Indima Yezingcolile Ze-Inthanethi Sebenzisa nokungathembeki ku-Inthanethi phakathi koMphakathi phakathi koMuntu, Okunamathiselwe, no-Couple nokuThuthukiswa kocansi (2017)

Izingosi Social
I-Vol.06 No.01 (2017), I-ID yombhalo: Amakhasi we-72840,18
10.4236 / sn.2017.61001

Anik Ferron1, U-Yvan Lussier1*, UStephane Sabourin2, U-Audrey Brassard3

UKUQALA

Nakuba abantu abadala phakathi kobudlelwane bomshado njengamanje babonisa ukuvuleka okuningi ekuziphatheni kocansi oku-intanethi [1], lezi zimo zingakwazi ukwandisa izingxabano eziningana nokungazinzi [2]. Esifundweni samanje, sibheka indima yokuxazulula ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kanye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwe-1) nobuntu nokunamathiselwe, ne-2) umbhangqwana nokwaneliseka ngokocansi. Ingqikithi yabahlanganyeli be-779 ebuhlotsheni obuseduze (isilinganiso seminyaka = iminyaka engu-29.9) igcwalise uchungechunge lwemibuzo e-intanethi. Ngokwezimpendulo zabo, i-65% yabahlanganyeli bavakashela indawo enkulu yabantu okungenani kanye ngenyanga ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezandulele isifundo, kanti i-16.3% yenza njalo izikhathi eziningi ngesonto. Imiphumela yezimpawu ze-Path ibonisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi ziyasebenzisa futhi ukungathembeki kwe-intanethi kwakuyi-mediator mediator phakathi kwesinye isandla, ubuntu nobunqamuli, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwaneliseka kokubili kokubili ngokobulili. Ingxoxo ibonisa ukubaluleka kokubhalisa ngokuqondile ama-correlates wokuziphatha kocansi e-intanethi ukuze kuqondwe kangcono impela imibhangqwana emisha kanye ne-dynamics.

Amagama angukhiye: I-intanethi, Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukungathembeki kohlobo lwe-Cyber, Ukuwaneliseka kokubili komshado, Ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, ubuntu, okunamathiselwe

  1. Isingeniso

Efinyelelekayo, engaziwa, futhi engabizi kakhulu yimigomo echaza ngokwanele imboni yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [3]. Nakuba izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zivunywa ngokwengeziwe emazweni aseNtshonalanga [4], ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunganciphisa ukugodla, kuholele ekungathembeki [1] [5], ukunciphisa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi, futhi ngisho nokunciphisa ukukhangwa kocansi kumlingani wakho [6] [7] [8]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuka kwabesifazane ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zozakwethu kuhlotshaniswa nokunganeliseki umbhangqwana nokunganeliseki ngokocansi [9]. Noma kunjalo, inhlalakahle yezocansi ingathuthukiswa lapho bobabili abalingani besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile [10]. Ngenxa yesibalo esikhulu samasayithi omdala nokukhala kwabo okubanzi, abacwaningi basuke bebanesithakazelo endimeni yabo phakathi kwamabili ama-dynamics [1] [2] [11] [12] [13].

Ukuthandwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi kuyimbangela ebalulekile ekunganeliseki kwabantu abadala. Ukuhlola kwezenhlalakahle kubonise ukuthi amazinga wokunganeliseki ngokocansi angafinyelela ku-60% [14]. Umgomo wesifundo samanje kwakuwukuhlola indima yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi1 ukusetshenziswa kanye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber (ukulinganisa okuguquguqukayo okuguquguqukayo) kubambiswano phakathi kwe-1) nobuntu bokunganaki okungaxhunyiwe (okuguquguqukayo okungajwayelekile), ne-2) umbhangqwana nokunganeliseki ngokocansi (eziguquguqukayo ezingapheliyo).

Incazelo yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ihlukahluka ngesiko ngasinye futhi ingahluka ngokuya komongo womphakathi, izinkolelo zomuntu siqu, nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ngamunye [15]. Ukuziphatha ngokobulili njengokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zakhiwe izikripthi zobulili eziye zafundwa ngokuxhumana nabantu [16]. Izikripthi zendabuko zobulili zaseNyakatho Melika zibonisa ukuthi amadoda anesidingo esiphuthumayo ngokocansi ukuziphatha kwabo ngokocansi kuyabaluleka emphakathini, kanti ubulili besifazane buhambisana nomzwelo nokuzibophezela. Endabeni yaseNyakatho Melika, owesifazane ocansini kakhulu unesimo sezenhlalo ezingaphansi. Lezi zincwadi zezocansi zishintsha kuye ngokuthi isimo sobuhlobo bomuntu siqu. Ukuguqula noma ukugcina izikripthi zobulili kuyinkqubo esebenzayo ehilela umzamo womuntu obalulekile [17]. Namuhla, ukwehlukana nezikripthi zendabuko zendabuko kungaholela ekwandiseni ukulingana ngokobulili nokunikeza amathuba amaningi okwaneliseka ngokobulili [18].

UCarroll et al. [4] ichaza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi njengesithombe se-intanethi kanye / noma amavidiyo aveza ubunqunu obucacile ngomgomo wokuthuthukisa ukuvusa ucansi. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi zingaphinda zibandakanye amavidiyo ahlukumezayo agxila kancane ekuziphatheni komzimba kanye nokunye okunomqondo. Ukuziphatha kobulili ku-intanethi kungabandakanya kepha akukhawulelwanga ukuba nesakhi somzwelo. Le miisebenzi ye-inthanethi ingenziwa yedwa (ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokushaya indlwabu) noma phambi kwabanye nge-intanethi (i-webcam noma ingxoxo bukhoma) [19]. Uma lo muntu esevele ehilelekile ebuhlotsheni bomshado, lezi ziphathekayo zingabhekwa njengezenzo zokungathembeki kwe-cyber.

Ukuqhathaniswa nezixhumanisi ezihlobene zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziswa

Ucwaningo lwamuva e-United States ngoDoran noNtengo [5] bahlola ukusetshenziswa kobulili bezinsizwa zamadoda nabesifazane be-20,000 ebuhlotsheni bomshado. Imiphumela yabo ibonise ukuthi amadoda angu-17% kanye no-3% wabesifazane babevakashele amasayithi obala ngocansi ezinsukwini zokugcina ze-30. Le miphumela isekela okufanayo okutholakala nguCarroll et al. [4], owathola ukuthi, kubantu abaningi abasha, i-27% yamadoda-kodwa kuphela i-2.2% yabesifazane-ibheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye noma kabili ngesonto. Ngakho-ke, amadoda angase adle izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi enze kanjalo ngezizathu ezahlukene [20] [21] [22]. Abesifazane baphinde babika ukuvuswa okungacansini ngokocansi lapho bebuka izinto zobulili ezicacile [23]. Ngenxa yokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili zivame ukuba nezinkinga futhi ziphoqele, abacwaningi baye bazinakekela kancane kancane amaphethini asetshenziswa abesifazane.

Abanye abacwaningi baye bacabangela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengendlela yokwaziswa ngokocansi yanamuhla [24] [25]. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa baye bazama ukukhombisa ukuthi izici zobuntu kanye nokungaqiniseki okunamathiselwe kwabantu abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-intanethi zihlobene nokungathembeki nge-intanethi, ukwaneliseka kokubili, nokwaneliseka ngokobulili phakathi kobudlelwane bomshado obudala.

Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisile ukuthi izici zobuntu eziningana (i-neuroticism, i-extroversion, i-openness to experience, ukuvumelana, kanye nonembeza) kuhlotshaniswa nokunganeliseki kwezithandani (bheka uMalouff, Thorsteinsson, Schutte, Bhullar, & Rooke, [26] ukubuyekezwa), futhi okungavamile kakhulu ukunganeliseki ngokocansi [27]. Ezinye zalezi zici zingase zilandele ukuziphatha okuhlukile kwe-intanethi, njengokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokungathembeki nge-cyber. Futhi, lezi ziphathamandla zingase zibikezele ukwaneliseka kokubili kocansi nokucansi. Kuze kube manje, lo modeli awukona ukugxila kocwaningo lwezobuciko.

Esifundweni sika-Egan noParmer [28], ukuphela kwegazi, ukuvumelanisa nokuziqhenya kwakuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi kwabantu. I-Heaven et al. [29] babe nemiphumela efanayo. Lezi zithole ziphakamisa ukuthi i-altruism ephansi (ukuvumelana) nokucabanga okusebenzayo (ukuvuleka) kuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Esifundweni samanje, silindele ukuthi lobu buhlobo buzofinyelela nokubaluleka. U-Emmers-Sommer, u-Hertlein noKennedy [30] wabonisa ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubulili, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlobene nokuvuleka nezinhloso zokungathembeki.

Ucwaningo olumbalwa kakhulu luye lwahlola ubuhlobo phakathi kobuntu nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, okugxile kakhulu ekungathembekeni komuntu [31] [32]. Amazinga aphansi okuvumelanisa nokuziqhenya kanye nokuxoshwa yizici eziyinhloko ezihlotshaniswa nokubandakanyeka okungaphezulu kocansi. Ngakho-ke isifundo samanje sihlose ukubona, kokubili besifazane nabesilisa, uma lezi zimfanelo zobuntu ezihlukahlukene zihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokungathembeki nge-cyber.

Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izici ezimbili eziyinhloko zokukhathazeka okunamathiselwe-ukukhathazeka nokugwema-zihlobene nokunganeliseki umbhangqwana [33] nokunganeliseki ngokocansi [34]. Olwazini lwethu, ubuhlobo phakathi kokunamathiselwe, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nokungathembeki kwe-cyber kubhalwe phansi kabi [35]. Abantu abaphakamisa ukukhathazeka nokuzigwema okuhlobene nokunamathiselwe okuhlangene nakho banenkinga yokunganeliseki umbhangqwana omkhulu [36] nokunganeliseki ngokocansi, nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuhlobene nezithombe zobulili kuhlobene nekhwalithi yobuhlobo bomshado [35]. Kubonakala kunesidingo ukucabangela ukungaqiniseki okunamathiselwe kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze baqonde kangcono izintandokazi zabo zangasese nezomzimba.

Ukukhathazeka okuhlobene nokunamathiselwe kufakazelwa ukwesaba okuqhubekayo kokungathandwa nokulahlwa ngumlingani wakho. Abantu abanomdlandla abanamathele ngokuvamile bathola ucansi oluqabulayo nangokomzwelo [37] [38]. Ukugwema okuhlobene nokunamathiselwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubonakala kunganaki ukusondelana nokuthembela ngokomzwelo. Abantu abathinteka ngokuzigwema banamathuba amaningi okwanelisa izifiso zabo zocansi ngaphandle kokucabangela ukuthi lokhu kuzosithinta kanjani umlingani wabo womshado [33]. Ekubuyekezeni kwakhe kwezincwadi, uDewitte [39] wancoma ukuthi abacwaningi babhale kangcono izindlela ezihlanganisa ukukhathazeka nokugwema ukunganeliseki ngokocansi.

Ekucwaningweni kwabo ukuhlola izidakamizwa nemiphumela yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili, uSzymanski noStewart-Richardson [35] wabonisa ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kobulili emadodeni kuhlobene ngokuqondile ebuhlotsheni nokwaneliseka ngokocansi, kodwa futhi kuhlobene ngokungaqondile ngenxa yemiphumela elandelanayo yokunamathiselwe nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Ngokuqondile, imiphumela engaqondile ibonise ukuthi indima yobulili ixhunyaniswe kahle ngokukhathazeka okuhlobene nokunamathisela okuhlobene nokunamathisela, okuhlangene nakho okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuyi-intanethi. Ukuphela kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-intanethi kuphela okusetshenziselwe kuhlotshaniswa nokuxhaswa ngokobulili nokugcwala Ngokusho kukaSzymanski noStewart-Richardson, abantu abanokukhathazeka okuhlobene nokunamathisela kungenzeka basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngoba bazizwa bengengozini ebuhlotsheni babo. Abantu abanokugwema okuhlobene nokunamathela kuncane kakhulu ukuthi bangathandana nomlingani othandana naye, futhi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibasiza ukuba banelise izidingo zabo zobulili. Noma kunjalo, abalobi abakhulunywe ngenhla bafunde ukungaqiniseki kwamadoda okunamathiselwe. Esifundweni samanje, sihlolisisa lobu buhlobo bobabili besilisa nabesifazane.

Ngokuphathelene nobuhlobo phakathi kokunamathiselwe nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, ucwaningo luye lwagxila ekungathembeki komuntu ngokungahambisani nokungathembeki ku-intanethi. Abantu abanokungaqiniseki okunamathiselwe bayathandwa kakhulu ukufuna ukuhlangana kocansi okungeziwe [32] [40] [41] [42]. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulu kulabo abanezinkathazo ezihlobene nokuzibandakanya ngokweqile [43] [44] [45]. Sicabanga ukuthi kokubili ubukhulu obungavikelekile bokunamathiselwe buhlobene nokungathembeki ku-intanethi.

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokungathembeki

Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuvakashela amasayithi acacile ngokocansi kuhlotshaniswa nengozi enkulu yokungathembeki [1] [5], ikakhulukazi emadodeni phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yokushada [5]. Esifundweni sikaStack, uWasserman, no-Kern [46], abantu abadala abaye basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi kathathu ngenyanga edlule babengase bangathembeki kunabantu abadala abangazange babike ukuziphatha okungcolile ngokocansi. I-Wysocky ne-Childers [47] wabonisa ukuthi amadoda aphindwe kabili amathuba okuba nobuhlobo obuseduze be-extramarital uma behlanganyele e-inthanethi ye-cyber, kanti abesifazane babephindwe kathathu ngaphezulu. Ngokubambisana, ukusetshenziswa kobulili ezingcolile kanye nokungathembeki nge-cyber kubalulekile ukucabangela lapho uhlola ukwaneliseka kokubili komuntu kanye nokwaneliseka ngokocansi, ngakho-ke bekhethiwe njengendlela yokuxazululwa kweziguquko esifundweni samanje. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje, akukho sifundo esichaze isiqondiso sobudlelwane phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokungathembeki nge-cyber. Ngokususelwa kwizifundo zangaphambilini, siphakamisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuhlobene nokucansi kuhlotshaniswa nezindlela zokuziphatha zobulili ezengeziwe ezise-intanethi.

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukwaneliseka kokubili, nokwaneliseka ngokobulili

Ngokuvamile, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa kabi nokwaneliseka kokubili [1] [2] [5] [8] [48] [49]. Willoughby et al. [12] baye bafakazela ukuthi ubudlelwane phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokusebenzisa ukunganeliseki kokubili kungachazwa ngokuhlukunyezwa kwamadoda, ukushayela ngokobulili okuphansi kwabantu besifazane, nokukhulumisana okuncane phakathi kwabantu abashadile. Muusses et al. [48] bathi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili zisebenzisayo zihlotshaniswa nokugculiseka kokubili kobulili kanye nokwaneliseka ngocansi, okusekela ukutholakala kuka-Landripet no-Štulhofer [50]. Ukusebenzisa abesifazane izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlobene nokunethezeka komshado omkhulu [11] kokubili ozakwethu [2]. Imiphumela ehlangene yalezi zifundo yakha isisekelo semodeli yamanje, ephakamisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyichaza imibhangqwana kanye nokunganeliseki ngokobulili ngokusebenzisa ukungathembeki kwama-cyber. Ngokususelwa kwizifundo zangaphambilini, lobu buhlobo kufanele buhluke kuye ngokobulili obambe iqhaza.

Ukungathembeki kwe-Cyber, ukwaneliseka komabili, nokwaneliseka ngokocansi

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kuye kwacwaningwa ngokuqhubekayo [51] [52] [53]. Ukuvumelana ngokugcwele ukuthi ukungathembeki kwe-intanethi kungabangela umonakalo kulo mbhangqwana [54] [55]. Kwezinye izifundo, ukusabalalisa kokungathembeki kwe-cyber kufinyelele ku-63.6% [47]. Kodwa-ke, lesi sibalo kufanele sithathwe kalula njengoba ababambiqhaza bebanjwe nge-Ashley Madison, isayithi lokuxhumana nabantu bezobudlelwane obungaphandle komshado. Siphakamisa ukuthi ukungathembeki kwe-intanethi kuhlobene nokunganeliseki ngokobulili nokunganeliseki. Ngenxa yokuthi amanani okungathembeki emadodeni ayaziwa ukuthi aphakeme kunabesifazane [56] [57] [58], ubulili kufanele bubhekiswe lapho kubheka ukungathembeki kwe-cyber.

Izinhloso

Ucwaningo lwamanje luphakamisa imodeli ye-cascade lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nokungathembeki kwe-cyber kuchaza izinhlangano eziphakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuntu nokunamathiselwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izithandani nokwaneliseka kwezocansi. Sicabanga ukuthi okuguquguqukayo kobuntu nokunamathiselwe kuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, nakho okuhambisana nokuthembela kwi-cyber. Ekugcineni, siphakamisa ukuthi ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kuhlotshaniswa nokwaneliseka kwezithandani nokwabelana ngokocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba abesifazane nabesilisa bakhombisa amaphethini ahlukile wezithombe zocansi (isb., Hald & Mulya [21]), sicabanga ukuthi imodeli izohluka ngokusho kobulili.

  1. izindlela

Abahlanganyeli

Isampula sakhiwa yi-779 French-Canadians (abakwa-524 nabesilisa be-255) abahlala eQuebec abasebenzisa ikhompyutha futhi okwamanje babe nobuhlobo obusha. Njengoba isifundo senziwa ku-intanethi futhi iningi labahlanganyeli liye laphuma phakathi, inani labahlanganyeli lishintsha kusuka kwesinye isichazamazwi sokuhluka kuya kwesilandelayo. Phakathi kwalabo ababike izingosi ezikhulile ezivakashelayo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, i-230 yayingamadoda kanti i-272 yayingabesifazane. Kusetshenziswe izinqubo ezine zokufaka: abahlanganyeli babenebudlelwane obuncane ekuqaleni kokucwaninga, bephakathi kweminyaka engu-18 no-65, babekwazi ukufinyelela ku-intanethi, futhi bagcwalise isigaba se-inthanethi yemibuzo ngamasayithi omdala. Ngokuphathelene nemfundo yabahlanganyeli, i-17.5% (n = 102) isiphelile esikoleni esiphakeme, i-6% (n = 35) ine-diploma yezifundo zomsebenzi, i-36.9% (n = 215) inezinga le-ekolishi (eQuebec, e-College yezemfundo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa i-2 noma i-3 iminyaka ngemuva kwesikole esiphakeme futhi ilandele izifundo zase-University undergraduate), i-25.3% (n = 147) inezinga eliphakeme leyunivesithi ye-undergraduate, kanti i-14.9% (n = 87) inesitifiketi esikoleni esiphakeme. Ngokuphelele, abahlanganyeli be-456 basebenziwe ngenkathi yocwaningo (79.4%). Ababambe iqhaza babeyinhloko yocansi (91.4%), kuyilapho i-3.1% yayingqingili futhi i-5.5% yayingabesilisa nabesifazane. Ngokuphathelene nesimo sobuhlobo, i-14.8% yabahlanganyeli babesebudlelwane obambalwa kodwa bengaboni, abangu-36.2% babeshadile, abangu-41.1% babengabalingani abavamile, futhi i-7.9% yahlukaniswa noma ihlukanisiwe njengamanje iqhaza ebuhlotsheni obusha nomlingani omusha. Isilinganiso seminyaka yabahlanganyeli kwakuyiminyaka engu-29.85 (SD = 9.91) futhi ubude bomhlobo wabo buyiminyaka eyi-6.36 (SD = 6.57).

Inqubo

Ababambe iqhaza baboshwa ngamaphephandaba asekhaya, i-Facebook, amaforamu okuxoxa, nama-imeyili athunyelwe kusukela ngoMashi kuya ku-Septhemba 2011. Abahlanganyeli kwakudingeka bavakashele iwebhusayithi ye-Survey Monkey bese beqedela i-questionnaire enhlobonhlobo. Isofthiwe yewebhusayithi iqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ziyimfihlo futhi zilandela izindinganiso eziqinile zokuziphatha (kubandakanya ukubethela idatha). Ababambiqhaza baziswa ngenjongo yokutadisha: ukuhlola izinto ezithinta izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuhlola umthelela wazo ebuhlotsheni obuseduze. Abahlanganyeli babuzwa ukuba baqede ifomu lokuvuma. Ucwaningo luvunyiwe yiBhodi yokuBukeza izikhungo. Njengoba isinxephezelo, izitifiketi zesipho sesihlanu se-100 zidonsa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi zisakazwa kubahlanganyeli abavumelene ukwabelana ngekheli le-imeyili.

zomculo

Abahlanganyeli baqedile imibuzo eminingi, kufaka phakathi imibuzo yemibuzo yabantu. Ngokwesilinganiso, abahlanganyeli baqedile imibuzo yombuzo e-intanethi kumaminithi we-45.

Ubuntu. Ubuntu buhlolwe besebenzisa izinto ze-15 [59] [60], okulinganiselwe, esikalini se-Likert emihlanu, ubukhulu be-model-Five Factor model [61]: ukungazinzi ngokomzimba (ukuzinza okuphansi ngokomzwelo, ukuzithokozisa okuphansi okubhekene nokucindezeleka; α = 0.79), ukuxoshwa (okubandakanyeka ebuhlotsheni obuseduze, othembekile; α = 0.73), ukuvuleka ukuzwa (ukwazi ngezwe, nesithakazelo ekuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene; α = 0.63), ukuvumelanisa (obumnene, ozwelayo, owusizo; α = 0.71) nokuziqhenya (ukulawulwa kakhulu kwemizwelo nemicabango, ehlelekile, ethembekile; α = 0.79).

Okunamathiselwe. I-questionnaire yangempela yokuhlola okunamathiselwe kuyo ebuhlotsheni bomshado yayinezinto ze-36 [62] [63] ukuhlola ubukhulu obubili: ukukhathazeka nokugwema. Ukuvumelana kwabo kwangaphakathi kuphezulu, okungafani phakathi kwe-0.84 ne-0.86. Lafontaine et al. [64] ithuthukise inguqulo ebhalwe phansi yemibuzo yokunamathisela. Esifundweni samanje, izinto eziyishumi zagcinwa. Amanani we-alpha we-Cronbach wezinga lokukhathazeka (α = 0.86) nobukhulu bokugwema (α = 0.85) banele.

Ukwaneliseka komshado. Ukwaneliseka kokubili komshado kuhlolwe ngenguqulo emine ye-Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS, Spanier [65]), lakhiwa nguSabourin, uValois noLussier [66]. Sabourin et al. [66] wabonisa ukuthi inguqulo ye-abridged isebenza kahle njengenguqulo yangempela ye-32-into ehlukanisa phakathi kokushada nokucindezela okujabulisayo. I-version abridged yayinokuvumelana kwangaphakathi kwangaphakathi (α = 0.84) kusampula yamanje.

Ukwaneliseka ngocansi. Ukwaneliseka ngokobulili kwahlolwa ngezinto ezinhlanu (isibonelo, "Ingabe unelisekile ngemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yocansi osebenzelana nayo nomlingani wakho wamanje?" "Unelisekile ngokuphila kwakho kobulili ngokujwayelekile?") Kulinganiswe esikalini sesitha samaphuzu ayisithupha lakhiwa u-Nowinsky noLopiccolo [67]. I-alpha coefficient ye-Cronbach yezinto ezinhlanu zifinyelele ku-0.93.

Amasayithi omdala. Enye into elinganisiwe esikalini samaphuzu ayisikhombisa ubuze abaphendulile ukuthi ngabe bavakashele isayithi labantu abadala (izithombe ezibonakalayo ezingabonakali-ezithombeni, amabele, noma izintambo-kanye / noma ama-XXX amavidiyo, ubulili, i-cunnilingus, i-fallatio, ubulili obufanayo, njll.- kwamadoda nabesifazane ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-18) ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule (1 = no 7 = nsuku zonke).

Ukungathembeki kwe-Cyber. Kwakhiwa izinto ezimbili ezisekelwe esilinganisweni sokuhlola ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzwelo noma ngokocansi kwenzeka kwi-intanethi: i-1) "Wake wazibandakanya ngokomzwelo nomunye umuntu ngaphandle komlingani wakho othandana naye kuyi-Internet ngenkathi usenebudlelwaneni obusondelene? (isib., wenza ngokuzenzekelayo, wabonisa noma uzizwa imizwa yothando, izincomo ezinikezwayo) "2)" Wake waxoxa ngokuthandana nomuntu ngaphandle komlingani wakho othandana naye kuyi-Internet ngenkathi uhlala ebuhlotsheni obusondelene? (isib. Ukubuka umuntu ozocansi). I-coefficient yangaphakathi yokuhlangana yayiyi-KD = 0.56.

Omunye umbuzo wenziwa futhi ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi abahlanganyeli bachaza kanjani ukungathembeki kwe-cyber. Kwavela amacala ayisithupha futhi abahlanganyeli babuzwa ukuba bakhethe labo abachaze isenzo sokungathembeki: ukuvakashela amasayithi omdala, ukushintshanisa ulwazi lomuntu siqu ngezingxoxo ezibukhoma, ukuxoxisana ngocansi nge-webcam, ukuhwebelana ngokobulili ngaphandle kwekhamera yewebhu, ukuba yilungu lesayithi elidala, futhi ukuba ne-cycsex nge-webcam.

  1. Imiphumela

Ukuhlathulula okuchazayo

Ngokuphathelene nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi i-35.6% (n = 277) yabahlanganyeli ayikaze ivakashele isiza sabantu abadala, i-15.8% (n = 123) yayike yaba kanye kuphela, i-12.1% (n = 94) yayihamba kanye ngenyanga, 6.8% (n = 53) kabili ngenyanga, 11.2% (n = 87) kanye ngesonto, kanye no-16.3% (n = 127) kaninginingi ngesonto. Bangu-2.3% kuphela (n = 18) abavakashela amasayithi abantu abadala nsuku zonke. Imiphumela ye-t-test (t (777) = 19.30, p <0.001) ikhombise ukuthi amadoda (M = 4.68, SD = 1.7) avakashela amasayithi abantu abadala kaningi kunabesifazane (M = 2.18, SD = 1.5). Usayizi womphumela wawungu-1.52 (Cohen's d), okuwumphumela oqinile. Amaphesenti wabahlanganyeli abakhethe isimo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu kweziyisithupha ezichaza izindlela zokuziphatha ezingathembeki yilezi: 12.1% (n = 94) ngokuvakashela amasayithi abantu abadala, 30.3% (n = 236) ngokushintshanisa imininingwane yomuntu ngengxoxo ebukhoma, 82.9% (n = 646) ngokushintshana ngocansi nge-webcam, i-76.9% (n = 599) yokushintshana ngocansi ngaphandle kwe-webcam, i-27.3% (n = 213) yokuba yilungu lesayithi yabantu abadala, kanye ne-90.1% (n = 702) i-cybersex nge-webcam.

Ukuhlaziywa kwangaphambili

Ukuhlobana kwe-bivariate phakathi kwezimfanelo zobuntu, okunamathiselwe, ukusetshenziselwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber, ukwaneliseka kokubili, nokwaneliseka ngokocansi kufakwe Ithebula 1.

Indlela yokuhamba

Imodeli yendlela yahlolwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwezixazululo, ngokusekelwe ezindleleni ezihlongozwa nguMshumayeli, uRucker noHayes [68]. Imodeli iqinisekisile ukuba khona kwemiphumela yokwehlukanisa okulandelanayo, okusho ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisebenzayo kanye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber abaxhumanisi bobudlelwane obuphakathi kwe-1)

Ithebula 1. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukuguquguquka komuntu siqu, ngokobulili, nocansi (n = 779).

Qaphela: SS = ukwaneliseka ngokocansi. SC = ukwaneliseka kwezithandani. * p <0.05. ** p <0.01.

ukulingana nokunamathiselwe (ukuguquguquka okungavamile), kanye ne-2) umbhangqwana nokunganeliseki ngokocansi (iziguquguquko ezixhomekile noma ezingapheliyo). Imodeli yendlela yayilinganiselwa ukuthi isebenzise uMplus [69]. Idatha elahlekile yahlaziywa ngokusebenzisa ukulinganisa okuphelele okutholakala kolwazi (FIML), esebenzisa amathuba amaningi okulinganisa imingcele yezimodeli ngokusebenzisa idatha engaphezulu eluhlaza ngangokunokwenzeka [70]. Izinkomba ezintathu zazisetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka komodeli: inkomba yokulingana efana ne-CFI), inkomba ye-Tucker-Lewis (TLI), kanye nephutha lesigwebo lesigca sendawo sokulinganisa (RMSEA). Hoyle [71] ikhombise ukuthi i-CFI ne - TLI ngenhla .90 ne - .95 ikhombisa ukulingana okunethezeka nokuhle kakhulu kwedatha, ngokulandelana, namanani we - RMSEA alinganayo noma aphansi kunawo wonke .08 ayamukelekile [72].

Izinkomba ezihlongozwayo zokukhulumisana zikhombisa ukuthi imodeli yemfundiso yobuhlobo phakathi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo yayifaneleka kahle kwedatha (χ2(3) = 1.547, p = 0.67, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.02, RMSEA = 0.000 [95% CI = 0.000, 0.047]). Indlela yeBootstrap isetshenziselwe ukuvivinya ukubaluleka kwemiphumela engaqondile noma yokulamula (kusetshenziswa amasampula ayi-5000 angahleliwe, kufakwa esikhundleni sesampula yoqobo) ukuze kwakheke izikhathi zokuzethemba ezilungiswe ngokuchema. Ukuhlaziywa kukhombisile ukuthi yonke imiphumela ibalulekile ku-p <0.05.

Umfanekiso we-1 ikhombisa ukuthi ukungazi kahle, ukungaziqapheli, ukukhathazeka okuhlobene nokunamathiselwe, nokugwema okuhlobene nokunamathiselwe kwakuhlobene ngqo nokunganeliseki umbhangqwana. Ukugwema futhi kwaba nokuxhumana okungalungile nokuzaneliseka ngocansi. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukugwema kuchaza umbhangqwana nokwaneliseka ngocansi ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kocansi okulandelwa yi-cyber infidelity, noma nje ngokungathembeki kwe-cyber (imiphumela ephelele ngqo noma engaqondile).

Njengoba i-hypothesized, ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela engaqondile kubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuchazi ngokuqondile izimbhangqwana noma ukwaneliseka ngokobulili; Kunalokho, ubuhlobo bube buhlelwe yi-cyber ukungathembeki. Ngakho-ke, ukuphelelwa yisisu okuphansi, ukuvuleka okukhulu, ukungaziqapheli phansi, nokukhathazeka okukhulu noma ukugwema ukuchaza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile

Umfanekiso 1. Imodeli yokuxhumanisa ubuntu, ukungavikeleki kokunamathiselwe, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, ukungathembeki kwi-cyber, ukwaneliseka kwezithandani, nokwaneliseka kwezocansi. Kuphela kuphela okwethulwe (p <0.05) kwama-coefficients asemgangathweni wokulinganisa (β). I-covariance phakathi kokuguquguqukayo okuvela ngaphandle ilinganisiwe. Izixhumanisi eziphakathi kwalezi ziguquko azethulwanga ukwenza lula umdwebo.

ukusetshenziswa, okubikezela ukungathembeki kwe-cyber, okubuye kwabikezela ukungazanelisi ngokobulili nokunganeliseki. Ngokuphathelene nobuhlobo obubili bokungaqondile, ukukhathazeka nokuzigwema okuhlobene nokunamathiselwe kwakuhlobene nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, okubikezela ukungazaneliseki ngokobulili nokunganeliseki.

Ukuze avivinye i-hypothesis yesibili, lo modeli wawucatshangwa ngokwehlukana kumadoda nabesifazane. Imiphumela yabonisa umehluko omkhulu kuwo wonke amadoda (c2 (6) = 56.38, p = 0.007). Ama-indices of mediation indices emadodeni abonise ukuthi imodeli yemfundiso yobuhlobo phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo kwakufanelekile kahle kwedatha (χ2(2) = 0.64, p = 0.73, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.11, RMSEA = 0.000 [95% CI = 0.000, 0.088]). Ngokuphathelene nobuntu, ubuqotho obuphansi kuphela buhlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Kwakukhona ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kokugwema okuncane nokugculiseka kokubili. Ukukhathazeka nokuzigwema okuhlobene nokunamathiselwe kwakuhlanganiswe kahle nokuxhaswa kwe-cyber, kepha akuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakunobungozi obuhle ngokungathembeki kwe-intanethi nokungahambisani kabi nokugculiswa ngokocansi. Okokugcina, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kwakungathintana kabi nokugculiseka komabili. Kwakungekho ubuhlobo obalulekile phakathi kokungathembeki kwe-cyber nokwaneliseka ngocansi. Amaphesenti we-variance achazwe ayencane ukulinganisa: ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile = 5%, i-cyber infidelity = 10%, ukwaneliseka komshado = 30%, nokwaneliseka ngokocansi = 16%.

Ama-indices of mediation indices kwabesifazane abonisa ukuthi imodeli yemfundiso yobuhlobo phakathi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo kwakungcono kahle kwedatha (χ2(2) = 4.91, p = 0.09, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.931, RMSEA = 0.05 [95% CI = 0.000, 0.114]). Ubuhlobo obuphawulekayo phakathi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo zamehlo babufana nalabo abakulo modeli kubandakanya bonke abahlanganyeli, ngaphandle kwezinhlangano eziyisithupha. Ukukhathazeka okuhlobene ne-attachment kuhlotshaniswa kahle nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kuyilapho ku-model ejwayelekile, kuhloswe ngokuhambisana nokungathembeki kwe-cyber. Ukugwema okuhlobene nokunamathiselwe kwakungekho okuhlobene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Ukuxoshwa kwabesifazane kwakungavumelani kabi nokuthokozeka kwabo, ngenkathi lobu buhlobo bekungabonakali kumodeli jikelele. I-neuroticism yayingavumelani kabi nokwaneliseka ngocansi, kuyilapho kuleso model equkethe bonke ababambiqhaza, kwakuhlobene nokugculiseka kombhangqwana. Kodwa-ke, ubudlelwane phakathi kobuchopho besifazane kanye nokusebenzisa izithombe zabo ezingcolile akubalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili zabesifazane zazihambisana kahle nokuzaneliseka ngokocansi. Le nhlangano enhle ayizange ivele kumodeli jikelele. Ukuhluka okucacisiwe kwakuncane ukulinganisa: ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile = 12%, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber = 10%, ukwaneliseka komshado = 39%, nokwaneliseka ngokocansi = 23%.

  1. Ingxoxo

Abacwaningi abaningi kanye nabahlengikazi baye bazama ukuhlonza izinhlobonhlobo ezihlobene nokuthokozisa ngokobulili. Abanye baye bagxila ngobuntu [26] [27], abanye kokunamathiselwe [33], ubulili [34], izingxabano, ubudlova, ukungabi nokuzibophezela [73], nezinye izinto eziningi eziguqukayo. Ukuziphatha okusha okuzungezile ubuchwepheshe bekhompuyutha, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, izinkinga zezenhlalakahle, amasiko nezokuxhumana, futhi kudingeka zifakwe ezinhlobonini ezintsha ezichazayo. Imiphumela yethu ibonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuhlobene nokucansi kuhlotshaniswa nobunzima obunqunu kanye nocansi ngokunyuka kokungathembeki kwama-cyber. Lokhu okutholwa kwangempela kuqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona "izinhlobo zanamuhla" zokungathembeki. Nakuba izifundo zangaphambilini ziphakanyisile ukuthi lobu buhlobo obubonakalayo abumeleli "ukwehluleka" ngokomthetho ngokwemigomo emibhangqwana noma ukukhashelwa komlingani wakho [55], idatha yethu yemibhalo iyinkinga yokuphikisa.

Ukungathembeki kwe-Cyber ​​kuyisixhumanisi esiyisihluthulelo ku-chain eyinkimbinkimbi ye-causal echaza ukuhlukahluka kwekhwalithi yobuhlobo. Nakuba abacwaningi abaningi sebevele babonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobulili ezingcolile kwandisa amathuba okuba umuntu ocansini ocansini [5] [46] [47], ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kungenye imiphumela engenzeka. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlolisise uhlobo lobuhlobo phakathi kokungathembeki kwe-cyber kanye nokungathembeki komuntu. Ukuziphatha oku-intanethi kungahlukahluka ngokuqhubekayo, kusuka ezingcolile zobulili kusetshenziselwa ukuhlala ingxoxo kuya ekukhulumisaneni ngokomzwelo nangokwecansi ngekhamera yewebhu. Kulokhu, ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lubhekise ekusetshenzisweni kokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi jikelele (i-imeyili, amanethiwekhi omphakathi, amasayithi acacisayo ngokocansi, njll) ukuqonda ukuthi izimo ezihlukahlukene ze-intanethi zingathinta kanjani ukuthuthukiswa kokungathembeki kwe-intanethi.

Imiphumela yemodeli yama-Path yembula ubudlelwane obuningi bokuthakazelisa, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinzwa, ukugwema ukusondelana, nokusondelana ngokulandelana. I-neuroticism ephakeme yayihlobene ngokuqondile nokuthokozeka kokubili komabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukumezeka kwakuhlobene ngokungaqondile nokungathembeki kwe-inthanethi ngokusebenzisa ubuhlobo obubi nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Kanti, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kuhlotshaniswa nokuzaneliseka ngokobulili. Le miphumela iqinisekisa ukutholakala kocwaningo lwangaphambilini okubonisa ukuthi ukucwasa ngokweqile kuhlobene kakhulu nokunganeliseki umbhangqwana [26] [74] [75]. Nokho, ngokuphambene no-Egan noParmer [28], imiphumela yethu ibonisa ukuthi ukuphefumula okuphansi okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngamanye amazwi, ukutadisha kwethu kusikisela ukuthi abantu abazolile nokulahlwa bavame ukubuka izithombe ezingcolile ezingaphezulu. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luzame ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezici ze-neuroticism ukuze kuqondwe kangcono le miphumela engenzi lutho. Ukuziqhenya ngokweqile kwahlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kocansi, okusekela nokutholakala ngu-Egan noParmer. Noma kunjalo, kufanele kuqaphele uma kuqhathaniswa imiphumela kusukela isifundo samanje asinganiselwe kubantu abazithembele ezithombeni ezingcolile. Kuphela i-2.3% yabahlanganyeli abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nsuku zonke. Ucwaningo olwenziwa nguWidiger no-Mullins-Sweatt [76] wabonisa ukuthi ukuzithoba ngokweqile kuvame ukubonakala ngokungahleleki nokungazinaki, futhi amazinga aphansi kakhulu enembeza angabonakaliswa ukungacabangi nokunganakwa. Ngakho-ke, umuntu onesizotha esiphansi angase abonise ukuziphatha kobulili okungahambi kahle noma okucindezelayo.

Ekugcineni, ukuvuleka kwakuhlobene ngokuqondile nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Lezi ziphumo zenkxaso ezitholwa ngu-Emmers-Sommer et al. [30], owatholile ukuthi abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babengazimeleli kakhulu uma kuziwa emibonweni yezocansi kanye nokuziphatha, ne-Heaven et al. [29], owathola ukuthi leyo micabango esebenzayo yayihlotshaniswa nesifiso sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngakho, ukusetshenziswa kobulili bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubonakala sengathi kuchazwa yizici ezingavamile, ezibonisa ukulangazela, ukucabanga, nokulindela okungenangqondo [76]. Okumangalisa ukuthi ukuxoshwa akuyona into ephawulekayo kulo mfanekiso, nakuba izifundo zangaphambilini zibonise ukuthi ziyisici esichazayo sabasebenzisi abasebenzisa izingosi zokuxhumana nabantu [77] [78] [79], ukuziphatha okuthunyelwe nge-sexting [80], uhlanganyele ebuhlotsheni obungashadile, futhi usebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile [81]. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lucacise le imiphumela engavumelaniyo.

Ukungathembeki kwe-Cyber ​​kwachazwa nokungaqiniseki okunamathiselwe. Ucwaningo lwangaphambili luye lwasungula ukuthi ukugwema okuhlobene nokunamathiselwa okunamathiselwe kunobungozi ngokubikezela ukunganeliseki kokubili kanye nokwaneliseka ngocansi [33]. Esifundweni samanje, imiphumela yethu iphakamisa ukuthi bobabili abalamuleli-ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kanye nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile-kungabonisa ukungabi nokuzibophezela ebuhlotsheni, kanye nesifiso sokufuna okunye ukusebenzisana, okubili kokuvamile kubantu abagwemayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma sicabanga ukuthi abantu abasondelene nabo bazicabange uma kuziwa ngezidingo zabo zobulili, njengoMikulincer noShaver [33] basikisela ukuthi, akusizi ngalutho ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyingxenye ye-repertoire yabo yezocansi [35]. Kulezi zimo, i-Intanethi iba isikhala esiphephile, ukuvikela abantu abagwema kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuzibophezela.

Ubuhlobo obuqondile phakathi kokukhathazeka okuhlobene nokunamathiselwe nokuxhaswa kombhangqwana akuzange kusimangaze, uma kunikezwa izifundo eziningi zokuneliseka kokubili kanye nokunamathela kokunganaki [33]. Ngokuphathelene nobuhlobo obungaqondile phakathi kokukhathazeka nokuqhathaniswa nokwaneliseka ngokobulili nge-cyber infidelity, izifundo eziningana ezigxile ekungathembeki komuntu siqu sezivele zibonise ukuthi lezi zinguquko ezimbili zihlobene [32] [40] [41] [42]. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwamanje lisikisela ukuthi ukusebenza kwesistimu yokunamathiswa kuhlotshaniswa nesifiso sokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo nangokwecansi, okwanelisa isidingo somuntu siqu sokukhathazeka. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho nakho kunezimpikiswano ezingalungile ekugculweni kokubili kokubili kocansi. Ngokusebenzisa ukungathembeki kwama-cyber, abantu ngabanye bafuna ukuqinisekiswa okungenalo ubuhlobo bawo bamanje. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luhlole ukuthi ukufeza isidingo sabo sokuphepha ngokusebenzisa ukungathembeki kwe-cyber ngokomzwelo kukwanelisa abantu abakhathazekile.

Okokugcina, isimo nemandla ebuhlotsheni phakathi kobuntu, okunamathiselwe, ukusetshenziselwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber, kanye nokwaneliseka ngokobulili kwahluka phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane. Ngokuya ngobulili, ubudlelwane obuhilela ubuntu noma okunamathiselwe ngezinye izikhathi kungabonakali kakhulu noma kupheleke ngokuphelele. Ngokufanayo, kuye ngokuthi ubulili, i-trajectory of influence ngezinye izikhathi ingadlula ngokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma yeqa lesi sinyathelo ngokuphelele. Kule nkinga yokugcina, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kwaba yisixhumanisi phakathi kwe-1) okunamathiselwe nobuntu, kanye ne-2) umbhangqwana nokwaneliseka ngokocansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuhlobene kabi nokwaneliseka ngokocansi kwabesilisa, kodwa ngokuqinisekile kubesifazane. Lo umehluko kufanele ugcizelelwe. Ezinye izifundo ziye zabonisa nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabesifazane izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungase kuzuze ukwaneliseka kwabo ngokocansi [1] [11]. Le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi abesifazane banelise izifiso zabo zocansi kanye nemicabango yabo ngokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. U-Emmers-Sommer et al. [30] ubonise ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzelana nabesifazane abahlukumeza ukuvimbela ngokobulili, ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi wobulili, nokukhulisa ubuhlobo obuseduze. Emadodeni, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa nesifiso sobulili esiphakeme, ukugqugquzela, nokuthokozisa. Noma kunjalo, lezi ziphumo zingaholela ekunciphiseni isifiso sobulili kumlingani wabo futhi kunciphise ukwaneliseka ngokocansi ngaphakathi kwababhangqwana. Ukuhlukana kobulili kungabonisa amaphethini ahlukene okugqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile: kuyilapho amadoda efuna ukwandisa ukuvuka kwabo ngokocansi ngokushaya indlwabu, abesifazane bafuna ukuthuthukisa izinga lobuhlobo babo bocansi nomlingani wabo [11]. Ukuhlola ngokucophelela izisusa ezitholakala ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziswa amadoda nabesifazane kuyadingeka ukuze kuvivinywe lesi sizathu.

  1. Ukulinganiselwa

Ucwaningo lwamanje luye lwaveza indima engaba khona yokuziphatha okuhlukile kwe-inthanethi, kucatshangelwa iziguquko zomuntu siqu nezihlobene. Kodwa-ke, kunikezwe uhlobo lokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba sokucwaninga, ukuqapha kufanele kusetshenziswe lapho kuhumusha imiphumela. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungabheka imiklamo ye-longitudinal ngokusebenzisa imodeli yokuxhasana komlingani (APIM; uKenny et al. [82]) ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi yini eshukumisela ukusetshenziswa kokubili izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngokuphathelene nokuqondiswa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene, ukucwaninga kwesikhathi esizayo kufanele kuhlolwe izimo zokusetshenziswa kobulili ezingcolile kanye nokungathembeki kwe-cyber, futhi kucacise ukuthi ngabe yiyona imbangela noma umphumela wokunganeliseki ngokobulili nangokwesini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isu lethu lokuqasha isampula lingase linciphise ucwaningo. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-sampuli kufanele zihlolwe ukuze zenzeke amamodeli.

Omunye umkhawulo kwakuwukucabanga kwezinto ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuguquguquka kokungathembeki kwe-cyber. Incazelo yokungathembeki yaba yinto engacacile. Abanye ababambiqhaza babheka ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyisenzo sokungathembeki, kanti abanye abazange bakwenze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zaveza ukwethembeka okuphansi. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luchaze kangcono ukungathembeki ngokomzwelo ngokufaka, isibonelo, izinkomba zokuziphatha ezithile (isb., Ukuncoma umuntu ngenhloso yokudukisa). Izifundo kufanele futhi zicacise uhlobo lwesixhumanisi phakathi kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokungathembeki nge-cyber. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezithombe zobuntu bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile [76] kungenzeka ukuthi ilungise imiphumela yethu. Isibonelo, ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwegazi kubonakala ukwesaba, ukungabi nokuzethemba, nokukhathazeka, kuyilapho ubuchopho obuphansi bubonisa ukungaboni kahle engozini nokunganaki. Lezi zingqikithi zingalimaza kubasebenzisi be-intanethi. Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezimfanelo zobuntu (isb. Ukulutha kobulili, ukuzithokozisa okusheshayo kwezidingo zomuntu siqu, ukuphoqeleka, izidingo eziphezulu zocansi, ukucindezeleka) kungaholela ekuqondeni kangcono izisusa zokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwabantu.

  1. Impumelelo Ewusizo

Njengoba imboni yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziqhubeka zikhula, odokotela babika ukuthi inani elikhulayo labantu abafuna usizo lokubhekana nezinkinga zobulili nezihlobene ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi [5] [50] [83]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkinga zobudlelwane ezihlobene ne-cyber ukungathembeki kubonakala sengathi ziyanda [53]. Abashadile kudingeka bakwazi ukuchaza ukungathembeki ngaphambi kokuba bakwazi ukubeka imithetho ecacile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi [49]. Abahlinzeki bakudinga ukucabangela ukubaluleka kwe-intanethi ebuhlotsheni bomshado, futhi kufanele baqaphele ukuziphatha okusemandleni okungenzeka ukubikezela ukungathembeki, njengokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile [84]. Izindlela zokuziphatha ku-intanethi kufanele zihlolwe ngokuqhubekayo, kusukela ekuzijabuliseni okulula kwe-inthanethi, ekuthandaneni oku-intanethi, ekubhebhethekeni kwe-cyber [53]. Ithuluzi lokuhlola elanele, eliye lakhiwa nguRosenberg noKrauss [25], kungasiza ukukhomba izisusa ezihlukahlukene ezenziwa ngabasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ukufunda izikhundla ezihlukene zobulili, ukunciphisa ukukhathazeka, ukubhekana nezinkinga zobulili, ukukhulula ukukhwabanisa, ukuzijabulisa, njll). Ngokuthola ukuqonda okugcwele ukuthi kungani abantu basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi, ukungathembeki kwe-cyber kungase kuqondwe kangcono. Imizamo ekhulayo kufanele yenziwe ukuthuthukisa ukwelashwa okufanelekile kokuziphatha ngokobulili ngakho-ke ugweme ukunganeliseki umbhangqwana.

Caphuna leli phepha

Ferron, A., Lussier, Y., Sabourin, S. no Brassard, A. (2017) Indima Yezingcolile zobulili ze-Inthanethi Sebenzisa nokungathembeki kwi-Associations phakathi koBuntu, Okunamathiselwe, kanye Nokwenelisana nokugculiseka ngokocansi. I-Social Networking, i-6, i-1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sn.2017.61001

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