Ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn kwakuyisicelo se-inthanethi somlutha kunazo zonke:
"Ukusabalala kwe-PIU bekuyikhona okuphezulu kakhulu kubantu abasha abasebenzisa i-inthanethi yezithombe zocansi kakhulu (i-19.6%), kulandelwa umdlalo (9.3%) nomphakathi we-inthanethi (8.4%)"
"Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso se-PIU phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa i-intanethi ikakhulukazi ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile sasiphezulu kakhulu, okubandakanya amandla okulutha okunamandla ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinsizakalo ze-intanethi"
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-porn uhlelo lokusebenza luhlobaniswe kakhulu nokudangala, i-psychopatholgy:
"Lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ikakhulukazi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa ne-psychopathology ebucayi, njengokudangala nokuzibulala, kanye namandla amakhulu okulutha."
———————————————————————————————————
I-Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020 Apr 20; 16: 1031-1041. doi: 10.2147 / NDT.S247292
abstract
Injongo:
Lolu cwaningo luphenye ukwanda nokuhlobana kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (i-PIU) kusampula enkulu yentsha ngokuya ngohlobo lwensiza ye-inthanethi esetshenziswayo.
Izimpahla nezindlela:
Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe kusuka ngonyaka ka-2008 kuya ku-2010, kanti intsha engama-223,542 yabe ineminyaka eyi-12 kuye kwayi-18 yabamba iqhaza kulolu cwaningo. Ababambiqhaza baphendule kwiphepha lemibuzo elizibikayo kubandakanya izinto zezinombolo, isikhathi sokusebenzisa i-inthanethi, insizakalo ye-inthanethi esetshenziswa kakhulu kanye nempilo yengqondo. I-PIU yahlolwa ne-Internet Addiction Proneness Scale yeFomu-Elifushane.
Ezenye:
Izinga lokwanda kwe-PIU lalingu-5.2%, kanti amazinga okutheleleka ahlukaniswe ngocansi ayengu-7.7% kubafana no-3.8% emantombazaneni. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwakuhluke kakhulu kubo bonke ubulili. Izinsizakalo ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-inthanethi kwakuyimidlalo yokudlala (58.1%) kubafana nokubloga (22.1%) nesithunywa / izingxoxo (20.3%) emantombazaneni. Isilinganiso sokungahambi kahle kwe-PIU sasihluke kakhulu ngokusho kwensiza esetshenziswa kakhulu ye-inthanethi; usebenzisa i-inthanethi ikakhulukazi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuqhathaniswa nokusesha imininingwane kunesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sokwedlula (4.526 fold fold). Iziqephu ezicindezelayo, umbono wokuzibulala, nemizamo yokuzibulala yayihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokulinganiswa okuphakeme kwe-PIU (1.725-, 1.747- ne-1.361-fold, ngokulandelana).
Isiphetho:
Ucwaningo olukhona lukhombe imininingwane ebalulekile emtholampilo nge-PIU entsheni. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-PIU kunamaphethini ahlukile ngokusekelwe ocansini kanye nezinsizakalo ezithile ze-inthanethi. Izifundo ze-PIU ngezindlela ezichazwe kahle namathuluzi wokuhlola we-PIU wesevisi ethile ye-inthanethi ayadingeka.
IZIHLOKO: umlutha; ubusha; ukwehluka kobulili; ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi
- PMID 32368065
- I-PMCID: I-PMC7182452
- I-DOI: 10.2147 / NDT.S247292
Isingeniso
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, i-intanethi isingene empilweni yabantu ngokushesha okukhulu nangendlela ebanzi futhi yaphenduka indlela ebalulekile yokuphila kwansuku zonke, njengokuthenga, ukuthola izindaba nokuxhumana nabangane. Idatha yokuhlola yase-US ibike ukuthi cishe i-90% yabantu abadala yayingena kwi-inthanethi ngonyaka ka-2019, kanti inani labantu abangayisebenzisi i-inthanethi lehle lisuka kuma-48% ngonyaka we-2000 laya ku-10% kuphela ngo-2019.1 Ikakhulu, intsha isebenzisa i-inthanethi kakhulu ezimpilweni zayo zansuku zonke kunabanye abantu. Ngo-2018, ama-95% entsha yaseMelika kubikwa ukuthi ayakwazi ukufinyelela kuma-Smartphones, kuthi u-45% wentsha aku-inthanethi njalo nje.2
Yize i-intanethi ihlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezahlukahlukene, njengemfundo, ukuzijabulisa, ukuxhumana nomphakathi, lula, kanye nenhlala-kahle yengqondo,3 ucwaningo oluningi lubike ukuzihlanganisa okungekuhle kwe-intanethi nempilo yengqondo yentsha, kufaka phakathi ukudangala, ukukhathazeka ngenhlalo, ukuzibulala, nokusebenzisa i-cyberbullying.4-7 Ngokuphawuleka, ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga (i-PIU) kubonakaliswa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kanye nezici zokulutha kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu ngokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi kubantu abasakhula, okukhona ukuthi ukubhebhetheka kukhuphuke kufinyelela ku-26.7% ngezifundo ezedlule.8,9
Intsha yaziwa ngokuba sengozini ye-PIU ngenxa yokuqina okungapheli okuhambisana nokungagcineki okungajwayelekile kwe-preortal cortex (PFC), ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqala kwaphakathi kobuntwana.10-12 Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla okungokomzwelo esikhathini sokubeletha kwengane yokuqala (iminyaka emi-2 ubudala) kubikwa ukuthi kunomthelela omkhulu kwi-PIU kwabasesezingeni lokungena ebusheni, okukhombisa ukuthi ukufutheka okuzelwe kungenye yezimpawu eziyingozi ze-PIU.13 Ezocansi waziwa njengomunye umengameli ohlukanisa iphethini ye-PIU. Abafana banamathuba amaningi okusebenzisa i-intanethi ukugembula, kanti amantombazane asebenzisa kakhulu izinsizakalo zokuxhumana nabantu kunabafana.14,15 Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zezemvelo, kufaka phakathi okunamathiselwe kubazali nontanga nazo kubikwa njengomunye wababikezeli be-PIU abasebasha. Isibonelo, uBadenes-Ribera et al16 kubikwa ukuthi ubudlelwane nabazali babo buthonya kakhulu izinga le-PIU kakhulu ebusheni bokuthomba, kanti ubudlelwano bontanga yibona obuyinto efanelekile esikhathini sokukhula kweminyaka yobusha.
Ngokufanayo, ucwaningo oluningi luphenye ukukhathazeka okuvame kakhulu kwe-PIU kanye nezici ezihlobene nengozi kwentsha, Noma kunjalo, incazelo ecacile ye-PIU ayikenziwa. Abaphenyi baphenyisise i-PIU ngemigomo nangengqondo ehlukile, njengokuthi "umlutha we-inthanethi",17 "Ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuphoqayo",18 "Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi"19 kanye “nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi”.20 Ezinye izifundo ezigxile emidlalweni ye-inthanethi zisebenzisa amagama athi "ukusetshenziswa kobunzima be-inthanethi",21 "Umlutha wemidlalo ye-inthanethi"22 kanye ne- "inthanethi yemidlalo yokudlala".23
Yize la magama ahlukene nezincazelo zawo zifaka ukwakhiwa kwengqondo okubonisa ukuthi iphethini yokusebenzisa okungalawulwa kwe-inthanethi okuholela ekulimaleni komtholampilo,24 esinye isizathu sokuntuleka kwencazelo ejwayelekile yegolide ukuthi i-intanethi ihlinzeka ngokuqukethwe okuhlukahlukene okungahle kuhambisane namandla anga umlutha njengemidlalo, ukugembula, ukuxoxa noma izithombe zocansi. Mncane25 Uveze ukuthi umlutha we-inthanethi uhlanganisa izinkinga eziningi zokulawula ukuzibandakanya kokuziphatha futhi uhlukaniswe ngama-subtypes athile ayi-thile, kufaka phakathi i-cyber-sexourse, ubudlelwano be-cyber, ukuphindaphindeka kwenethiwekhi, ulwazi oluningi, kanye nemlutha wekhompyutha.
Phakathi kwalawa ma-subtypes athile we-PIU, “i-inthanethi yemidlalo yokudlala” kanye “negeyimu yokudlala” ifakiwe njengesifo ku-Isigaba 3 se-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disriers (DSM-5)26 kanye nokubuyekezwa kwakamuva kwe-International Classization of Diseases (ICD-11) yi-World Health Organisation (WHO).27 Yize imisebenzi ye-Intanethi engabonakali ibingathathwa njengeyokuxilongwa okusemthethweni ngenxa yokushoda kobufakazi,24 kusenezinto ezikhathazayo ngemisebenzi ye-inthanethi engafanele yokulutha njengokugembula kwe-inthanethi,28 social networking29 nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.30
Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwalokhu kukhathazeka maqondana nama-subtypes e-PIU ahlukahlukene, ucwaningo lokuhlola amandla okulutha okusekelwe kumasevisi athile e-inthanethi ayantuleka. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwaseJalimane olunabafundi abayi-6,081 abaneminyaka eyi-12 kuya kweyi-19- XNUMX luphenye ukusatshalaliswa kwezicelo ze-Inthanethi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-PIU nakuma-PIU.31 Ocwaningweni lukaRosenkranz et al31 izinhlelo ezisetshenziswe kakhulu kwi-Intanethi bekungamasayithi wokuxhumana nabantu nokuxoxa, kanti izinhlelo ezisetshenziselwa ukuqaphela ze-Intanethi ze-PIU kwakuyimidlalo yokugembula nokugembula. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezihlola ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokulutha okungenzeka kusetshenziswe insizakalo ethile ye-inthanethi zisashoda; eqinisweni, olwazini lwethu, azikho izifundo eKorea. Ngakho-ke, isifundo samanje sihlose ukuphenya ngobukhona kanye nokuhlobana kwe-PIU kusampula enkulu yentsha ngokusekwe kunqampuna lokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi.
Izimpahla nezindlela
Abahlanganyeli
Ucwaningo lwethu lwenziwe ngemininingwane ethathwe ku-2008, 2009 kanye ne-2010 Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS). I-KYRBS cwaningo lweminyaka eminingana olwenziwe minyaka yonke olwenziwa minyaka yonke yizikhungo zaseKorea Zokulwa Izifo kanye Nokuthintela (i-CDC) kusukela ngo-2005.32 I-KYRBS igxile ekuziphatheni okuyingozi kwempilo phakathi kwentsha. Inhlolokhono yenziwa ngephepha lemibuzo eliqediwe yintsha, equkethe izinto ezingama-125, okubandakanya imininingwane yokusebenzisa ugwayi, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile, ukusebenza komzimba, ukuziphatha okuphathelene nezocansi, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Intanethi nempilo yengqondo. Isibalo sabantu abamelelwe kuzwelonke abafundi bezikole zamabanga aphakathi kanye nabasemabanga aphakeme abaneminyaka eyi-12-18 eKorea, abasampula kusuka ezikoleni ezingama-400 eziphakathi nendawo ezingama-400 ngonyaka. Isibalo sababambiqhaza sasingama-223,542, kwathi u-2008, 2009 no-2010 KYRBS bahlanganisa 75,238, 75,066 kanye nabahlanganyeli abangama-73,238 XNUMX, ngokulandelana. Ngaphambi kokungena kokufunda, imiyalo ephelele mayelana nenhloso nezindlela zocwaningo yanikezwa abafundi ngothisha abaqeqeshiwe, futhi nemvume ebhaliwe ebhalwe phansi yatholakala kubafundi. Abafundi abavume ukubamba iqhaza baphothula uhlu lwemibuzo olungaziwa, olwethulwe kwikhompyutha. I-CDC's Institutional Review Board ivumile imigomo ye-KYRBS.
Assessment
Ukuhlola i-PIU, i-Internet Addiction Proneness Scale for Youth-Short form (KS wadogo) eyenziwe nguKim et al33 kwasetshenziswa. Isikali se-KS yisilinganiso sokuzibika sezinto ezingama-20 sikalwe esikalini samaphuzu ama-4 (1 = never, 2 = kwesinye isikhathi, 3 = kaningi, noma 4 = njalo). Siqukethe izinto ezincane eziyisithupha: (1) ukuphazamiseka komsebenzi oguqukayo (izinto ezi-6), (2) ukubekezela okuhle (1 into), (3) ukuhoxa (izinto ezi-4), (4) ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwabantu (izinto ezi-3), (5) ) Ukuziphatha okuphambukayo (izinto ezi-2), (6) nokubekezelelana (izinto ezi-4). Ummangalelwa uhlukaniswe ngokususelwa kwizikolo kwelinye lamaqembu amathathu: i-PIU eqondile, i-PIU engaba khona, kanye nomsebenzisi ojwayelekile we-inthanethi. I-Definite PIU ichazwa ngamanani aphelele angama-53 noma ngaphezulu noma ukuba khona kwakho konke lokhu okulandelayo: Izikolo ezisebenzayo ezi-17 noma ngaphezulu; izikolo zokuhoxa eziyi-11 noma ngaphezulu; nezikolo ezikwazi ukubekezelela okungama-13 noma ngaphezulu. I-PIU okungenzeka ichazwa ngamanani aphelele phakathi kuka-48 no-52 noma ukuba khona kwakho konke lokhu okulandelayo: Izikolo ezisebenzayo eziguqukayo ze-15 noma ngaphezulu; izikolo zokuhoxa eziyi-10 noma ngaphezulu; nezikolo ezikhuthazelayo eziyi-12 noma ngaphezulu. Ocwaningweni lwamanje, iqembu le-PIU lalichazwa njengabambiqhaza emaqenjini e-PIU acacisiwe futhi kungenzeka.
Isikhathi sokusebenzisa i-inthanethi sabuzwa ngento ethi “Ngabe usebenzise amahora amangaki nemizuzu emingaki phakathi nezinsuku phakathi nesonto nangempelasonto ezinsukwini ezingama-30 ezedlule?” Insizakalo ye-inthanethi eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu ngababambiqhaza yabuzwa ngento ethi “Ngabe uvame ukuyisebenzisa kakhulu kangakanani i-intanethi?” ngezinketho ezikhethiweyo kufaka phakathi ukusesha ulwazi, ukuthunyelwa komyalezo / ukuxoxa, ukudlala imidlalo, ukubuka ama-movie, ukulalela umculo, ukubuka amavidiyo afana nokuqukethwe okwenziwe umsebenzisi, i-imeyili, ukuyothenga, ukubuka izithombe zocansi, ukubhuloga, njll. Ukuba khona kweziqephu ezicindezelayo, umbono wokuzibulala, kanye Imizamo yokuzibulala yahlatshwa yinto ngokuhlangenwe nakho ngakunye ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule ngezimpendulo zika-yebo noma “cha” ngokulandelayo: “Wake wazizwa udabukile noma ufisa ngokwanele ukumisa impilo yakho yansuku zonke amaviki amabili ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezidlule? ” ngokudangala, "Wake wacabanga ukuzibulala sina kulezi zinyanga eziyi-12 ezidlule?" ngombono wokuzibulala, futhi "Wake wazama ukuzibulala ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezidlule?" ngemizamo yokuzibulala.
Izibalo
Izibalo ezichazayo zisetshenziselwe ukuhlaziywa kwezimpawu zabantu. Ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano phakathi kwensizakalo ye-inthanethi esetshenziswa kakhulu, ukwanda kokuxhumana kanye nokuxhumanisa kwe-PIU nezibalo ezichazayo, ukuhlolwa kwe-chi-mraba nokuhlaziywa kokuhluka (ANOVA) kwamukelwa. Ukuhlola isilinganiso sokungahambi kahle kwe-PIU ngokuya ngezixhumanisi ezihambisanayo, ukulungiswa kokuhleleka nge-PIU njengokuhlukahluka okuthembekile kwasetshenziswa ngamamodeli amabili. Imodeli yokuqala yayihlanganisa ezocansi, ibanga, insiza ye-inthanethi esetshenziswa kakhulu, isiqephu esidabukisayo, umbono wokuzibulala nokuzama ukuzibulala njengezinto ezihlukile ezimele. AbakwaModel 2 bangeze isimo senhlalo nomnotho kanye nokufezekiswa kwesikole njengama-covariates emodeli 1. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa iphakethe le-software i-SPSS 25.0 yeWindows (SPSS Inc., eChicago, e-IL).
Imiphumela
Izici Zobuntu
Izici zabantu ziyakhonjiswa ku Ithebula 1. Sebebonke, bangu-223,542 abafundi bezikole eziphakathi nendawo kanye nabasesikoleni esiphakeme ababambe iqhaza kulolu cwaningo, kuthi abangama-52.5% babe ngabesilisa. Ukudlanga okuphelele kwe-PIU kwakungu-5.8%, kanti iqembu labasebenzisi be-inthanethi eliyingozi kakhulu eqenjini le-PIU lalingu-3.2%. Ukudlanga kwe-PIU ngokususelwa kwezocansi kwakungu-7.7% kubafana no-3.8% emantombazaneni. Inani lababambe iqhaza abahlangabezane nesiqephu esidabukisayo, umbono wokuzibulala, nokuzama ukuzibulala kwaba ngama-38.0%, 19.1%, no-4.8% ngokulandelana.
Ithebula 1
Izici Zobuntu
| n (%) | |
|---|---|
| Ubude | 223542 |
| Unyaka | |
| 2008 | 75238 (33.7) |
| 2009 | 75066 (33.6) |
| 2010 | 73238 (32.8) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 117281 (52.5) |
| Female | 106261 (47.5) |
| Grade | |
| Isikole esiphakathi nendawo 1st | 38219 (17.1) |
| Isikole esiphakathi sesibili | 38423 (17.2) |
| Isikole esiphakathi 3rd | 38280 (17.1) |
| Isikole samabanga aphezulu 1st | 37218 (16.6) |
| Isikole samabanga aphezulu 2nd | 36926 (16.5) |
| Isikole samabanga aphezulu 3rd | 34476 (15.4) |
| I-PIU | |
| Ubude | 13056 (5.8) |
| Umsebenzisi onobungozi obukhulu | 7183 (3.2) |
| Umuntu ongasebenzisa ubungozi | 5873 (2.6) |
| Isiqephu esicindezelayo; yebo | 84848 (38.0) |
| Umbono wokuzibulala; yebo | 42728 (19.1) |
| Umzamo wokuzibulala; yebo | 10778 (4.8) |
| Isimo Sezenhlalo Yezomnotho | |
| High | 13775 (6.2) |
| Ephakeme kakhulu | 48348 (21.6) |
| Ephakathi | 105472 (47.2) |
| Phansi maphakathi | 41322 (18.5) |
| ongaphakeme | 14625 (6.5) |
| Impumelelo Yezikole | |
| High | 25440 (11.4) |
| Ephakeme kakhulu | 52399 (23.4) |
| Ephakathi | 60448 (27.0) |
| Phansi maphakathi | 57183 (25.6) |
| ongaphakeme | 28072 (12.6) |
Isifinyezo: I-PIU, ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga.
I-prevalence ne-Correlates ye-PIU Kususelwa Ensizakalweni esetshenziswa kakhulu ye-Inthanethi
Phakathi kwabo bonke ababambiqhaza, insizakalo ye-intanethi esetshenziswa kakhulu bekungukudlala kwe-inthanethi (35.0%), kulandele ukusesha imininingwane (16.2%), ukuxoxa (14.1%), nokubloga (12.1%) (Ithebula 2 futhi Umfanekiso we-1). Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu bezinsizakalo ze-intanethi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu bezihlukile phakathi kwabafana namantombazane (x2 = 9144.0; p <0.001). Ngenkathi insiza esetshenziswa kakhulu kubafana kwakudlalwa nge-inthanethi (58.1%), amantombazane asebenzisa ukubhuloga (22.1%) futhi axoxa kakhulu (20.3%).
Ithebula 2
Inhlangano phakathi Kwensizakalo ye-Intanethi esetshenziswa kakhulu kanye ne-prevalence kanye ne-Correlates ye-PIU
| Insizakalo Ye-Intanethi esetshenziswa Kakhulu | Ukusesha Ulwazi | Isilayezi / Ukuxoxa | Gaming | Ukubuka i-Movie | Ukulalela Umculo | Ukubuka ividiyo (ie i-UCC) | I-Intanethi Yomphakathi noma Iklabhu | Ukuthenga oku-intanethi | Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile ze-Intanethi | ukubhuloga | Etc | Ubude | Izibalo F noma χ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ubude | ||||||||||||||
| n | 36,150 | 31,446 | 78,325 | 8248 | 21,075 | 2896 | 4032 | 1147 | 5315 | 1716 | 27,142 | 6050 | 223,542 | |
| % | 16.2 | 14.1 | 35.0 | 3.7 | 9.4 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 12.1 | 2.7 | 100.0 | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Owesilisa; n | 16,857 | 9873 | 68,139 | 4415 | 7257 | 1158 | 1064 | 313 | 780 | 1565 | 3637 | 2223 | 117,281 | 69144.0 * |
| % | 14.4 | 8.4 | 58.1 | 3.8 | 6.2 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 100.0 | |
| Owesifazane; n | 19,293 | 21,573 | 10,186 | 3833 | 13,818 | 1738 | 2968 | 834 | 4535 | 151 | 23,505 | 3827 | 102,434 | |
| % | 18.2 | 20.3 | 9.6 | 3.6 | 13.0 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 22.1 | 3.6 | 100.0 | |
| Isikhathi Sokusetshenziswa Kwe-Intanethi; I-maana (SD) | ||||||||||||||
| Usuku lweviki; amahora | 1.1 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.8) | 1.3 (1.5) | 1.1 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.5) | 1.0 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.3) | 2.0 (3.0) | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.7) | 457.5 * | |
| Impelasonto; amahora | 1.8 (1.8) | 2.4 (2.1) | 3.1 (2.5) | 2.4 (2.1) | 1.8 (1.7) | 2.4 (2.1) | 3.0 (2.2) | 1.5 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.8) | 2.8 (3.4) | 2.2 (1.9) | 2.4 (2.3) | 1112.5 * | |
| Isikali se-KS | 1298.4 * | |||||||||||||
| Ngisho | 27.8 | 29.6 | 33.0 | 29.1 | 27.0 | 29.8 | 32.9 | 26.4 | 27.8 | 36.2 | 28.7 | 28.6 | ||
| SD | 8.6 | 9.0 | 10.5 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 18.1 | 8.1 | 8.9 | ||
| Ingqikithi ye-PIU; Yebo | 3791.9 * | |||||||||||||
| n | 1217 | 1534 | 7317 | 334 | 516 | 122 | 339 | 25 | 149 | 336 | 911 | 256 | 13,056 | |
| % | 3.4 | 4.9 | 9.3 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 8.4 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 19.6 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 5.8 | |
| I-PIU Engapheliyo; Yebo | 2624.9 * | |||||||||||||
| n | 666 | 817 | 4026 | 195 | 272 | 60 | 174 | 11 | 84 | 269 | 456 | 153 | 7183 | |
| % | 1.8 | 2.6 | 5.1 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 15.7 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.2 | |
| Isiqephu esicindezelayo; Yebo | 3867.8 * | |||||||||||||
| n | 13,412 | 15,171 | 24,081 | 3307 | 8288 | 1104 | 1585 | 443 | 2225 | 858 | 12,149 | 2225 | 84,848 | |
| % | 37.1 | 48.2 | 30.7 | 40.1 | 39.3 | 38.1 | 39.3 | 38.6 | 41.9 | 50.0 | 44.8 | 36.8 | 38.0 | |
| Umbono Wokuzibulala; Yebo | 1918.0 * | |||||||||||||
| n | 6107 | 7947 | 12,307 | 1662 | 3999 | 545 | 876 | 212 | 1100 | 533 | 6,208 | 1,232 | 42,728 | |
| % | 16.9 | 25.3 | 15.7 | 20.2 | 19.0 | 18.8 | 21.7 | 18.5 | 20.7 | 31.1 | 22.9 | 20.4 | 19.1 | |
| Ukuzama Kokuzibulala; Yebo | 1386.4 * | |||||||||||||
| n | 1332 | 2458 | 2813 | 401 | 972 | 102 | 180 | 58 | 274 | 235 | 1665 | 288 | 10,778 | |
| % | 3.7 | 7.8 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 13.7 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
Qaphela: * p <0.001.
Izifinyezo: I-PIU, ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi okunenkinga; I-UCC, okuqukethwe okudalwe ngumsebenzisi; Isikali se-KS, Isikali Sokwazisa Ngokulutha Nge-Intanethi Kwefomu Elifushane Lentsha; SD, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile.
Insiza esetshenziswa kakhulu i-intanethi ngokuya ngocansi (%).
Izinga lokutholakala kwe-PIU kubasebenzisi bensizakalo ngayinye ye-inthanethi futhi behluke kakhulu ngokususelwa kusevisi ye-intanethi esetshenziswa kakhulu (x2 = 3791.9; p <0.001). Ubuningi bePIU babuphakeme kakhulu kwabasakhulayo abasebenzisa i-inthanethi yezithombe zocansi kakhulu (i-19.6%), kwalandelwa umdlalo (9.3%) nomphakathi we-inthanethi (8.4%) (Ithebula 2 futhi Umfanekiso we-2). Ingxenye yabasebenzisi bemidlalo ye-inthanethi phakathi kweqembu eliphelele lalabo abane-PIU laliphezulu kakhulu njenge-56.0%.
Ukusondela kwe-PIU ngokusho kwensiza esetshenziswa kakhulu i-inthanethi (%).
Izifinyezo: I-PIU, ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga; I-UCC, okuqukethwe okwenziwe umsebenzisi
Inani lababambiqhaza abanokuhlangenwe nakho kokudabukisa ngesiqephu, umbono wokuzibulala kanye nomzamo futhi bekuphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwentsha eyayisebenzisa i-inthanethi kwezithombe zocansi kakhulu (50.0%, 31.1% no-13.7%, ngokulandelana), kwalandelwa ukuxoxa (48.2%, 25.3). %, no-7.8%, ngokulandelana) nokubloga (44.8%, 22.9%, no-6.1%).
Izilinganiso Zokungabikhona kokuba seQenjini le-PIU Ngokuya kwe-Demographics and Internet Use variables
Ithebula 3 ikhombisa ukulinganiselwa kokungathi kukhona eqenjini le-PIU ngokususelwa kubuningi babantu nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuguqukayo. Izilinganiso ezingavumelani zaziphakeme kakhulu kubafana kunamantombazane (OR = 1.520; p <0.001). Uma kuqhathaniswa nabahlanganyeli abancane kunabo bonke, amaqembu abafundi amadala akhombise izilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu, i-1.274- kuya ku-1.319 iphindwe kaningi, ye-PIU.
Ithebula 3
Ukulawulwa Kwamalungiselelo we-PIU ngama-Covariates
| eziguquguqukayo | Isibonelo se-1 | Isibonelo se-2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |||||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | referent | |||||||||
| Male | 1.501 | 1.432 | kuya | 1.573 | .000 | 1.520 | 1.450 | kuya | 1.593 | .000 |
| Grade | ||||||||||
| Isikole esiphakathi nendawo 1st | referent | |||||||||
| Isikole esiphakathi sesibili | 1.303 | 1.223 | kuya | 1.387 | .000 | 1.274 | 1.196 | kuya | 1.357 | .000 |
| Isikole esiphakathi 3rd | 1.368 | 1.285 | kuya | 1.457 | .000 | 1.327 | 1.246 | kuya | 1.413 | .000 |
| Isikole samabanga aphezulu 1st | 1.334 | 1.251 | kuya | 1.423 | .000 | 1.286 | 1.205 | kuya | 1.373 | .000 |
| Isikole samabanga aphezulu 2nd | 1.310 | 1.226 | kuya | 1.399 | .000 | 1.238 | 1.158 | kuya | 1.323 | .000 |
| Isikole samabanga aphezulu 3rd | 1.404 | 1.313 | kuya | 1.501 | .000 | 1.319 | 1.232 | kuya | 1.411 | .000 |
| Insizakalo Ye-Intanethi esetshenziswa Kakhulu | ||||||||||
| Ukusesha imininingwane | referent | |||||||||
| Isigijimi / ukuxoxa | 1.378 | 1.274 | kuya | 1.490 | .000 | 1.285 | 1.188 | kuya | 1.391 | .000 |
| Gaming | 2.824 | 2.644 | kuya | 3.015 | .000 | 2.661 | 2.491 | kuya | 2.843 | .000 |
| Ukubuka i-movie | 1.127 | .995 | kuya | 1.276 | .060 | 1.096 | .967 | kuya | 1.241 | .152 |
| Ukulalela umculo | .743 | .668 | kuya | .825 | .000 | .733 | .660 | kuya | .814 | .000 |
| Ukubuka ividiyo (ie UCC) | 1.287 | 1.063 | kuya | 1.559 | .010 | 1.278 | 1.055 | kuya | 1.548 | .012 |
| Umphakathi we-Intanethi noma iklabhu | 2.785 | 2.453 | kuya | 3.162 | .000 | 2.822 | 2.485 | kuya | 3.206 | .000 |
| .682 | .456 | kuya | 1.019 | .062 | .658 | .440 | kuya | .985 | .042 | |
| Ukuthenga oku-intanethi | .893 | .750 | kuya | 1.063 | .203 | .873 | .733 | kuya | 1.040 | .128 |
| Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili | 4.944 | 4.311 | kuya | 5.670 | .000 | 4.526 | 3.941 | kuya | 5.198 | .000 |
| ukubhuloga | 1.058 | .967 | kuya | 1.158 | .217 | 1.023 | .935 | kuya | 1.120 | .616 |
| Etc | 1.341 | 1.167 | kuya | 1.541 | .000 | 1.335 | 1.162 | kuya | 1.535 | .000 |
| Isiqephu Sosizi | ||||||||||
| Cha | referent | |||||||||
| Yebo | 1.782 | 1.710 | kuya | 1.857 | .000 | 1.725 | 1.655 | kuya | 1.798 | .000 |
| Umbono wokuzibulala | ||||||||||
| Cha | referent | |||||||||
| Yebo | 1.813 | 1.728 | kuya | 1.903 | .000 | 1.747 | 1.664 | kuya | 1.833 | .000 |
| Ukuzama Kokuzibulala | ||||||||||
| Cha | referent | |||||||||
| Yebo | 1.450 | 1.353 | kuya | 1.553 | .000 | 1.361 | 1.270 | kuya | 1.459 | .000 |
amanothi: Imodeli 1 ifaka phakathi ubulili, ibanga, insizakalo ye-inthanethi esetshenziswa kakhulu, isiqephu esidabukisayo, umbono wokuzibulala kanye nomzamo wokuzibulala njengama-covariates. Imodeli 2 ifaka phakathi isimo senhlalo nomnotho kanye nokufezekiswa kwesikole njengama-covariates ngaphezu kwemodeli 1.
Izifinyezo: I-PIU, ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga; I-UCC, okuqukethwe okwenziwe umsebenzisi
Uma kuqhathaniswa nentsha esebenzisa i-intanethi ukuthola imininingwane esesha kakhulu, isilinganiso se-PIU ezinganeni ezisencane esisebenzise i-inthanethi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile besiphezulu kakhulu (OR = 4.526, p <0.001), kulandele labo abasebenzisa i-intanethi emphakathini (NOMA = 2.822, p <0.001) nokudlala (OR = 2.661, p <0.001). Labo abasebenzisa i-intanethi kakhulu ukulalela umculo (OR = 0.733, p <0.001) kanye ne-imeyili (OR = 0.658, p = 0.042) bakhombise izilinganiso eziphansi kakhulu kunalezo zentsha esebenzisa i-inthanethi ukusesha imininingwane. Kwakungekho mehluko ophawulekayo ekulinganisweni kokungavumelani phakathi kwamaqembu asebenzisa i-inthanethi ikakhulukazi ukuthola ulwazi namaqembu abuka ama-movie, ukuthenga nge-inthanethi nokubhuloga.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Psychopathology kanye nengozi ye-PIU
Izilinganiso zabahlanganyeli abanesipiliyoni sokudabukisa isiqephu, imicabango yokuzibulala, kanye nokuzama ukuzibulala ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezidlule bekukukhulu kakhulu emaqenjini asebenzisa i-inthanethi kakhulu kwezithombe zocansi (50.0%, 31.1%, no-13.7%, ngokulandelana). ngesilosi / ukuxoxa (48.2%, 25.3%, no-7.8%, ngokulandelana) nokubloga (44.8%, 22.9%, kanye no-6.1%, ngokulandelana) (Ithebula 2). Ukuba khona kwesiqephu sokucindezeleka, umbono wokuzibulala kanye nomzamo wokuzibulala nakho kuhlotshaniswe kakhulu nesilinganiso esiphakeme se-PIU phakathi kwesampula sonke. (NOMA = 1.725, p <0.001; OR = 1.747, p <0.001; no-1.361, p <0.001, ngokulandelana) (Ithebula 3).
Ingxoxo
Ucwaningo lwethu luphenye ukwanda kwezifo nokuhlobana kwe-PIU ngenani elikhulu lentsha esuselwa ezinsizakalweni ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-inthanethi. Esifundweni sethu, ukubhebhetheka kwePIU kwakungu-5.4%, okuqhathaniswa nezifundo ezedlule ezenziwa kwamanye amazwe. Izifundo eziningi zangaphambilini ze-PIU zibike ngobuningi bokuxhaphaka kwe-PIU. Isibonelo, ucwaningo olwenziwe emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye aseYurophu lubike ukwanda kwama-25%, lisuka ku-14% laya kuma-55% kuwo wonke amazwe.34 Olunye ucwaningo olwenziwe emazweni ayisithupha ase-Asia lubike ukuthi ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okwenziwe umlutha kuhlolwe yi-Internet Addiction Test (IAT) kusuka ku-1% eSouth Korea kuya ku-5% ePhilippines, kanti ukubhebhetheka kwe-PIU kusuka ku-13% kuya ku-46% .35 Okunye ukuhleleka okuhleliwe kokulutha kwe-inthanethi futhi kubike amanani ahlukahlukene okubhebhetheka kusuka ku-1% kuya ku-18.7%9 futhi isuka ku-0.8% iye ku-26.7%.8 Lezi zifundo zaphawula ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lolu luhlu olubanzi lwamanani okubhebhetheka kwe-PIU lubangelwa ukungabikhona kokungaguquguquki kwendlela yokusebenza, njengezincazelo, amathuluzi okuhlola kanye nokusika kwe-PIU.8,36 Ngakho-ke, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo ezinencazelo evunyelwe ngaphezulu namathuluzi wokuhlola we-PIU ziyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ubukhona be-PIU. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlaziya okwenziwe nge-meta ngezifundo ezingama-27 kusuka ngonyaka we-1998 kuya ku-2006 kubike ukwanda kwesilinganiso sokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi okungamaphesenti angama-4.7, yize kunamazinga amaningi okuxhaphaka kwabantu,37 okuhambisana nesifundo sethu.
Ocwaningweni lwethu, abafana bakhombise ukubhebhetheka kwe-PIU ephezulu kunamantombazane cishe amahlandla amabili. Lokhu kutholakala okungafani nezifundo eziningi zangaphambilini ezibike ukuthi ubulili besilisa buba yingozi kwi-PIU.38-40 Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifundo zibike iphethini ehlukile yokuhluka kobulili ngokwanda kwe-PIU. Isibonelo, uDurkee et al39 kubikwa ukuthi ukwahluka okuncane kwesilinganiso sokwanda kwe-PIU kutholakala phakathi kobulili ocwaningweni nentsha evela emazweni ayi-11 aseYurophu yize bekukhona umehluko phakathi kwesiko. Ucwaningo lwaseCanada lubike nokuthi akukho mehluko wokuya ocansini ngokwanda kwe-PIU.15 Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo nabantu abadala abavela emazweni angu-9 aseYurophu babike ukuthi i-PIU iyonke yayivame kakhulu kwabesifazane kunakwabesilisa.34 Lokhu kungafani maqondana nokwehluka kobulili ku-PIU kungahle kudalwe ukwehlukahlukana kwesiko. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kokungafani kocansi ngokwanda kwe-PIU, ukuhlola izinsizakalo ezithile ezisetshenziswa nge-inthanethi ngababili ubulili kufanele futhi kubhekwe.
Esifundweni sethu, insizakalo ye-inthanethi esetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi kwabo bonke abahlanganyeli kwakuwukudlala kwe-inthanethi okwalandelwa ukusesha ulwazi, imiyalezo / ukuxoxa, nokubhloga. Kodwa-ke, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwakuhluke kakhulu phakathi kobulili. Ngenkathi abafana basebenzise kakhulu i-intanethi ukudlala kakhulu, amantombazane ayesebenzisa i-inthanethi ukubhuloga kanye nesithunywa / ukuxoxa kakhulu. Lokhu kuthambekela kuyahambisana nokutholakele ezifundweni ezedlule. Amantombazane kubikwa ukuthi maningi amathuba okusebenzisa imiyalezo ngokushesha (i-74%) nezinsizakalo zokuxhumana (70%) kunabafana abaneminyaka engu-15 kuye ku-17 (62% no-54%, ngokulandelana).14,41 UDufour et al15 futhi kubikwa ukuthi isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezingosi zokuxhumana nabantu namablogi siphezulu emantombazaneni kunabafana. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemidlalo ye-intanethi kuye kwabikwa njalo ukuthi kuphakeme kwabesilisa kunakulabesifazane.15,26,34,42 Yize izizathu ezizwakalayo zalokhu kungafani okuhlobene nokuya ocansini nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi kungaqondakali kahle,42 izifundo zangaphambilini zokuchaza ukwehluka kobulili ekubandakanyekeni komdlalo wekhompyutha kugxilwe ezicini ezinjengokuqukethwe nokuklanywa kwemidlalo ejwayelekile, udlame lwemidlalo, izinhlaka zokuncintisana zemidlalo, kanye nokuhlangana komphakathi phakathi kwemidlalo.43 Imiphumela yethu yokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwe-inthanethi ukubloga nokuxoxa nokusebenzisa okuphansi kwe-inthanethi kwezemidlalo emantombazaneni kunabafana kungahle kube nokuhlobene nobufakazi obusetshenzisiwe bokuthi abesifazane bathambekele kokunye, kanti abesilisa banolwazi olwengeziwe / lomsebenzi.44
Esifundweni sethu, inani labantu abane-PIU laliphezulu kakhulu kubasebenzisi bezemidlalo ye-inthanethi (kwakha ngaphezu kwe-50% yeqembu eliphelele le-PIU), futhi isilinganiso se-PIU sasiphakeme kakhulu kubasebenzisi begeyimu ye-inthanethi. Lokhu okutholakele kunikeza ubufakazi bokusekelwa bokukhathazeka okukhona kokudlala kwe-inthanethi nokufakwa kokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi ezinhlelweni zokuhlonza izindlela.26,27 Noma kunjalo, amandla okulutha wezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi nawo kufanele aqaphele. Izilinganiso zezithombe zocansi ze-Intanethi njengensizakalo esetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-inthanethi zazingeliphezulu (0.8%) futhi zaziyivelakancane emantombazaneni (0.1%). Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso sokungahambi kahle kwe-PIU phakathi kwalabo ababesebenzisa i-inthanethi kakhulu ukuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile sasingaphezulu, okugcizelela amandla amakhulu okulutha wezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinsizakalo ze-inthanethi. Vele, ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuyona inkinga ebangelwa i-intanethi kuphela. Kuke kwavela ukuthi abasebenzisi ngokweqile be-inthanethi abayimilutha ye-inthanethi kepha basebenzisa i-inthanethi kuphela njengendlela yokuzibandakanya kokuziphatha okuthile okuluthayo.45,46 Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luveze ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi sekuyanda, kanti futhi nokukhula “kathathu A” (ukufinyeleleka, ukuthengiseka kanye nokungaziwa) okunikezwe yi-inthanethi kuthuthukisile ubungozi obukhona ekusetshenzisweni okuyinselele kwezithombe zocansi ezi-inthanethi.47 Ngaphezu kwalokho, okutholakele kwethu akuhambelani nemiphumela yocwaningo lwangaphambilini lweRosenkranz et al31 ebike ikhono eliphansi lokulutha lokuqukethwe kocansi kuqhathaniswa nemidlalo nokugembula. Le miphumela ehlukile maqondana namandla okulutha kokuqukethwe kwezocansi phakathi kwezifundo kungenzeka ukuthi idalwe ukwehluka kwezenhlalo nemvelo. Ngakho-ke, izifundo ezengeziwe zokuqonda nokuvikela intsha engozini yokusebenzisa izinkinga zobulili ezingcolile ze-inthanethi ziyadingeka.
Okunye okutholakele ocwaningweni lwethu bekuwukuhlangana okukhulu phakathi kwesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu se-PIU ne-psychopathology, kufaka phakathi ukudangala nombono wokuzibulala nokuzama, okuhambisana nokutholakele ocwaningweni olwedlule24 okubike ukuthi iqembu labafundi abane-PIU kungenzeka bakhombise ukudangala okukhulu nokuzibulala nokuziphatha okulimazayo kuneqembu elijwayelekile lokusebenzisa i-inthanethi. Ikakhulu, kuyathokozisa ukuthi ingxenye yezimpendulo zika- 'yebo' ezigcawini ezicindezelayo, umbono wokuzibulala kanye nemizamo yokuzibulala yayiphezulu kubasebenzisi besilayezi / chatting nokubhuloga kunabasebenzisi bezinye izinsizakalo, ngaphandle kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi, futhi le ngxenye ibiphansi kakhulu kubasebenzisi bemidlalo ye-intanethi. Lokhu okutholwe kusho ukuthi intsha ecindezelekile iphishekela ukusebenzisana kwezenhlalo nge-intanethi kunokuba ukuzijabulisa. Lokhu okutholakele kuyahambisana ocwaningweni olwedlule24 okubuye futhi kwabika ukuthi kunobungozi obukhulu bokudangala kubafundi abane-PIU engasebenzi kuneyabafundi abane-PIU yemidlalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso sezimpendulo zika "yebo" ezigabeni ezicindezelayo, umbono wokuzibulala nokuzama ukuzibulala kwaba phezulu kakhulu kubasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi be-inthanethi. Lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-inthanethi ngokuyinhloko ukuthola izithombe zocansi kuhlobene ne-psychopathology enzima, njengokucindezelwa nokuzibulala, kanye nekhono elinamandla lokulutha.
Ukulinganiselwa
Ukutadisha kwethu kunokulinganiselwa okuthile okufanele kuqashelwe. Yize senze lolu cwaningo ngesampula enkulu yentsha, ucwaningo lwethu lususelwa ekwakhiweni kwesigaba, okukhawulela ukuhunyushwa kwezizathu. Isibonelo, iziqephu ezicindezelayo, umbono wokuzibulala kanye nemizamo yokuzibulala kuhlotshaniswa nezilinganiso eziphakeme zokungqubuzana kwe-PIU, futhi asikwazi ukuthola indlela yokuqondana. Ngakho-ke, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo ezinomklamo omude ziyavunyelwa. Okwesibili, yize sizamile ukufaka nezinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene ze-inthanethi ezisetshenziswa yintsha emaphepheni emibuzo, asizange sizifake zonke izinsizakalo. Isibonelo, ukugembula kwe-intanethi kungenye yezinto ezikhathazayo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi,28 ebingafakwanga kwimibuzo. Okwesithathu, ucwaningo lwethu lwalususelwa kumbiko wokuziphendulela kwentsha yodwa, okungaphika lo mbiko. Ukubikwa kwezimpawu zengqondo kuyaziwa ngokungafani phakathi kwabafundisayo, njengabazali nentsha eyeve eshumini nambili.48 Ngakho-ke, ukuthola imininingwane kwabahlinzeki abaningi, kufaka phakathi abazali, kubalulekile ekuhlolweni ngqo kwezimpawu zengqondo. Ngenhlanhla, ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubike ukuthi imibiko esekwe kumibiko yokuzikhulula yentsha ngezimpawu zokuphazamiseka kwemikhuba efana nokusebenzisa kabi utshwala nezidakamizwa yayihambisana kakhulu nokuxilongwa kwangempela kunemibiko evela kubazali.48 Ngaphezu kwalokho, sisebenzise izinto ezilula ezihlola isigaba sokudangala, umbono wokuzibulala, nemizamo yokuzibulala futhi asifakwanga amathuluzi okuhlola aqinisekisiwe. Yize lezi zinto ezenziwe lula zamukelwa ukuze zithuthukise izinga lokuphendula ngumbuzo onenqwaba yenani elikhulu lababambiqhaza, lokhu kungahle kube nomphumela wokuntuleka kolwazi oluningiliziwe kanye nokuhlanekezela kobudlelwano bangempela obuphakathi kwe-PIU ne-psychology yentsha, njengokudangala nokuzibulala. Ekugcineni, imininingwane ngezimpawu zomndeni, njengokusebenzelana komzali nengane nesitayela somzali, ayifakwanga kulolu cwaningo, oluyinto ebalulekile yokumodareyitha i-PIU entsheni.16 Ngakho-ke, izifundo zesikhathi esizayo kufaka phakathi imininingwane eningiliziwe ku-psychopathology yentsha kanye nezici zomndeni ezivela kwabanolwazi abaningi ziqinisekisiwe ukuqinisekisa lokho okutholakele.
iziphetho
Ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa okuthile, ucwaningo lwethu luthole imininingwane ebalulekile emtholampilo nge-PIU entsheni. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kunamaphethini ahlukene ngokususelwa kwezocansi. Ukudlanga kwe-PIU kubonise nomehluko omkhulu osuselwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsizakalo ezithile ze-inthanethi. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo ze-PIU ngezindlela ezichazwe kahle namathuluzi wokuhlola kwensiza ethile ethile ye-inthanethi ziyadingeka ukuthuthukisa amasu okuvikela intsha ngayinye engcupheni ye-PIU.
Ukuvuma
Ababhali bafisa ukubonga uMnyango Wezemfundo, Umnyango Wezempilo Nezenhlalakahle, kanye Nezikhungo Zokulawulwa Kwezifo kanye Nezindawo Zokuvikela Izikhungo ZaseKorea Zokulawula Izifo nokuvimbela, ezihlinzeke ngemininingwane eluhlaza.
Isitatimende Sezimali
Lo msebenzi ubusekelwa yisibonelelo seNational Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) esixhaswe nguhulumeni waseKorea (MSIP; Ministry of Science, ICT & future Planning) (NRF-2018R1C1B5041143).
Iminikelo Yomlobi
Bonke ababhali bafake isandla ekuboneni nasekwakheni, ekutholeni idatha, noma ekuhlaziyeni nasekuhumusheni imininingwane; uhlanganyele ekubhaleni i-athikili noma ukuyicubungula ngokuhlolisisa ngokuqukethwe okubalulekile kwezemfundo; unikeze imvume yokugcina yale nguqulo ukuthi ishicilelwe; futhi uvume ukuthi uzoziphendulela ngayo yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi.
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