Ngaphambili. I-Hum. I-Neurosci., I-15 Agasti 2016 | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00402
Mateusz Gola1,2 *, Małgorzata Wordecha2,3, Artur Marchewka3 futhi UGuillaume Sescousse4
- 1Isikhungo se-Swartz se-Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, eSan Diego, CA, eU.SA
- 2Institute of Psychology, IsiPolish Academy of Sciences, iWarsaw, ePoland
- 3I-laboratory ye-Brain Imaging, Isikhungo se-Neurobiology, i-Nencki Institute of Biological Experimental ye-Polish Academy of Sciences, eWarsaw, ePoland
- 4I-Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, eNetherlands
Kukhona inani elikhulayo lezinhlelo zokusebenzisa i-neuroimaging ngokusebenzisa i-Visual Sexual stimulus (VSS), ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezokucwaninga okhulayo wokuziphatha ngokucansi (CSB). Umbuzo oyinhloko kule nsimu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuziphatha okunjengokuhlanganyela kaningi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zohlelo lwezocansi ezijwayele ukucutshungulwa kwezidakamizwa nezidakamizwa zokuziphatha. Kuncike ekutheni i-VSS iqondiswa kanjani, ukubikezela okuhlukile kungenziwa ekwakhiweni kwezinhlaka zokuQinisekisa UkuFunda noma UkuThuthukiswa Kwezingqinamba, lapho kuhlukaniswa khona okuphawulekayo phakathi kufakwe isimo futhi engavunyelwe inhlanhla (ehlobene nokuvuza ukulindela kanye nomvuzo ukusetshenziswa, ngokulandelana). Ukuhlola izifundo ze-40 zamuva zabantu zokuzizwa nge-neuroimaging sibonisa ukungaboni kahle okukhona mayelana nokucabanga kwe-VSS. Ngakho-ke, sinomuzwa wokuthi kubalulekile ukubhekana nombuzo wokuthi ngabe i-VSS kufanele ibhekwe njengenhlawulo yesimo (noma isiqephu) noma isimiso esingavumelekile (umvuzo). Lapha sethula umbono wethu, okuwukuthi ezindaweni eziningi ze-laboratory i-VSS idlala indima umvuzo, njengoba kuboniswe ngu:
(1) isipiliyoni senjabulo ngenkathi ibuka i-VSS, mhlawumbe ihambisana nokuphendula komzimba;
(2) umsebenzi ohlobene nobuchopho obuhlobene nomvuzo ohambisana nale mizwa ejabulisayo ekuphenduleni i-VSS;
(3) ukuzimisela ukwenza umzamo ukubuka i-VSS ngokufanayo njengenye yezinto ezikhuthazayo ezifana nemali; futhi
(4) ukulungiswa kwezingcaphuno zokubikezela i-VSS.
Sithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sombono sizoqala ingxoxo yesayensi ngalesi sihloko esibalulekile futhi esinganakwa futhi sikhulise ukunakwa okufanelekile kwemiphumela yezifundo zomuntu we-neuroimaging usebenzisa i-VSS.
Kukhona inani elikhulayo lokufunda nge-neuroimaging usebenzisa isenzo sobulili esibukwayo (VSS, Figure 1A). I-VSS ivame ukusetshenziselwa njengento emnandi, evuselelayo enenani elihle ngaphakathi (bheka I-Wierzba et al., 2015). Ukuvuselela ubuchopho obubangelwa yi-VSS kuvame ukuhunyushwa phakathi kwezinhlaka ezithandwayo zemibhalo echaza izinqubo zokufunda noma ukuziphatha okugqugquzelayo njengokuvuselela ukufunda (I-Sutton no-Barto, i-1998; I-Botvinick et al., I-2009) noma i-Incentive Salience Theory (I-Robinson ne-Berridge, i-1993; I-Berridge, i-2012). Okubalulekile, lezi zinkantolo zenza umehluko omkhulu phakathi isisusa esimisiwe (CS) futhi okungahambisani nomthetho (UCS), ezihlobene nokukhokha ukulindela / ukufuna kanye nomvuzo wokusetshenziswa / ukuthanda, ngokulandelanayo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi i-VSS idlala indima ye-CS noma i-UCS, okungukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyinkulumo yokukhuthaza ukubikezela umvuzo ozayo, noma ngabe bayazizuzisa ngokwabo. Lolu daba luye lwashalazwa ngokumangalisayo ezifundweni ezedlule, naphezu kokubaluleka okubalulekile. Sibuyekeze izifundo ze-40 zabantu ezishicilelwe phakathi kwe-2013 ne-2016, besebenzisa u-VSS ngokuhambisana nezindlela ze-neuroscience (fMRI, EEG, ERP, PET, MEG noma i-TMS; 1B):
Izifundo eziyisishiyagalolunye zichazwe i-VSS njengama-cues / CS: (I-Minnix et al., I-2013; I-Politis et al., I-2013; Steele et al., 2013; UKühn noGallinat, i-2014; Oei et al., 2014; I-Voon et al., I-2014; I-Wetherill et al., I-2014; Prause et al., 2015; Seok no-Sohn, i-2015).
Izifundo ezingu-16 zichazwe i-VSS njengemivuzo / i-UCS: (I-Costumero et al., I-2013, 2015a,b; I-Graf et al., I-2013; Klucken et al., 2013, 2015, 2016; Sescousse et al., 2013a; Cassidy et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014; Mascaro et al., 2014; Oei et al., 2014; U-Lee et al., 2015; I-Banca et al., 2016; I-Brand et al., I-2016; Schöne et al., 2016).
• Ucwaningo olulodwa luchaza i-VSS njengama-CS kanye ne-UCS: (Oei et al., 2014).
Izifundo ezingu-15 azizange zisebenzise amalebula anjalo: (Abler et al., 2013; Chung et al., 2013; I-Habermeyer et al., I-2013; Hernández-González et al., 2013; U-Sylva et al., 2013; Wehrum et al., 2013; Borg et al., 2014; Prause et al., 2014; UKim noJeong, i-2013, 2014; Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014; I-Flaisch et al., I-2015; Amezcua-Gutiérrez et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2016; U-Knott et al., I-2016).
Umfanekiso we-1. (A) Ama-blue bars abonisa inani lezifundo zabantu ngokusebenzisa izindlela ze-neuroscience (fMRI, EEG, ERP, PET, MEG noma i-TMS) kanye nesiboniso socansi esibukwayo (VSS) eshicilelwe phakathi kwe-2000 ne-2016 ngokusho kwe-PubMed (efinyelelwe ngoMashi 31st 2016). Imigoqo ebomvu ikhombisa inani lezifundo ze-neuroscience ekuziphatheni okucindezela ngokocansi (CSB): 1 ku-2013 (Steele et al., 2013), I-2 ku-2014 (UKühn noGallinat, i-2014; I-Voon et al., I-2014), I-1 ku-2015 (Prause et al., 2015), no-3 ku-2016 (I-Banca et al., 2016; I-Brand et al., I-2016; Klucken et al., 2016). (B) Inombolo yezifundo ezishicilelwe phakathi kwe-2013 ne-2016 ukuhumusha i-VSS njenge-cue, umvuzo noma akekho kulawa malebula (angacacisiwe). Qaphela ukuthi ku Oei et al. (I-2014) I-VSS yachazwa kokubili ngokuthi "imibiko yokuvuza" nokuthi "inzuzo evuzayo", ngakho yabalwa kuzo zombili izigaba "Cue" no "Umvuzo".
Uhlaka lwe-Incentive Salience Theory, oluhlongozwa ngu I-Robinson ne-Berridge (i-1993), uhlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha okukhuthazayo- "ukufuna" noku "ukuthanda". Lezi zinsuku zixhumene ngqo no wazibonela inani lomvuzo (UCS), ngenkathi yangaphambili ihlobene no kulindelwe ukubaluleka komvuzo, okuvame ukuqhutshwa ngombono wokubikezela (CS). Izifundo ezithinta ukugembula nokugembula zibonisa ukuthi izifunda ezifundwayo (CS) ezihlobene nokulutha umuthi zivusa izimpendulo ezandisiwe kwisiteleka se-ventral kanye nokuziphatha okukhushulwayo okwedlulele (okungukuthi, izikhathi ezincane zokuphendula, ukunemba okuphakeme) phakathi kwabantu abanomlutha, kuyilapho izimpendulo zomvuzo ngokwazo zihlala ingaguquki noma ihamba ngokugqithisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (I-Berridge, i-2012; URobinson et al., 2015).
Ngakho-ke, ukucabangela kwe-VSS njengamazwi noma ukuvuza emiklamo yokuhlola akuyona nje impikiswano ye-semantic, ngoba inemiphumela ebalulekile ekuchazeni imiphumela ye-neuroimaging. Esinye esibalulekile siphumelele emkhakheni ophuthumayo wocwaningo lwe-neuroscience ngokuziphatha okuphoqeleka ngokocansi (CSB; Love et al., 2015; I-Kraus et al., 2016a,b; Umfanekiso 1). Umbuzo oyinhloko kulo mkhakha wukuthi ngabe ama-CSB (njengokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile I-Gola et al., 2016a,b) bahlanganyele ngezindlela ezivamile zobuchopho nezidakamizwa ezithandwa kabanzi nokuziphatha kabi (Love et al., 2015; I-Gola noPotenza, i-2016; I-Gola et al., 2016c; I-Kraus et al., 2016b). Kuye ngokuthi i-VSS iqondiswa kanjani, izibikezelo ezihlukene zingenziwa. Uma umuntu eqala ukuthi i-VSS idlala indima, ukukhula kwe-ventral ekuhlaselweni kwe-ventral phakathi kwezifundo nge-CSB (uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli) kuzokhuluma ngokuvumelana nesimo sokulutha, kuyilapho i-VSS idlala indima yokuvuza, yiyona umphumela ohlukile (wehlile ukuhlaselwa kwe-ventral) okuzokhuluma ngokuvumelana ne-hypothesis efanayo. Ngakho-ke sinomuzwa wokuthi kubalulekile ukubhekana nombuzo wokuthi ngabe i-VSS kufanele ibhekwe njengezici (CS) noma imivuzo (UCS) kwizifundo zabantu. Lapha sinikeza umbono wethu, sinethemba lokuthi kuzoqala ingxoxo yesayensi ngalesi sihloko.
Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo sicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa incazelo ye-VSS empilweni yangempela ngokumelene nokuhlelwa kwelabhutrikhi (Umfanekiso 2). Ezimweni eziningi zokuphila kwangempela, i-VSS njengomzimba we-naked womlingani okhangayo okhulisa ubulili ikhulisa ukuvuswa kocansi futhi iholele ekuziphatheni kokuqala ukuqalisa umsebenzi wezocansi nokuqeda i-orgasm (UGeorgiadis noKingelbach, i-2012; I-Gola et al., 2015a). Kulesi simo, siphikisa ukuthi i-VSS idlala indima (CS), kanti i-orgasm idlala umvuzo (oyinhloko) umvuzo (UCS). Ukucabanga kufana nezimo eziningi zezenzo zobulili ezodwa. I-VSS ejwayelekile kunazo zonke amavidiyo angcolile noma izithombe (cue / CS), okwandisa ukuvusa ngocansi, futhi iholela ekushaya indlwabu ephela nge-orgasm (umvuzo / u-UCS). Ngokuphambene nalokho, phakathi nokuhlolwa kwe-laboratory, izihloko ngokuvamile azivunyelwe ukuqala noma yikuphi umsebenzi wezocansi (njengokushaya indlwabu) kanye ne-UCS-orgasm yemvelo-ayitholakali. Ngisho noma izihloko zingavunyelwa ukushaya indlwabu ngesikhathi sokucwaninga, izimo ze-laboratory zikhululekile kangcono kunomongo evamile wezokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi noma umsebenzi wezocansi. Ngakho-ke, abantu ababamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni kwe-laboratory abalindeli omunye umvuzo kunokuba bavezwe ku-VSS. Ngakho-ke, sikhombisa ukuthi esimweni se-laboratory VSS sidlala indima yomvuzo (UCS; Umfanekiso 2). Ukucabangela kwe-VSS njengemivuzo kumongo wezinhlolovo ze-laboratory kuza nezibikezelo eziningana. Phakathi kwezifundo ezinempilo kufanele sigcine: (1) isipiliyoni senjabulo ngenkathi sibheka i-VSS, mhlawumbe ihambisana nokuphendula komzimba; (2) umsebenzi ohlobene nobuchopho obuhlobene nomvuzo ohambisana nale mizwa ejabulisayo ekuphenduleni i-VSS; (3) ukuzimisela ukwenza umzamo ukubuka i-VSS ngokufanayo njengenye yezinto ezikhuthazayo ezifana nemali; futhi (4) isimo se-cues (CS) sokubikezela kwe-VSS. Ngezansi sibukeza ubufakazi obusekela lezi zibikezelo.
Umfanekiso we-2. Imisindo yobulili ebonakalayo (VSS) isebenza njengamazwi empilweni yangempela, kodwa inzuzo ebhodini. Ngokusho kombono wethu, ezimweni eziningi zangempela zokuphila (njengezocansi kanye nomlingani noma ukuzithokozisa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zodwa) i-VSS njengomzimba we-naked womlingani okhangayo ngokobulili noma okuqukethwe kocansi kuyadlala indima (CS). U-VSS ukwandisa ukuvuswa kobulili futhi kuholele ekuziphatheni ukuqala umsebenzi wezocansi noma wokuzibandakanya ngokocansi nokuphela ngomvuzo-okungukuthi, i-orgasm (UCS). Ngokuphambene, ezindaweni eziningi ze-laboratory umsebenzi wezocansi ne-orgasm ayitholakali. Sithi i-VSS idlala indima yokuvuza (UCS), ngokufanayo nakwezinye izimo zangempela zokuphila ezifana nokuvakashela iklabhu yomculo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abantu abalindeli omunye umvuzo kunokuba bavezwe ku-VSS, futhi bazimisele ukwenza umzamo noma bakhokhe imali yokuthola i-VSS efisa, ngenkathi becindezela isimo sokubheka lokhu ku-VSS. Ngenhloso yomfanekiso wemibono yethu le namba ibonisa ukumelwa okulula kokuphila kwangempela lapho kunezinye izimo ze-VSS ezisebenzisayo ezingenzeka, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziselwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaholela emsebenzini owenza ucansi noma ngokuphambene nalokho. Izikweletu zezithombe zesampula: Amanga Okuthinta I-Lens; Strip club eMontreal, eQuebec, esigodini saseSt Henri; I-Lola Bel Aire, i-striptease evela ku-Miss Exotic World 2008, i-CC BY 2.0. Amagama welayisense abone: CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).
Ezifundweni eziqoqa izilinganiso ze-hedonic ze-VSS, izihloko zibika njalo ukuthi ukubuka i-VSS kuyinto ejabulisayo lapho ihambisana nezihloko zokuthandwa ngokobulili (I-Chivers ne-Bailey, i-2005; I-Rupp ne-Wallen, i-2009; Jacob et al., 2011; I-Wierzba et al., 2015). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zilinganiso ze-hedonic ziye zaboniswa ukuthi zihambisana nokuphendula ngokobulili njengoba kulinganiswa ne-penile plethysmography kubathintekayo besilisa (Stoléru et al., 1999; I-Redouté et al., I-2000; U-Ferretti et al., I-2005). Ukusabela okwe-Erectile phakathi kwamadoda kuthatha isikhathi esiningi ngakho kulula ukuyibuka nge-VSS ehlala njalo njengamavidiyo noma izethulo ezinde zithombe (U-Ferretti et al., I-2005), kodwa ngisho nokuboniswa okufushane kwezithombe ezithintekayo zobulili kuhlobene nokuzijabulisa okuzithobayo nokuvusa (U-Ferretti et al., I-2005; I-Wierzba et al., 2015).
Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukubuka i-VSS engathandeki iveza umsebenzi we-ventral striatum (I-Arnow et al., I-2002; I-Stark et al., I-2005; Sabatinelli et al., 2007; I-Demos et al., I-2012; UGeorgiadis noKingelbach, i-2012; Stoléru et al., 2012; Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014). Kunzima ukuhlola ukuthi umsebenzi wokuhlaselwa ubonisa ukuthi kuhlobene yini na? befuna noma okuhlobene nomvuzo ukuthanda kulezi zinsuku ezinikezwe ukuthi i-ventral striatum iyaziwa ukuphendula kokubili okuvelayo (CS) nemivuzo (UCS; I-Flagel et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011) Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganiswa okuphawulekayo phakathi komsebenzi wokuhlaselwa kanye nokulinganisa kwe-hedonic okubangelwa yi-VSS kwizifundo ezihlukahlukene (U-Walter et al., 2008; Sescousse et al., 2010, I-2013b) uthanda umbono wokuthi i-VSS yenza njengokuvuza okushiwo. Ngalokhu, i-VSS idlala indima efanayo njengemali yokuthola imali: ivuselela izindawo ezifanayo zobuchopho kuhlanganise ne-ventral striatum, futhi zenze ukusabela okufanayo okuhambisana ne-hedonic kanye nokuziphatha okukhuthazayo (Sescousse et al., 2010, I-2013b, 2015). Umehluko omkhulu wukuthi i-VSS yimivuzo eyinhloko (okungukuthi, inenzuzo yangaphakathi neyomuntu oyedwa), kanti imali iyinzuzo yesibili (inani layo elifundiswa ngokushintshaniswa ngokumelene neminye imivuzo). Lo umehluko uholela ekubalazweni okungafaniyo ohlelweni lokuvuza lobuchopho, namandla ahlukene wokusebenza (Sescousse et al., 2010, I-2013b, 2015).
Ngisho noma ucwaningo oluningi olusebenzisa i-VSS lusetshenziswe ama-paradigms angabonisi, amaphenyo ambalwa asebenzise imiklamo yokuhlola eyaphambili ehlose ukukala ukuzimisela kwabahlanganyeli ukwenza umzamo ku-VSS. Esikhathini uchungechunge lwezifundo, sisebenzise inguquko eguquliwe yomsebenzi wokubambezeleka kokunciphisa imali (Knutson et al., 2001) ukufaka i-VSS (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013a, 2015; I-Gola et al., 2015b, I-2016c). Kulezi zihloko zomsebenzi bheka izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlamvu ezibikezelayo nge-VSS noma ukuzuza kwezimali. Lezi zici zilandelwa umsebenzi wokubandlulula lapho izihloko kufanele zicindezele inkinobho efanele (ngaphandle kokubili) kungakapheli isikhathi se-1 s. Ukwamukela inzuzo yezimali noma i-VSS ngokuyinhloko kuxhomeke ekusebenzeni kwabo kulo msebenzi, njengokuthi izikhathi zokuphendula zingachazwa njengendlela engaqondile yokugqugquzela ukuthola le mivuzo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kubonisa ukuthi ukubikezela i-VSS kwenza izikhathi ezifanayo zokuphendula njengalezo ezibikezela umvuzo wemali, kubonisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli bazimisele ukwenza umzamo wokubuka i-VSS, nokuthi ukugqugquzela kwabo kufana nemiphumela emibili (Sescousse et al., 2010). Ukuzimisela ukwenza umzamo, okuwuphawu lokubonga (I-Thorndike, i-1965), kukhonjiswe kwezinye izifundo besebenzisa umzamo (kodwa futhi ukulibaziseka) ukwehlisa ama-paradigms nge-VSS (Prevost et al., 2010). Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibonise ukuthi ukuhlukana komuntu ngamunye emzamweni owenziwe ngemali ngokumelene ne-VSS kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nomsebenzi wobuchopho obuhlobene nalokho okushiwo yizici ezihambisanayo kwi-ventral striatum (Sescousse et al., 2015; I-Gola et al., 2016c). Lokhu kulungiswa kahle kokusebenza kobuchopho kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula nge-VSS ukubikezela izinkulumo eziqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-VSS inezinto ezivuzayo ngaphakathi.
Okokugcina, ucwaningo lwamuva lubonise ukuthi i-CS engabonakali (njengamaphetheni anombala noma amachashazi) ahlotshaniswa ne-VSS agcina ukukhuthazeka kwabo ngisho noma bengabhekanga phambili nge-VSS (I-Banca et al., 2016; Klucken et al., 2016). Esifundweni Banca et al. (I-2016), amaphethini abonakalayo angabonakali athola inani elihle lokubikezela (CS +) noma inani lokungabonakali kwezinguquko (CS-) ngokuphindaphindiwe elihlanganiswe ne-VSS noma isenzo sokungathathi hlangothi, ngokulandelana. Esigabeni esilandelayo sokuhlolwa, izihloko kwakudingeka zikhethe phakathi kwalezo CS kanye ne-novel abhiqiza, ngenkathi bobabili CS babhekana namathuba akhulayo okuzuza ngemali (kodwa hhayi i-VSS). Naphezu kokubili ama-CS ane amathuba afanayo okuholela ekuzuzeni kwezimali, i-CS + ikhethiwe kaningi kune-CS- ngokwesilinganiso (ikakhulukazi yizihloko nge-CSB), ebonisa izakhiwo ezivuzayo ze-VSS.
Njengoba sibonisile ngenhla, kukhona ubufakazi obuvumelanayo obusekela umbono wethu wokuthi ezindaweni zokuhlola i-VSS zidlala indima yomvuzo esikhundleni sokuqaphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nasekuphileni kwansuku zonke i-VSS ayidlala indima yokuqaphela umsebenzi wezocansi ne-orgasm. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kwezithombe abantu bathande ubuciko njengezithombe nemidwebo ebonisa ubunqunu. Mhlawumbe (ngokufana nezikhathi zanamuhla) lolu hlobo lobuciko lwaluwumthombo wenjabulo kunokuqaphela umsebenzi wezocansi. Esikhathini sokubheka izithombe abantu babonisa ukuzimisela ukukhokha izithombe namavidiyo ngokuqukethwe okungcolile nokucansi, khona-ke ubuchwepheshe be-intanethi banikezela wonke umuntu ukufinyelela okulula nokukhululekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-VSS (Cooper, i-1998). Mhlawumbe iningi le-VSS yesikhashana (njenge-pornography ye-intanethi) idlala indima yokuzibandakanya kocansi noma yocansi, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi i-VSS iyafunwa yona, iphinde ikhombise inani layo elivuzayo elibalulekile. Isibonelo esihle empilweni yansuku zonke amakhalenda anezithombe ezishisayo, ukuthi abantu bathenga futhi baveze endaweni yabo yokusebenzela noma ekhaya. Ngokufanayo, ukuthandwa kwamacembu amahlukumezi, lapho abantu bazimisele ukukhokha ukubuka abadansi abangenabani abangavunyelwe ukuba bahlanganyele emsebenzini wobulili, kubonisa ukuthi amandla e-VSS njenge-hedonic stimuli (Umfanekiso 2).
Ngokusekelwe ezimpikiswaneni ezingenhla, siphikisa ukuthi i-VSS idlala indima yomvuzo-kunokuba ibonakale-kuzinhlelo eziningi zokuhlola lapho umsebenzi wezocansi nesipiliyoni somtholampilo awutholakali. Njengoba sikhulume ngenhla, ukubuka i-VSS kuyinto ejabulisayo abantu abazimisele ukusebenza futhi balinde (Prevost et al., 2010), futhi kusebenze iziklomelo ezifanayo zobuchopho njengendawo yokuzuza imali (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013a, 2015; I-Gola et al., 2015b, I-2016c). Ngaphezu kwalokho ukungahambisani nokungathathi hlangothi okuhambisana ne-VSS ngokusebenzisa isimo se-Pavlovian kuzuza inani lokukhuthaza (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013a, 2015; I-Banca et al., 2016; I-Gola et al., 2016c; Klucken et al., 2016). Lokhu ukucabangela kwe-VSS njengemivuzo esikhundleni sokuthi kuhlolwe ukuhlolwa kabusha-futhi mhlawumbe kuphindwe kabusha-kwemiphumela echazwe ezincwadini zangaphambili ezichaza i-VSS njengezici. Ngokuqinisekile kungase kube nomthelela oqinile ekuchazeni izifundo ze-neurobiological ukuhlola ukufana kwe-neurobiological phakathi kwe-CSB nokulutha; ngokwesibonelo, ngokusekelwe kuHlelo LwaseNtshisekelo Yokwenyusa I-Incentive Salience Theory, umuntu angalindela okungafani nalokho okushiwo yi-ventral reactivity ye-VSS kuye ngokuthi ngabe bacatshangelwa yini njengendlela yokuqaphela noma umvuzo (njengesibonelo sencazelo enjalo engaqondakaliyo yabona: Prause et al., 2015, 2016; bona futhi I-Gola, i-2016 ukuze uthole ingxoxo). Uma kuningi lwezinhlelo zokuhlola, njengoba siphikisana, i-VSS idlala indima yokuvuza, bese iyancipha (kunokuba yanda) ukubuyisana okubuhlungu kwe-VSS kubantu abanezinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (I-Gola et al., 2016a) angakhuluma ngokuvumelana ne-hypothesis yomlutha (URobinson et al., 2015). Singalindela ukuthi lokhu kuhambisane nokuvuselelwa kwe-ventral striatum ye-CS okuyi-predictive ye-VSS, kanye nokwenyuka komzamo noma izikhathi ezimfushane zokuphendula ukuze uthole ukufinyelela kwale VSS. Esifundweni esizayo, sithemba ukuthi indima edlalwa yi-VSS emiphakathini ethile ezosetshenziswa izothola ukunakwa okwandisiwe, nokuthi ukuhumusha okufanele kwemiphumela kuzokwenziwa ngokufanele.
Ulwazi Olwengeziwe
Indlela Yokukhetha Okufundwayo
Siseshe i-Pubmed database kusuka ku-2000 kuya ku-2016 ukuze sibone izincwadi ze-neuroscience (amagama ayisihluthulelo: fMRI, EEG, ERP, PET, MEG noma i-TMS) nge-VSS (amagama angukhiye: i-VSS, isenzo socansi, isenzo esithinta isithunzi, izithombe zobulili, izithombe ezingcolile, izithombe zobulili , izithombe ezithandayo, amavidiyo ocansi, amavidiyo anomsindo). Kukhethiwe kuphela izincwadi ezibuyekezwa ngontanga ezikhethiwe (azikho izingqungquthela zenkomfa). Ngokwezifundo ezishicilelwe phakathi kwe-2013 (unyaka wokuqala wokushicilelwa ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinenkinga) kanye ne-2016 sazihlukanisa ngezigaba ezintathu kuye ngokuthi ngabe i-VSS ichazwe ngokuthi: (1) "cue / CS"; (I-2) "umvuzo / umvuzo wokuvuselela / u-UCS"; futhi (3) kungenjalo.
Izinkinga ezihlobene
Lapha sifuna ukugcizelela izinkinga eziningana, uma ziphenywe kahle, zinganikeza ngolwazi olubalulekile kule mpikiswano ekuchazeni izifundo besebenzisa i-VSS nokusiza ukwandisa ukubaluleka kokucwaninga kwesikhathi esizayo.
Enye yezingqinamba ezibalulekile ukuhlola umehluko ekuphenduleni kokuziphatha kanye neural uma i-VSS isetshenziselwa ukufaka imibiko kanye nokuvuza. Kungenziwa ngokuqhathanisa izimo ezimbili zokuhlola lapho i-VSS idlala indima yokuvuza (iningi lamasethingi wokuhlola wamanje) noma isiqephu (izilungiselelo ezivumela izifundo ukuba zifinyeleleke ngesikhathi noma ngemva kokucwaninga).
Esinye isingeniso esithakazelisayo ukuthi ukuziphatha kanye ne-activy yobuchopho eyenziwe yi-VSS kuzilungiselelo ezijwayelekile zokuhlola kungase kubonakale kuyingxenye yokulawula ukuvimbela. Lokhu kulawulwa kokuvimbela kungasuswa ekupheleni kokuhlolwa, emva kwalokho izihloko zingase ziqale ukufuna ukuhlangana kocansi noma ukuqala umsebenzi wobulili wodwa. Isibonelo, isifundo somdala sokuziphatha Brown et al. (I-1976) uye wabonisa ukuthi phakathi kwamadoda angesilisa ocansini, i-VSS ibheka ebhokisithri eyenziwa i-masturbation ku-24.5% yezihloko ngosuku lokuhlolwa, kuyilapho kwezinye izinsuku kuphela i-12.5% yazo ihlanganyela ekushaya indlwabu. Lokhu kuboniswa ukuthi okuyingxenyana yezihloko, ukubuka i-VSS ebhokisatri kungenzeka ukuthi bekuyisizathu sokukhuthaza isisusa socansi okufanele sivinjelwe. Ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kubalulekile ukulawula umsebenzi wocansi olandela izifundo zokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingana: ingabe leli qembu lihluke kwabanye abahlanganyeli, okungukuthi, ngokokuvuswa kobulili (I-Gola et al., 2015a)? Futhi uma kunjalo, kunokuba kuthinta umsebenzi wobuchopho?
Sithemba ukuthi le mibuzo izogqugquzela abaphenyi futhi izobhekana nezifundo ezizayo.
Iminikelo Yomlobi
Bonke abalobi baxoxe ngalombono. UMG walungisa izibalo. I-MW ne-MG yenza ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi. I-MG ne-GS yabhala lo mbhalo. I-AM ne-MW baphawule ngalo mbhalo wesandla.
Izimali
I-MG yayisekelwa yi-Opus yesibonelelo esivela ku-National Science Center ePoland (2014 / 15 / B / HS6 / 03792; MG) nokufundiswa koMnyango Wezesayensi Nemfundo Ephakeme YeRiphabhlikhi yasePoland (469 / STYP / 10 / 2015); I-MW yayisekelwa yi-Opus yesibonelelo kusuka ku-National Science Center ePoland (2014 / 15 / B / HS6 / 03792; MG); I-GS yayisekelwa yi-Veni grant evela eNetherlands Research Organization (NWO, ref no. 016.155.218).
Ukungqubuzana kwesitatimende senzalo
Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokungabikho kobudlelwane bezohwebo noma zezimali ezingase zithathwe njengokungqubuzana okungase kube khona.
Ababuyekezi i-RS ne-TK bamemezele ukubambisana kwabo okwabelwana ngakho, futhi uMhleli wezokuphatha uthi inqubo yathola nanoma yiziphi izindinganiso zokubukezwa okulungile nangenhloso.
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Amagama angukhiye: isenzo sobulili esibukwayo, ukucabangela, ukuziphatha okucindezelayo ngokocansi, ukulutha okuziphatha, ukukhuthazwa kokukhuthaza, ukuqinisa ukuziphatha, ukuziphatha ngokocansi
Isikhombo: I-Gola M, i-Wordecha M, i-Marchewka A ne-Sescousse G (2016) I-Visual Sexual Stimuli-Cue or Reward? Okubhekayo Ukuhumusha Ukuthola Ukucabanga Kwebhongo Ekuthandweni Kwezifiso zobulili. Ngaphambili. I-Hum. I-Neurosci. 10: 402. i-doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2016.00402
Itholiwe: 27 April 2016; Yamukelwe: 26 July 2016;
Ishicilelwe: 15 August 2016.
Kuhlelwe ngu:
UMikhail Lebedev, IDuke University, eU.SA
Review yenziwe ngu:
Rudolf Stark, University of Giessen, eJalimane
Tim Klucken, University of Giessen, eJalimane
UJanniko Georgiadis, University Medical Center Groningen, eNetherlands
UShane W. Kraus, UMnyango Wezilwane NaseYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts, eU.SA
I-copyright © 2016 iGola, i-Wordecha, i-Marchewka ne-Sescousse. Lokhu kuyisihloko sokufinyelela okuvulekile esasakazwa ngaphansi kwemigomo ye- Ilayisense ye-Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY). Ukusetshenziswa, ukusatshalaliswa nokukhiqizwa kwamanye amaforamu kuvunyelwe, uma ngabe abalobi bokuqala noma abanikezeli belayisense babalwa futhi ukuthi ukushicilelwa kokuqala kulo magazini kubhalwe, ngokuhambisana nomkhuba wezemfundo owamukelekile. Akukho ukusetshenziswa, ukusatshalaliswa noma ukukhiqizwa okuvunyelwe okungavumelani nale migomo.
* Ukuxhumana: Mateusz Gola, [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
;