UMaddock, Meghan E., Kaitlin Steele, Charlotte R. Esplin, S. Gabe Hatch, noScott R. Braithwaite.
Ukulutha Kwezocansi Nokuphoqeleka (2019): 1-28.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2019.1645061
UKUQALA
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lukhombisa ukuthi abantu abasontayo kungenzeka kakhulu kunabantu abangahloniphi izinkolo ukubona ukusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi njengezinkinga. Ocwaningweni lwethu lwezinyanga ezingama-6, sithathe isampula yabantu abadala abavela eTurkPrime.com ukuze sihlole ukuthi ukuhlangana kwezinkolo nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka yini ukubikezela izimpawu ezicindezelayo ze-6 ezinyangeni ezizayo nokuthi ngabe lo mphumela ubuhlanganisiwe ngemibono yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyinkinga (kulinganise i-postbaseline yezinyanga engu-3). Sakhe futhi saqinisekisa isilinganiso sethu sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile esizibona sinezinkinga ezimbili ezihlanganisa izici ezimbili: ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuphoqayo. Ngokuphikisana nombono wethu, inkolo yayihlobene nokusebenzisa inkanuko yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Kwabesilisa, inkolo ngokwesisekelo yayihlotshaniswa nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezinyangeni ze-6. Kokubili kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinyangeni ze-3 kuhlotshaniswa nokukhula okucindezelekile ezinyangeni ze-6. Kwabesilisa, ukudana okuyisisekelo bekuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwenkinga yezithombe zocansi ezinyangeni ze-3. Kwabesifazane, ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile okuphezulu okuyizinkinga eziphakeme ezinyangeni ze-3 kubikezela imvamisa ephansi yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi nokucindezelwa okuphezulu ezinyangeni ze-6. Ukuthola kwethu kuxoxwa ngakho konke mayelana nemibono yokudangala, ukungabi nalutho ngokwenkolo nemibhalo yezocansi.
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Kulolu cwaningo, sihlole ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkolo, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, izimpawu ezicindezelayo, kanye nokuzibona kuyinkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kuchazwe lapha njengokuzisebenzisa ngokweqile nokuzaziba
ukusetshenziswa okuphoqayo, ngaphezulu kwezinyanga ze-6. Sithole ukuthi abantu abaningi abasontayo bazoba nomuzwa wokuthi basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngendlela enenkinga nokuthi abantu ababike ukusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile ezinyangeni ze-3 bazobika izimpawu ezicindezelayo ezinyangeni ze-6.
Ukucabanga ngokweqile nokuzibona kuyinkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile
Ukukholwa noma ukuxhumana phakathi kwenkolo nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngasisekelo akubikezeli ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kobuchopho kwezinyanga ze-3. Ngakho-ke, siphetha ngokuthi, kulesi sampula, abantu abaningi benkolo ababuka izithombe zocansi babecishe babe njengabantu abakholelwa kakhulu kunenkolo ababuka izithombe zocansi ukuze bazibheke njengabasebenzisa izithombe zocansi ngokweqile noma ngenkani. Lokhu okutholayo akuhambelani nezifundo ezedlule zesigaba esedlule ezitholakele ukuthi abantu benkolo kungenzeka kakhulu kunabantu abangahambisani nezenkolo ukuthi bazibone besebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile noma njengomlutha wezithombe zocansi (Bradley et al., 2016; Grubbs, Exline et al., 2015) . Kungenzeka ukuthi inkolo kanye nokuzibona okuyizinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlobene nengxenye, kepha leyo nkolo ayikubikezeli ukusetshenziswa okuyizinkinga kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isilinganiso sethu senkolo siyindlela yokuziphatha, imibuzo emibili kwemithathu ibuza ngokuziphatha okuthile kwezenkolo (umthandazo nokuya esontweni). Izinyathelo zokukholelwa ezinkolweni ezingagxili ekuziphatheni okungokwenkolo nokuningi ekuzaziseni ngokwenkolo noma ukuzihlanganisa namahlelo athile zingaba nobudlelwano nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga. Njengoba izinkolo ezahlukahlukene zifundisa ngokuhlukile ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ezinye zifundisa ukulwa nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile namanye amasonto amukela kakhulu izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Patterson & Price, 2012; Sherkat & Ellison, 1997), amalungu amahlelo afundisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi angaba sethubeni lokuzwa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lokukholelwa kanye nezimo zengqondo mayelana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kufanele lubheke ukuthi ukukhomba noma ukuzibandakanya nezinkolo ezithile kungaba yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yenkolo kunesilinganiso sokuziphatha okujwayelekile ngokwenkolo, njengaleso esisisebenzise lapha.
Ngokombono kaPryry's (2017a, b) wokungabi nalutho ngokwenkolo, abantu benkolo abasebenzisa isipiliyoni sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bakhulisa usizi oluhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi kungenzeka babheke ukusetshenziswa kwabo kocansi njengezinkinga hhayi ngoba bezenkolo kepha ngoba bekholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile ngokokuziphatha akulungile. Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abaningi abasontayo kwisampula yethu bebengakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akulungile ngokokuziphatha, abakubonanga ukungaziphathi ngokwenkolo, futhi ngenxa yalokho abantu ababengekho ngaphansi kwezenkolo abekho kangako ukuthi babike ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuzibona kunobunzima. Kodwa-ke, imininingwane yokugcina umlando esiyisebenzisile ibingenalo ulwazi mayelana nezinkolelo zabahlanganyeli mayelana nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwamukelekile yini ngokokuziphatha, ngakho-ke le ncazelo iyacatshangelwa.
Ukuntuleka kobudlelwano phakathi kwenkolo kanye nokuzibona okuyizinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile ocwaningweni lwethu kuyamangaza. Noma sisebenzise isilinganiselo sokukholwa, ukusatshalaliswa kokukholwa kusampula yethu kwakulinganiswa ngandlela-thile (bheka umfanekiso 3 we-histogram). Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwenkolo kulesi sampula kube nomthelela ekuhlolweni kwethu, nokuthi imiphumela ingahluka kusampula lapho inkolo ilandela ukwabiwa okujwayelekile. Noma ngabe yisiphi isizathu, kule sampula yenkolo kanye nokuzibona kunenkinga yokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile bekungahambisani.
Ukucekelwa phansi nobuningi bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi
Ukukholelwa ekuqaleni kokuqagulwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziswa ezinyangeni eziyi-6 kwabesilisa, kepha hhayi kwabesifazane, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi zamadoda, kepha hhayi kwabesifazane, kuyathinteka enkolweni. Lokhu okutholakele kuyahambisana nocwaningo lukaPerry noSchleifer (2017) olutholile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwakuhlobene nenkolo yamadoda amhlophe kuphela hhayi amadoda anemibala noma abesifazane. Esikhathini sethu, amadoda amaningi enkolo ayengasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nakuba olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi amadoda amaningi enkolo mancane amathuba okubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (I-Perry & Schleifer, i-2017; iDemo, iKasper, neWetterneck, i-2015) noma ukuthi inkolo ayiyona okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (uGoodson, McCormick, no-Evans, 2000). Ukuhlangana kwe-bivariate phakathi kwenkolo eyisisekelo kanye nokuvama kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinyangeni ze-6 kwakukuhle kwabesilisa (r.21, bona Ithebula 6 lakho konke ukuhlangana phakathi kokuguquguqukayo), kuphakamisa ukuthi ukucindezelwa kuyincazelo engeke yenzeke (Maassen & Bakker, 2001). Izizathu zokuthi, emadodeni, inkolo ephakeme ebikezelwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okwandisiwe azicaci, njengoba izinkolo eziningi zifundisa ngokungasebenzisi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ISherkat & Ellison, 1997). Kungenzeka ukuthi abesilisa abaningi abakholwayo basebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile esikhundleni sezenzo zobulili ezihlukanisiwe ngoba bakubheka njengokufanelekile ngokokuziphatha. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lubheke ukuthi inkolo kungenzeka ukuthi ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi emadodeni kunakubantu besifazane nokuthi kwezinye amasampula inkolo nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kungahle kuhambisane kahle.
Ngokuya ngemodeli yethu, kwakungekho budlelwano phakathi kwesikhathi sokuqala esizibikayo esichithwa kusetshenziswa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi ngizwa ukuthi umuntu ubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile noma ngokucindezela ezinyangeni ze-3. Imibono yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuphoqelela akuhlobene neze nesikhathi umuntu asichitha ebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Abantu bangazibheka njengabasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile noma ngokucindezela ngenkathi bechitha isikhathi esincane bebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi abantu abachitha isikhathi esiningi bebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka bangakholelwa ukuthi babuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile noma ngokucindezela (Gola et al., 2016). Lo mphumela uphindaphinda okutholakele kwangaphambilini ukuthi imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisetshenziswayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga kuyizinto ezihlukile (iGrubbs, iWilt, i-Exline, iPargament, neKraus, i-2018; iGrubbs et al., I-2010; iVaillancourt-Morel et al., 2017) .
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwenkinga yezithombe zocansi nezimpawu ezicindezelayo
Amadoda abike izimpawu ezicindezelayo ezengeziwe ekuqaleni kungenzeka ukuthi asebenzise izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile ezinyangeni ze-3 bese ebika izimpawu zokucindezeleka ezinyangeni ze-6. Lokhu kutholwa kwenza kube nzima ukuqala ukusetshenziswa kwesikhashana ngokweqile nezimpawu zokucindezeleka, kepha kuyahambisana nocwaningo oluphakamisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlobene nokudangala (iGrubbs, iStauner et al., 2015). Ukutholwa kokuthi amadoda abike izimpawu zokucindezeleka ezengeziwe ekuqaleni ayesethubeni lokuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga ezinyangeni ezi-3 abese abike izimpawu ezicindezelayo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuyahambisana nombono kaJoiner wokucindezeleka, othi abantu abazizwa becindezelekile bavame ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuqhubekisela phambili nokwenza kubi ukudana kwabo (I-Joiner, Metalsky, Katz, & Beach, 6; I-Joiner & Metalsky, 1999). Abesilisa abanezimpawu zokucindezeleka kakhulu bangase babe sethubeni lokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngezindlela abazibona zinenkinga bese bethola izimpawu ezengeziwe zokucindezeleka ngenxa yalokho.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa inkinga yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nezimpawu ezicindezelayo beziqonde kakhulu kwabesifazane, njengoba izimpawu ezicindezelayo ekuqaleni azizange zibikezele ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokweqile noma ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziphoqayo ezinyangeni ezi-3. Okutholakele kwethu kusikisela ukuqala kwesikhashana kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga ngaphambi kokunyuka kwezimpawu zokucindezeleka kwabesifazane. Ngamanye amagama, abesifazane ababike izimpawu zokucindezeleka ekuqaleni bebengenamathuba amancane okubika ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga ezinyangeni ze-3, kepha abesifazane ababike ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkinga ezinyangeni ezi-3 babike izimpawu zokudangala ezinyangeni eziyisithupha . Abesifazane abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngezindlela ababona zinenkinga mhlawumbe abakwenzi lokho ngoba vele banezimpawu zokudangala. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile ezinyangeni ze-6 kwabikezela izimpawu zokucindezeleka eziphakeme ezinyangeni ze-3 kwabesilisa, ngokuhambisana nokutholwa kwangaphambilini ukuthi umuzwa wokuthi umuntu usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile kuhlobene nemizwa yokudangala (UCorley & Hook, 6; IGrubbs, iStauner et al., 2012 ; IPatterson & Intengo, 2015; Perry, 2012b).
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwenkinga yezithombe zocansi nobuningi bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi
Abesifazane ababike ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga eziphakeme ezinyangeni ze-3 babike ukusetshenziswa okuncane kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga akuzange kubikezele imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile emadodeni, ngokungafani nocwaningo lwangaphambilini olutholile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga kuzibikezela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi emadodeni asemasha (Kohut &? Stulhofer, 6). Abesifazane ababona ukuthi izithombe zabo zobulili ezingcolile basebenzise ukuba nenkinga kungenzeka ukuthi banciphise imvamisa yokusebenzisa kwabo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Yize le ncazelo icatshangelwa, ihambisana nomcabango weskripthi socansi, othi ukuziphatha kwezocansi kuthonywe yimibhalo noma amaphethini afundwa ngabantu ezinkambisweni zomphakathi, kwabezindaba nakokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu (IGagnon & Simon, 2018). Izikripthi zocansi zingashayelwa ubulili, kanti abesifazane kulindeleke ukuthi ngokuvamile bangabi nocansi kakhulu kunabesilisa, baqaphele kakhulu ekuzibandakanyeni kwezocansi, futhi bangazithandi izithombe ezingcolile (Garcia & Carrigan, 1973; Wiederman, 1998). Ngokomqondo weskripthi sezocansi, abesifazane ababona ukuthi izithombe zabo zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziswa njengezinkinga kungenzeka babhekane nengxabano phakathi kwezikripthi zesiko lobulili nokuziphatha kwabo futhi bangashintsha izindlela zabo zokuziphatha ukuze zihambisane nombhalo wezocansi. Izikripthi zocansi ezenziwa ngabesilisa nabesilisa zingachaza ukuthi kungani abesifazane, kepha hhayi amadoda, abakholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyinkinga ebikiwe ukuthi kunciphise imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisebenzisa izinyanga ezintathu.
Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngasisekelo ibikezela imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezinyangeni ze-6 kwabesifazane, kepha hhayi eyabesilisa. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuqina kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bekungeke kuhluke kakhulu phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane isikhathi eside, kodwa ngaphakathi kwe-6-time time lag, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okwedlule kwakuyinkomba engcono kakhulu yokusebenzisa kwezithombe zocansi kwabesifazane esikhathini esizayo. Ukusetshenziswa kocansi okuzinzile kwabesilisa kungacacisa ngandlela thile ngobudlelwano be-episodic noma obuncike kwisimo ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Lokhu okutholakele kungachazwa yincazelo kaSeidman (2004) yokuthi abesilisa bavame ukuzisebenzisa kanjani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile behamba bodwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwesimo kuncike kwabesilisa kungahle kube ngumphumela wokusebenzisa izithombe zocansi kuphela uma bazi ukuthi bazoba bodwa. Imiphumela kaSeidman ichaze ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwabesifazane njengezihlobene kakhulu ngokwemvelo, okubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwabesifazane kuhlobene kakhulu nobudlelwano babo bocansi abahlanganyeli (Seidman, 2004). Njengoba kunikezwe ukuqina kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabesifazane, kungahle kufaneleke ukubiza ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokuthi "okufana" nabesifazane - okuyingxenye yobuntu nokwakheka. Kwabesilisa, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuthambekele ekunciphiseni futhi kunciphise futhi akuvezi isici esiphelele.
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