Boemo bo Botle ba kelello le Boipheliso bo Feteletseng ba ho Kopanela Liphate Bolela Matšoao a Tšebeliso e Sebetsang ea ho Kopanela Liphate ka Inthaneteng Litabeng Tsa Inthanete Har'a Bacha ba Bacha (2015)

J Bocha ba bocha. 2015 Jul 25.

Doornwaard SM¹, Van den Eijnden RJ, Baams L, Vanwesenbeeck I, Ter Bogt TF.

LINKA HO ETSA TLHOTSO TSE FELENG

inahaneloang

Le ha lingoliloeng tse ngata li bua ka litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea thepa ea inthanete e totobetseng ka tsa thobalano, lipatlisiso mabapi le ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea mofuta ona oa litaba tsa inthanete har'a bacha le lintlha tse amanang le ona li haella haholo. Phuputso ena e ile ea batlisisa hore na mabaka a tsoang libakeng tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa lipolotiki (ke hore, boiketlo ba kelello, litakatso tsa thobalano / boitšoaro, le boikutlo bo sa tsitsang-boikutlo ba kelello) bo ile ba bolela matšoao a ho qobella batho ho sebelisa liphate tsa Inthanete ka thobalano.

Lihokela tsa lipakeng tsa maemo a kelello le matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea bashanyana li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka bobeli le ka nako e telele ka matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea khatello a lekantsoeng likhoeli tsa 6 hamorao (T₂). Lintlha li sebelisitsoe ho tsoa ho bashanyana ba ma-Dutch ba 331 (M _dilemo = Lilemo tse 15.16, moeli oa 11-17) ea bonts'itseng hore ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano marang-rang.

Liphetho tsa ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo a mabe ka ho hlaka ike boletse hore maemo a tlase a boitšepo ba lefats'e le maemo a phahameng a ho ba le takatso e feteletseng ea thobalano ka nako e le 'ngoe a bolela esale pele matšoao a bashanyana a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse totobetseng ka thobalano.

Nako e telele, maemo a phahameng a maikutlo a sithabetsang, hape, thahasello e feteletseng ea thobalano e boletse esale pele keketseho ea matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea khatello likhoeli tse 6 hamorao.

Litšobotsi tsa ho ba le tšusumetso e matla le tsa psychopathic li ne li sa amane ka ho khetheha le matšoao a bashanyana a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse hlakileng tsa thobalano. Liphuputso tsa rona, leha e le tsa pele, li fana ka maikutlo a hore mabaka a bophelo bo botle ba kelello le lithahasello tsa thobalano / boits'oaro li kentse letsoho ntlafatsong ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse hlakileng tsa thobalano hara bashanyana. Tsebo e joalo e bohlokoa bakeng sa boiteko ba thibelo le boits'ebetso bo lebisang litlhoko tsa basebelisi ba bang ba nang le mathata a marang-rang a hlakileng ka thobalano.

Keywords: Bacha, ts'ebeliso e qobelloang, lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse bontšang thobalano, matšoao, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, lithahasello tsa thobalano.

Selelekela

Keketseho ea phihlello ea inthanete lefatšeng ka bophara le nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea lisebelisoa tse lumelloang Inthaneteng e fetotse tsela eo bacha ba kopanang, ba jang le ho aba litaba tsa mefuta eohle. Sebaka se le seng sa dikahare se fumaneng tlhokomelo e khethehileng ntlheng ena ke lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse buang ka thobalano (Wolak et al. 2007). Ha ho bapisoa le mecha e meng ea litaba, inthanete ke tikoloho e nang le thobalano e ngata haholo e khethiloeng ke mefuta e mengata ea thobalano e sa tsejoeng (Peter le Valkenburg 2006). Ntle le moo, marang-rang a na le thepa e 'ngoe e etsang hore e be mokhoa o ipatileng bakeng sa ho ja litaba tsa thobalano. Mohlala, Cooper (1998) e hlalositse marang-rang ho latela a Triple A Enjini ea ho fumaneha, ho ba bonolo le ho se tsejoe. Ho feta moo, Bacha (1999) Moetso oa ACE e phahamisa ho se tsebe lebitso, ho ba bonolo le ho pholoha e le likarolo tse ntle haholo. Litšobotsi tsena tsa inthanete li ka ba ntle; mohlala, ba ka tsamaisa tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng ea lilemo tsa botona kapa botšehali lilemong tsa bocha (Wolak et al. 2007). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, phihlello e bonolo le e sa tsejoeng ea mefuta eohle eo motho a ka e nahanang ea thobalano e ka siea basebelisi ba sotleha ka lebaka la tšekamelo ea tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse amanang le thobalano tsa inthanete kapa mefuta e meng e nang le mathata ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e amanang le thobalano.

Sehlopha se seng se ka bang kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le tšusumetso kapa mathata a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano ke bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha, ba fetang mokhatlong oa takatso e matla ea thobalano (Savin-Williams le Diamond 2004) maemong a batlang a batla a se na moeli ebile hangata a sa tsebe letho ka Marang-rang (Madden et al. 2013). Le ha boholo ba bacha ba sebelisang litaba tsa thobalano tse fumanehang marang-rang ha ba na mekhoa e qobelloang, ho ba e etsang, mekhoa ea bona ea ts'ebeliso e ka ba le litlamorao tse kholo le tse tšoarellang libakeng tse ngata tsa bophelo ba bona (Cooper et al. 2004; Sussman 2007). Mohlala, ho na le bopaki lipakeng tsa batho ba baholo ba lemaletseng ho kopanela likobo hore ho etsa liketso tsa thobalano ho kanna ha qala ho qala bongoaneng kapa bohlankaneng — hangata ba nang le takatso e fetelletseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Cooper et al. 1999; Sussman 2007). Ka hona, ho bohlokoa haholo ho utloisisa hore na tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse tsosang takatso ka thobalano e ka ba bothata bo ikhethileng neng. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso mabapi le tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete ho bacha le mabaka a amanang le ona li haelloa haholo. Morero oa thuto ea morao-rao ke ho rarolla lekhalo lena ka har'a lingoliloeng ka ho etsa lipatlisiso ka lintlha tsa kelello le tse behang basebelisi ba lilemong tsa bocha ba mofuta ona oa litaba tsa inthanete kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang.

Ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse pepesitsoeng

Le leng la mabaka a ho fokola hoa lithuto tsa ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano-kapa ho ata hoa liketsahalo joalo ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea thobalano e amanang le thobalano kapa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang - har'a bacha e kanna ea ba ho haelloa ke litlhaloso, litlhaloso, le lihlopha. oa ntho e makatsang. Mohlala, khafetsa ho sebelisa lintho tse amanang le thobalano marang-rang feela ho kanna ha ba ha lekana ho lekola hore na boitšoaro bo fetoha neng kapa neng, hobane ba bang ba ka sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea thobalano khafetsa ntle le ho utloa bohloko, athe ba bang ba nka ts'ebeliso ea bona e le thata leha e le e nyane. ho tloha ponong ea nako e felletseng (Davis 2001; Grubbs et al. 2015) - 'Me liphihlelo tsena tse tlatsetsang ho tsona li kanna tsa fapana le lilemo. Ntle le moo, ha ho hlake hore na tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano ke pontšo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang, phapang ea theknoloji e amanang le boitšoaro bo feteletseng kapa bothata ka bo bona (Griffith 2004; Ross et al. 2012). Leha ho na le khaello ena ea tumellano mabapi le litlhaloso le ho khethoa, bafuputsi le lingaka ka kakaretso ba lumellana ka mekhoa e mengata ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tse ts'oanang le tsa thobalano, tse bapisoang le mekhoa ea likhathatso tse ling tse lemalloang (mohlala, bothata ba papali ea papali ea chelete). Tsena li kenyelletsa ho se tsebe ho laola taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea motho kapa ho se khone ho emisa leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe; menahano e phehellang mabapi le kapa ho itšunya-tšunya ka ho sebelisa boitsebiso bo litšila ba thobalano Inthaneteng; le litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea motho, joalo ka likamano tse senyehileng, mathata a sekolo kapa mosebetsi (Delmonico le Griffin 2008; Grubbs et al. 2015; Ross et al. 2012; Tse peli tsa pelehi le al. 2009). Litekanyetso tse ling tsa mantlha tse hlalositsoeng mangolong ke ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse bontšang thobalano ho sebetsana le tsona kapa ho baleha maikutlo a fosahetseng le boiphihlelo ba maikutlo a sa thabiseng ha ts'ebeliso e sa khonehe (Delmonico le Griffin 2008; Meerkerk et al. 2009).

Lintlha tse amanang le tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse pepesitsoeng

Ho tsamaisana le ngangisano mabapi le conceptualization ea eona ke thuto ea lintlha tse amanang le nts'etsopele ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano Inthaneteng. Boithuto ba pejana bo hokahantse ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano marang-rang le maemo a mang a kotsi le maemo a kopaneng a kenyelletsang khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, le boitšepo bo tlase (Cooper et al. 1999, 2004; Delmonico le Griffin 2008; Grubbs et al. 2015), ho ikhetholla sechabeng (Boies et al. 2004; Delmonico le Griffin 2008), khatello ea thobalano (Cooper et al. 1999, 2004; Delmonico le Griffin 2008; Grubbs et al. 2015), le litsobotsi tse sa rateheng tsa botho (Bogaert 2001; Delmonico le Griffin 2008). Ha ho fanoa ka lintlha tsena tse ngata tse amanang le kelello le kelello, hoa utloahala hore palo ea basebelisi ba qobelloang ba sebelisang lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano ha se sehlopha sa batho ba maemo a fapaneng, empa ho e-na le hoo ho na le likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa basebelisi ba khethiloeng ke libaka kapa mekhoa e fapaneng (Cooper et al. 1999; Nower le Blaszczynski 2004). Cooper et al. (1999ba buile ka taba ena thutong ea bona mabapi le tšebeliso ea marang-rang e amanang le thobalano, eo ka eona ba hlalosang li-subtypes tse fapaneng tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang ba leng kotsing e ts'oanang ea ho holisa mekhoa ea methapo e amanang le boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano ba inthaneteng, empa ba fapana ka lintlha tse amehang tsoelo-pele ho tloha boithabisong ho isa ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea thobalano e amanang le thobalano. Ka ho khetheha, the at-kotsi subtype e entsoe ka batho ba khetholloang ka bophelo bo botle ba kelello, ba nang le tšekamelo ea ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano marang-rang ho arabela maikutlo a sithabetsang kapa a ho tšoenyeha (ke hore, mofuta oa khatello) kapa maemo a sithabetsang (ke hore, mofuta oa khatello ea maikutlo; Cooper et al. 1999, 2004). Ho ea ka pono ena, bacha ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le boemo bo tšoanang; e le phonyoho ea nakoana, ho sitisoa, kapa mokhoa oa ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo kapa linaha tse mpe tse mpe. Se khethollang batho ba maemong a tlokotsi ke hore hangata ha ba na nalane ea thobalano, empa ba ka ba kotsing ea ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano ka lebaka la likarolo tse bonolo tsa inthanete. Sena se fapane le Cooper et al.'s (1999) qobelloang ka thobalano subtype, e nang le batho ba nang le mathata a fetileng kapa a hona joale a litaba tsa thobalano mme bao marang-rang e leng sesebelisoa se sebetsang ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa bona tsa thobalano tse phehellang (Cooper et al. 1999, 2004). Ho ea ka pono ena, bacha ba bontšang tšekamelo ea thobalano e qobelloang kantle ho marang-rang ba khona ho ikatisa le ho holisa litšekamelo tsena inthaneteng ka ts'ebeliso ea bona ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano Inthaneteng. Ha ho le joalo, subtype e qobelloang ka thobalano e lumellana le conceptualizations ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tsa marang-rang e le phapang ea theknoloji ea boitšoaro ba hypersexual (mohlala, Grubbs et al. 2015). Ho bohlokoa, leha ho le joalo, ho nahana ka mohopolo oa ho qobella thobalano ho latela maemo a ntlafatso. Bakeng sa bacha, ba mothating oa ho fumana le ho sheba thobalano, "ho qobelloa" ka thobalano e ka ba ntho e fapaneng ka mokhoa o fapaneng, e hlahisoang ho latela takatso e kaholimo, ea ho fetella litabeng tsa thobalano (ka linako tse ling ho thoe ke ho nahana ka thobalano) le pele kapa ho feta. boiphihlelo ka boits'oaro ba thobalano, ho fapana le boits'oaro ba methapo kapa boits'oaro.

Joalo ka Cooper et al. (1999), Tlase le Blaszczynski (2004) khetholla li-subtypes tse fapaneng tsa bacha ba bechang. Le ha ho becha le ho sebelisa marang-rang a litso tsa botona le botšehali ho hlakile hore ke boitšoaro bo fapaneng, lingoliloeng li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le phapanyetsano litekanyetsong tsa mantlha tsa lintlha tsa mantlha le lintlha tse amanang le papali ea methapo ea methapo le tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (mohlala, Ross et al. 2012). E tšoana le Cooper et al. (1999), Tlase le Blaszczynski (2004) hlalosa ho Pathways Model ea bona ea ho becha ha li-pathological le e leng kotsing e tlase (e ngotsoeng maikutlo-ba tlokotsing), e nang le batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le boitšepo bo tlase, le bao ho becha ho sebetsang e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le maikutlo a bona a fosahetseng (Gupta et al. 2013). Le ha ho le joalo, ba boetse ba hlalosa karolo e fapaneng ea boloi ba bacha, e ngotsoeng antisocial-impulsivist, eo litho tsa eona li khetholloang haholo ke litšobotsi tse kang ho se ts'oenyehe, ho batla maikutlo, le litšobotsi tsa botho ba kelello. Ho nahanoa hore batho ka bomong ba mona ba etsa papali ea papali ea chelete ho fihlella bohelehele le ho susumetsa (Gupta et al. 2013; Nower le Blaszczynski 2004). Le ha Cooper et al. (1999) ha ea ka ea khetholla sehlahisoa se sebetsanang le ts'ebeliso ea basebelisi ba marang-rang ba amanang le thobalano, litšobotsi tse kang ho tsilatsila maikutlo li kopantsoe le tšebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano har'a batho ba baholo le banna ba lilemong tsa bocha (Peter le Valkenburg 2011) le hara basali (Vanwesenbeeck 2001). Ho feta moo, Bogaert (2001) o fumane hore mekhoa e mabifi / e khahlisang batho e ne e le ponelo-pele ea khetho ea banna bakeng sa litaba tsa thobalano tse mabifi.

Hajoale, ha ho na lipatlisiso tse ileng tsa hlahloba hore na likarolo tsena tse arohaneng tsa kelello (ke hore, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, lithahasello tsa bootsoa / boits'oaro, le botho bo tsitsitseng ba kelello) bo amanang le nts'etsopele ea tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano inthaneteng ho bacha.

Thuto ea Hona joale

Morero oa thuto e teng hona joale e ne e le ho hlahloba, ka nako e tšoanang le ka bokamoso, hore na ho na le mabaka a makae a (1) a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (ke hore, khatello ea maikutlo, boitšepo ba lefatše lohle, (2) lithahasello tsa thobalano / boitšoaro lithahasello tsa thobalano, boiphihlelo ka boits'oaro ba thobalano), le (3) botho bo sa susumetseng le ba kelello (hoo ke ho re, ho nkeha maikutlo, litšobotsi tse amanang le tšebeliso ea kelello le tšebeliso ea kelello) li amahanngoa le matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete har'a bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha. Boithuto ba rona ha bo rere ho hlophisa basebelisi ba qobelloang ba sebelisang lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano marang-rang ho li-subtypes tse ikhethileng, empa ho e-na le hoo, e batla ho tseba mabaka a kelello a behang basebelisi ba lilemong tsa bocha boitsebiso bona hore ba be kotsing e kholo ea ho hatela pele ts'ebeliso ea mathata. E ipapisitse le liphumano tsa pejana hara basebelisi ba marang-rang ba amanang le thobalano (Cooper et al. 1999) le likhopolo tsa Model ea Pathways (Nower le Blaszczynski 2004), re ne re lebelletse hore lintlha tse tsoang libakeng tse fapaneng (ke hore, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, lithahasello tsa thobalano / boitšoaro, le botho bo sa thekeseleng) li ka amanang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng le litloaelo tsa bashanyana tsa tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tsa thobalano. Ka ho khetheha, re fane ka maikutlo a hore maemo a tlase a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (ke hore, maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo le maemo a tlase a ho itšepa), litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa lithahasello tsa thobalano le boits'oaro, le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa botho bo sa tsitsang le ba kelello li ka bolela esale pele lintlha tse phahameng matšoao a bashanyana ba tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete.

Method

barupeluoa ba

Lintlha tsa thupelo ena li ile tsa bokelloa e le karolo ea Project STARS (Lithuto mabapi le Likamano tsa Bacha le Botsoa), morero o moholo oa lipatlisiso mabapi le kholo ea lerato le thobalano ea bacha ba maDutch. Pele ho tekanyo ea pele, bacha le batsoali ba bona ba ile ba amohela mangolo, libukana le lifofane tse hlalosang sepheo sa thuto le monyetla oa ho hana kapa ho emisa ho nka karolo nako efe kapa efe. Batsoali ba ne ba ka khutlisa liforomo tse saenneng tse bontšang hore ngoana oa bona ha a lumelloe ho nka karolo ho ithuteng. Bacha ba nang le tumello ea motsoali ea sa tsebeng letho ba ile ba netefatsoa nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea litekanyo hore ho nka karolo ho ea boithatelo le hore ba ka khutlela ka tlelaseng ea bona haeba ba sa batle ho nka karolo thutong. Bakeng sa litlhaloso tse felletseng tsa sampole e telele le ea ho ithuta, bona Doornwaard et al. (2015). Ts'ebetso ea ho ithuta e amohetsoe ke boto ea melao ea boitšoaro ea Setsi sa Thutong ea Sechaba le Boitšoaro ba Univesithi ea Utrecht. Bakeng sa thuto ea hona joale, re khethile data ho maqhubu a mehato e 'meli ea ho qetela (ho projeke ea pele ea T₃ le T₄; thutong ea hona joale ea T₁ le T₂, ka tatellano) re le barupeluoa ba rona ba ho qetela ha baa ka ba qeta likhopolo tsohle tse batlisisitsoeng maqhubu a pejana. Re ikemiselitse ho bolela esale pele bashanyana '¹ matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano marang-rang ka linako tsohle; tšiea ea pele ho T₁ 'me hamorao bolelele ba nako le matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang a lekantsoe likhoeli tsa 6 hamorao (T₂).

Bashemane ba makholo a mararo le mashome a mane a metso e ts'eletseng ba bonts'itseng ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete T₁ ba ne ba tšoaneleha bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea likarolo tse fapaneng. Har'a bona, ba 15 ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko ka lebaka la lintlha tse sa tšepahaleng, ba siea kakaretso ea bankakarolo ba 331. Karolelano ea lilemo tsa sampole ena e ne e le lilemo tse 15.16 (SD = 1.31; moeli 11-17). Bashemane ba bangata ba ne ba na le Sedache (ke hore, bona le batsoali ka bobeli ba hlahetseng Netherlands; 78.2%) kapa Bophirimela (ke hore, bona kapa motsoali ea hlahetseng Europe, United States, Canada, Australia, kapa New-Zealand; 12.1%) semelo ; ba setseng ba 9.7% ba ne ba na le semelo se seng sa Bophirima (ke hore, ka bo bona kapa motsoali ea hlahetseng naheng ea Afrika, Middle East, Asia, kapa Amerika Boroa). Bashemane ba ngolisitsoe litsing tse fapaneng tsa thuto, ka 50.0% mananeong a mosebetsi oa matsoho le 50.0% mananeong a litokisetso tsa koleche / univesithi. Boholo ba bashanyana ba tlalehile hore ke ba bong bo fapaneng (97.9%) le ba masoha (89.1%).

Bakeng sa bashanyana ba 331 bahlahlobisisong ea likarolo, 251 e tlaleha hore e sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse bontšang thobalano ho T.₂ hape; ka hona ba ile ba kenyelletsoa litlhahlobong tsa bolelele ba nako. Ho barupeluoa ba 80 ba sa kenyellelitsoeng, 56 (70%) ba khelositsoe hobane ba sa qeta T₂ lenane la lipotso le 24 (30%) ha ba kenyelelitsoe hobane ba sa tlaleha ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse hlalosang thobalano ho T₂. Ha ho bapisoa le barupeluoa ba neng ba bolokiloe mohlaleng oa nako e telele, litho tsa sehlopha tse sa qheletsoeng ka thoko li ne li le baholo ho T₁, t(329) = 3.42, p <.001, mme khafetsa e ne e na le semelo se seng sa Bophirima, χ²(1, N = 331) = 7.41, p = .006.

Mehato

Ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse pepesitsoeng

Ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete e bonts'a thobalano e ile ea lekanngoa ka lintho tse tšeletseng ho tsoa ho Compulsive Internet Use Scale (Meerkerk et al. 2009), tse ileng tsa fetoloa ho lekola matšoao a ho batla / ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang, sebakeng sa matšoao a ts'ebeliso e matla ea inthanete (Tafole 1). Lintho tse tšeletseng li bonts'a mekhoa e mehlano ea mantlha ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse hlakileng ka thobalano: ho hloka taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea motho (ntlha ea 1); ho ameha haholo ka tšebeliso (lintho tsa 2 le 4); litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea motho (ntlha ea 3); boiphihlelo ba maikutlo a sa thabiseng ha tšebeliso e sa khonehe (ntlha ea 5); le ho sebelisa ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho baleha maikutlo a mabe (ntlha ea 6). Bacha ba filoe lintlha, sekaleng sa lintlha tse 6 (0 = Le ka mohla, 1 = Hangata, 2 = Ka linako tse ling, 3 = Kamehla, 4 = Hangata, 5 = Hangata haholo), hore na ba ne ba bonana khafetsa hakae matšoao ana ha ba ne ba batla le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Lintho tsena li ne li bitsitsoe, tsa fella ka tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse bontšang thobalano ho tloha 0 (Ha o na matšoao) ho 30 (O bile le matšoao ohle a tšeletseng khafetsa); Cronbach's α ea mohato ona e ne e le .85 ho T₁ le .83 ho T₂.

Lintho tse fetotsoeng ho lekola ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea SEIM le ho hlaha ha matšoao har'a 331 SEIM u sebelisa bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha

Bophelo bo botle ba kelello

Matšoao a sithabetsang li lekantsoe ka lintho tse tšeletseng ho tsoa Lenaneng la Tlokotsi ea Mood (Kandel le Davies) 1982). Bacha ba fuoe sekala sa lintlha tse 5 (1 = Le ka mohla, 5 = kamehlake hangata hakae ba kileng ba ba le maikutlo a mabe a tšeletseng likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng (mohlala, “Ke ne ke ikutloa ke khathetse hoo nka sitoang ho etsa ho hong”;_T1 = .85, le_T2 = .83). Boithati ba lefats'e-tlhompho e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mofuta o ikhethileng oa subscale ea Global Self-Worth ea Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro bakeng sa Bacha (Harter 1985, 2012; Straathof le Treffers 1989; Wichstrøm 1995). Bacha ba fuoe sekala sa lintlha tse 5 (1 = Ho hang ha ho na 'nete, 5 = Ehlile ke 'nete) hore na tlhaloso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tse hlano e sebelisitse eng ho bona (mohlala, "Ke lula ke soetsehile ho nna" [o khutlile];_T1 = .78, le_T2 = .75).

Lithahasello tsa thobalano / Batho ba ratang ho etsa thobalano

Thahasello e matla ea thobalano e lekantsoe ka lintho tse 'ne ho tsoa ho subscale ea sex-Preoccupation ea Snell le Papini's (1989Tekanyo ea thobalano. Bacha ba fuoe sekala sa lintlha tse 6 (1 = E hana ka ho felletseng, 6 = Lumellana ka botlalo) ka moo ba lumellaneng ka teng le polelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe mabapi le lithahasello tsa bona thobalanong (mohlala, "Ke nahana ka thobalano hangata", "Mohlomong ke nahana ka thobalano ho feta batho ba bang";_T1 = .89, le_T2 = .94). Ho lekola bacha boiphihlelo ka boitsoaro ba thobalano, qalong barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa lipotso tse peli: "Na u kile oa Mofora ua aka motho e mong?" le “Na o kile oa robala le motho e mong? Ka thobalano re bolela ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha ho ho ama kapa ho pholla ho fihlela thobalano. ” (0 = Che, 1 = E). Ba bonts'itseng E potsong ea bobeli ba ile ba fumana lipotso tse latelang mabapi le boiphihlelo ba bona ka boits'oaro bo fapaneng ba thobalano: (a) ho ts'oara kapa ho pholla ba hlobotseng, (b) ho etsa kapa ho amohela thobalano ka letsoho, (c) ho etsa kapa ho amohela thobalano ka molomo, le (d) bosaling kapa Thobalano ea botona le botšehali (0 = Che, 1 = E). Ho aka le lintho tse 'ne tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano li ile tsa kopanngoa ho etsa phapang e le' ngoe e lekanyang boemo ba boiphihlelo ba bacha ka boits'oaro ba thobalano, ho tloha 0 = Ha ke na boiphihlelo ka mekhoa eohle e mehlano ho ea ho 5 = Boiphihlelo ka boits'oaro bo hlano (a_T1 = .85, le_T2 = .86).

Botho bo susumetsang le bo Psychopathic

Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ho se tsotelle e lekantsoe ka lintho tse hlano ho tsoa ho Eysenck Impulsiveness Scale (Eysenck le Eysenck 1978; Vitaro et al. 1997). Bacha ba fuoe sekala sa lintlha tse 5 (1 = Ha ke lumellane ka botlalo, 5 = Lumellana ka botlalo) hore na ba lumellane hakae le polelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka bona (mohlala, "Hangata ke etsa le ho bua lintho ntle le ho nahana ka tsona";_T1 = .86, le_T2 = .85). Mekhoa e metle ea psychopathic e amehang li ne li lekantsoe le ho hloka mamello-ntle ho tumello dimension of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Short Version (Andershed et al. 2007; Hillege et al. 2010; Van Baardewijk et al. 2010). Bophahamo bona bo na le litumelo tse tšeletseng tse bonts'ang litumelo tse sa ikhopotseng, tse sa nahanang kapa tse sa hlonephang (mohlala, "Haeba batho ba bang ba na le mathata, hangata ke molato oa bona, ka hona ha oa lokela ho ba thusa"; α_T1 = .77, le_T2 = .76). Bacha ba ile ba botsoa hore ba bonts'a ka sekala sa 4-point (1 = Ha e sebetse ho hang, 4 = E sebetsa hantle haholo) hore na ka kakaretso ba nahana kapa ba ikutloa joang ka polelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, eseng feela ka nako eo. Litaelo li boetse li hatella hore ha ho na likarabo tse nepahetseng kapa tse fosahetseng. Litšebelisano tse ling tsa psychopathic li ile tsa hlahlojoa le e kholo-bolokolohi dimension of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Short Version (Andershed et al. 2007; Hillege et al. 2010; Van Baardewijk et al. 2010). Ka litaelo tse tšoanang le tsa lintho tse makatsang, batho ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ile ba hakanya lipolelo tse tšeletseng tse bonts'ang botle bo sa tšepahaleng, boqhekanyetsi le litumelo tse mpe tsa boits'oaro (mohlala, "Ke na le bokhoni ba ho khothatsa batho ka ho sebelisa sekhele sa ka le ho bososela";_T1 = .88, le_T2 = .89).

Tlhahlobo ea data

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang le likamano lipakeng tsa mefuta ea lithahasello li fumanoe. Ho lekola karolo ea ponelopele ea mabaka libakeng tse tharo tsa kelello (ke hore, boiketlo ba kelello, lithahasello tsa thobalano / boits'oaro, boits'oaro ba psychopathic) ho nts'etsopele ea matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse hlakileng tsa thobalano har'a bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha. Tlhatlhobo ea bongomial e hlahloba. Joalo ka ha ho le joalo hangata ka mathata le bokhoba ba tahi, kabo ea mefuta e itšetlehileng ka rona, matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse hlakileng ka thobalano, e ne e laoloa ke boleng ba zero (53.8% ho T₁ le 47.8% ho T₂) ha boleng bo ntseng bo eketseha bo ne bo fokotseha khafetsa. Ka lebaka leo, phapang ena e ne e "qhalantsoe"; ka mantsoe a mang, phapang ea eona e ne e le kholo ho feta moelelo oa eona, e ka lebisang ho nyenyefatso ea liphoso tse tloaelehileng ha ho sebelisoa li-regissions tse tloaelehileng tsa Poisson bakeng sa data ea bala. Mefuta e mebe ea li-binomial e nepahetse bakeng sa ho hasanngoa hona ka bongata mme ka hona e hlahisa likhakanyo tse tšepahalang haholoanyane (Cameron le Tretri 1998).

Litekanyetso tsa Model li ne li ts'oana ho tlhahlobo ea likarolo le litšobotsi tse telele, ntle le lebaka feela ke hore mehlala ea likarolo tse kenyelletsang e kenyelletsa matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano Inthaneteng ho T.₁ e le phapang e itšetlehileng, athe mehlala e telele e kenyelletsa matšoao a ts'ebeliso e potlakileng ho T₂ e le matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e fapaneng le e qobelloang ho T₁ joalo ka taolo e fapaneng. Taba ea pele, mofuta oa regression o ne o hakangoa le T₁ baithuto ba boitekanelo ba tlhalohanyo (tlhaloganyo, go itlotla ga lefatshe); ea bobeli, ho hakanngoa mohlala₁ lithahasello tsa thobalano / boits'oaro ba boits'oaro (litakatso tse fetelletseng tsa thobalano, boiphihlelo ka boitšoaro ba thobalano); 'me ea boraro, ho hakanngoa mohlala₁ sebatli se sa susumetseng le sa kelello sa kelello (tšusumetso, ts'ebelisano le litšobotsi tsa kelello tsa kelello). Kamora nako, ho lekola karolo e ikhethileng ea libaka tse tharo ho bonts'a matšoao a bashanyana a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tsa inthanete, ho ile ha hakanngoa mohlala ho baphatlalatsi ba bohlokoa ba tsoang mehlaleng e meraro e fetileng. Mefuta eohle e kenyelelitse lilemo ho T₁ joalo ka taolo e fapaneng. Tekanyo e kholo ea monyetla o matla e sebelisitsoe ho lekanya mefuta. Litlhahlobo li entsoe ho Mplus (Version 7.3; Muthén le Muthén) 2014).

Results

Lethathamo 1 e hlahisa ho hlaha ha matšoao a tšeletseng a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse totobetseng ka thobalano ka mohlala o fapaneng oa bashanyana ba 331. Joalokaha ho lebelletsoe, basebelisi ba bangata ba lilemong tsa bocha ba lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse hlalosang thobalano ha ba ka ba tlaleha litloaelo life kapa life tse tlamang tsa ts'ebeliso ea bona. Leha ho le joalo, matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang a bile le bonyane "ka linako tse ling" ka 4.2-11.2% ea sampole. Palo e tloaelehileng ka tekanyo e kopaneng ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse hlalosang thobalano ho T₁ e ne e le 1.63 (SD = 3.15) bonyane ba 0 le palo e kaholimo ho 24 (median = 0); lipalo tse tloaelehileng ho T₂ e ne e le 1.98 (SD = 3.29) bonyane ba 0 le palo e kaholimo ho 19 (median = 1). Tafole 2 e bonts'a likhokahano (tse parolang likarolo le bolelele ba nako) hara mefuta e fapaneng ea thahasello. Maemo a phahameng a ho hloka takatso le takatso e feteletseng ea thobalano le maemo a tlase a boitšepo ba lefats'e a ne a amahanngoa le likarolo tse phahameng lipontšong tsa bashanyana tsa ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse totobetseng ka thobalano. Nako e telele, maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo, boits'oaro ba psychopathic, le takatso e feteletseng ea thobalano, le maemo a tlase a boitšepo ba lefats'e a ne a amahanngoa le lintlha tse phahameng ts'ebelisong e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse hlakileng tsa thobalano likhoeli tse 6 hamorao (bona Lethathamo 2).

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang le kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e matla ea SEIM ea bashanyana le mehato ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello, lithahasello tsa thobalano / boitšoaro, le botho bo sa susumetseng

Ho lekola bohlokoa bo ikhethileng ba lintlha tsena ho boletseng matšoao a bashanyana a tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tsa inthanete, ho ile ha etsoa lipatlisiso tse fosahetseng tsa ho hlaseloa ka bo-biomial. Tafole 3 e bonts'a sephetho sa meetso ea sefapano (kholomo ea leqele) le mehlala e melelele (kholomo e ka ho le letona). Ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, lintlha maemong a mabeli li hlahile e le liphatlalatso tsa bohlokoa tsa matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano Inthaneteng. Ka ho khetheha, mohlaleng oa bophelo bo botle ba kelello (Model 1), boitšepo ba lefatše ka bophara bo ile ba bolela hampe tšebeliso ea matšoao a ts'ebetso, bo bonts'a hore bashanyana ba nang le maemo a tlase a boits'oaro ba lefats'e ba kotsing e kholo ea nts'etsopele ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e bontšang thobalano. thepa. Ho feta moo, molemong oa litakatso tsa bootsoa / boits'oaro (Model 2), lithahasello tse fetelletseng tsa thobalano li ile tsa bolela esale pele matšoao a ts'ebetso a khothalletsang. Ha ho na lintlha mohlaleng oa botho bo sa tsitsang-psychopathic (Model 3) tse boletseng esale pele haholo matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea thepa ea inthanete e bontšang thobalano. Ha lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse tsoang molemong oa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le lithahasello tsa bootsoa / boits'oaro li ne li nkuoa ka mokhoa o kopanetsoeng mohlaleng oa bone, boitšepo ba lefats'e le takatso e fetelletseng ea thobalano ka bobeli li ile tsa lula li le ponelopele ea matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea bashanyana e nang le tšusumetso (bona Lethathamo 3; kholomo ea leqele).

Liphetho tse tsoang mefuteng e mobe ea bonyane ba maikutlo a bolebello ea tšebeliso ea banna ea SEIM ho T₁ (mokolokoto; sekala sa leqele) le T₂ (nako e telele; kholomo e ka lehlakoreng le letona)

Ka ho ikamahanya le mehato ea mantlha ea matšoao, litlhahlobo tsa longitudinal li thusa ho khetholla lisosa tsa kotsi tse bolelang esale pele keketseho e lekanyelitsoeng ea matšoao a bashanyana a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse hlakileng ka thobalano ka nako. Ka mohlala oa boiketlo ba kelello, khatello ea maikutlo e ile ea bolela esale pele lintlha tse phahameng haholo ka matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea khatello likhoeli tse 6 hamorao ho T₂. Ntle le moo, mohlaleng oa thobalano, lithahasello tse fetelletseng tsa thobalano li boletse esale pele ka lintlha tse phahameng haholo ho matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea T₂. Litšobotsi tse khahlisang tsa motho ea nang le kelello le kelello li sa ka tsa bolela esale pele matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa inthanete. Ha khatello ea maikutlo le lithahasello tse fetelletseng tsa thobalano li ne li nkuoa ka kopanelo (Model 4), ke khatello ea maikutlo feela e ileng ea lula e le ponelopele ea litheko tse phahameng ho feta matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tsa thobalano ho T.₂ (bona Letlapa 3; kholomo e nepahetseng).

Puisano

Le ha lipatlisiso mabapi le litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea bacha ba lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse bontšang thobalano li ntse li hola lilemong tse fetileng, tsebo mabapi le ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea mofuta ona oa litaba tsa inthanete har'a bacha e ntse e fokola haholo. Bafuputsi le baoki ba bontšitse hore boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano bo amanang le thobalano nakong ea bohlankana bo ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe le tse tšoarellang ho pholletsa le kholo. Mohlala, batho ba baholo ba bangata ba lemaletseng ho kopanela likobo ba tlalehile hore ketso ea bona ea thobalano e qalile pele ho bohlankana kapa boroetsaneng — hangata ba na le tjantjello e fetelletseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Cooper et al. 1999; Sussman 2007). Ka hona, ho tseba lintho tse amanang le ho ba kotsing ea ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'usumetso ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano nakong ea bocha ho bohlokoa. Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na lintlha tse tsoang litsong tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa kelello (mohlala, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, lithahasello tsa thobalano / boits'oaro, le botho bo tsitsitseng ba kelello) li ile tsa bolela matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete ho bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha.

Lintlha tsa Psychosocial Ho bolela Matšoao a Bashemane a Tšebeliso e Qobelloang ea Litaba tsa Inthanete tse Thobalang ka Thobalano.

Joalokaha ho lebelletsoe, basebelisi ba bangata ba lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse hlalosang thobalano mohlaleng oa rona oa banna ba lilemong tsa bocha ba maDutch ha baa ka ba tlaleha litloaelo life kapa life tse qobelloang tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea bona. Le ha ho le joalo, sehlopha se nyane sa bashanyana (ke hore, lipakeng tsa 4.2 le 11.2%) se ile sa ba le matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang nako le nako. Liphetho tsa litlhahlobo tsa rona tsa likarolo tse fapaneng li bonts'itse maemo a tlase a boitšepo ba lefats'e le maemo a phahameng a ho ba le takatso e fetelletseng ea thobalano a boletse esale pele matšoao a bashanyana a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse totobetseng ka thobalano. Ho feta moo, litlhahlobo tsa longitudinal li bontšitse hore maemo a phahameng a maikutlo a tepeletsang, hape, lithahasello tse fetelletseng tsa thobalano li boletse esale pele lintlha tse phahameng haholo matšoao a bashanyana a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse hlakileng tsa thobalano likhoeli tse 6 hamorao, 'me ea pele e ne e le sebali se lumellanang ka ho fetesisa. Ho khahlisang ke hore boitšepo ba lefats'e ka bophara le khatello ea maikutlo li hlahile e le likhakanyo tsa bohlokoa litlhahlobong tse fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore lintlha tsena li ne li amana haholo. Ka hona, ho se bohlokoa hoa boitšepo ba lefatše ka bophara litlhahlobong tsa bolelele ba nako le ho se bohlokoa ha khatello ea maikutlo litlhahlobong tse tšoanang ha ho bolele hore lintlha tsena ke likhakanyo tsa bohlokoa. Sebakeng seo, boitšepo bo tlase ba lefatše le maikutlo a sithabetsang e kanna ea ba lipontšo tsa boemo bo tebileng bo metseng ka metso. Litšobotsi tsa botho ba ho nkeha maikutlo le tsa psychopathic, tse neng li amahanngoa haholo le matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea khatello litlhahlobong tsa bivariate, e ne e se likhakanyo tse ikhethang ha li kenyelelitsoe mefuteng ea khatello ea maikutlo.

Liphumano tsena li tšehetsa maikutlo a tsoang libukeng, hammoho le tšibollo ea thuto ena, hore likarolo tse fapaneng tsa kelello li kenelletse ho nts'etsopele ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (mohlala, Cooper et al. 1999, 2004; Nower le Blaszczynski 2004). Taba ea pele, e lumellana le monahano oa Pathways Model (Nower le Blaszczynski 2004) le liphumano har'a basebelisi ba cybersex ba baholo (Cooper et al. 2004), liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba khetholloang ka bophelo bo tlase ba kelello ba kotsing e kholo ea ho hatela pele ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano. Boithuto ba pejana bo hokahanya khafetsa le / kapa tšebeliso e qobelloang ea (marang-rang) ea thobalano le khatello ea kelello (mohlala, Cooper et al. 2004; Delmonico le Griffin 2008; Grubbs et al. 2015; Sussman 2007). Le ha meralo ea bona e ne e thibela tlhatlhobo ea tataiso ea kamano ena, bongata ba lithuto tsena li khothalelitse hore batho ba nang le bothata ba kelello bo botle ba ka sebelisa litaba tsa thobalano inthaneteng e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le bothata ba bona kapa mokhoa oa ho imolla dysphoria ea bona. Litlhahlobo tsa rona tsa nako e telele li fana ka ts'ehetso ea mantlha bakeng sa mohopolo ona ka ho bonts'a hore maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo a boletse esale pele keketseho ea matšoao a bashanyana a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse hlakileng tsa thobalano likhoeli tse 6 hamorao. Tlhahiso ena e kanna ea supa hore bashanyana ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo kapa matšoenyeho ba fetohela ho sesebelisoa sena ho leka ho baleha kapa ho fokotsa maemo a bona a mabe; empa, ka ho etsa joalo, ba ba le mathata a mang. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka etsahala hore bophelo bo botle ba kelello le tšebeliso e mpe ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse hlalosang thobalano li amana ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ho matlafatsana ka nako. Mohlala, basebelisi ba ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lisebelisoa tsa inthanete tse pepesang thobalano ba ka ba le maikutlo a khatello ea maikutlo mme ba fokotse boits'epo ha ba bona litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea bona, tse ka lebisang keketsehong ea ts'ebeliso ea bona ea ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo ( Cooper et al. 1999). Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ngata tse telele tsa khale tse sebelisang meralo ea likharetene tse tšekaletseng ho theha tataiso ea likamano tsena le ho tsebisa mananeo a kalafo bakeng sa mathata a maikutlo le tšebeliso e qobelloang ea thobalano e amanang le thobalano inthaneteng.

Taba ea bobeli, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le takatso e fetelletseng ea ho etsa thobalano ba kotsing e kholo ea ho eketsa mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete. Khopolo-taba ea tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano e le phapang ea mahlale a boitšoaro bo fetelletseng ba botona kapa bokhoba ba thobalano e bile sehlooho sa ngangisano (Griffith 2004; Ross et al. 2012), mme leha lithuto tse ling li hlile li bonts'itse hore takatso e phahameng ea thobalano e boletse esale pele ka matla tšebeliso ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lintho tse joalo (Svedin et al. 2011; Tse peli tsa pelehi le al. 2009), ba bang ha baa ka ba ba le kamano lipakeng tsa ketsahalo ena le lintho tse amanang le likamano tsa botona le botšehali (Ross et al. 2012). Liphetho tsena tse sa lumellaneng li ka hlalosoa ke Cooper et al.'s (1999) phapang ea kelello pakeng tsa batho ba hlaselehang habonolo maikutlong (ke hore, hangata ha e na nalane ea mathata a thobalano) le batho ba qobelloang ho etsa thobalano (ke hore, e bonts'itsoeng ka mathata a thobalano / boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano) li-subtypes tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang. Ka mantsoe a mang, lithahasello tse fetelletseng tsa thobalano e kanna ea ba bothata bo tebileng ho ba bang, empa ha se basebelisi bohle ba qobelloang ba sebelisang lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse bontšang thobalano. Leha moralo oa tlhahlobisiso oa data ea rona o sa re lumelle ho bonts'a ka mokhoa o hlakileng li-subtypes tse fapaneng, liphetho tsa rona ka karolo li tšehetsa karohano e hlahisitsoeng ke Cooper et al. (1999), ka ho bontša hore boitšepo ba lefats'e ka bophara le litakatso tse fetelletseng tsa thobalano li ile tsa lula li bonts'a matšoao a tšoanang a matšoao a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tsa inthanete ha ho nahanoa ka kopanelo. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore lithutong tse telele tse mabapi le litabatabelo tsa thobalano tse fetelletseng li ile tsa nyamela ha ho tsamaisoa hammoho le khatello ea maikutlo; leha ho le joalo, ho fumana hona ho kanna ha hlalosoa ke 'nete ea hore matšoao a pele a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tsa thobalano (ho T₁) o ne a se a hlalositse karolo e kholo ea phapang, a siea palo e nyane ea ho hlalosoa ke lintlha tsa kelello. Mekhoa e melelele ho batho ba bang, joalo ka tlhahlobo ea kholo ea sehlopha sa morao-rao, e ka ba molemo ho hlakisa lits'ebetso tse amehang nts'etsopele ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano marangrang a batho ba banyenyane. Tsebo ka li-subtypes tse fapaneng tsa basebelisi ba bacha ba qobelloang le litšobotsi tsa bona tse ikhethang le etiology e ka tataisa litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ka ho ntlafatsa khethollo ea pele ea bacha ba kotsing le nts'etsopele ea boiteko ba ho thibela le ho kena lipakeng.

Liphetho tsa rona li fana ka tšehetso e nyane e matla bakeng sa karolo ea litšobotsi tsa botho bo sa tsitsang le tsa kelello ho nts'etsopele ea tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete har'a bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha. Tlhaloso e ka bang teng mabapi le ho se fumanehe mabapi le sebaka sena sa marang-rang ke hore ho sebelisa boitsebiso ba inthanete bo tsosang takatso - hangata bo itlhahelang feela bo etsahalang boinotšing ka morao ho skrini - bo na le litlamorao tse fokolang kapele le konkreite, joalo ka phaello kapa tahlehelo ea chelete (mohlala, ka lebaka la papali ea chelete), botaoa (mohlala, ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi), kapa phaello ea maemo (mohlala, maemong a lithaka). Kahoo, leha e ka ba e tsosang takatso ea thobalano, boitsebiso ba inthanete ba thobalano bo ka se fane ka mofuta oa maikutlo kapa monyaka oo batho ba phahameng ka ho fetesisa ba ka o latelang. Sebakeng seo, bacha ba phahameng ka ho fetesisa kapa psychopathy ba kanna ba batla menyetla ea ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano ntle le monyetla oa ho khotsofatsa hanghang; mohopolo o tiisitsoeng ke data ea rona o bonts'ang likamano tse ntle pakeng tsa ho nkeha maikutlo le litšekamelo tsa kelello tsa batho ba bang le boiphihlelo ba bashanyana ka boits'oaro. Ka mantsoe a mang, e kanna eaba Nower le Blaszczynski's (2004) tsela e khahlisang batho ba bangata ke tsela e ikhethileng ea ho “fumana chelete e ngata kapa ho ba le tahlehelo e phahameng” joalo ka papali ea chelete, 'me ha e sebetse tšebelisong ea bacha ea banna ba litaba tsa bootsoa.

Boiteko ba thuto ena ba ho hlakisa lintlha tsa kelello tse kenyelletsang ho nts'etsopele ea tšebeliso ea thepa ea inthanete e ts'oereng thobalano ho bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha ke mohlala, 'me litholoana li tlameha ho hlalosoa ka hloko. Boithuto ba rona bo ile ba lekola baphethahatsi ba matšoao tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano Inthaneteng, ho fapana le litšobotsi tsa basebelisi ba fumanoang ba qobelloa. Ho ka etsahala hore ba nang le ts'oaetso e felletseng ba tšoauoa ke profil e fapaneng ea kelello le kelello. Ho feta moo, re lumellana le bafuputsi ba bang (mohlala, Sussman 2007) hore ha se kamehla e hlakileng ka ho hlaka ha ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea lisebelisoa tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali e lokela ho nkuoa e le e qobelloang kapa e le mathata, le ha ho sa lokela. Ho fanoa ka maemo a bona a fetohang ka potlako a lihormone le ho eketseha ho tsamaellanang le litabatabelo tsa botona le botšehali (Savin-Williams le Diamond 2004), liphihlelo tse joalo ka ho lebella nako e tlang ha motho a ka sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano, kapa a thatafalloa ho khaotsa ho sebelisa thepa e joalo, a ka nkuoa e le mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa bocha ho fapana le matšoao a boitšoaro bo qobelloang (Sussman 2007). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, thepa ea inthanete e ts'oanang le thobalano e ntseng e sebelisoa ho baleha lits'oaetso tse mpe, kapa ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano e bakang litlamorao, e ka nkuoa e le lisosa tsa ho tšoenyeha nakong efe kapa efe ea kholo. Ho feta moo, leha ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano e sa qobelloe, e ntse e ka ama maemo a fapaneng a thobalano, maikutlo le boits'oaro - haholoholo bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba mothating oa ho ithuta le ho ntšetsa pele bohlola ba bona. bona Owens et al. 2012). Kahoo, sephetho sa rona se ka nkoa e le mohato oa bohlokoa oa ho utloisisa ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa botona le botšehali ho bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha, 'me e ka ba sebaka sa ho qala lipatlisiso tse phethahetseng ka ketsahalo ena.

sheba mefokolo ea

Meeli e meng ea puisano ena e netefatsang. Taba ea mantlha, thuto ea rona e ile ea hlahloba likamano tsa nako e khuts'oane feela (ke hore, mekhatlo e kopanang le nako ea kopano ea khoeli ea 6) lipakeng tsa maikutlo le matšoao a bashanyana ba tšebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse bontšang thobalano. Ka hona ha ho hlake hore na bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ho ba le takatso e matla ea thobalano li ka beha mabaka a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano Inthaneteng lilemong tsa bocha kapa botsofaling, kapa hore na likamano tse fumanoeng thutong ena lia fokotseha ha bacha ba se ba holile tsebong. Patlisiso ea nako e telele ho feta nako e teletsana e hlokahala ho hlakisa botsitso ba ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tse ts'oanang le tsa thobalano, hammoho le karolo ea likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa kelello nakong ea pele le ho boloka mekhoa ea tšebeliso e qobelloang. Lithuto tse joalo li boetse li lokela ho sheba melemo eo ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea thobalano e bonts'ang thobalano e ka bang le eona ts'ebetsong ea kelello le maikutlong hamorao. Taba ea bobeli, thuto ena e sebelisitse mehato ea ho itlaleha, e ka ikhethang ka karabelo. Le ha ho itlaleha e ntse e le mokhoa o atileng haholo oa ho bokella datha mabapi le thobalano, ho ngotsoe hantle hore bacha ba ka beha litakatso tsa bona tsa thobalano le (inthaneteng) boits'oaro, ka lebaka la ho tšaba lihlong, ho se amoheloe, kapa likotlo tsa sechaba (Brener et al. 2003). Taba ea boraro, liphetho tsa rona li ipapisitse le sampole e bonolo ea Netherlands e neng e hapuoe ka likolo. Mohlomong bacha bao ba nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea thobalano marang-rang ba ile ba hlahisoa sampoleng sa rona, ka lebaka la monyetla oa bona o phahameng oa ho ba le mathata a sekolo le / kapa psychopathology ho tlatselletsa ts'ebeliso ea bona e qobelloang ea litaba tsa thobalano tsa inthaneteng (Sussman 2007). Kahoo, hore na liphetho tsa rona li ka akaretsoa joang ho palo ea bacha ba bacha ho hloka tlhahlobo e eketsehileng. Boithuto ba nako e tlang bo boetse bo lokela ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le lintlha tse amanang le eona tsa kelello ho banana ba lilemong tsa bocha, tse neng li sa khonehe thutong ea rona ka lebaka la tšebeliso e tlase ea banana ba neng ba sebelisa thepa ena.

fihlela qeto e

Likarolo tse matla tsa marang-rang tse sebelisang marang-rang li etsa hore tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano e be bonolo ho feta pele; leha ho le joalo ka nako e ts'oanang ba ka siea bacha ka ho khetheha ba le kotsing ea ho ba le litšekamelo kapa mathata a amanang le tšebeliso ea thepa eo. Boithuto bona bo fane ka tlatsetso ea bohlokoa ho ketsahalo ena e sa hlokeng botsitso lilemong tsa bocha, ka ho bonts'a hore bophelo bo botle ba kelello bo tlase le lithahasello tse fetelletseng tsa thobalano li bolela matšoao a bashanyana ba ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete. Ho tseba likarolo le maikutlo a amanang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng le tloaelo ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea thobalano har'a batho ba lilemong tsa bocha ke bohato ba pele bo bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea tlhaiso-leseling e sebetsang hantle ea ts'ebetso le kalafo tse lebisang litlhoko tsa basebelisi ba itseng ba bothata bona. Tsebo ka maemo a kotsi le eona e ka eketsa tlhokomeliso ho batsoali le matichere, ea etsa hore ho be le puisano e bulehileng pakeng tsa bona le bacha ka ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete le linaha tse amehang, le ho ntlafatsa ho saena mathateng. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng tse mabapi le motho ka boeena ho khetholla le ho ntlafatsa litšila tse ikhethang tsa basebelisi ba tlhekefetso ba thobalano le lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tse lokelang ho ba motheo oa liteko tse hloahloa tsa ho thibela le ho kenella.

lumela hore baa fokola

Lintlha tsa thupelo ena ea morao-rao li ile tsa bokelloa e le karolo ea boithuto bo boholo bo nkiloeng ho Netherlands bo bitsoang "Project STARS" (Lithuto mabapi le Likamano tsa Likamano tsa Bacha le Thobalano), e tšehelitsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Dutch bakeng sa Patlisiso ea Saense (NWO) le Letlole. bakeng sa Patlisiso ea Saense ea Thobalano (FWOS) [NWO Grant No. 431-99-018].

Menehelo ea Mongoli

SD e emisitsoe ke phuputso eo, e nkile karolo ho e hlophisetseng le ho hokahanya, ea etsa tlhahlobo ea lipalopalo, 'me ea ngoloa ka letsoho; RE, LB, IV, le lefuba, ba nkile karolo ea boithuto, ba nka karolo ho e hlophisetseng le ho hokahanya, 'me ba lekola haholo taba e ngotsoeng. Bangoli bohle ba amohetse mongolo oa ho qetela ha o ne o tsamaisoa.

Biographies

Suzan M. Doornwaard

ke motho ea sebetsang le bona lefapheng la bongaka Lefapheng la Saense ea Litokelo tsa Sechaba, University ea Utrecht, Netherlands. O fumane PhD ea hae ho 2015 ka dissertion mabapi le karolo ea marang-rang ea ho hola thobalanong le bacha. Lithahasello tsa hae tse kholo tsa lipatlisiso ke (ts'ebeliso ea sechaba) mecha ea phatlalatso, nts'etsopele ea thobalano ea lilemong tsa bocha, setso sa bacha, le boitšoaro ba kotsi ba bohlankana. O entse lithuto tse telele, tsa liteko, le tsa maemo. Mosebetsi oa hae o sa tsoa hlaha ho Developmental Psychology, Pediatrics, le Journal of Adolescent Health.

Regina JJM van den Eijnden

setsebi sa kelello sa sechaba, o fumane PhD ea hae ho 1998 ka dissertation ea hae mabapi le tšusumetso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhahisoleseling mabapi le thobalano e sireletsehileng le e sa sireletsehang. Hajoale o sebetsa e le moprofesa ea amanang le Lefapha la Saense ea Sechaba Univesithing ea Utrecht. Thahasello ea hae e kholo ke ho baphethahatsi ba (tšebeliso ea litsela tsa) ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo kenyelletsang, ho kenyelletsa litheko tsa boits'oaro tse joalo ka ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete (mohlala, papali ea chelete, ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa sechaba le tšebeliso ea porno) har'a bacha.

Laura Baams

ke motho ea sebetsang le morao-rao ho Developmental Psychology, Univesithi ea Utrecht. Lithahasello tsa hae tse kholo tsa lipatlisiso li kenyelletsa kholo ea botona le botšehali ea botona le botšehali, bong le maikutlo a botona le botšehali. Ka ho khetheha, o etsa mosebetsi o lekanyelitsoeng le oa boleng bo lekanyelitsoeng ho utloisisa khethollo ea thobalano le bong le hore na ba amana joang le bophelo ba kelello ba bacha ba LGBT. Patlisiso ea hae e sa tsoa hlaha ho Developmental Psychology, Journal of Adolescent Health, le Archives of Sexual Behaviour.

Ine Vanwesenbeeck

ke Moprofesa oa mehleng ea Ntšetso-pele ea Thobalano, Tlhaho le Bophelo bo botle Univesithing ea Utrecht mme o hokahane le Rutger, setsi sa litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba botona le botšehali le litokelo (SRHR), e le moeletsi ea moholo. O ntse a sebetsa sebakeng sa SRHR ka lilemo tse mashome a mangata e le setsebi mabapi le bong le thobalano. Lithahasello tsa hae tsa mantlha tsa lipatlisiso li amana le lefu la boroetsana (boroetsana) la bophelo ba thobalano, ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano le ho hlekefetsoa, bophelo bo botle le litokelo tsa basebetsi ba thobalano, tšebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano, lipolotiki tsa thobalano.

Tom FM ter Bogt

ke moprofesa ea Tloaelehileng ea 'Mino le Setso sa Bacha, Univesithing ea Utrecht. O fumane PhD ea hae ka mohopolo mabapi le nalane ea boits'ireletso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ireletso Netherlands mme o sebetsa hantle har'a bacha ba kajeno. Ke eena mongoli oa libuka tse peli tse buang ka setso sa bacha le bacha, mme o ngotse letoto la thelevishene ka setso sa bacha le 'mino oa pop. Lithahasello tsa hae tse kholo tsa lipatlisiso ke 'mino oa pop, setso sa bacha, boitšoaro ba bothata ba mocha le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Tumellanong le Melao-motheo ea Boits'oaro

Likhohlano tsa thahasello

Bangoli ba bolela hore ha ba na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

Lithahasello tsa Patlo

Bocha; Media; Media Media; Nts'etsopele ea thobalano; Tloaelo ea bacha; Mmino oa pop.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

¹Halofo ea sampole ea Project STARS e ne e le banana. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e tlase eo ba itlaletseng ba e sebelisang ea thobalano e senang thobalano, ha rea ka ra khona ho fuputsa matšoao a banana ba ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano tsa inthanete thutong ea hona joale.

References

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