UBensimon, uPhilipe.
Ukulutha Kwezocansi Nokuphoqeleka 14, cha. 2 (2007): 95-117.
abstract
Leli phepha linikeza ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi eziphathelene nokuxhumeka phakathi kokuchayeka ezingcolile kanye namacala ocansi. Ucwaningo oluphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi njengezisusa zokona ngokobulili luthole imiphumela exubile. Ukutholwa okungahambisani nakho kungabhekwa njengezindlela zokucwaninga ezihlukile, kufaka phakathi amasu wokuhlola, izindlela, kanye nezinhlobo zezithombe zocansi ezifakiwe. Ngenkathi impikiswano isagxila maqondana nemiphumela engaba yingozi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kukhona ukuvumelana ngephuzu elilodwa: ukutholakala kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akunakwenza lutho ukunciphisa amathuba ukuthi abathengi bangakhubekisa ngokobulili. Kunikezwe ucwaningo oluncane kakhulu ekuhloleni umthelela wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kubantu ababoshiwe. Le ndlela ebalulekile yokuphenya izifundo ezizayo.
Ucwaningo kanye Nemiphumela Yokuziphatha Ehlanganiswa Nezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile
I-Weaver (i-1993), impikiswano ivela emibhalweni emithathu yemiphumela yokuvezwa kwezithombe zocansi:
- Ukufanekiswa kocansi njengendlela yokufunda ngokubheka imfundiso yenhlalo ehlobene nalokho osekuphelisiwe noma kufihliwe (ukukhululeka) - ukunqanda, umuzwa wecala, izimilo zokuhlanjululwa, ukulungiswa kwezocansi, konke lokhu kungasuswa ngokunye ngocansi (i-Feshbach) , 1955) .2 Kutchinsky (1991) iphinda futhi lo mbono, ichaza ukuthi izinga lokuhlukumezeka ngokocansi lehlile lapho izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zenziwa zitholakala kalula, zisebenza njengohlobo lokuphepha lokunciphisa umbango ngokocansi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise izinga lamacala ocansi. Noma kuphatheka kakhulu, okushiwo yilesi sisekelo ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinikeza uhlobo lokufunda, ngokusho kombhali, olususa umlingiswa. Kuyaxoxwa ngoba le ngxabano isetshenziswa futhi ngabasekeli bokukhulula ubufebe njengendlela yokunciphisa inani lokuhlukumeza ngokocansi (McGowan, 2005; Vadas, 2005). Leyo ndlela yokucabanga yehlisa isithunzi somuntu nokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba ngumuntu. Iqiniso ukuthi abantu akuyona impahla;
- Ukuxoshwa komuntu, ngokuphambene nombono owandulele, futhi lapho izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziqala khona futhi isithombe esiphezulu sabantu besifazane (Jensen, 1996; Stoller, 1991);
- Ukuhlaziya ngokwemifanekiso lokho akuhambisani neqiniso. Kalula nje, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinikeza umbono ophungula kakhulu wobudlelwano bezenhlalo. Ngoba isithombe asiyona nje uchungechunge lwezigcawu zocansi ezicacile, eziphindaphindayo nezingenangqondo, ukushaya indlwabu ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kuyingxenye yochungechunge lokuhlanekezelwa hhayi ingxenye yeqiniso. Lokho kuphazamiseka kungahlanganiswa nokuguquguquka okunamandla nokuma okuyi-criminogenic. Ukuvezwa kaningi kumenza umuntu abulawe amandla ngokushintsha kancane kancane izindinganiso zakhe nokuziphatha kwakhe njengoba imikhuba iba namandla kakhulu (Bushman, 2005; Carich & Calder, 2003; Jansen, Linz, Mulac, & Imrich, 1997; Malamuth, Haber, & Feshbach, 1980; Padgett & Brislin-Slutz, 1989; Silbert & Pines, 1984; Wilson, Colvin, & Smith, 2002; Winick & Evans, 1996; Zillmann & Weaver, 1999).
Ngamafuphi, ucwaningo olwenziwe kuze kube manje alukhombisanga ngokusobala ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwembangela nomphumela phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, kepha iqiniso liwukuthi abacwaningi abaningi bayavumelana ngento eyodwa: Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ezithombeni zocansi nakanjani ukubulala amagciwane kulowo muntu. Lokhu kwaqinisekiswa nguLinz, uDonnerstein noPenrod ngo-1984, kwalandela uSapolsky ngawo lowo nyaka, uKelley ngo-1985, uMarshall kwalandela uZillmann ngo-1989, uCramer, uMcFarlane, uParker, uSoeken, uSilva, noReel ngo-1998 kanti muva nje, uThornhill no UPalmer ngo-2001, no-Apanovitch, uHobfoll noSalovey ngo-2002. Ngokwesisekelo somsebenzi wabo, bonke laba bacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi ukuvezwa kwezithombe zocansi isikhathi eside kunomthelela wokulutha futhi kuholela abenzi bobubi ukunciphisa ubudlova ezenzweni abazenzayo.
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