Ka pele. Psychol., 10 May 2016 | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00687
- 1Setsi sa Kinsey, Univesithi ea Indiana, Bloomington, IN, USA
- 2Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Naha ea Idaho, Pocatello, ID, USA
- 3Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Naha ea New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- 4Lefapha la Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
Batho ba leng mothating oa pele oa lerato le matla la lerato ba bonts'a matšoao a mangata a litheko le litheko kapa litloaelo tsa boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsa euphoria, ho lakatsa, mamello, ho ts'epahalla maikutlong le 'meleng, ho ikhula le ho khutlela morao. Re khothalelitse hore lerato la lerato ke tlhekefetso ea tlhaho (mme hangata e ntle) e tsoileng taolong e tsoang ho limilone ke 4 lilemong tse limilione tse fetileng e le mokhoa oa ho pholosa ho khothaletsa maqhama a kopaneng le ho ikatisa, a bonts'ang sefapano kajeno ho Homo sapiens. Lithuto tsa ho hlahloba bono tse sebelisang matla a ts'ebetso ea matla a matla a matla a kelello li tšehetsa pono ena: maikutlo a lerato le tebileng a kenella libakeng tsa "meputso ea bokhelo", ka ho khetheha libaka tse ruileng tsa dopamine, ho kenyelletsa le sebaka sa bohlophisi, le sona se qalileng nakong ea lithethefatsi le / kapa boits'oaro. Ka hona, hobane boiphihlelo ba lerato la maikutlo a lerato bo arolelana meputso e mengata ka litheko le litloaelo tsa boits'oaro, li ka susumetsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le / kapa boitšoaro. Ho joalo, boithuto ba batho ba tsubang bosiu bohle bo bontšitse hore maikutlo a lerato le tebileng a lerato a bonahatsa mesebetsi ea boko e amanang le ho tsuba ho tsubang. Na liphihlelo tse khotsofatsang sechabeng e ka ba tsa kalafo bakeng sa litheko tsa lithethefatsi le / kapa boits'oaro? Re fana ka maikutlo a hore "ho ikatisa" liphihlelo tse kang tsa ho ratana le ho holisa tsebo ea motho, boiphihlelo le boits'oaro, li ka ama le litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi le / kapa boitšoaro. Ho feta moo, hobane maikutlo a lerato a lerato a ka tsoella ho ba le maikutlo a khokahano e khutsitseng, mme hobane ho hokahana ho kenella libakeng tsa bokapele ba polasetiki, ho na le lebaka la phekolo e ka thusang litheko le / kapa boits'oaro ba boitshwaro ka ho khothaletsa ts'ebetso ea litsamaiso tsena tsa methapo ea kutlo ka nako e telele. , maikutlo a khutsitseng le a monate ho ba bang, ho kenyelletsa kalafo ea sehlopha. Ho lemalla ho nkoa e le bokuli bo bobe (bo kotsi) bo hlahang setulong sa batho ba bangata; athe lerato la lerato hangata ke boemo bo botle (hammoho le bobe) bo etsahallang batho bohle. Kahoo, bafuputsi ha ba arole lerato la lerato e le tšebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale kapa ea boitšoaro. Empa ka ho kenyelletsa data ka lerato la marato, e khethollotsoe joalo ka tšibollo ea tlhaho, ea tlhaho, hangata e ntle empa e le matla ka mokhoa o fosahetseng, le ho tšoana ha eona ka mokhoa o tšoanang le mekhoa e mengata ea lithethefatsi le tse seng lithethefatsi, lingaka li ka hlahisa mekhoa e sebetsang ea kalafo ho fokotsa mefuta e fapaneng. bokhoba, ho kenyelletsa le ho opeloa ke pelo - boiphihlelo bo batlang bo le teng lefatšeng ka bophara bo ka tsosang motho, khatello ea maikutlo, ho ipolaea, ho bolaea motho le litlolo tse ling tsa tlhekefetso.
Selelekela
Re fana ka maikutlo a hore lerato la lerato ke setlaela sa tlhaho (Frascella et al., 2010) se hlahisitsoeng ke litlatsetso tsa tlholehoFisher et al., 2006). Boithuto ba ho hlahloba bongoa bo bontša hore maikutlo a lerato le matla haholo a kenyeletsa "tsamaiso ea moputso" bokong, ka kotloloho a dopamine litsela tse amanang le matla, ho tsepamisa maikutlo, ho ithuta, ho khothaletsa, thabo le takatso, ho kenyelletsa libaka tsa mantlha tse amanang le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, joalo ka moea o mongata sebakeng se qhekellang (VTA), ho qhekella le ho bokella (Breiter et al., 1997; Bartels le Zeki, 2000, 2004; Fisher et al., 2003, 2005, 2006, 2010; Aron et al., 2005; Ortigue et al., 2007; Acevedo et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2011). Likarolo tse ngata tsa meputso ea sisteme ea mesolimbic e amanang le lerato la boloi le ho lemalla lithethefatsi le tsona li kenngoa nakong ea ts'ebeliso e seng ea lithethefatsi kapa ea boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsa le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa lijo tse ipiletsang (Wang et al., 2004), ho reka (Knutson et al., 2007), bapala lipapali tsa video (Hoeft et al., 2008), le papali ea chelete (Breiter et al., 2001). Ho joalo, bafuputsi ba bangata ba nkile boemo ba hore "bokhoba ke lefu la tsamaiso ea moputso" (Rosenberg le Feder, 2014). Ho feta moo, banna le basali ba chesehelang leratong le / kapa ba lahliloeng leratong ba bonts'a matšoao a mantlha a tlhekefetso e amanang le lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete e thathamisitsoeng ho Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida-5, ho kenyelletsa takatso, phetoho ea maikutlo, mamello, maikutlo le maikutlo ho itshetleha ka mmele le ho tlohela. Ho oela hape ke bothata bo tloaelehileng ho ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla ntho e itseng le / kapa boits'oaro bo botle, hammoho le har'a baratuoa ba lahliloeng.
Hobane lerato le matla la lerato le amahanngoa khafetsa le litšobotsi tsohle tse amanang le bokhoba bohle, litsebi tse ngata tsa kelello li se li lumela hore lerato le ka fetoha mohono (Peele, 1975; Tennov, 1979; Hunter et al., 1981; Halpern, 1982; Schaef, 1989; Griffin-Shelley, 1991; Mellody et al., 1992). Le ha ho le joalo, tse ngata li hlalosa bokhoba e le bothata ba ho ipelaetsa,Reynaud et al., 2010); hape hobane lerato la lerato ke boiphihlelo bo nepahetseng tlasa maemo a mangata (ke hore, ha a kotsi), bafuputsi ba lula ba le leqe ho beha semmuso lerato la semorabe joalo ka tlhekefetso. Empa le ha lerato la lerato le ke ke la nkuoa le le kotsi, le amana le ho lakatsa ka matla mme ho ka susumetsa motho ea ratang ho lumela, ho bua le ho etsa lintho tse kotsi le tse sa lokang.
Mefuta eohle ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, ho kenyelletsa joala, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, cannabis le ts'ebetso ea meputso e tsuba.Breiter et al., 1997; Melis et al., 2005; Volkow et al., 2007; Frascella et al., 2010; Koob le Volkow, 2010; Diana, 2013), joalo ka litlatsetso tse 'maloa tsa boits'oaro (bona Cuzen le Stein, 2014); 'me tse' maloa tsa litsela tsena tse tšoanang tsa moputso li boetse li fumanoe li sebetsa har'a banna le basali ba lerato le thabo, hammoho le ba lahliloeng ke lerato (Bartels le Zeki, 2000, 2004; Fisher et al., 2003, 2010; Aron et al., 2005; Ortigue et al., 2007; Acevedo et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2011). Kahoo ho sa tsotelloe semmuso sa semolao sa ts'oaetso, re fana ka maikutlo a hore maikutlo a lerato a lokela ho nkuoa e le tlatsetso (Fisher, 2004, 2016): tlhekefetso e ntle ha lerato la motho le busetsoa hape, le se na chefo ebile le loketse, hape le tšebeliso e mpe ea maikutlo ha maikutlo a motho a lerato a sa nepahala sechabeng, e le chefo, a sa buseletsoe kapa / kapa a hanoa ka semmuso (Fisher, 2004; Frascella et al., 2010).
Lerato la baratani le kanna la ba la hlaha ho radiation ea basal ea lilemong tse limilione tse 4.4 tse fetileng hammoho le ho iphetola hoa moetlo oa bobeli oa ho nyalana le ho etsa bofebe ba matšoao a leano la motho la ho ikatisa (Fisher, 1998, 2004, 2011, 2016). Morero oa eona e kanna ea ba ho susumetsa matsibolo a rona ho tsepamisa nako ea bona ea ho tsofala le matla ho molekane a le mong ka nako, ka ho etsa joalo ba qala ho theha maqhama a mabeli ho holisa bana ba bona hammoho e le sehlopha (Fisher, 1992, 1998, 2004, 2011, 2016; Fisher et al., 2006; Fletcher et al., 2015). Kahoo, joalo ka lihlahisoa tsa thuto ea ho iphetola ha batho, lits'ebetso tsa neural tsa lerato la baratani le ho ikamahanya le balekane li ka nkuoa e le lits'ebetso tsa ho pholoha hara batho.
Likhoka-joalo ka Behaviors Mehleng ea Pele, Barati ba Thahasello: Euphoria, Obsession, Risky Behaeve
Banna le basali ba sa le qalong ea lerato le matla le matla la lerato ba bontša litšobotsi tse ngata tsa mantlha tse amanang le bokhoba bohle (Tennov, 1979; Liebowitz, 1983; Hatfield le Sprecher, 1986; Harris, 1995; Lewis et al., 2000; Meloy le Fisher, 2005; Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013). Joalo ka litlolo tsohle, ba tsepamisa maikutlo ho moratuoa oa bona (sesose); 'me ba labalabela baratuoa. Ba ikutloa ba le "potlakileng" la thabo ha ba bona kapa ba nahana ka eena (euphoria / tahiloe). Ha kamano ea bona e ntse e eketseha, morati o batla ho sebelisana le moratuoa khafetsa le ho feta (mamello). Haeba moratuoa a khaola likamano, moratuoa o fumana matšoao a tloaelehileng a ho khaotsa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi, ho kenyeletsa le boipelaetso, mantsoe a ho lla, ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho hloka boroko kapa ho ja ho tlontlolla, ho felloa ke takatso ea lijo kapa ho itlopa joala ho sa feleng. Joalo ka batho ba bangata ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi, baratuoa ba lahliloeng le bona ba lula ba fetelletsa lintho, esita le ka linako tse ling ba etsa lintho tse nyenyefatsang kapa tse kotsi bakeng sa ho khutlisa baratuoa.Meloy, 1998; Lewis et al., 2000; Meloy le Fisher, 2005). Baratani ba ikemiselitse ho tela, esita le ho shoela e mong. Poulelo ea baratani e kotsi haholo 'me e ka lebisa liketsong tse kholo tsa molao ho kenyelletsa polao ea batho, le / kapa ho ipolaea. Baratuoa ba boetse ba khutla ka tsela eo ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba e etsang: nako e telele kamora hore kamano e felile, liketsahalo, batho, libaka, lipina, kapa / mekhoa e meng e kantle e amanang le kamano ea bona ea ho tlohella moratuoa e ka tsosa mehopolo le ho qala ho tsosa takatso, ho nahana ka boiketsetso le / kapa ho letsa ka ho qobella , ho ngola kapa ho itlhahisa ka tšepo ea ho tsosa maikutlo a lerato-ho sa na le seo ba belaelang hore se ka baka litlamorao tse mpe.
Barati ba chesehang le bona ba bontša takatso e matla ea thobalano bakeng sa baratuoa; leha ho le joalo takatso ea bona ea ho ba le kamano ea maikutlo e batla e koahela takatso ea bona ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali le eena (Tennov, 1979). Ka ho fetisisa tšobotsi, ea ratoang o nahana ka mokhoa o hlakileng mabapi le ea ratoang (monahano o makatsang). Baratuoa ba ronngoeng le bona ba ka latela ka ho qobella, ba founela ba sa phetse, ba ngola kapa ba hlaha ka tšohanyetso, kaofela ba le mothating oa ho ba le moratuoa oa bona oa bosiu le bosiu (Tennov, 1979; Lewis et al., 2000; Meloy le Fisher, 2005). Ntho ea bohlokoa boiphihlelo bona ke tšusumetso e matla ea ho mo hapa. Boitšoaro bona bohle bo tloaelehile ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Leha ho le joalo, ha se motho e mong le e mong ea bonts'ang mefuta ena ea boits'oaro kamora ho arohana, joalo ka ha e se motho e mong le e mong ea sebelisang ntho a bonts'ang ho its'etleha le litlamorao tsa ho ikhula (mohlala, Shiffman, 1989; Shiffman et al., 1995; Shiffman le Paty, 2006; Haney, 2009).
Mekhoa ea Brain e Kopantsoeng le Lerato la Romantic
Boithuto bo bobe ba lerato le matla, le matla la lerato le senola ho hlaka hoa boiphihlelo ba boiphihlelo bona kapa bo haufi le batho bohle, mme kaofela li bonts'a ts'ebetso ea VTA (Fisher et al., 2003, 2010; Bartels le Zeki, 2004; Aron et al., 2005; Ortigue et al., 2007; Zeki le Romaya, 2010; Acevedo et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2011). Boitekong ba rona ba pele (Fisher et al., 2003; Aron et al., 2005), re sebelisitse imagonance imaging e sebetsang hantle (fMRI) ho ithuta basali ba 10 le banna ba 7 ba neng ba sa tsoa oela ka matla le ka thabo. Bohle ba hapile lintlha tse phahameng ho Passionate Love Scale (Hatfield le Sprecher, 1986), leqephe la lipotso tse itlotsang le lekang botebo ba maikutlo a lerato; barupeluoa bohle ba boetse ba tlaleha hore ba qetile nako e fetang ea 85% ea lihora tsa bona tse kholo ba nahana ka baratuoa ba bona.
Barupeluoa ba ne ba shebile foto ea moratuoa oa bona le setšoantšo sa motho eo ba mo tloaetseng, ea kenelletseng ka mosebetsi oa ho senya lintho. Ts'ebetso ea sehlopha e etsahetse libakeng tse 'maloa tsa tsamaiso ea moputso oa boko, ho kenyelletsa VTA le nucleud ea caudate (Fisher et al., 2003; Aron et al., 2005), libaka tse amanang le thabo, thabo e akaretsang, ho tsepamisa maikutlo le tšusumetso ea ho phehella le ho fumana meputso le ho hokahanngoa ka ho khetheha ke mosebetsi oa tsamaiso ea dopamine (Delgado et al., 2000; Schultz, 2000; Elliott et al., 2003). Likarolo tsena tsa sistimi ea moputso li amana ka kotloloho le bokhoba lithutong tse ngata tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (Breiter et al., 1997; Panksepp et al., 2002; Melis et al., 2005; Volkow et al., 2007; Frascella et al., 2010; Koob le Volkow, 2010; Diana, 2013) le bokhoba ba boitshwaro (bona Cuzen le Stein, 2014).
Lintlha tsena tse tsoang liphuputsong tse 'maloa li bonts'a hore batho ba thabileng haholo lithutong tsa pele tsa lerato le matla ba bontša liketso tsa libaka tsa neural tse amanang le lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa boitšoaro.
Ho boetse ho na le phapano lipakeng tsa “ho batla” le “ho rata / ho ithabisa” ho fanoang ke Berridge et al. (2009). Joalo ka bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi, ho "batla" motho eo u ratanang le eena ho fapane le ho "rata" sefahleho se setle le ho natefeloa ke pono e ntle. Re fumane hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ho sefahleho se khahlehang ("ho rata") e ne e fapane le ts'ebetso ho molekane ea ratoang ("ho batla"): ea pele e ne e le VTA ea letsoho le letšehali, ha ea bobeli a kenya VTA e nepahetseng (Aron et al., 2005). Sephetho se fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tsa lerato tsa lerato li kenella ho VTA e nepahetseng, le hore monate, kapa "ho rata" ho fapane.
Tlatsetso e joalo ka Behaviors e kopantsoeng le ho lahloa ke maikutlo a lerato: Ho lakatsa, ho khutlisa le ho ts'oara ho senya
Ka setso, banna kapa basali ba fokolang ba qoba ho utloisoa bohloko ke ho khesoa ka lerato ka nako e itseng bophelong bohle ba bona. Sehlopheng se seng sa koleche ea Amerika, 93% ea ba batona le ba batšehali ba boletse hore ba hlotsoe motho eo ba mo ratang haholo; 95% e tlalehile hore ba lahlile motho eo a ba ratang haholo (Baumeister et al., 1993). Ho lahloa ke baratani ho ka baka tahlehelo e kholo ea tahlehelo le litlamorao tse mpe (le ha ho le joalo hangata, mohlala, Lewandowski le Bizzoco, 2007). Joalo ka lits'ila tse ngata, ho lahloa ka lerato le hona ho ka beha bophelo ba motho kotsing, hobane ho lahla khalefo e sithabetsang ho sithabetsa pelo, ho phahamisa khatello ea mali le ho hatella sesole sa 'mele (Dozier, 2002). E ka baka khatello ea maikutlo tleliniking, mme maemong a feteletseng e lebisa ho ipolaeeng le / kapa polao. Barati ba bang ba pelo tse robehileng le bona ba bolaoa ke ho hlaseloa ke pelo kapa stroke se bakoang ke khatello ea bona ea maikutlo (Rosenthal, 2002). Letoto la liketsahalo tse mpe tse amanang le ho khesoa leratong, ho kenyelletsa le boipelaetso, karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo, ho hohela, ho hlaseloa ka khalefo, le poulelo, hammoho le litakatso tsa ho lakatsa le ho ikhula, mohlomong le tsona li kenya letsoho liketsahalong tse ngata tsa tlolo ea molao ea takatso ea lefatše ka bophara. Meloy, 1998; Meloy le Fisher, 2005).
Psychology e le 'ngoe e boetse e amahanngoa khafetsa le lerato la baratani, ho stalk. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e tloaelehileng ea batho ba tloaetseng ho ts'oaroa ke ba latelang takatso ea ho batla moratuoa oa hae. le ba lelekisang motho eo ba sa mo tsebeng kapa motho eo ba mo tloaetseng ea atlehileng ho khutlisa maikutlo a lerato a motho ea sotlang (Meloy le Fisher, 2005). Maemong ka bobeli, stalker e bonts'a likarolo tse 'maloa tsa tšebeliso ea lithahasello tsohle, ho kenyelletsa ho tsepamisa maikutlo nthong ea lerato, matla a eketsehileng, boits'oaro bo latelang, le ho nahana ka ho teba ka ho ts'oaroa ho lebisoa ho motho ea hlokofalitsoeng, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ts'oaroa ho boetse ho hlahisa likarolo tsa moputso. tsamaiso ea bokong (Meloy le Fisher, 2005) 'me re ka rata ho lemalla. Psychology e 'ngoe, lefu la Clerambault, le tsejoang hape e le erotomania, ha le amanngoe le bokhoba. Lefu lena le tšoauoa ke mohopolo oa bolotsana oa hore motho e mong o hlanya ka lerato la hae; ka kakaretso ke mosali e mocha ea lumelang hore ke motho ea ratehang oa monna ea maemong a phahameng sechabeng kapa ea boemo bo phahameng. Hobane hobane lefu lena ha le na kamano e tobileng le ts'ebetso ea meputso mme e kanna ea ba mofuta oa paranoid schizophrenia kapa lefu le leng la marang-rang.Jordane le Howe, 1980; Kopelman et al., 2008) ho fapana le ho lemalla, puisano ea lefu lena e phahame ho feta tekano ea pampiri ena.
Leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala eka ho iphetola ha lintho ho tlisitse karabelo e mpe kamanong ea lerato. Empa batho ba lahliloeng ka lerato ba sentse nako ea bohlokoa ea bona ea lefereho le matla a metabolic; ba lahlile lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa moruo le tsa lichelete; lilekane tsa bona sechabeng li sentsoe; litloaelo le litloaelo tsa bona tsa letsatsi le letsatsi li fetotsoe; ba kanna ba lahleheloa ke thepa; mme ba bile le monyetla o moholo oa ho senya thabo ea bona, boitšepo le botumo ba bona (bona Leary, 2001; Fisher, 2004). Habohlokoa le ho feta, barati ba lilemo tse sa laoloang tsa ho tsoala ba kanna ba lahleheloa ke menyetla ea ho ba le bana kapa ho ba molekane oa bana bakeng sa bana bao ba seng ba ba hlahisitse — mefuta ea ts'ebeliso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e tlang (Fisher, 2004). Kahoo, ho lahloa kherehloa ho ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe tsa bophelo, kelello, moruo le ho ba le bana.
Ho Lahloa ke Baratani ho boetse ho Sebetsa libaka tsa Brain tse amanang le ho lakatsa lithethefatsi
Ho tseba lits'ebetso tse ling tse amanang le naha ena ea litakatso tsa tlhaho tse hlahisoang ke ho khesoa ka lerato, re sebelisitse fMRI ho ithuta basali ba 10 le banna ba 5 ba neng ba sa tsoa lahloa ke molekane, empa ba tlaleha hore ba ntse ba "ratana haholo" (Fisher et al., 2010). Nako e mahareng ea nako ho tloha ha ho lahloa la pele le ho kenella ha barupeluoa thutong e ne e le matsatsi a 63. Bohle ba hapile lintlha tse phahameng ho Passionate Love Scale (Hatfield le Sprecher, 1986); kaofela ba tlaleha hore ba qetile lihora tsa bona tse ngata ba nahana ka motho ea ba lahlileng; 'me bohle ba labalabela hore molekane oa bona ea khahlileng a khutlele kamanong eo.
Barupeluoa ba ne ba shebelletse setšoantšo sa molekane oa bona ea hanang le foto ea motho eo a mo tloaetseng, ea se nang maikutlo, ea kenelletseng ka mosebetsi oa ho etsa lintho tse ling. Likarabo tsa bona ha ba ntse ba shebile ho ts'oaroa ha bona ka har'a skena ho ne ho kenyelletsa maikutlo a maikutlo a lerato, ho nyahama, thabo le mehopolo e bohloko, taba ea taba ea hore na hobaneng sena se etsahetse, le liteko tsa kelello tsa melemo le tahlehelo ea bona ho tsoa phihlelong. Ts'ebetso ea methapo ea boko hammoho le ho shebella rejecter e etsahetse libakeng tse 'maloa tsa tsamaiso ea moputso oa boko. E kenyelelitsoe e ne e le: VTA e amanang le maikutlo a lerato le matla la lerato; porral pallidum e amanang le maikutlo a ho ikamahanya; cortex e harelaneng le cingrate ea ka ntle e amanang le bohloko ba 'mele le mahlomola a amanang le bohloko ba' mele; le li-nucleus bokella le orbitof Pambal / cortex ea mantlha e amanang le ho lekola melemo le tahlehelo ea motho, hammoho le ho lakatsa le ho lemalla (Fisher et al., 2010). Ts'ebetso likarolong tse ngata tsa boko li kopantsoe le litakatso tsa koae le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso (Melis et al., 2005; Frascella et al., 2010; Koob le Volkow, 2010; Diana, 2013).
Ho utloisisa ts'usumetso ea ts'ebetso ea VTA e nepahetseng e amanang le likamano tse monate tsa nako ea pele le ho khesoa ka lerato, ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka likarolo tse peli tsa "ho rata" (tšusumetso ea hedonic) le "ho batla" (mohlala, ho hlohlelletsa litšebeletso). Ka mantsoe a mang, boitšoaro bo atamelaneng le ho sebelisana 'moho le motho kapa ntho e ka' na ea se ke ea kenyelletsa liphihlelo tse monate. Maemong a bokhoba ba taolo, hangata ke taba ea hore takatso e matla ea ntho kapa tšibollo ea boitšoaro, tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso le ts'ebeliso, e etsahala leha mohopolo o se o sa fana ka "phahameng" mme boits'oaro ba ho batla moputso bo amanang le ho se sebetse hantle. sephetho (mohlala, temallo ke mokhoa o kotsi bophelong ba motho, mosebetsing, likamanong tsa sechaba joalo joalo). Ba lahliloeng leratong ba ntse ba "batla" motho eo e kileng ea e-ba molekane oa bona le sepheo sa boiphihlelo (mohlala, ho lakatsa ho ikopanya le molekane oa mehleng) le ha ho kopana le ex ho ka tsamaisana le litholoana tse mpe mme ho sa thabise (mohlala, liphihlelo tsa masoabi le bohloko). Phapang pakeng tsa tšusumetso ea hedonic le ho hlohlella ho ts'usumetso e fumanoe lithutong tsa liphoofolo (Berridge le al., 2009). Re fumane hape hore ho sheba balekane ba shebileng sefahleho ho kentse VTA e nepahetseng ha e ntse e le ts'ebetso ea VTA e hokahaneng le ho hohela lifahleho thutong (Aron et al., 2005).
sephuthelwana
Bakeng sa ba lulang kamanong e fetang ea pele, karolo e matla ea maikutlo a lerato, sehlopha sa bohlokoa sa maikutlo se qala kahare, se amanang le kamanoAcevedo et al., 2011). Lithutong tsa rona tsa batho ba ratanang ka thabo (Fisher et al., 2003; Aron et al., 2005), re fumane hore ba nang le tšebelisano-nako e telele (likhoeli tsa 8-17 ho fapana le likhoeli tsa 1-8) ba qalile ho bonts'a ts'ebetso ho "ventral pallidum", e amanang le ho ikamahanya le lithuto tsa liphoofolo (Insel and young, 2001), ha a ntse a tsoela pele ho bonts'a ts'ebetso ho VTA le nucleud ea caudate e amanang le lerato le matla la lerato. Kahoo, ha nako e ntse e ea, maikutlo a ho hokahana a qala ho tsamaisana le maikutlo a lerato le matla la lerato (Fisher, 2004; Acevedo et al., 2011). Ha e sebetsa 'moho, lits'ebetso tsena tse peli tsa mantlha tsa lerato la lerato le kamano li ka theha motheo oa tlhaho ea tlamahano ea batho ba babeli-mme ba fana ka moelelo oa kholo ea lithethefatsi tsa lerato (Insel, 2003; Burkett le Monyane, 2012; Fisher, 2016).
Ho iphetola hoa lerato la rato le maikutlo a lerato
Ho bile le tlhahiso ea hore lits'ebetso tsa neural tse amanang le maikutlo a lerato le matla la lerato le kamano e atamelaneng hammoho le tšibollo ea maikutlo a mantlha a batho bakeng sa tlamahano, a sebetsa e le mekhoa ea ho khothaletsa khetho ea molekane le ho susumetsa batho ka bomong ho lula le balekane ka nako e lekaneng ho holisa le ho holisa bana ba bona ho tloha boseeng e le sehlopha (Fisher, 2004, 2011, 22016; Fisher et al., 2006). Khopolo-taba ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore lits'ebetso tsa neural tsa lerato la lerato le khokahanyo ke litsamaiso tsa ho pholoha tse nang le metso ea ho iphetola ha lintho (Frascella et al., 2010).
Tlamahano ke letšoao la botho. Lintlha tse tsoang ho Demographic Yearbooks of the United Nations on 97 sechabavvised in the 1980s li bontša hore hoo e ka bang 93.1% ea basali le 91.8% ea banna lilemong tseo tse leshome ba nyalane le 49 ea lilemo.Fisher, 1989, 1992). Lefatseng ka bophara, litheko tsa manyalo li fokotsehile ho tloha ka nako eo; empa kajeno 85 ho 90% ea banna le basali United States ho nahanoa hore ba tla nyaloa (Cherlin, 2009). Ha e le hantle, batho ba bangata ba moithati; ba theha ts'ebelisano 'moho le batho ka bonngoe ka nako e le' ngoe. Polygyny (basali ba bangata) e lumelletsoe ho 84% ea mekhatlo ea batho; empa boholo ba litso tsena, ke 5 feela ho 10% ea banna ba nang le basali ba 'maloa ka nako e le' ngoe (Van den Berghe, 1979; Frayser, 1985). Ho feta moo, hobane polygyny ho batho e lula e amana le maemo le leruo, monogamy (ke hore, tlamahano) e kanna ea ba e atile le ho feta mekhatlong ea batho ba khale ba ho bokella batho nakong e fetileng (Daly le Wilson, 1983), ha lits'ebetso tsa neural tsa lerato la pele la maikutlo a lerato le kamano ea molekane li ka hlaha.
Boitsebiso bo fana ka maikutlo a hore bokamoso ba batho ba ho ratana ka bobeli (hangata bo etelletsoeng pele ke ho hohela maikutlo a lerato) le bona bo na le motheo oa tlhaho. Patlisiso ea kamano ea motho e qalile ka Bowlby (1969, 1973) le Ainsworth et al. (1978) ea hlahisitseng hore, ho khothaletsa ho pholoha ha ba banyenyane, li-primates li hlahisitse sistimi e kenelletseng ea ho hokahanya bana e etselitsoeng ho khothaletsa masea ho batla matšeliso le polokeho ho mohlokomeli oa bona oa mantlha, ka kakaretso mme. Ho tloha lithutong tsena tsa pele, ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse batsi ka boits'oaro, maikutlo le mekhoa ea kutloano e amanang le tsamaiso ena ea khokahano ho batho ba baholo le liphoofolo tse ling (Fraley le Shaver, 2000; Eisenberger et al., 2003; Panksepp, 2003a,b; Bartels le Zeki, 2004; MacDonald le Leary, 2005; Tucker et al., 2005; Noriuchi et al., 2008). Hajoale, bafuputsi ba lumela hore mokhoa ona oa ho ikamahanya le bophelo o lula o ntse o sebetsa bophelong bohle ba motho, o sebeletsa e le motheo oa kamano pakeng tsa balekane ba babeli ka sepheo sa ho holisa bana (Hazan le Shaver, 1987; Hazan le Diamond, 2000).
Pair-bonding e ka be e bile teng ka nako e ngoe le e ngoe molemong oa ho iphetola hoa lintho ka lapeng; le eona, litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa lerato.Fisher, 2016). Leha ho le joalo, mela e 'meli ea datha e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho potoloha ha neural bakeng sa tlamahano ea batho ba babeli ho ka etsahala hore ebe ho bile teng ho bile teng ka tšohanyetso ho radiation ea basal ea stock ea lehae ea likhomo (Fisher, 1992, 2011, 2016), tumellanong le mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha ha lihlahisoa tsa naha le morung / savannah eco-niche nakoana pele ho 4 lilemo tse limilione tsa BP Ardipithecus ramidus, eo hona joale e qalileng ho 4.4 lilemo tse limilione tsa BP, e bonts'a mekhoa e mmaloa e amanang le ho tlamahana ka bobeli ho mefuta e mengata (Lovejoy, 2009); joalo Lovejoy (2009) e fana ka maikutlo a hore nakong ena motho a nyalane a le mong. Bo-ramahlale le bona ba lekantse Australopithecus afarensis mesaletsa ea liphapang tsa masapo; mme ba tlaleha hore ka 3.5 lilemo tse limilione tsa BP li bonts'a tekanyo e lekanang ea botona le botšehali litšobotsing tse 'maloa tsa nama tseo ba bong bo li bontšang kajeno. Kahoo, ba bang ba hlahisitse hore ma-maoane ana "haholo-holo a ne a le mong" (Reno et al., 2003).
Ho hlaha ha bipedalism e kanna ea ba sesosa sa mantlha phetohong ea potoloho ea neural bakeng sa maqhama a mabeli (Fisher, 1992, 2011, 2016) le kholo e kopaneng ea lerato la lerato (mme mohlomong le khokahano) tlhekefetso. Ha ba ntse ba thella le ho qhekella morung / savannah eco-niche, basali ba bipedal Ardipithecine ba ne ba tlameha ho pepa bana matsohong a bona ho e-na le mokokotlong oa bona, ka hona ba hloka ts'ireletso le ho fana ka molekane ha ba ntse ba tsamaisa banyaluoa. Ho sa le joalo, banna ba Ardipithecine ba kanna ba ba le bothata bo boholo ba ho sireletsa le ho hlokomela basali ba basali naheng ena e bulehileng ea lehong / savannah eco-niche. Empa e tona e ka sireletsa le ho fana ka mosali a le mong le lesea la hae ha ba ntse ba tsamaea haufi, haufi le sechaba se seholo.
Kahoo menyetla ea bipedalism ka kopanelo le katoloso ea malapeng naheng ea moru / savannah eco-niche e kanna ea qobella Ardipithecines holim'a "monyako oa" monogamy, "a khetha tsamaiso ea neural bakeng sa ho hokahana le molekane ea kopaneng. Hammoho le kholo ea tšebelisano ea bonono le mokhoa oa neural oa khokahano e kanna ea tsoala ts'ebetso ea boko bakeng sa ho lemalla litakatso tse matla tsa lerato-ho sebeletsa ho khothaletsa banna le basali ho tsepamisa matla a bona a ho holisa molekane ho balekane mme ba lule hammoho nako e telele ho tsosa maikutlo. tsa maqhama a hlokahalang ho qala le ho qeta mesebetsi ea bona ea ho ba motsoali ea bana ba banyenyane haholoFisher, 1992, 2004, 2011, 2016).
Lerato la Batho ba Rato la Motho Joaloka Mofuta o Neng o Tsoetse Pele oa Mammalian Courtship Mechanism
Lintlha tse ngata li ka fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea boko ba motho bakeng sa lerato la marato e tsoile ho bo-ramahlale ba mamelon. Joalo ka batho, linonyana tsohle le liphoofolo tse anyesang li bonts'a khetho ea balekane; ba tsepamisa matla a bona a lefereho ho bao e ka bang balekane ba bona mme ba hlokomoloha kapa ba qoba ba bang (Fisher, 2004; Fisher et al., 2006). Ntle le moo, boholo ba litšobotsi tsa mantlha tse amanang le lerato la batho ba lerato le tsona ke tšusumetso ea ho hohela likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho kenyelletsa matla a eketsehileng, ho tsepamisa mohopolo, ho latela lintho tse bohlasoa, boitšisinyo bo kopanetsoeng, ho lebela balekane, boits'oaro bo nang le sepheo le tšusumetso ea ho hapa le ho boloka ho ratana ho ratoang. Molekane ka nako eohle ea litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa tlhaho tsa ho tsoala le ho ba motsoali (Fisher et al., 2002, 2006; Fisher, 2004).
Sisteme ea boko bakeng sa lerato la motho la lerato e bonts'a ho ts'oana hoa tlhaho le li-system tsa mammalian bakeng sa ho khahla lefereho. Ha "laboratori ea basali" e tšehetsoeng ka thipa e ntse e ratoa ke e motona, e mo etsetsa khetho e ikhethang ho eena, e amanang le 50% ea ho eketsa dopamine ka har'a li-nucleus accumulins (Gingrich et al., 2000). Ha mohanyetsi oa dopamine a kenngoa ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokellaneng, mosali ha a sa khetha molekane enoa; mme ha mosadi a kenngwa ka dopamine agonist, o qala ho rata Conspecific ea teng ka nako ea infusion, leha a so kopane le monna e motona (Wang et al., 1999; Gingrich et al., 2000). Keketseho ea mesebetsi ea dopamine e bohareng e boetse e amahanngoa le ho khahloa ke lefereho ho linku tsa basali (Fabre-Nys et al., 1997). Ho likhoto tsa banna, ho lokolloa ha dopamine e eketsehileng ho boetse ho bontšitsoe ka lebaka la boteng ba mosali ea amohelang (Robinson et al., 2002; Montague et al., 2004).
Hobane lerato la botho la batho le arolelana litšobotsi tse ngata tsa boits'oaro le tlhaho ea tlhaho ka ho hohela batho ba ratanang le ba batšehali, ho ka etsahala hore lerato la motho la lerato ke mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng oa mokhoa ona oa ho ratana oa mammary (Fisher, 1998, 2004, 2011, 2016; Fisher et al., 2006). Leha ho le joalo, ho mefuta e mengata ho khahloa ke lefereho ke ntho e khuts'oane, e nka metsotso e seng mekae feela, lihora, matsatsi kapa libeke; ha a ntse a le bathong, lerato le matla la pele la lerato le ka nka likhoeli tsa 12-18 (Maraziti et al., 1999kapa nako e telele haholo (Acevedo et al., 2011). Ka hona pele ho ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a pele a ts'ebetsong, ts'ebetso ea mokhoa ona oa tlhaho oa mariha bakeng sa ho khahla lefereho e kanna ea matlafala le ho tšoarella ha kamano ea balekane e fetoha, 'me ea e-ba litheko tse matla tsa maikutlo a lerato a banna le basali ba teng kajeno.
Romantic Love e ka sebetsa e le moputso oa moputso bakeng sa litheko tse ling
Likamano tse phahameng tsa maemo a bophelo (ho kenyeletsoa likamano tsa lerato) li ka ba molemo haholo ho ba hlaphoheloang bokhobeng (mohlala, Hänninen le Koski-Jännes, 1999). Mokhoa o mong o ka 'nang oa hlaha molemong oa melemo ena o tsoa tseleng ea kalafo ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi ka tlhekefetso ea moputso. Ka mantsoe a mang, ha motho a khaotsa ho lemalla ntho e itseng e lemalloang kapa mokhoa oo a tloaetseng ho o sebelisa, o tlohela mokhoa oo ka mokhoa o mong o atlehileng, hangata ntle le ho tsoa mohloling oa kantle, joalo ka ngaka.Donovan, 1988; Letšoao, 1990; DiNardo le Lemieux, 2001; Haylett et al., 2004; Alter et al., 2006). Ka lebaka lena, baoki ba phekolang bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ba tsejoa ka ho kenya bakuli hantle ts'ebelisong e ncha (bona Bickel et al., 2014), haholo-holo lipapatso tse ntlafatsang tse kang mesebetsi ea lipapali, lintho tse ncha tseo u itlosang bolutu ka tsona le litšebelisano tse ncha tsa sechaba (mohlala, Vaillant, 1983; Salvy et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2011).
Na ho ratana pele ho nako ho ka fana ka moputso o mong bakeng sa ba sebelisang tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi kapa ba lemaletseng boitšoaro? Ho hlahloba potso ena, Xu et al. (2012) beha batho ba tsubang ba sa tsubang ba 18 Chaena bosiu, 'me ba sa tsoa ratoa ke lerato ka har'a skena sa boko, ba sebelisa fMRI. Banna le basali bana ba ile ba sheba linepe tse lehlakoreng le leng, e 'ngoe ea letsoho le neng le tšoere koae (cue) kapa pentšele (taolo) le e mong oa bao a ba ratang kapa bao a ba tloaetseng (bao e seng ba tsubang kahoo ba neng ba sa tsubelle -ketso). Har'a ba neng ba lemaletse nicotine ka mokhoa o itekanetseng, ha koae ea koae e hlahisoa haufi le setšoantšo sa moratuoa (ha a bapisoa le motho eo a mo tloaetseng), ts'ebetso e fokolang e ile ea bonoa libakeng tse amanang le koae ea ho tsuba. Ntle le moo, ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ka har'a caudate e ile ea bonoa nakong ea liteko tse neng li kenyelletsa litšoantšo tsa moratuoa (ho bapisoa le bao a ba tloaetseng).
Lintlha tsena tsa pele li fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng ba hore lerato la lerato le ka nkoa e le tšibollo ea tlhaho ea matla le ea mantlha hobane e ka khona, tlasa maemo a mang, ho fetola ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello e amanang le tšebeliso e mpe ea tahi, nicotine.
Ho “ikhahlisa” le “ho kenyelletsa ba bang molemong oa boits'oaro” ho ka sebetsa e le sebaka sa moputso bakeng sa litlolo, ho kenyeletsa le bokhoba ba lerato.
Pele e hlahisitsoeng ke Aron le Aron (1986), mohlala oa ho ikatisa o fana ka maikutlo a hore sepheo sa mantlha sa motho ke takatso ea ho eketsa mohopolo ka ho etsa buka e nyalosang, e khahlisang, e phephetsang le / kapa lintho tse ling tse thabisang molemong oa ho fumana lisebelisoa le maikutlo a ka ntlafatsang mohopolo oa motho le bokhoni ba hae. (bakeng sa tlhahlobo bona Aron et al., 2013), hammoho le maikutlo a matle garner le maikutlo a moputso (Aron et al., 1995, 2000; E matla le Aron, 2006). Ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ikatisa kapele ho etsahala nakong ea maikutlo a pele.
Katoloso ena, e thehiloeng molemong oa tšusumetso (bona Mattingly et al., 2012), e ka ba molemo ha o leka ho tlohela kapa ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa lithahasello tsa boits'oaro hobane e fana ka phetiso le boits'itiso bo sitisang boiphihlelo. Ho ikatisa molemong oa lerato la baratani ho bontšitsoe ho fumana maikutlo a bohloko ba 'mele (Mocha et al., 2010) ka mochine oa moputso (ho e-na le tšitiso), e fanang ka maikutlo a hore e ka thusa ka ts'ebetso e bohloko ea ho ikhula kamora ho lahloa. Ho feta moo, ho ikatisa ho ka ba molemo ho molemong oa ho khaotsa temallo efe kapa efe hobane ho tsamaisa phetoho ea mohopolo (mohlala, ho qala ho inka e le mongoli, sebini, litebele tsa linonyana kapa eng kapa eng eo e leng mohopolo o ikhahamisang) tataiso e ncha le e phetseng hantle, le hole le boits'oaro ba hau ba "mosebelisi" (Kellogg le Kreek, 2005). Ntle le ho fana ka tšitiso, ho khutlisa le ho fana hape, ho ikatisa (ho bolela, ho hlaka, ho khahla, le / kapa ho phephetsa) ho ka ba molemo ho tsa tlhaho, hobane mofuta o fe kapa o fe oa ts'ebetso ea dopamine bokong ho tsamaisa matla le ts'epo. , ka tsela eo e fana ka moputso o mong.
Ho joalo, lithuto tse tharo li fuputse ka kotlolloho litabeng tsa bokhoba ba nicotine, 'me e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e fumana litholoana tse ntle. Batho ba tsubang ba boletse hore liphihlelo tse ngata tsa ho ikatisa li etsahetse ka ho khetheha pele ba tlohela ka katleho ho tsuba ho feta ha batho ba tsubang ba ileng ba tlaleha ka boiteko ba bona bo sa atleheng ba ho tlohela (Xu et al., 2010). Leha e le har'a batho ba tsubang hona joale ba ileng ba khutlela morao, palo ea liphihlelo tse ikimetsang e etsahetseng ka kotloloho pele ba leka ho tlohela e ne e lumellana hantle le hore na ba ile ba khona ho tlohela ho tsuba halelele hakae (Xu et al., 2010). Liphuputso tse peli tsa fMRI tsa batho ba tsubang bosiu le motšehare li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ikatisa ka ho etsa lintho le motho ea ratanang le bona ho etsa hore motho a khone ho etsa hape ka kelellong ea hae (Xu et al., 2012, 2014). Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ha batho ba tsubang ba ikatisa, ha ba arabele mekhoa ea bona ea ho tsuba.
Ntho e 'ngoe e lemohileng e ka' nang ea bapala karolo ea ho fumana bokhoba ba maikutlo a lerato ke "ho kenyelletsa e 'ngoe ka boena" (IOS). Sena se etsahala ha lipontšo tsa phetoho ea boits'oaro e le ho kenyelletsa likarolo tsa moratuoa. Ho thehiloe sekala bakeng sa ho lekanya ts'ebetso ena ea kelello (Aron et al., 1992). Kamora nako, maikutlo, boits'oaro, le lisebelisoa li kenngoa molemong oa boithati le phapang lipakeng tsa boithati le balekane. Mohlala, phetoho ea batho ho tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea mabitso a mangata a kang "rona" le "rona" (Agnew et al., 1998), 'me u liehe ho khetholla thepa ea hae kapa litšobotsi tsa molekane oa hae (Aron et al., 1991; bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Aron et al., 2004). Khōlo ena ea mohopolo oa boithati e ka fana ka liphetho tse ntle (mohlala, lisebelisoa tse ling, maikutlo a nepahetseng), tse ka sebetsang maemong a kalafo. Kannete, ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea moputso ka VTA e ne e kopantsoe le lintlha tsa IOS tsa morati (Acevedo et al., 2011), e fanang ka maikutlo a hore palo e lekantsoeng ea boits'oaetso bo nepahetseng le motho e mong kapa sehlopha se ka phekoloa - ka ho phahamisa setšoantšo se nepahetseng le ka ho fana ka moputso bakeng sa ntho kapa tlhekefetso ea boitšoaro eo motho a e tetseng.
Litlamorao tsa Phekolo ea ho Lahloa ke Baratani le ho Lemalla
Lingaka li na le maano a mangata a ho thusa barati le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Leha ho le joalo, ha data e mabapi le lerato la thobalano le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi e nahanoa hammoho, mekhoa e meng e na le mokhoa o matla haholo.
Mohlomong ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa ke ho fana ka sethethefatsi, baratuoa ba lahliloeng ba lokela ho tlosa bopaki bohle bo nepahetseng ba hore ba tlohetse moratuoa oa hae, joalo ka likarete, mangolo, lipina, lifoto le sehopotso hammoho le ho qoba ho kopana le molekane oa bona ea hanang, hobane likhopotso le ho ikopanya le molekane e ka sebetsa e le litakatso tse tsosang takatso mme e kanna ea ts'ehetsa ts'ebetso ea lipotoloho tsa boko tse amanang le takatso ea maikutlo a lerato mme ka hona li kena-kenana le ts'ebetso ea pholiso. Boithuto ba ho ikatisa bo boetse bo fumana hore ho ka ba le liphetho tse ntle tse kang kholo ea motho le maikutlo a matle (esita le monyetla) kamora ho qhalana haeba kamano e sa fana ka menyetla e fokolang ea ho ikatisa mme haeba motho ea sa tsoa nyala a kenella boinotšing ba hae (Lewandowski le Bizzoco, 2007).
Haufi, kamano e ntle le motsoalle kapa metsoalle e ea putsa ebile e ka thusa ho khutlisa litakatso tsa lintho kapa molekane ea hanang, hobane ho sheba setšoantšo sa motsoalle oa hau ea haufi ho kenya ts'ebetso ea li-nucleus, tse amanang le moputso (Acevedo et al., 2011). Ho sheba foto ea motsoalle oa hlooho ea khomo ho boetse ho kenya bohlooho bopherese, bo amanang le li-oxytocin receptors le khutso ea ho ikamahanya. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhoa ea phekolo ea sehlopha, e kang Alcoholics Anonymous le mananeo a mang a 12, li atlehile hobane matla ana a sehlopha a kenyelletsa moputso oa boko le litsamaiso tsa khokahanyo. Ho nka karolo lipapaling tsa sehlopha ho ka ba bohlokoa ho barati ba lahliloeng le bakeng sa ba lemaletseng lintho tse joalo ka joala kapa ba nang le ts'oaetso ea boits'oaro, joalo ka papali ea chelete.
Lintlha li fana ka maikutlo a hore barati ba lahliloeng le bona ba lokela ho lula ba phathahane ho ikholisa (Thayer, 1996; Rosenthal, 2002). Boikoetliso bo ka ba molemo haholo ha bo ntse bo phahamisa maikutlo (Rosenthal, 2002), ho baka tšebetso ea dopamine bokong ho bokellisa thabo (Kolata, 2002). Ho ikoetlisa ho boetse ho eketsa maemo a β-Endorphin le endocannabinoids tse fokotsang bohloko le ho eketsa maikutlo le khutso (Goldfarb le Jamurtas, 1997; Dietrich le McDaniel, 2004). Hape, ho etsa mofuta o mocha oa boikoetliso e ka ba boiphihlelo bo ikimetsang (bona Xu et al., 2010). Ka lebaka la melemo ena ea ho ikoetlisa, lingaka tse ling tsa kelello li lumela hore boikoetliso (aerobic kapa anaerobic) bo ka ba le katleho e kholo ea ho folisa khatello ea maikutlo joalo ka lithethefatsi tsa psychotherapy kapa tsa antidepressant (Rosenthal, 2002).
Mesebetsi e ikatisang (mohlala, boithabiso, lipapali, liphihlelo tsa moea) e ka ba thuso maemong a bokhoba le tšitiso ea pelo ha ba ntse ba fana ka moputso, melemo molemong oa boitlhalo, le ho sitisoa. Ho khothalletsoa hore motho a be le mohloli o fetang o le mong oa ho ikatisa bophelong ba bona, ka hona motho ha a sa tla khona ho ba teng (mohlala, molekane o tloha), mehloli e meng e ka thusa ho senya tsusumetso ea tahlehelo eo. Ho ka ba molemo hape ho ba le mehloli e mengata le e fapaneng ea ho itatola libakeng tse fapaneng tsa bophelo (mohlala, ho itlosa bolutu, mosebetsing, metsoalle, lelapa, mokhatlo oa baithaopi, sehlopha sa moea, le lithahasello tsa thuto joalo-joalo) le ho ba le marang-rang a matla ho sechaba ho eo motho a ka retelehelang ho eona bakeng sa tšehetso nakong ea tlhokahalo (mohlala, karohano, ho leka ho tlohela). Ho bohlokoa, leha ho le joalo, ho hlokomela hore ho ikatisa ho lokela ho phehelloa ka mokhoa o phetseng hantle ka tlhokomeliso mabapi le boitšoaro bo neng bo ka ba kotsi (mohlala, ho batla ho ratana le motho e mocha hang kamora ho hlokahalloa ke molekane, ho nka mekhoa e seng kotsi kapa ho ba lekhoba la ntho e ngoe ha o tlohela.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho bohlokoa ho hopola hore likamano le bokhoba ba litumelo li ka ba teng 'me tsa ba le tšusumetso' me ho ka ba thata haholo ho ba le kamano e matla le e ntle ea maikutlo a lerato ha ho hlokahala hore ho sebetsanoe le litaba tsa bokhoba ba tahi. Kaha bokhoba ba tai khafetsa bo lebisa takatsong e fokolang ea ho arabela le ho amohela moputso o mong, ho ka ba thata haholo ho ba sebetsanang le bokhoba ba ho etsa boits'oaro ba kamano, mme ka hona ba eketsa kotsi ea ho khesoa. Ntle le moo, ho lahloa kherehloa ho eketsa kotsi ea ho oela hape, ka hona, ho lebisa tlhokomelo likamanong tsa lerato nakong ea ho khaotsa lithethefatsi ho ka ba bohlokoa.
Ho feta moo, ho bososela ho sebelisa mesifa ea sefahleho e etsang hore methapo ea kutlo e bokellane maikutlo e ka tsosang maikutlo a thabo (Carter, 1998). Ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho tse molemo le hona ho ka sebetsa. Phuputso e entsoeng ke Lewandowski (2009) o fumane hore ho ngolla 20 min ka matsatsi a mararo a latellanang ka karohano ea likamano tsa moraorao ho ne ho le molemo ha batho ba ngola ka maikutlo a monate ho fapana le ha ba ne ba ngola ka maikutlo a fosahetseng kapa ba ngola ntle le ho hlahisa maikutlo. Mohlomong ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke hore nako e kenyelletsa sethepu se hoketsoeng. Thutong ea rona ea banna le basali ba lahliloeng, palo e kholo ea matsatsi haesale e lahloa, ha ts'ebetso e le sieo ts'ebetsong ea kelello (ventral pallidum) e amanang le maikutlo a ho ratoa (Fisher et al., 2010).
Ha baratuoa ba nyahameng ba sebelisa maqheka a iqapetsoeng ho tlohela ho lemalla joala, lithethefatsi tsa bona li kanna tsa fela.
fihlela qeto e
Bafuputsi ke khale ba buisane ka hore na ho phehella ho fumana meputso e seng ea lintho tse bonahalang, joalo ka ho becha ho sa laoleheng, ho ja, thobalano, boikoetliso, tšebeliso ea marang-rang, mathata a ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang le likarolo tse ling tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng li ka hlalosoa e le litlatsetso (Frascella et al., 2010; Rosenberg le Feder, 2014). Tsena tsohle li ka lebisa ho tsietsing, ho ts'oaroa, ho mamellana, ho its'oara maikutlong le 'meleng, ho tlohela, ho khutlela morao le litšobotsi tse ling tse tloaelehileng ho tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Ho feta moo, meputso e mengata eo e seng ea ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e bontšitsoeng e hlahisa ts'ebetso e ikhethang ho dopamine litseleng tsa meputso e tšoanang le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (bona Frascella et al., 2010;; bona Rosenberg le Feder, 2014). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso e sa laoleheng ea lintho tsena tse se nang lintho li ka nkuoa e le lithethefatsi. Lerato la baratani le kanna la ba temallo e ts'oanang, ntle le eona. Ho fapana le litlatsetso tse ling (hore ke karolo ea lekholo feela la baahi), mofuta o mong oa tlhekefetso ea lerato o ka etsahalla motho e mong le e mong ea phelang joale le mehleng ea rona ea khale ea motho; ba fokolang ba qoba bohloko ba ho khesoa ka lerato.
Lerato la lerato le bonahala e le temallo ea tlhaho, "maemo a fetohileng a tloaelehileng" ao batho bohle ba nang le 'ona (Frascella et al., 2010, leq. 295) e bileng teng nakong ea phetoho ea motho ho susumetsa baholo-holo ba rona ho tsepamisa matla a bona ho matona ho moratuoa e mong, ka ho boloka nako le matla, ho qala ho tsoala, ho tsosa maikutlo a ho ikamahanya le ho ba motsoali ea morao-rao, le ho tiisetsa bokamoso ba DNA ea bona e tšoanang.Fisher, 2004, 2011, 2016; Fisher et al., 2006). Lerato la baratani e ka ba tšebeliso e ntle ea maikutlo ha kamano e khutlisetsoa, e se nang chefo ebile e loketse; empa e le tšibollo e mpe, e mpe ha e sa laelloe, e le chefo, e sa lokelang le / kapa e lahloa ka molao.
Ho fokotsa matšoao a fosahetseng a bokhoba ba lerato, barati ba lemaletseng tlhekefetso ba eletsoa hore ba tlose mekhoa e hapang cheseho ea bona, latela likeletso tse ling tsa lenaneo la bohato ba 12, ho aha mekhoa e mecha ea letsatsi le letsatsi, ho kopana le batho ba bacha, ho etsa lithahasello tse ncha, ho fumana meriana e nepahetseng le / kapa setsebi, mme o emetse matsatsi le masiu a menahano e makatsang le ho lakatsa, hobane maikutlo a ho ikamahanya le motho eo a neng a ratana le yena a ne a fokotseha ha nako e ntse e feta (Fisher et al., 2010). Ho feta moo, mekhoa ea phekolo e ikatisang le ho kenyelletsa batho ba bacha boikutlong ba motho e ka ba molemo ho ho lemalla tahi. Mekhoa ea ho ikatisa e ka thusa litlhare le litlhare tse ling tse mpe tse lematsang.
Haeba sechaba le lingaka tsa kalafo, lingaka le tsa molao li utloisisa hore lerato le qalang la lerato la pele-pele ke sepheo se fetotsoeng (Fisher, 2004) le bokhoba ba tlhaho (Frascella et al., 2010) e ka bang le litlamorao tse tebileng tsa sechaba, moruo, kelello le liphatsa tsa lefutso (ka bobeli li na le melemo le tse mpe), lingaka le bafuputsi ba ka nts'etsapele mekhoa e sebetsang ho sebetsana le mokhoa ona o matla oa mantlha oa ho rata molekane le ho ikamahanya le molekane oa pele, lerato la lerato.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
HF o ngotse halofo ea sengoloa ho latela maikutlo a hae le datha ho tsoa lithutong tse fetileng mme a hlophisa mofuta oa ho qetela. XX o ngotse liperesente tse mashome a mabeli tsa sengoloa ho latela maikutlo a hae le data ho tsoa lithutong tse fetileng. AA e kentse letsoho mangolong ho latela maikutlo a hae le lithuto tse fetileng. LB o ngotse liperesente tse mashome a mararo tsa sengoloa ho latela maikutlo a hae le data ho tsoa lithutong tse fetileng mme a hlophisa mofuta oa ho qetela.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: lerato la boloi, ho lemalla, sebaka sa ho putlama sera ka thipa
Tlhahiso: Fisher HE, Xu X, Aron A le brown LL (2016), Passionate, lerato la Romantic: Na ke Tlatsetso ea Tlhaho? Kamoo Mekhatlo e Batlang Patlisiso ea Romance le Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi e ka Rarollang E mong ka Eona. Ka pele. Psychol. 7: 687. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00687
E amohetse: 08 February 2016; E amohetsoe: 25 April 2016;
E phatlalalitsoe: 10 May 2016.
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Xiaochu Zhang, Univesithi ea Saense le Theknoloji ea China, China
Hlahloba by:
Ricardo De Oliveira-Souza, Univesithi ea Federal ea Naha ea Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Sabine Vollstädt-Klein, Univesithi ea Heidelberg, Jeremane
Copyright © 2016 Fisher, Xu, Aron le brown. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.
* Litaba tsa mangolo: Lucy L. Brown, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
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