wokulinganisa womengameli (i-TPE) ebudlelwaneni obuphakathi kokuhlukahluka okuzimele (SSS) kanye nokwehluka okuphakathi (OSA), kanye nemiphumela yokulamula yokuguquguquka okuphakathi (i-OSA) ekungafani okuthembekile (PIPU okumelwe Y). Amanani we-SSS ne-TPE abekhona z-khonjelwe ku z-izihloko, bese lezi ezimbili z-Izitolo zandiswa njengezindawo zokuxhumana (Dawson, 2014).
Njengoba kuboniswe kuthebula 2, ku-Equation 1, umphumela wokusebenzisana we-SSS ne-TPE ubikezela kakhulu i-PIPU (c3 = 0.42) yingakho okunye ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa. Ku-Equation 2, indlela yokusebenzisana kwe-SSS ne-TPE ibibalulekile (a3 = 0.37). Ku-Equation 3, indlela esuka kuma-OSA iye ePIPU ibibalulekile (b1 = 0.56), futhi kokubili a3 futhi b1 zazibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, a1 futhi b2 futhi a3 futhi b2 konke kwakubalulekile, okuhlangabezana nezindlela zokuhlola (Edwards & Lambert, 2007). Ngasikhathi sinye, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 2, e-equation 3, imodeli yokumodareyitha yayikhuphulile ivolumu echazayo ye-8.9% ngokuqhathaniswa ne-Equation 1, esekele indima yokulamula yama-OSA kumthelela we-SSS ekusebenzeni okuyinkinga. Imodeli esetshenzisiwe kumfanekiso 1 yahlolwa kanjalo futhi yasekelwa.
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Ithebula 2. Izinyathelo ezintathu zokuphenya amamodeli wemizwa yezocansi afuna ubudlelwane ne-PIPU (kulinganiselwa nge-bootstrapping)
I-equation 1 (umehluko othembekile: Y) | I-equation 2 (umehluko othembekile: W) | I-equation 3 (umehluko othembekile: Y) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
eliguqukayo | B | SE | β | 95% CI | B | SE | β | 95% CI | B | SE | β | 95% CI |
| X | 0.41 (c1) *** | 0.04 | 0.42 | [0.34, 0.48] | 0.33 (a1) *** | 0.04 | 0.33 | [0.26, 0.41] | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.07 | [−0.01, 0.14] |
| U | I-0.19 *** | 0.03 | 0.20 | [0.13, 0.26] | I-0.40 *** | 0.05 | 0.42 | [0.31, 0.51] | I-0.33 *** | 0.03 | 0.36 | [0.27, 0.38] |
| UX | 0.16 (c3) ** | 0.05 | 0.20 | [0.04, 0.25] | 0.30 (a3) *** | 0.06 | 0.37 | [0.18, 0.42] | 0.20 (b2) *** | 0.03 | 0.15 | [0.05, 0.18] |
| W | 0.56 (b1) *** | 0.03 | 0.50 | [0.49, 0.62] | ||||||||
| Ubulili | −0.34 *** | 0.07 | -0.14 | [−0.49, −0.21] | −0.53 *** | 0.10 | -0.16 | [−0.76, −0.36] | −0.10 *** | 0.02 | -0.04 | [−0.14, −0.06] |
| Ubudala | −0.08 * | 0.03 | -0.07 | [−0.15, −0.02] | -0.04 | 0.04 | -0.03 | [−0.12, 0.03] | 0.06 * | 0.03 | -0.05 | [−0.10, 0.01] |
| R2 (%) | 36.5 | 63.1 | 45.4 | |||||||||
Inothi. Isikhala se-95% sazo zonke izinhlobo zokuqagela sitholwe nge-bootstrapping. X: umuzwa wobulili ofuna; Y: Ukusetshenziswa kobunzima bezithombe zocansi kuyi-Internet; W: imisebenzi yezocansi eku-inthanethi; U: umphumela womuntu wesithathu; SE: iphutha elijwayelekile; I-CI: isikhawu sokuzithemba; I-PIPU: Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Kusuka Etafuleni 2, ukuqina okuyikho kwethemu yokuxhumana kuphakamise ukuthi ibe ngcono ngokwengeziwe njengoba iTPE inyuka. Ukuvumela ukuhumusha okulula, sihlelele ubudlelwano ukuze bubonwe ngamehlo. Sihlukanise izilinganiso zabantu ngabanye zaba ngamaqembu aphezulu futhi aphansi ngokuya nge-a SD ngaphezulu nangaphezulu kusho (Dawson, 2014). Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi kulabo ababambe iqhaza abane-TPE ephezulu (enezikolo a SD ngaphezulu kwalokho okushiwo), i-SSS ingabikezela kahle ama-OSAs (β = 0.71, t = 6.13, p <.01), kanti kubahlanganyeli abanamaphuzu aphansi ku-TPE (ngezikolo ze- SD ngaphansi kokuchazwa), umphumela wokubikezela we-SSS wawungabalulekile (β = −0.04, t = 0.27, p = .79; Umdwebo 2).
Umfanekiso we-2. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-SSS, TPE, ne-OSAs
Ukuhlolwa kweqembu lokungenelela okuningi kweqembu lemodeli emadodeni nakwabesifazane
Umsebenzi wokulinganisa wawusetshenziselwa ukuhlola imodeli yokulinganisa yokulinganisa phakathi kwabesilisa nababili. Ukuhlolwa kokungena kwe-Multigroup kuvame kudinga izinyathelo eziningana, kufaka phakathi ukwengeza kancane kancane kwezinkinga (ezifanele amapharamitha angeziwe alingane) esinyweni ngasinye ukuqedela ukuhlolwa okuphelele, kusetshenziswa umehluko wesikhombi ofanelekile njengezinto zokuhlola ukuthi ukucabanga okulinganayo kuyakulimaza yini ukusebenza kwemodeli efanelekile . Uma ama-indices afanele angalungile, kuchazwa ukuthi asikho isakhiwo esilinganayo phakathi kwala maqembu womabili futhi ukuvivinywa kumisiwe (Lomazzi, 2018). Isinyathelo sokuqala isivivinyo sokuhlolwa kokunye (imodeli eyisisekelo) lapho kungekho zigaba ezibekelwe khona ukulingana kweqembu ukubona ukuthi imodeli "ibukeka" ngokufana kuwo womabili amaqembu. Kulesi sinyathelo, imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi izinkomba zokufaneleka zemodeli yilezi: χ2 = 703.11, df = 77, p <.001, inkomba yokuqhathanisa efanelekayo (CFI) = 0.86, inkomba yeTucker-Lewis (TLI) = 0.81, kanye nempande isho iphutha lesikwele lokulinganisa (RMSEA) = 0.14. Kuveze ukuthi imodeli eyisisekelo yenqatshiwe, okusho ukuthi okungenani imodeli yokwakhiwa kweqoqo elilodwa kufanele iguqulwe. Ku-step zero, amamodeli ayisisekelo nawo alinganiselwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane, okukhombisa ukulingana okuhle ezifundweni zesilisa (χ2 = 101.72, df = 29, p <.001, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.95, ne-RMSEA = 0.073) kepha hhayi ezifundweni zesifazane (χ2 = 216.256, df = 29, p <.001, CFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.82, ne-RMSEA = 0.14). Lokhu okutholakele kuphakamise ukuthi imodeli yokulamula ekhulisiwe incike ebulilini. Ukuhunyushwa okuhlukile kwemodeli bekuyi-57.5% phakathi kwamadoda ne-32.5% kwabesifazane (Ithebula 3).
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Ithebula 3. Ukuqhathaniswa kwama-coefficients endlela yemodeli yokulamula yokumodareyitha phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane
Okuguqukayo okuzimele | Ukuhlukahluka kokwethembayo | Indlela yokubambisana | Izilinganiso ezibucayi | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abesilisa (β) | SE | Abesifazane (β) | SE | ||||
| Sss | Ama-OSA | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.06 | 1.89 | .059 |
| I-TPE | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.47 | 0.07 | -6.85 | .000 | |
| I-SSS × TPE | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.60 | 0.07 | -27.10 | .000 | |
| Sss | IPIPU | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 14.89 | .000 |
| I-TPE | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 10.75 | .000 | |
| I-SSS × TPE | 0.004 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 14.38 | .000 | |
| Ama-OSA | 0.74 | 0.11 | 0.89 | 0.07 | -1.95 | .258 | |
Inothi. I-β iyindlela efanelekile yokulinganisa indlela. The p amanani we ".000" ahambelana p <.001. I-SSS: ukufuna ukuzwa ngocansi; I-PIPU: ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi okunenkinga; Ama-OSA: imisebenzi yezocansi eku-inthanethi; I-TPE: umphumela womuntu wesithathu; SE: iphutha elijwayelekile.
Ingxoxo
Kulolu cwaningo, sihlolisise ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-TPE, i-SSS, i-OSA, ne-PIPU kumadoda nabesifazane abasebasha abasekolishi abaya eChina. Ngokuqondile, sivivinye imodeli yokulamula ekhulisiwe efakwe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwethiyori ye-I-PACE ngaphakathi komongo we-PIU nemibhalo yokulutha. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luhlolisise amathonya wokuqiniswa okungalungile (okungukuthi, ukuphunyuka noma ukugwema ukucindezeleka nokukhathazeka ngokubuka izithombe ezingcolile) ekwakhiweni kwe-PIPU (UPaul & Shim, 2008). Ngenkathi ucwaningo oluningi seluphenye nezici zokuqiniswa okuhle kanye ne-SSS njengokuhlobene ne-PIPU (USteinberg et al., 2008), izincazelo zemishini yobudlelwano phakathi kwe-SSS ne-PIPU bezishoda kakhulu. Ukuqhubekisela phambili ulwazi kule ndawo futhi unikeze ukuqondiswa okuqondile kubantu abathile, abelaphi kanye nabafundisi, lolu cwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi i-SSS isebenzisa umthelela wayo ku-PIPU nge-OSAs, ihlolwe yi-TPE, futhi ibonakala isebenza ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa. Ngokuqondile, sithole ukuthi i-SSS iholela kuma-OSAs avame kakhulu lapho abantu bebona ithonya kwabanye likhulu kunelabo, elinikeza izincazelo eziningilizayo futhi ezicacisiwe zokuthi, noma ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, i-SSS ingaholela kuma-OSA amaningi futhi ngemuva kwalokho i-PIPU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela ibanga ukwehluka okukhulu phakathi kwabesilisa kunabesifazane. Ngakho-ke, imiqondo yethu yasekelwa kakhulu futhi imiphumela ibalwe ngezansi.
Imodeli yokulamula yokumodareyitha ikhombisa ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-SSS ephezulu ne-PIPU busebenza ngama-OSAs ajwayelekile, ahambisana nokutholakele kwangaphambilini (Hong et al., 2012; UZheng & Zheng, 2014). Ukufunwa kwesinxephelo kuthambekela elivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okuluthayo (USteinberg et al., 2008). Njengengxenye ebalulekile yokufuna umuzwa, i-SSS ikhombisa ukuthambekela kokufuna okuyingozi, okuthokozisayo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuya ocansini okuyingozi. Lokhu okutholakele kuhambelana nombono wokuthi i-Intanethi ingaheha abasebenzisi abathile bezithombe zocansi, ikakhulukazi abafundi basekolishi eliphakeme kwi-SSS ngenxa yobusha bayo, ukungaziwa, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokufinyelela okulula (UCooper et al., 2000). Kubantu abane-SSS ephezulu, i-Intanethi ingamelela indlela entsha yokwanelisa izifiso zokufuna ukukhuthaza inoveli ngokocansi, uthole injabulo, futhi unciphise izinhlungu ezihlobene nokucindezelwa kwezifiso zocansi, bese ukhiqiza iphethini yokuziphatha enesimo (Putnam, 2000) ngokuhambisana nemodeli ye-I-PACE (Umkhiqizo, uYoung, et al., 2016). Noma kunjalo, ubudlelwane obunjalo obungenziwa bungeza kube nzima ngokwengeziwe kumuntu ukulawula indlela umuntu asebenzisa ngayo izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi, noma kungaba nemiphumela emibi ehlobene nokusebenzisa ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi abasebenzisi, mhlawumbe labo abaphakeme kakhulu ku-SSS, abanemibono ethile yezocansi abangagculiswa i-Intanethi ngokobulili obungcono kunobulili bangokoqobo bangaba sengozini ethile yokuthuthukisa i-PIPU (Umkhiqizo, uSnagowski, uLaier, noMaderwald, 2016; UCooper et al., 2000, 2004). Lokhu kungenzeka kuqinisekiswe ukuhlolwa okuqondile ezifundweni ezizayo, ngokwesibonelo, kufaka phakathi izindlela zokulindela ezocansi ocwaningweni olude lokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet.
Okutholakele manje kukhombisa ukuthi abantu abakholelwa ukuthi izithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi zingaba nemiphumela elimazayo kakhulu kwabanye kunabo uqobo bangase bazibandakanye kuma-OSAs bese behlangabezana ne-PIPU. Ngokusho kukaPeroff's (2002) "Indlela yokuzikhulisa", abantu bangavama ukugqamisa “isithombe esihle kakhulu” ngaphakathi nangaphandle ukuvikela kanye nokwenza ngcono “ukuzithanda.” Izinga le mbono elingachaza ngalo ukuthambekela kokuphika noma ukwehlisa imiphumela kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuthi lokhu kungahlangana kanjani nokwakha i-PIPU iwaranti yocwaningo olwengeziwe (ILanga, iPan, neShen, i-2008). Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengabantu abane-SSS ephezulu kungenzeka babe nokuthambekela okukhulu komuntu ngamunye, izici zabo zingabaholela ekunakekeleni ngokwengeziwe okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, futhi lokhu kungaqinisa ubandlulula bokuziqhenya ngethonya lezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi, ngaleyo ndlela bekhuthaze izinkolelo abangase ungathinteki kabi (U-Lee & Tamborini, 2005).
Ukuhlolwa kokungena kwe-Multigroup kukhombisa ukuthi imodeli ehlolwe kulolu cwaningo ayisebenzi ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abesilisa nabesilisa ngemodeli esebenza kwabesilisa kakhulu kunabesifazane. Okokuqala, abesilisa bavame ukulandela okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile kobulili (Oshri, Tubman, Morganlopez, Saavedra, & Csizmadia, 2013); futhi babika ukuvusa inkanuko yocansi (UGoodson, McCormick, no-Evans, 2000), injabulo yokuya ocansini, kanye nokushaya indlwabu lapho udlulisa amehlo kuzithombe zobulili ezingcolile online online nabesifazane babika ukugwema okuningi, amanyala, noma ukukhathazeka (IGonzález-Ortega ne-Orgaz-Baz, 2013). Ngakho-ke, abesilisa, ikakhulukazi labo abaphezulu ku-SSS, bangabaethubeni lokufuna ukukhuthaza inoveli yokuya ocansini okungaholela ku-PIPU. Okwesibili, izici ezingokomzwelo zingabaluleka kakhulu maqondana nokuziphatha kocansi kwabesifazane uma kuqhathaniswa nokwabesilisa (Cooper, Morahan-Martin, Mathy, & Maheu, 2002), kepha izinto ezibonakalayo zocansi eziningi ezitholakala ku-inthanethi zingahle zingathandeki kubantu besifazane (IGonzalez-Ortega ne-Orgaz-Baz, 2013). Ekugcineni, abesifazane nabo ngokuvamile babuka izithombe ezingcolile ezingezinhle kakhulu kunamadoda (I-Malamuth, i-1996). Ngakho-ke, kule modeli eminingi, imisebenzi ye-SSS ne-TPE ingahluka ngezizathu eziningi, futhi lezi zizathu ezingenzeka kufanele zihlolwe ezifundweni ezizayo.
Ukuthola kwethu kunemiphumela engaba khona yemfundo yezocansi, ukuvimbela i-PIPU, nokulawulwa kwemidiya ye-Intanethi. Okokuqala, ucwaningo luthole ukuthi i-SSS ingabikezela ama-OSAs ne-PIPU, ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa abane-SSS ephezulu. I-SSS kufanele ihlolwe ngokuqhubekayo futhi ezimweni zemfundo, kungakuhle ikakhulukazi ukufundisa abantu ukuthi bangaziqonda kanjani kangcono futhi bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo zocansi ngemfashini enempilo. Imizamo enjalo ingahle ivele ngaphambi kwekolishi emfundweni yezocansi ngesikhathi sokukhula noma ngesikhathi sangaphambi kokukhula, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ingxenye yentsha esemncane ngeminyaka ye-10 ebuka izithombe zocansi kungenzeka ikhuphuke (UPeter & Valkenburg, 2016). Okwesibili, ithonya le-TPE lisikisela ukuthi imfundo maqondana nemiphumela engaba yingozi yezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi ingasiza ekunciphiseni amathuba okukhulisa i-PIPU. Leyo mizamo yemfundo ingahle ifake imfundo mayelana nezinsizwa ezibika ukuthi ukubukwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-Internet kushintshe izifanekiso zazo zobulili ezivusa inkanuko futhi kwaholela ekungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile (UWry noBillieux, 2016). Ekugcineni, izindlela zokusebenza kwengqondo eziphathelene nokuzibandakanya kwabesilisa nabesifazane kuma-OSA kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-PIPU kungahluka. Ngakho-ke, imizamo yokuholwa kwezemfundo nokuhlolwa kungadinga ukuhlelelwa emafashini abhekane nobulili, ngokugxila ikakhulukazi kuma-SSS kwabesilisa mhlawumbe nakwezinye izizinda (isib. njengamanje okucatshangelwayo okususelwe kokutholakele kwakamuva.
Imiphumela yethu kufanele icatshangwe ngokuya ngemikhawulo yokufunda. Ucwaningo aluzange lusebenzise isampula engahleliwe futhi lwalusekelwa ku-Inthanethi, futhi lezi zici zingabeka umkhawulo we-generalizability wokutholakele. Okwesibili, ababambiqhaza babengabafundi basekolishi abavela eChina. Ngenkathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhambelana kakhulu naleli qembu, izinga lapho okutholakele kungavumelana khona nakwabanye abantu abasha kanye namaqembu yobudala, amaqembu anemfundo ephansi, nolunye uhlangothi namasiko agunyaza uphenyo olwengeziwe. Okwesithathu, njengezinye izinto ezixhunywe kuma-OSAs ne-PIPU, njengokuzithemba okuphansi (Kor et al., 2014),IKraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016), namasu wokulawula umzwelo ompofu (UWry noBillieux, 2015), lokhu kufanele kuhlolwe ezifundweni ezizayo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kukhawulelwa, ucwaningo luhlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile exhasa futhi icwebezise uhlolo lwezinhlobo ezisetshenziswayo ze-PIU futhi iphakamisa izindlela ezibalulekile zamasu wokufundisa kanye nokwejwayelekile wokunciphisa ukwanda kokulimala okuhambisana ne-PIPU.
Umnikelo wabalobi
I-LC yaklama lolu cwaningo, yahlaziya imininingwane, futhi yabhala uhlaka lokuqala lombhalo wesandla. I-MNP ibonisene ekwakhiweni kwalokhu kuhlaziya ucwaningo futhi yahlola / yabukeza umbhalo wesandla. I-YY ne-WS baqoqa imininingwane, baba nomthelela ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha, babuyekeza / babuyekeza umbhalo wesandla. I-CD ne-LZ kubhekwe ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane futhi kubuyekezwe / kubuyekezwe umbhalo wesandla. Ababhali babe nokufinyelela okugcwele kuyo yonke idatha ekufundweni futhi bazibophezele ekuthembekeni kwemininingwane nokunemba kokuhlaziywa kwedatha.
Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo
Ababhali babika ukuthi akukho kungqubuzana kwesithakazelo maqondana nokuqukethwe kulo mbhalo wesandla. UDkt MNP ubonisane futhi weluleka i-Rivermend Health, i-Opiant / Lightlake Therapeutics, kanye neJazz Pharmaceuticals; uthole ukwesekwa kocwaningo (ku-Yale) kwi-Mohegan Sun Casino nakwiSikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokudlala Ngokubambisana; kwathintwa izinhlangano ezingokomthetho nezokugembula ezindabeni ezihlobene nokulawulwa okungathandeki kanye nokuziphatha okuluthayo; uhlinzeke ukunakekelwa kwemitholampilo okuhlobene nokulawulwa okungathandeki kanye nokuziphatha okuluthayo; kwenziwe ukubuyekezwa kwesibonelelo; amaphephabhuku ahleliwe / izingxenye zamaphephabhuku; unikezwe izinkulumo zezifundo emjikelezweni omuhle, imicimbi ye-CME, nakwezinye izindawo zokwelapha / zesayensi; futhi kukhiqizwe izincwadi noma izahluko zabashicileli bemibhalo yezempilo yengqondo. Abanye ababhali ababuthi ubudlelwano bezezimali obunentshisekelo yokuhweba.
Okubhekwayo
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