inahaneloang
Selelekela: Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke polelo e fanoeng bakeng sa thobalano e seng ya kamano ntle le litlhoko tsa kamano e haufi. E hlahile litsong tsohle le lichabeng tsohle ho theosa le makholo a lilemo. Patlisiso ka karolo ea boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano marang-rang e kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano.
Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le sechaba: Ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho boleloa hore ho amahanngoa le maikutlo a kelello a kang ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo, esita le ho se sebetse ka thobalano. Batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba na le maemo a tlase a kopaneng ea sechaba, ho eketseha ha mathata a boitšoaro, maemo a phahameng a boitšoaro bo hlephileng, liketsahalo tse phahameng tsa matšoao a sithabetsang, le ho fokotsa kamano ea maikutlo le bahlokomeli. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke sesupo sa litoro, 'me ho thoe li na le monyetla oa ho khutlisa litsi tsa thabo le bokaholimo ba mesebetsi le tšebetso.
fihlela qeto ena: Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li ka tlisa liphetoho tse ngata bokong bo tšoanang le bo ka bonoang ke ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Ka lebaka la theknoloji e kholo le ho fihlella habonolo ha lintho tse joalo, ho bohlokoa hore ho fanoe ka mananeo a thuto e amanang le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ruta liithuti ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Lentsoe “litšoantšo tsa bootsoa” le simolohile lentsoeng la SeGreike le bolelang "ho ngola ka liotsoa." Basali ba bontšitsoeng litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ba bontšoa e le ba ikokobelitseng, ba khahlisa balekane ba bona ebile ba sa tsepamise maikutlo ho bona. Polelo ena e fapane le "erotica" e bolelang polelo eo ka eona balekane ba bona ba thabileng ka nako e tšoanang ba natefeloang ke lipapali tsa bona tsa thobalano mme ka hoo ba fana ka maikutlo a hlakileng ho bonts'a maikutlo.1 Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li hlalosoa e le setšoantšo sa litaba tsa thobalano ka sepheo sa ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ka mekhoa e fapaneng e kenyeletsang libuka, limakasine, litšoantšo, livideo le lipapali tsa video. Ka mantsoe a mang, ke pontšo ea ketso eo ho fapana le ketso eo ka boeona. Peter le Valkenburg ba hlalositse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joalo ka litšoantšo kapa livideo tse hlahisoang ke motho kapa livideo (likotoana) tse reretsoeng ho tsosa motšehetsi. Tsena li kenyelletsa livideo le litšoantšo tse bonts'ang liketso tsa thobalano, joalo ka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali, ho nyanyana litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali, ho kenella ka hare ho botšehali le anal, ka tsela e sa patiloeng, hangata e nang le karabelo ea haufi.2 Litšoantšo tse litšila tse bobebe tse matla le tse thata ke mefuta e 'meli e hlokang khethollo. Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li kenyelletsa litšoantšo tsa batho ba nyalanang ba sa ikemisetsa ho kopanela liphate. Ho tsepamisa maikutlo liphatseng tsa lefutso e tla ba bonyane ka mofuta ona. Ho fapana le moo, litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, joalo ka lebitso le fana ka maikutlo a ho khatholla motho e mong, ho kenella ka botšehaling ba botšehali, ho kenella ka hare, kapa ho tsosa ka molomo. Ho shebisisa ka ho hlaka ka tlolo ea tlhaho, liketso tsa thobalano tsa sehlopha, ho robala le thobalano le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana le tsona ke karolo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.1 Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li hlahile ka tsela e itseng litsong tse ngata ho pota lefatše. Khang e kholo e likoloha potso mabapi le litlamorao tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho lemalla. Boithuto bo bong bo bontšitse hore ho lemalla litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ka amahanngoa le tšenyo e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea sechaba le kelello. Boithuto bo bontšitse hore bokhobeng ba marang-rang, lits'ebetso tse ka tlase tsa neural li ts'oana le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete bo lumellana le sebopeho sena ha bo ntse bo arolelana mekhoa ea mantlha e tšoanang le ts'episo ea thepa.3
Leha mantsoe a mangata a fapaneng a sebelisoa ho hlalosa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tse kang ho shebella ka mokhoa o qobelloang, ho shebella ntle le tšusumetso, le khatello ea maikutlo.4 DSM-5 ha e kenyeletse tlhekefetso ea thobalano e le sesupo se hlakileng haholo-holo ka lebaka la khaello ea bopaki le lipatlisiso tse matlafatsang lefapheng lena. Ha ho so be le lipatlisiso tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso ea naha tse sebelisang mekhoa e netefalitsoeng joaloka "Internet Gaming Disorder" e seng e kenyellelitsoe ho sehlomathiso sa DSM-5. Tlatsetso ea thobalano e ke ke ea kenyelletsoa ho fihlela ho fumanoe lintlha tsa bohlokoa mabapi le likarolo tse hlalosang, ho tšepahala le ho nepahala ha litekanyetso, litekanyetso tsa lefatše ka bophara, le mabapi le tekolo ea etiology le likarolo tse amanang le eona. Bafuputsi ba na le tumelo ea hore, leha tšebeliso ea litšoantšiso tsa bootsoa, kapa ho lemalla ho feta tekano, e ka etsa liphetoho tsa DSM nakong e tlang, e tla ba e 'ngoe ea mekhahlelo ea mathata a tlhekefetso ea inthanete ho fapana le ho ba karolo e arohaneng.5
Ho fihlella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bonolo ebile ho na le lintho tse ngata tse fapaneng tse kenyeletsang litšoantšo tse hlahang ka har'a limakasine, lithelevisheneng le livideo tse fanang ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho sechaba ka boikitlaetso bo bongata ho e fumana. Livideo li fana ka litšoantšo tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali le lintho tse ling ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Liteishene tsa thelevishene, tse potiloeng ka nako eohle, li-CD-ROMS, le lifilimi tse nang le litaba tsa thobalano tse hlakileng li se li tumme haholo. Ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele e kholo ea theknoloji, ho na le kholo e kholo ea batho ba fumanang inthanete ba sebelisang inthanete. Ho boleloa hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke tsona sebaka sa pele bashanyana ba bang ba tseba ka thobalano le ho fumana kutloisiso le litakatso tsa bona. Bashemane ba qala ho utloisisa se ka ntle le ho etsa joalo ka monyako oa litakatso tsa bona tsa thobalano.6 Phuputsong e entsoeng 2004 ke makasine ea MSNBC mme Elle e ithutile banna le basali ba 15 246: Ba bararo ho banna bao ba itse ba jarollotse lifilimi le livideo tse fosahetseng inthaneteng; 41% ea basali ba basali le eona e entse. Ba ileng ba re ba ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba qotsitse mabaka a latelang a ho se khotsofale ha bona: bophelo bo khotsofatsang ba thobalano, maikutlo a ho se tšepahale ho molekane, le tlolo ea litumelo tsa boitšoaro. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li nkuoa e le mokhoa o hlakileng le o bonolo o fanang ka setšabelo ho tloha pherekanong ea botona kapa botšehali eo bacha ba tobanang le eona lefatšeng la 'nete. Le basali ba bile ba ithuta ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, tsela eo ba thehang menyaka ea bona litabeng tsa botona le botšehali e ntse e fetoha haholo.6 Ho entsoe lithuto tse ngata lefats'eng ka bophara mabapi le bongoana le bokhoba ba bootsoa. Phihlelo eo ba nang le eona ea Marang-rang ha e bapisoe ke bohareng bo bong.7 Kahoo, tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le keketseho ea inthanete e thusitse sechaba ka nepo. Marang-rang ke ntho ea bohlokoa e ke keng ea etsahala bophelong ba bacha bana. Lintho tse fapaneng le tse ncha litšoantšong tsa bootsoa li letetse bacha bana ka lebelo le neng le sa lebelloa. Phuputso e entsoeng United States e bonts'itse hore 93% ea bacha bohle ba lilemo tse 12 ho isa lilemong tsa 17 ba sebelisa marang-rang; 63% e ea marang-rang letsatsi le letsatsi 'me 36% e fumaneha marang-rang makhetlo a' maloa ka letsatsi. Monyetla ona oa ho kena inthaneteng o ka ba le maemo maemong a itseng; mohlala, batho ba lilemo tsohle ba fumana leseli ka thuto ea thobalano le bophelo ba thobalano, khokahano ea sechaba, mosebetsi le boithabiso. Patlisiso e boetse e bonts'a hore bacha ba loantšana le ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete le boits'oaro bo bong bo amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng le cybersex. Ho pepesetsoa khafetsa boitsebiso bootsoa ho na le tšusumetso mehopolong ea bona ea bophelo le maikutlo a 'nete. Ha ba pepesehela lintho tse joalo, ke menahano e matla eo ba e sebelisang mabapi le thobalano.7
Ho tšoenyeha ka ho kopanela liphate ho amanang le ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho boetse ho tsekisanoa haholo. Phuputsong e entsoeng ka marang-rang ea banna ba maCroatia, ba Norway le ba Portugal, ho ile ha bonoa hore banna ba 40% ba tsoang sampoleng ea Sepotoketsi le lipakeng tsa 57% le 59% ea banna ba tsoang mehlala ea Norwegian le Croatia, ka ho tšoanang, ba fumanoe ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata makhetlo a beke. Mabapi le 14.2% -28.3% ea bankakarolo e tlalehiloe ka ho se sebetse hantle ha erectile dysfunction, 16.3% -37.4% e tlalehiloe ka dysfunction ea thobalano e amanang le thobalano, mme 6.2% -19.9% e liehile ho emisa.8 Ho ea ka phuputso e entsoeng har'a baithuti ba undergraduate ba 299 (70.6% ba batona) Univesithing ea Pele ea Capital ea Bangladesh ba ile ba botsoa lipotso ba sebelisa lipotso tse hlophisitsoeng. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e phahame haholo har'a baithuti ba neng ba bokane bosiu haholo le metsoalle ea bona e neng e le 58.4%. Ntle le moo, ba lulang ba ngangisana kapa ba loana le metsoalle ea bona, khafetsa ba senya nako le metsoalle ea bona, mme ba sa robaleng ka nako ba tlaleha ts'ebeliso e kholo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputso ena e fana ka kakaretso ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Karolo e kholo ea baithuti ba banna ba ne ba ja thepa e litšila ho feta basali. Boitšoaro bo joalo bo ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe lithutong, liphellong tsa thuto hammoho le litlamorao tse pharalletseng tsa kahisano le boits'oaro bakeng sa baithuti le sechaba ka kakaretso. Ho ile ha bonahala hape hore baithuti ba joalo ba na le bothata ba ho tsepamisa mohopolo lithutong le ho sitoa ho robala ka nako. Sena se kanna sa amana le bokhoba ba lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa. Ho boleloa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke pontšo ea litoro tse ka sebelisang litsi tsa thabo bokong le ho fetola likarolo le ts'ebetso. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka matlafatsa mokhoa oa boko oa moputso ka matla, o ka tlisang liphetoho tse kholo bokong bo ts'oanang le se ka bonoang litlamong tsa lithethefatsi.9
Bo-ramahlale le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ba bonts'a ho tšoenyeha ho hoholo ka tšusumetso ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Bausserman ho 1996 o ile a hlahloba lipatlisiso tse lekolang kamano pakeng tsa liphofu tse litšila tse matla tsa bootsoa le liphoso tsa thobalano. Boitšoaro ba batho ba fumanang thobalano e mabifi le bona bo bohlokoa kaha bo lebisa bashebelli ho nahana hore pefo le tlhaselo li loketse.1 Svedin et al thutong ea morao tjena ea baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng sa SwedenN = 2015) e fumane hore khafetsa bashebelli ba banna ba bonang lintho tse amanang le thobalano ba na le maikutlo a lokolohileng kapa a matle ho lithebo tsa thobalano ho feta ba neng ba shebella porno hangata kapa ho hang. Phuputso eo e boetse e totobalitse hore ba neng ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa thobalano khafetsa ba lumela hore ho sebelisa thepa e joalo ho ka baka bophelo bo tsosang ba thobalano ho bareki bao.10
Kamano lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela bacha ho keneng litabeng tsa thobalano le boitšoaro bo bobe ba botona le botšehali e hlalosoa e le tšebeliso e matla ea tlhalohanyo litabeng tsa thobalano, ka linako tse ling ka ntle ho mehopolo e meng. Peter le Valkenburg ba hlahlobile bacha ba ma-Dutch ba 962 ka makhetlo a mararo nakong ea selemo sa 1 mme ba fumana hore hangata bacha ba sebelisang libaesekopo tsa inthanete tse tsosang takatso ea ho kopanela liphate, ke hangata ha ba nahana ka thobalano, le takatso ea bona ea thobalano e ba matla, 'me hangata ba ba ba. sithabetse ka lebaka la menahano mabapi le thobalano.11 Lithuto tsa Haggstrom-Nordin et al12 le Kraus le Russell13 o khothalelitse hore ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano pele ho nako ho eketsa monyetla oa hore bacha ba batona le ba batšehali ba kenelle thobalanong ea molomo le thobalano pejana ho feta balekane ba bona ba sa pepesehang. Phuputso ea Brown le L'Engle ho 2009 e tšehelitse liphetho tsa lithuto tsena tsa pejana.14 Marie-Pier le basebetsi-mmoho ha ba ntse ba hlahisa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka cyber le bophelo bo botle ba botona le botšehali ho batho ba baholo ba fumane hore basebelisi ba boithabiso ba tlaleha khotsofalo e phahameng ea thobalano le khatello e tlase ea thobalano, thibelo le ho se sebetse. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, basebelisi ba qobelloang ba hlahisoa ka khotsofalo e tlase ea thobalano le ho se sebetse ka ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea thobalano le thibelo.15
Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete ke mofuta o atileng oa media o ka nolofalletsang tšebeliso e mpe le takatso ea boitlamo. Patlisiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore litsebo tse ling le ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling, joalo ka takatso ea ho nahana le ho tseba, li khubung ea ts'ebetso le kholo ea takatso ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse boleng ba kliniki ea mohopolo o ts'oanelang ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Ts'ebetso ena ea metacognitive e tlameha ho hlahlojoa mme e ka thusa ho nts'etsopele ea kalafo e ncha le ho khutlisa maano a thibelo.16
Mabapi le boemo ba India, ho na le khaello ea lipatlisiso tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litlamorao tsa teng. Hape ha ho na melao e hlakileng mabapi le litaba tsa bootsoa India. Ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa sephiring ha se tlolo ea molao; leha ho le joalo, ho boloka kapa ho phatlalatsa litšoantšo tsa tlhekefetso ea bana ka thobalano ke kotlo. Empa ho tloha ka Phupu 2015, ho na le phetoho mokhoeng oa mmuso mabapi le ho fumaneha ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Mmuso oa India o ntshitse taelo ea ho thibela libaka tse 857 ka Phupu 2015 mme hamorao tsa hlakoloa selemong sona seo. Hajoale, mmuso oa India o ntse o nchafatsa boiteko ba ona ntoeng ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mme o laetse lik'hamphani tsa mehala ea thekeng le bafani ba litšebeletso tsa inthanete (ISPs) ho thibela libaka tsa batho ba baholo tse 827 marang-rang a tsona ka Pulungoana 2018. Taelo ena e latela taelo ea Lekhotla le Phahameng la Uttarakhand, le e fumane libaka tsa 857 tse nang le litaba tsa batho ba baholo-tse ts'oanang le taelo e fanoeng morao koana ka 2015. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlahlojoa, Lekala la Elektroniki le Theknoloji ea Boitsebiso le fumane hore tse 30 ho tsona ha li na litaba tsa bootsoa, ka hona lenane lena le ile la felisoa ka nepo.
Ho eketseha ha marang-rang ke bacha lilemong ho thehile menyetla e sa lebelloang ea thuto ea thobalano, ho ithuta le kholo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, e boetse e lebisitse ho hlaha ha boits'oaro bo fapaneng bo ntseng bo tiisa moputso khafetsa; tšusumetso le ho potoloha ka hlooho ke karolo ea lefu la bokhoba ba tahi. E 'ngoe ea litloaelo tse joalo tsa boitšoaro ke tsa bootsoa. Patlisiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, haholo-holo tse fumanehang inthaneteng, ba na le litekanyo tse tlase tsa khokahano ea sechaba, keketseho ea mathata a boits'oaro, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa boits'oaro, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa matšoao a sithabetsang, mme li fokotse tlamo ea maikutlo le bahlokomeli. Ha re ea pele, re hloka ho theha moralo oa rona oa ho etsa lipatlisiso, o kenyelletsang mekhoa e rarahaneng e tsoelang pele ho tlhahlobisong e bonolo ea tlhabollo le meralo ea likarolo. Mohlala, lithuto tse hlahlobang ho feto-fetoha ha maemo le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo, hammoho le litlamorao tsa ho phahama, li tla eketsa haholo 'meleng o teng oa tsebo. Ho kenyelletsoa ho hlaka haholoanyane mabapi le lihlooho, dikahare le melaetsa e hlahisoang ponong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hoa hlokahala mme lithuto tse joalo li ka etsoa ho sebelisa mekhoa ea boleng e fanang ka mehloli e mengata ea tlhaiso-leseling. Ha ho fanoa ka liphetoho tse kholo tsa bocha lilemong tsa bocha, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li hloka ho phehella pono ea nts'etsopele mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ha ho bapisoa le batho ba bang ba lilemo, joalo ka batho ba baholo ba banyenyane, re ka holisa tsebo ea rona mabapi le hore na ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bacha e ka ba le tšusumetso ea selemong sena kapa ea sebetsa ho batho ba lilemo tse ling. Ho tla hlokahala hape ho etsa lipatlisiso tse fanang ka kutloisiso e kholo ea phapang e amanang le bong, maemo a setso, maemo a manyane, le batho ba sa tsebeng letho ka banana ba bong bo tšoanang, ba bong bo tšoanang le ba bong bo tšoanang.
Nakong ena ea dijithale, theknoloji e hlasela karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea bophelo ba rona, ka keketseho ea ho kena inthaneteng. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho fana ka lithuto tse etselitsoeng ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho ruta liithuti ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ntle le moo, ho hlokahala mananeo a phekoloang bakeng sa bokhoba ba thobalano, tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho ts'ehetsa batho ba lemaletseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
Phatlalatso ea Likhohlano
Bangoli ba ile ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello mabapi le lipatlisiso, bongoli, le / kapa khatiso ea sehlooho sena.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
Bangoli ha baa fumana tšehetso ea lichelete bakeng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso, bongoli le / kapa phatlalatso ea sengoloa sena.
References
| Westheimer, R. Thobalano ea Botho: Pono ea Psychosocial. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams le Wilkins; 2005: 719-723. Google Setsebi | |
| Peter, J, Valkenburg, PM. Bacha le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: Tlhahlobo ea lilemo tsa 20 tsa lipatlisiso. J Sex Res. 2016. Doi: 10.1080 / 00224499.2016.1143441. Google Setsebi | Crossref | |
| Darshan, MS, Sathyanarayana Rao, TS, Manickam, S, Tandon, A, Ram, D. Tlaleho ea linyeoe tsa bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le Dhat syndrome. Indian J Psychiatry. 2014; 56:385-387. Google Setsebi | |
| Duffy, A, Dawson, DL. Tlhakisetso ea bootsoa ho batho ba baholo: Tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea litlhaloso le tšusumetso e tlalehiloeng. J Sex Med. 2016; 13:760-777. Google Setsebi | |
| Griffiths, M. Hobaneng ha ho lekhoba la thobalano ho DSM-5. Tebello ea Litsebi tsa Bokhoba. Mots'eanong 2015. Google Setsebi | |
| Paul, P. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro: Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li senya bophelo ba rona joang, likamano tsa rona le malapa a rona. 1st ed. New York, NY: Buka ea Owl; 2006:19-75. Google Setsebi | |
| Mitchell, KJ, Wolak, J, Finkelhor, D. Mekhoa ea litlaleho tsa bacha ea ho qholotsa thobalano, ho hlekefetsoa le ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso inthaneteng. J Adolesc Bophelo. 2007; 40:116-126. Google Setsebi | |
| Landripet, I, Stulhofer, A. Na tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana le mathata a thobalano le ho hloka thobalano har'a banna ba batona ba bong bo fapaneng? J Sex Med. 2015; 12:1136-1139. Google Setsebi | |
| Chowdhury, MRHK, Chowdhury, MRK, Kabir, R, Perera, NKP, Kader, M. Na temallo ea litsoantso tsa marang-rang e ama tsela eo liithuti tsa under University tse ikemetseng tsa undergard e fumanehang ho eona? Int J Health Saense (Qassim). 2018; 12 (3):67-74. Google Setsebi | |
| Svedin, C, Åkerman, I, Priebe, G. Basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa: Boithuto ba batho ba lilemong tsa bocha ba Sweden. J Adolesc. 2011; 34 (4):779-788. Doi: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2010.04.010. Google Setsebi | |
| Owens, E, Beuhn, R, Manning, J, Reid, R. Kameho ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ho bacha: Tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso. Tlhakollo ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano. 2012; 19:99-122. Doi: 10.1080 / 10720162.2012.66043 /. Google Setsebi | |
| Haggstrom, N, Hanson, U. Kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litloaelo tsa thobalano har'a bacha ba Sweden. Int J STD AIDS. Hlakola 2005; 16 (2):102-107. Google Setsebi | |
| Kraus, SW, Russell, B. Liphihlelo tsa pele tsa thobalano: Karolo ea phihlello ea Marang-rang le lintho tse amanang le thobalano. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2008; 11:162-168. Doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2007.0054. Google Setsebi | |
| Brown, JD, L'Engle, KL. E lekantsoe: Maikutlo a boitšoaro ba thobalano le boits'oaro bo amanang le ho pepesetsoa ha bacha ba US ba lilemong tsa bocha lipatlisanong tsa puisano ea litaba tsa thobalano. J Geriatric Psychiatry Neurology. 2009; 36 (1):129-151. Google Setsebi | |
| Alexe, EM, Burgess, AW, Prentky, RA. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le lets'oao le nang le tšoaetso ea mokhoa o mabifi ho bana ba lilemong tsa bocha le ba lilemong tsa bocha. J O na le Booki ba Ma-Psychiatr. Pherekhong 2009; 14 (6):442-453. Google Setsebi | |
| Allen, A, Kannis-Dymand, L, Katsikitis, M Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro: Karolo ea ho lakatsa, ho nahana ka takatso le ho tseba lintho tse ling. Moemeli oa Behav. Phupu 2017; 70:65-71. Google Setsebi |
;
