SEATTLE - Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezihlotshaniswa nokwanda okukhulu kwamathuba esehlukaniso kubantu baseMelika abashadile, futhi lokhu kwanda kukhulu ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane, kuthola isifundo esisha esizokwethulwa eMhlanganweni Wonyaka we-111 we-American Sociological Association (ASA) .
"Ukuqala ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile phakathi kwamagagasi okuhlola kucishe kwaphindeka kabili amathuba okuba umuntu ahlukanise ngenkathi elandelayo yocwaningo, kusuka kumaphesenti ayisithupha kuya kumaphesenti ayi-6, futhi kucishe kwaphindeka kathathu kwabesifazane, kusuka kumaphesenti ayisithupha kuya kumaphesenti ayi-11," kusho uSamuel Perry, umbhali oholayo isifundo kanye noprofesa osizayo wezenhlalo eNyuvesi yase-Oklahoma. "Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zenhlalo, kungaba nemiphumela emibi ekuzinzileni komshado."
Isihloko esithi, "Kuze Sihlanganyele Ngocansi? Imiphumela Yesikhathi Eside Yezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zisebenzise Isehlukaniso, ”lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa idatha yephaneli ejwayelekile ejwayelekile ejwayelekile eqoqwe ezinkulungwaneni zabantu abadala baseMelika. Abaphenduli babuzwa imibuzo kathathu ngokusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesimo sabo somshado - njalo eminyakeni emibili kusuka ku-2006-2010, 2008-2012, noma i-2010-2014. Ucwaningo lusebenzisa ukwakheka kwezibalo okugxile ekushintsheni kwabaphenduli bokuqala abashadile ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nesimo somshado phakathi kwamagagasi okuhlola. Abaphenduli abangazange babike ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngonyaka odlule ngegagasi lokuqala, kodwa benza kanjalo ngegagasi elilandelayo babonakala njengabaqale ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ucwaningo bese luhlukanisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwalolu shintsho ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nethuba lokuthi abaphenduli bahlukaniswe yileli gagasi elilandelayo lenhlolovo, uma kuqhathaniswa namathuba okuhlukanisa phakathi kwalabo abangazibukanga izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunoma yiliphi igagasi lokuhlola.
Ngaphezu kokuphenya ngobudlelwano phakathi kokushintsha imikhuba yokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuthi kungenzeka isehlukaniso sisonke, uPretry nomlobi wakhe uCyrus Schleifer, uprofesa osizayo kwezokuhlalisana kwabantu eNyuvesi yase-Oklahoma, babuye bahlola ukuthi iminyaka yobudala, inkolo, kanye nenjabulo yomshado ihlolwe kanjani ukuxhumana phakathi kokushintsha imikhuba yokubuka izithombe zocansi kanye nokuqina komshado.
Ngenkathi ngiqala ukubuka izithombe zocansi kuhlotshaniswa nokukhula kwamathuba wokuhlukanisa isampula labantu baseMelika abashadayo, ukwanda kube kukhulu kubantu abadala abancane. Eqinisweni, lolu cwaningo lutholile ukuthi omncane kunalokho lapho eqala ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okuphezulu kokuthola kwakhe ukuhlukaniswa yifutho elilandelayo.
"Abantu baseMelika abancane bavame ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kaningi kunabantu abadala baseMelika, kanti abaseMelika asebekhulile ngokuvamile banemishado ezinzile ngoba bathambekele ekubeni ngabantu abavuthiwe, abanemali, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi sebenesikhathi esithe xaxa ebudlelwaneni," kusho uPerry. "Ngakho-ke, besicabanga ukuthi kunengqondo ngokuphelele ukuthi umthelela wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile esehlukanisweni uzobuthaka ngokuguga."
Ukuqala ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwahlanganiswa nomthelela omubi omkhulu emishadweni yalabo ababengasakholelwa ngokwenkolo, okuyinto eyayilinganiswa nokuhamba kwabantu kwezenkolo. Kulabo abangayi ezinkonzweni zenkolo masonto onke noma ngaphezulu, ukuqala kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa nokukhuphuka kusuka kumaphesenti ama-6 kuya kumaphesenti we-12 emathubeni wokuthola isehlukaniso ngenhlolovo elandelayo. Ngokuphambene, labo abeye ezinkonzweni zezenkolo okungenani isonto ngalinye babona kungakhuphuki emathubeni abo ehlukaniso lapho beqala ukubuka izithombe zocansi. Ngokuka Perry, iqiniso lokuthi ukukholelwa ngokwengeziwe kwabonakala kunciphisa umthelela omubi wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuzinza emshadweni liyaphambuka ocwaningweni olwedlule.
"Ucwaningo oluningi lwangaphambilini oluthola ukuhlangana okungekuhle phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nekhwalithi yomshado kukhombisile ukuthi umthelela unamandla kulabo abahamba beya esontweni," kusho uPerry. “Lokhu bekucatshangwa ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuthwala izindleko ezinkulu kwezenhlalo nezangqondo kulabo emiphakathini ebabaza ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Kepha esikutholile kuphakamisa ukuthi inkolo inomphumela wokuvikela emshadweni, noma ngabe kusetshenziswa izithombe zocansi. Ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu ezenkolo abeka izehlukaniso eceleni futhi abeka ukuqina komshado phambili, kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abashadile baseMelika abakholwa kakhulu bazothola inhlanganisela enkulu yengcindezi yomphakathi kanye nengcindezi yokuziphatha ngaphakathi ukuze bahlale beshadile, kungakhathalekile ukuthi izithombe ezingcolile zinamthelela muni emshadweni wabo. ”
Ngokwengeziwe, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi izinga labaphenduli ekuqaleni labika injabulo yasemshadweni lidlale indima ebalulekile ekutholeni ubukhulu bokuzibandakanya kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile namathuba edivosi. Phakathi kwabantu ababike ukuthi "bajabule kakhulu" emshadweni wabo kugagasi lokuqala locwaningo, ukuqala ukubukwa kwezithombe zocansi ngaphambi kocwaningo olulandelayo kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda okuphawuleka - kusuka kumaphesenti ama-3 kuye kumaphesenti ayi-12 - emathubeni okuba bahlukanise ngesikhathi lokho kuhlola okulandelayo.
Kodwa-ke, ukuqala ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakungekho ubudlelwane obubalulekile babantu ababika injabulo yomshado ephansi ekuqaleni. "Sithathe lokhu njengokusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi - mhlawumbe uma kutholwe umuntu oshade naye ngokungalindelekile - kungawuzamazamisa umshado ojabule ngenye indlela kuze kube sehlukanisweni, kodwa kubonakala kungawenzi umshado ongajabulisi ube mubi kakhulu kunalokho osekuvele kunjalo," Kusho uPerry.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi uPerry noSchleifer babuye bathola ukuthi ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kuhlobene nengozi esehlisiwe yokwehlukaniswa kwabesifazane. Abesifazane ababike ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekuqaleni kwe-wave yocwaningo nakugagasi elilandelayo baba ne-18 iphesenti lokungahlukaniswa yilelo gagasi elalandela, uma kuqhathaniswa nethuba le-6 lokuthola kwabesifazane abayekile ukusebenzisa izithombe zocansi phakathi kwamagagasi. Kepha, phakathi kwabesilisa, ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bekungekho nhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu ngokwezibalo, abaphenyi abathi kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi amadoda athambekele kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwawo kwezocansi, okuholela usayizi omncane wesampula wokubuka ukuxhumana okungenzeka.
Ngokuya ngemiphumela yocwaningo, abacwaningi bathe okutholakele kwabo kungasiza imibhangqwana ukuthi ithathe izinqumo ezinolwazi ngezinto ezingathinta imishado yabo, kodwa yagcizelela ukuthi ayiphakamisi ukuthi ukubuyekezwa kwenqubomgomo kufanele. "Asinaso isifiso sokuphoqa uhlelo 'lokunqanda izithombe zobulili ezingcolile' ngezizathu zokuthi lungaba yingozi emishadweni," kusho uPerry. “Akekho noyedwa kithi osenkulumweni yokulwela ukuziphatha. Sicabanga ukuthi imininingwane iyasiza, futhi abaseMelika kufanele bazi ngemiphumela engaba khona yezithombe zocansi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. ”
I-American Sociological Association
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