Tlhahlobo ea Hona Joale ea Boits'oaro bo Botle ba ho Kopanela Liphate le Bothata ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Ho Sebelisa (2018)

Khoeli ea 2018, Litlaleho tsa Mekhoa ea Boipheliso ea Nako ea Boemo

Rudolf Stark, Tim Klucken, Marc N. Potenza, Matthias Brand, Jana Strahler

DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0162-9

inahaneloang

Morero oa Tlhahlobo

Khatisong ea leshome le metso e 'meli e sa tsoa lokolloa ea Kakaretso ea Machaba ea Maloetse (ICD-11), bothata ba ho kopanela liphate bo bobebe (CSBD) e bile ka lekhetlo la pele bo kenyelletsoeng le ho khetholloa e le boloetse ba ho laola maikutlo. Tlaleho ea hona joale e reretsoe ho akaretsa liphello tse matla mabapi le mekhoa e metle ea li-CSBD, ho akarelletsa le bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho lemoha lits'ebetso tsa mohloli oa motheo oa CSBD ho ka khothalletsa ntlafatso ea mekhoa ea phekolo e sebetsang haholo bakeng sa batho ba amehileng.

Liphihlelo tsa moraorao

Liphuputso tsa morao-rao tsa theo ea likokoana-hloko li senoletse hore boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate bo amahanngoa le ho fetoloa ho sebetsanoang le lisebelisoa tsa thobalano le ho fapana ha sebopeho sa boko le mosebetsi

Summary

Le hoja liphuputso tse seng kae tsa phekolo ea CSBD li 'nile tsa etsoa ho fihlela joale, litlaleho tse fumanehang li bontša hore ho na le lintho tse sa tloaelehang tsa lefu lena tse arolelanang lintho tse tloaelehileng tse nang le lithethefatsi tse kang ho sebelisoa ha lithethefatsi le ho becha. Ka hona, data e teng e fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhahlelo ea eona e ka ba e loketseng e le ho lemalla boitšoaro ho e-na le bothata ba ho laola maikutlo.

Keywords: Mathata a boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li sebelisa fMRI Bosodoma Ho lemalla thobalano 

Selelekela

Sepheo sa ho Kopanela Liphate ka ho Kopanela Liphate ke Eng?

Ho elella bofelong ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, v. Krafft Ebing [1] a hlalosa satyriasis le nymphomania e le mefuta ea banna le basali, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, oa liketso tse sa tloaelehang tsa ho kopanela liphate tse bakang boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate (CSB). Ha e le hantle, satyriasis le nymphomania li boleloa ka ho khetheha phetolelong ea leshome ea Kakaretso ea Machaba ea Maloetse (ICD-10) tlas'a 'ho se sebetse ha thobalano ho F52.8 ka lebaka la ho se sebetse ka thobalano eseng ka lebaka la boemo bo botle ba' mele '2]. Ho ka 'na ha pheha khang hore CSB e hlokometse saense haholo ho 1970 le 1980s [3, 4]. Ha ho ntse ho e-na le bokhoni bo ntseng bo eketseha ba ho kena Inthaneteng ka sekhahla, thahasello ea lithuto e eketsehile, ' Ka mohlala oa batho ba nang le CSB, Reid le basebetsi-'moho [5] ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso (78%), ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (81%), ka ho kopanela liphate fono (8%) le ka cybersex (18%), ho etela lihlopha tsa lihlopha (9%), le ho kopanela liphate le batho ba baholo (45%) mefuta e mengata e atileng ea CSB. Ka mohlala o motona feela oa banna ba nang le "batho ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate", Spenhoff et al. [6] ho fumanoe linomoro tse tšoanang le tse ling ntle le hore ho kopanela liphate ka thobalano ho fumanoe feela ka 20%.

Ho bile le ts'ebetsong e kholo mabapi le hore na CSB eo e seng paraphilic e ka hlalosoa e le boloetse 'me, haeba ho joalo, e ka ba mofuta ofe o loketseng ka ho fetisisa [7, 8]. Maikutlo a mangata a etellang pele a nka CSBD e le ho lemalla boitšoaro [4, 7], bothata ba ho laola maikutlo-kelello [9], ho qobella ho kopanela liphate [10], kapa bosodoma [11]. Lipuisano tsena li ka 'na tsa fumana qetello ea tsona ea nakoana ka ho kenyelletsa ICD-11 ho 2018. Mona, lefu lena le fumanoa khatello ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate (CSBD) e kenyelelitsoe khaolong ea taolo ea ho laola maikutlo (khoutu 6C72). Ho sa tsotellehe puisano ea lithuto mabapi le hore na ke litekanyetso life tse lokelang ho sebelisoa ho hlalosa CSBD le kamoo ho ka khethollang CSBD ho boitšoaro bo sa tsitsang ba ho kopanela liphate, ho na le tumellano e itseng mabapi le lits'ebeletso tsa motheo: taolo e senyehileng, tšebeliso ea boitšoaro ba thobalano bakeng sa merero ea tsamaiso ea maikutlo, le ts'ebetsong e tsoelang pele ka CSB ho sa tsotellehe ts'enyehelo e kholo ho batho, malapa, sechaba, thuto, mosebetsi, kapa likarolo tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa ts'ebetso.

Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pejana, batho ba ka 'na ba tšoaroa ke mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea CSB. Ha ho pelaelo hore boitšoaro bo hlaheletseng haholo-haholo-holo ho banna-bo shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso hammoho le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali [5]. Ka lebaka leo, lipatlisiso tsa boitšoaro ba methapo ea kutlo tse sebelisang litšoantšo tse sebetsang ka matla (fMRI) li tsepamisitse maikutlo haholo litabeng tsa banna tse nang le bothata ba bootsoa bo sebelisang (PPU). Ka hona, tlhahlobo ea hona joale e tla lebisa tlhokomelo haholo ho PPU ha e akaretsa lintlha tsa tlhahiso ea mali, 'me liphuputso tse tsoang lipatlisisong tsa meriana le tse ling tsa lipatlisiso tsa CSB li tla tlalehoa hape (bona le mohlala,12]).

Tlhekefetso ea ho kopanela liphate e se e le e putsang

Ha u botsa batho ka maikutlo a bona ha ba shebelletse lintho tse amanang le thobalano, ba lekanya maikutlo a bona ka holimo ho valen le ho tsosoa (mohlala,13]). Lilemo tse 20 tse fetileng tsa lipatlisiso tsa ho nka litšoantšo tsa boko li hlahisitse leseli la bohlokoa likarabong tsa methapo ea kutlo litabeng tsa thobalano. Litlhahlobo le litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tsa meta [14, 15, 16, 17] o fana ka setšoantšo se sa lumellaneng sa ho kenngoa ha mekhoa e itseng ea boko nakong ea ho sebetsana le lisebelisoa tsa thobalano. Mohlala o le mong [15] e fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tse 'nè (kutloisiso ea maikutlo, maikutlo, ho susumetsa, le ho ikemela le endocrine) li amana le mekhoa e itseng ea boko. Ka har'a mohloli o susumetsang, mekhoa ea boko e amanang le mekhoa ea bohlokoa ea "moputso oa batho," joaloka ventral striatum (ho akarelletsa le nucleus accumbens e sa sebelisoang hamorao) le anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), e bile sepheo sa thuto. Ho kenngoa ha mehaho ena ea boko ho ka 'na ha e-ba le litšobotsi tse khotsofatsang le tse matlafatsang litabeng tsa thobalano. Kenyelletso e joalo e lumellana le mekhoa ea ho iphetola ha lintho e fanoeng ka hore thobalano e lokela ho susumelletsa mokhoa oa ho itšoara ho etsa bonnete ba ho pholoha ha mofuta ona.

Litsebi tsa Neurobiological tsa CSBD

Tlhahlobo e fetotsoeng ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano ka CSBD

Ho sebetsana le lisebelisoa tsa ho kopanela liphate (SEM) ho CSBD e amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho entsoe lipatlisiso ka lithuto tsa cue-reactivity. Ho 'nile ha phenyekolloa khopolo-taba ea hore ho na le mokhoa oa ho etsa lintho tse ngata ka nako e telele ka lipatlisiso tsa maemo a tloaelehileng a ho lemalla lithethefatsi [18]. Mantsoe a mangata a susumelletseha, a ka 'nang a fetoha maikutlo, maemo a itseng, kapa litsela tse ling, tse amanang le makhetlo a mangata le ho noa lithethefatsi (tšusumetso e sa amoheleheng). Hona joale litlhapi li fetoha li-predictor le tse bakang ho noa lithethefatsi. Ho nts'etsopele le ho lokisa lithethefatsi, ho etsa hore ho be le takatso e amanang haholo le ho batla ka hare ho moralo oa khopolo-khothaletso ea ho lemala [19]. Tlhaloso e kholo ea moralo ona ke ho arohana ho rata ho batla. Khopolo eo e fana ka maikutlo a hore qalong ea tsoelo-pele ea ho lemala, monate oa hedonistic (= ho rata) o laola phihlelo; hamorao, motho ea lemaletseng lithethefatsi o hlaheloa ke tlhokahalo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (= ho batla) e ikemetseng ka ho fetisisa ea boithabiso. Lintlha li bontša hore ha ho batla ho ka 'na ha amahanngoa haholo le litsela tsa mahlo tsa dopamine, ho rata ha ho joalo.

Tabeng ea CSBD e amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ke potso e utloahalang ea hore na litlhahiso tsa thobalano ke life kapa litlhahiso tse sa amoheleheng. Hangata li hlalosoa e le lipolelo le hoja taba ena e boetse e na le likarolo tse sa hlalosoang (bakeng sa puisano e tsoelang pele ea sehlooho sena, bona [20]).

Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, boithuto ba pele bo sebetsang ba ho etsa lipatlisiso bo entsoe. Liphuputso tsena li bonts'itse phetoho ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano ka CSBD (Letlapa 1).

Lethathamo 1

Kakaretso ea kakaretso ea lipatlisiso tsa fMRI tse fapaneng le li-neural response tse lekantsoeng ke boemo ba mali a oksijene e itšetlehile ka (BOLD) letšoao ho batho ba nang le khatello ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali (CSBD) le lihlooho tse se nang CSBD (lithuto tsa meriana). Ho phaella moo, lipatlisiso tsa fMRI tsa lipatlisiso likarolong tse kotsing ea CSBD (liphuputso tsa lihlopha tse nyenyane) li kenyelelitsoe. Liphuputsong tse ngata, banna feela ke ba kenyelelitsoe

Tsa Sehlooho se Ithutoang

Topic

Hlahloba

sampole

Liphetho tse kholo

lipatlisiso tsa fMRI-mehlala ea litliniki

Politis et al. [21]

cue reactivity

mosebetsi o sa boneng oa ho shebella

• litene tsa litšoantšo tsa

- lithethefatsi

- lijo

- chelete le papali ea chelete

- thobalano

- se nke lehlakore

dikahare

• mananeo a mabeli: ONA kapa FELENG meriana ea L-Dopa

n = 12 (1 mosali) bakuli ba nang le lefu la Parkinson le CSBD

n = 12 (basali ba 2) bakuli ba nang le lefu la Parkinson empa ba se na CSBD

CSBD e fumanoeng e na le

• lethathamo la bosodoma

• puisano ea lingaka

Tlhokomeliso: bakuli ba nang le CSBD ba ne ba nka bo-agonists ba nang le dopamine haholo le ho feta L-DOPA e fokolang ho feta bakuli ba se nang CSBD

ba itšireletse ka Meriana ea L-Dopa KAPA kapa e sa tlohe:

• Likarabo tse kholo tsa litokelo tsa thobalano ho fapana le litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore ho bakuli ba nang le CSBD ka:

- Linaheng tse peli tsa OFC, ACC, linaha tse peli tsa naha, li ile tsa tloha, li-ventral striatum tse peli, lipalo tse peli tsa Hypothalamus (ROI)

- PFC e nang le naha ka bophara, SPL e kopaneng, IPL e nepahetseng (boitsebiso bo feletseng ba boko)

• Likarabo tse fokolang tsa neural ho litšoantšo tsa thobalano ho fapana le litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore ho bakuli ba nang le CSBD ka:

- lihlahisoa tsa linaha tse peli, li-claustrum tse nepahetseng (tlhahlobo eohle ea boko)

Voon et al. [22]

cue reactivity

mosebetsi o sa boneng oa ho shebella

• Likarolo tsa lifilimi tsa 9 s: SEM, thobalano, thobalano e sa amaneng le thobalano, chelete, ho se nke lehlakore

• Phapang e khōlō ea thahasello: 'SEM ha e fane ka livideo tse hlahang'

n = Banna ba 19 ba bong bo fapaneng ba nang le CSBD (shebisisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng)

n = 19 banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba se nang CSBD

CSBD e fumanoeng e na le

• Teko ea ho hlahloba thobalano ea Inthanete [23]

• Puisano ea lipilisi e thehiloeng ho tekanyetso ea Kafka [11] le mehato e hlalositsoeng ke Reid [5]

• takatso e kholo ea thobalano ho arabela SEM ho banna ba nang le CSBD ha bapisoa le banna ba se nang CSBD

• Likarabo tse kholo tsa li-neural ho SEM ho banna ba nang le CSBD ha li bapisoa le banna ba se nang CSBD ho

- DACC, hantle ventral striatum, amygdala e nepahetseng, right substantia nigra (tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso)

• kamano e phahameng pakeng tsa takatso ea ho kopanela liphate le khokahanyo ea ts'ebetso pakeng tsa DACC / right ventral striatum le DACC / amygdala e nepahetseng, le DACC / left gaua nigra (tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso) ho banna ba nang le CSBD ha bapisoa le banna ba se nang CSBD

Seok & Sohn24]

cue reactivity

mosebetsi o sa boneng oa ho shebella

• SEM le lifoto tse sa thabiseng tsa SEM

n = 23 banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba nang le CSBD

n = 22 banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba se nang CSBD

CSBD e fumanoeng e na le

• Tlhahlobo ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate Testing-R (SAST-R [25])

• Boikarabello ba ho itšehla thajana (HBI [26])

• puisano ea lingaka

• takatso e kholo ea thobalano ho arabela SEM ho banna ba nang le CSBD ha bapisoa le banna ba se nang CSBD

• Likarabo tse kholo tsa li-neural ho SEM ho banna ba nang le CSBD ha li bapisoa le banna ba se nang CSBD ho

- DACC e nepahetseng, thalamus e letšehali le e nepahetseng, nucleus e nkiloeng ka thōko, gyrus e nepahetseng ea li-supramaginal, mokotla o nepahetseng oa li-rallyolateral prefrontal cortex

• Tekanyo ea CSBD (e lekantsoe ke SAST-R [25], HBI [26]) e ne e lumellane hantle le ho sebelisoa ha neural ka thalamus e nepahetseng le ka ho lekaneng ho e-na le mokotla o motle oa li-prefrontal cortex

Tlhokomeliso: ho hlahloba ka hohle-hohle ha lipalo-palo, ke hore ha ho na phekolo ea FWE

Klucken et al. [27]

boemo bo khathatsang maikutlo

ho khetholla maemo a thata a boemo bo botle paradigm

• libaka tse mebala-bala tse kang CS + le CS-

• UCS: SEM litšoantšo

• 100% e matlafatsa

n = Banna ba 20 ba nang le CSBD

n = Banna ba 20 ba se nang CSBD

CSBD e fumanoeng e na le

• Mekhoa ea Kafka [11]

• puisano ea lingaka

• Likarabo tse phahameng tsa thuto ho CS + ho fapana le CS-ho banna ba nang le CSBD ha bapisoa le banna ba se nang CSBD ka amygdala e nepahetseng

• kgokahano e tlase e sebetsang pakeng tsa ventral striatum le prefrontal cortex lihloohong tse nang le CSBD ha li bapisoa le banna ba se nang CSBD

Banca et al. [28]

thuto ea takatso ea lijo

ho khetholla maemo a thata a boemo bo botle paradigm

• Mekhoa e mebala ea 6 e ne e sebelisoa ka thobalano ea 2 × CS +, 2 × CS +, le 2 × CS-

• kamora CS + ho kopanela liphate setšoantšo sa basali ba hlobotseng se hlahile; ka mor'a hore CS + chelete ea letšoao la limilione tsa 1 e hlahisoa, ka mor'a hore CS-lebokose le bofutso le bontšoe

• Phaello ea ho felisoa ka mor'a hore ho fumanoe: ha ho moputso kapa ho laola setšoantšo kamora li-CS tse fapaneng

n = Banna ba 20 ba nang le CSBD

n = Banna ba 20 ba se nang CSBD

CSBD e fumanoeng e na le

• Teko ea ho hlahloba thobalano ea Inthanete [23]

• Puisano ea lipilisi e thehiloeng ho tekanyetso ea Kafka [11] le mehato e hlalositsoeng ke Reid [5]

• ho ne ho se na phello ea sehlopha mabapi le likarabo tsa neural ho li-CS tse fapaneng

• ho itšoara ka litšoantšo tsa thobalano (ka morao ea liketso tsa thobalano) ho fokotsehile ka potlako ho banna ba nang le CSBD ho feta banna ba se nang CSBD dACC

• banna ba nang le CSBD ha ba bapisoa le banna ba se nang CSBD ba bonts'a khokahanyo e kholo ea ts'ebetso pakeng tsa dACC le ventral striatum e nepahetseng le hippocampus e nepahetseng bakeng sa liteko tse qetellang tse fapaneng ho fokotsa liteko tsa pele tsa ho pepesa litšoantšo tsa thobalano

Gola et al. [29]

cue reactivity

ts'ebetso ea ho lieha ts'ebetsong:

• cues (taolo ea taolo: letšoao la selikalikoe, letšoao la lichelete: letšoao la lidolara, letšoao le tsosang takatso: pictogram ea basali) e ne e le letšoao la ho amohela letho (setšoantšo se qhekelitsoeng) kapa chelete (setšoantšo sa chelete eo ba e hapileng) kapa meputso e tsosang takatso (Setšoantšo sa SEM). Phello e hlahisoang hang-hang haeba ho rarolloa mosebetsi oa khethollo

n = 28 banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba nang le CSBD

n = 24 banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba se nang CSBD

CSBD e fumanoeng e na le

• Mekhoa ea Kafka ea bosodoma [11]

• puisano ea lingaka

• ho batla kalafo ho banna bohle ba nang le CSBD

• linako tse khutšoanyane tsa ho itšoara ho banna ba nang le CSBD ho feta banna ba se nang CSBD litsong tsa ts'oaetso empa eseng litekong tsa lichelete

• mekhoa e mengata e nang le mekhoa e metle ho batho ba nang le CSBD ho feta banna ba se nang CSBD ka ho le letšehali le ventral striatum e nepahetseng

• ha ho na liphapang tsa lihlopha litabeng tsa boitšoaro le tsa mekhoa ea lichelete mabapi le lichelete tsa lichelete

• ha ho na liphapang tsa sehlopha ho itšoara ka litšoantšo tsa SEM (ho fana ka moputso)

Tlhokomeliso: Ts'ebetso feela ea sepheo se nepahetseng le se letšehali se ne se hlahlojoa (a priori libaka tsa thahasello)

fMRI - likarolo tse ka tlaase ho tse ling

Kühn & Gallinat [30]

cue reactivity

mosebetsi o sa boneng oa ho shebella

• Litšoantšo tsa ho kopanela liphate le tsa ho kopanela liphate

• thibela mekhabiso ea ho etsa liqapi:

- litšoantšo tsa thobalano

- litšoantšo tse seng tsa thobalano

- ho lokisa

n = Banna ba 64 ba bong bo fapaneng ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro

phapang e ikemetseng: lihora tse tlalehoang tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka beke

• ho se lumellane ho lekaneng pakeng tsa lihora tse tlalehiloeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka beke le likarabo tsa li-neural mabapi le litakatso tsa ho kopanela liphate ka letsohong le letšehali

Brand et al. [31]

cue reactivity

mosebetsi o sa boneng oa ho shebella

SEM le

• batšoantšisi ba banna / banna

• batšoantšisi ba banna / basali

• batšoantšisi ba basali / basali

• moqapi o amanang le ketsahalo

• litlhaloso ka mor'a papiso ea setšoantšo ka setšoantšo se tsosang takatso ea ho kopanela liphate, e sa thabiseng, ho atamelana le setšoantšo sa 'se setle'

n = 19 banna ba bong bo fapaneng

sampula e nang le matla a sa tšoaneng a ho lemalla Inthanete

Tekano ea Inthanete e lekantsoeng ke Tlhahlobo ea Tlhaselo ea Ts'oaetso ea Inthaneteng e fetotsoeng bakeng sa cybersex (s-IATsex) [32]

• ho lemalla ho lemala Inthaneteng ho ne ho amana le boholo bo boholo ba khethollo ea 'khethollo (basali / banna) ho fokotsa boitsebiso bo sa boleloang (banna / banna)' ka lebaleng la ventral

FWE phoso ea lelapa-bohlale, SEM lintho tse hlalosang thobalano, libaka tsa bokooa: dACC dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, PCC posterior cingulate cortex, OFC orbitofrontal cortex, IPL lobule e tlase e tlaase, SPL parietal lobule

Thupelong ea bona ea fMRI, Voon et al. [22] bapisa likarabo ho li-film tsa SEM lipapali le likoto tsa filimi tse nang le litaba tse monate empa e se tsa thobalano lihloohong tsa banna le ntle le CSBD. Liphello li senoletse hore banna ba nang le CSBD ba bontšitse likarabo tse ngata tse itšetlehileng ka boemo ba motlakase (BOLD) boemong ba moputso (ventral striatum, dorsal ACC) le amygdala ho feta ho laola banna ho SEM. Ho feta moo, SEM e kentse takatso ea ho kopanela liphate e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho banna le CSBD ho feta banna ba se nang CSBD. Thuputsong e tšoanang ea Seok le Sohn [24], banna ba nang le CSBD ba bile ba nkile litšoantšo tsa SEM le litšoantšo tsa litaba tse ntle tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano. Hape, banna ba nang le CSBD ba bapisoa le ba se nang liketso ba ile ba bontša likarabo tse kholo tsa BOLD ho SEM ho fapana le litlhaloso tse seng tsa thobalano libakeng tse ngata tsa boko, ho akarelletsa le thalamus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, gyrus ea supramaginal, dorsal ACC le caudate. Likarabo tse ikhethileng li boetse li bontšitse litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa takatso ea ho kopanela liphate tsa SEM ho banna le CSBD ho feta banna ba se nang CSBD. Liphello tsa phuputso ea fMRI ea Brand et al. [31•] e hlalositse ka tsela e le 'ngoe: tekanyo ea boitsebiso ba boipiletso ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthaneteng (mekhoa e metle ea banna) e amanang le likarabo tsa neural ho SEM e khethiloeng (ho fapana le SEM e sa khethoeng) ka lebaleng la ventral.

Ho fapana le litlaleho tsena, Kuehn le Gallinat [30] o ile a fumana liphapano tse mpe pakeng tsa likarabo tsa majoe ho SEM ho striatum (left putamen) le nako ea lihora tse sebelisitsoeng ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Bangoli ba ile ba hlalosa tlhaloso ena e khahlanong le maikutlo e le hore e ka 'na ea amahanngoa le mokhoa oa tloaelo oa ho tloaela ho amana le ho ba le tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Thuputsong e fanang ka tlhahiso ea fMRI, e neng e ferekanya libaka tsa mongobo tse amanang le likarolo tse sa lebelloang le tse fanang ka matla, Gola et al. [29••] e fumane li-neural tse tšoanang le tsa banna ba batlang phekolo bakeng sa PPU le banna ba se nang PPU ha ba sheba litšoantšo tsa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, ho shebella litlhahiso (= cues) ho bolela esale pele tlhahiso ea SEM (ha e bapisoa le cues ho tsebisang moputso oa chelete) ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e hlahisitse likarabo tse phahameng tsa BOLD ho banna ba nang le PPU ho feta banna ba se nang PPU ka lehlakoreng le letšehali le ventral striatum . Politis et al. [21] o ile a ithuta lihlopha tse peli tsa batho ba nang le lefu la Parkinson, le leng le nang le matšoao a CSB le le leng le nang le boloetse bo bong bo tšoanang le ba Parkinson empa le se na matšoao a CSB. Joalokaha ho tšohliloe ka tlase, CSB le mekhoa e meng ea boitšoaro ea ho itšireletsa (ho amana le papali ea chelete, ho reka le ho ja) li amana le likarolo tsa lefu la Parkinson ho akarelletsa le phekolo ea eona [37, 38, 39]. Liphello tsa phuputso ea bona ea fMRI li bontšitse hore lipotso tsa BOLD ho SEM li ne li phahame ho bakuli ba Parkinson ba nang le CSB ho feta bakuli ba se nang CSB libakeng tse ngata tsa boko, ho akarelletsa le orbitofrontal cortex, ACC, posting cingulate cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum le hypothalamus [21]. Libaka tse peli tseo ho tsona bakuli ba nang le CSB ba bontšang hore ha ba sebetse haholo ke li-insula le claustrum.

Ho akaretsa, lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa fMRI tse hlahlobang cec reactivity ho CSBD li senotse hore likarabo tsa BOLD ho SEM li batla li phahame ka ho fetisisa tsamaisong ea moputso [21, 22, 24, 29, 31]. Thuto e le 'ngoe feela [30] o bontšitse kamano e fapaneng lipakeng tsa karabo ea BOLD e amanang le SEM ka ho sebelisa letamen le letšehali le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​'me sena se ne se se ka sampuli le CSBD.

Kaha mekhoa ea boemo ba boemo bo ka ba bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea CSBD, re boetse re nahanisisa mona lipatlisiso tse peli tsa fMRI tse hlahlobang mekhoa ea ho fetola maemo a bophelo ka CSBD.

Banca et al. [28•] e tlalehile hore banna ba nang le CSBD ba khetha lenaneo la SEM le li-cue tse behiloeng ho SEM ho feta banna ba se nang CSBD. Phuputso ena e boetse e kenyelelitse teko ea fMRI ea boemo bo khethollang ba ho ikhatholla. Le hoja ho se na liphello tsa sehlopha mabapi le likarabo tsa BOLD tse fumanoeng, phetoho ea BOLD ho ACC ea soro ho SEM e sa lefelloeng e tloaetse ho feta sehlopha sa CSBD ho feta sehlopha sa lipapiso. Liphuputso li bontša hore mosebetsi oa ACC o thusa ho tloaela ho tloaelana le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ketsahalong e 'ngoe ea khatello ea fMRI teko ea litšoantšo tsa thobalano e le tšusumetso e sa amoheleheng, Klucken et al. [27] o ile a fumana phapang e khōlō mefuteng ea BOLD e arabelitsoeng ho amygdala pakeng tsa banna ba nang le ntle le CSBD. Ho phaella moo, ba ile ba bona ho fokotseha ha basebetsi pakeng tsa prefrontal cortex le ventral striatum sehlopheng sa CSBD; liphuputso tsena li hlahisa monyetla oa hore lipotoloho tsa prefrontal-striatal li ka kenngoa ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea bokooa ba bokooa ba bokooa ho CSBD joalokaha ho tlalehiloe ka lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi [40].

Liphuputso tse ling tse kholo le tsa longitudinal li hlokahalang ho pheta-pheta le ho atolosa kutloisiso ea mekhoa ea boemo bo botle ka CSBD le kamoo liketsahalo tse ling (mohlala, tsamaiso ea prefrontal ka boikarabello ba tlhaho nakong ea taolo ea takatso) e ka 'na ea e-ba habohlokoa ho nahana ka CSBD le kalafo ea eona.

Ho fapana le lipatlisiso tsa fMRI tse bontšang ho eketseha ha li-SEM-likarabo tsa mekhoa ea boipheliso ka CSBD, Prause et al. [41] ho tlalehile hore e fokotsoe ho fokotsa ho sebelisoa ha mocheso joalokaha ho bontšoa ke ho fokotseha ha nako e telele nakong ea electroencephalogram (EEG). Phuputso ena e sebelisitse mosebetsi oa ho shebella ka maikutlo a nang le litšoantšo tsa maikutlo tse kenyeletsang SEM. Le hoja ho e-na le khang ea hore na ho ka ba molemo hakae ho hlalosa seo e se fumaneng [20], lithuto tsa nakong e tlang li lokela ho hlalosa hore na ho ka ba le phapang pakeng tsa lipatlisiso tsa fMRI tse fetileng le thuto ena ea EEG.

Ho phaella ho lipatlisiso tsa fMRI le tsa EEG tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo, lithuto tse 'maloa tsa boitšoaro li hlahlobile likarolo tsa kelello tsa CSBD, tse ka fanang ka temohisiso e eketsehileng mabapi le litsela tsa mekhoa ea CSBD. Miner et al. [33] ba tlaleha hore banna ba 8 ba nang le CSBD ba bontšitse hore ba na le boikutlo bo phahameng ba ho ba le tšusumetso le boikutlo ba ho se nke boikutlo mosebetsing oa Go / No-Go ho feta banna ba 8 ntle le CSBD. Liphello tsa thuto ea probe ea mokhoa oa boitšoaro oa Mechelmans et al. [42] o bontšitse hore banna ba nang le CSBD ba na le khethollo e phahameng ho SEM empa ha ba e-na le tšusumetso e feteletseng ho feta banna ba se nang CSBD. Leha ho le joalo, phapang ena e ne e bonoa nakong ea fensetere ea karabo haufi le tlhaloso ea setšoantšo, pele ho phethoa kapa ho tseba ka hloko tsebo ea ts'ebetso. Messina et al. [43] ho bapisa mesebetsi ea boipheliso (mohlala, ho etsa liqeto ho Iowa Gambling Task, ts'ebetso ea ho tseba lintho tse hlahang Testing Testing Test) ho banna le ntle le CSBD pele le ka mor'a ho shebella SEM. Banna ba nang le CSBD ha ba bapisoa le ba entseng liqeto tse ling tse kotsi ho qalong ea mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa le ho bonahatsa mekhoa e fokolang ea ts'ebetso ho latela pono ea SEM. Schiebener et al. [44] o ile a hlokomela hore har'a mehlala ea banna ba 104 ba etsang mosebetsi oa lihlopha ka litšoantšo tsa thobalano kapa tsa thobalano, banna ba nang le mekhoa ea CSBD ba ne ba e-na le katleho e fokolang ka litšoantšo tsa thobalano le tsa thobalano, 'me liphuputso li fana ka maikutlo a ho qoba kapa ho atamela SEM ka ho tloaelana le mekhoa ea CSBD. Phuputsong e 'ngoe e sebelisang mokhoa oa ho thibela ho itšireletsa, batho ba nang le mekhoa ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate ka litaba tsa thobalano ba atisa ho qoba kapa ho atamela SEM [45]. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a ho hlorogeneity mabapi le pontšo ea boitšoaro ho amanang le CSBD ho banna.

Mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea bokooa ka CSBD

Metsing le basebetsi-'moho [33] o ile a etsa tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo tse hlakileng (DTI) e bapisoang le ho khetholla ho boleloang ha li-anisotropy tse fokolang le tse phahameng ho banna ba 8 le banna ba 8 ntle le CSBD (Letlapa 2). Ho fapana le litebello tse itšetlehileng ka ho fapana ha maikutlo ho fokolang libakeng tse ka tlaase ho moo ho nang le mathata a ho laola maikutlo (mohlala, [46]), ba fumane ho fapana ha maikutlo ho fokolang libakeng tse phahameng. Schmidt et al. [34] o fumane karolo e kholo ea letšoao la bohlooho ba amygdala molumo ha e lekanngoa ke voxel-based based morphometry (VBM) ho banna ba nang le CSBD ha ba bapisoa le banna ba se nang. Ho feta moo, ho ne ho fokotsoe puso ea boipheliso bo sebetsang pakeng tsa li-amygdala tse letšehali le li-rateralateral prefrontal cortex le sehlopha sa CSBD ha se bapisoa le sehlopha se se nang. Sephetho sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore tsamaiso ea prefrontal e susumetsang lipotoloho tse amang maikutlo le tse susumetsang li ka fokotseha ho banna ba nang le CSBD, le hoja sena se ka etsa hore ho be le lipatlisiso. Phuputsong e sa tsoa feta ea Seok le Sohn [36], mefuta e mengata ea lehlakoreng le letšehali la temporal gyrus le gyrus ea nako e nepahetseng ea nakoana e ile ea fokotsoa ho banna ba nang le CSBD ha e bapisoa le banna ba se nang. Ho feta moo, puso e tlase ea ho phomola e sebetsa ho CSBD pakeng tsa lehlakoreng le letšehali la temporal gyrus le tse peli tse ka letsohong le letšehali le le letona. Ho tloha ka taba e bohlooho boholo ba setsi sa morao-rao sa temporal gyrus le ho hokahanya ha mosebetsi ho tloha ka letsohong le letšehali la temporal gyrus le caudate e nepahetseng e hanngoe haholo le matla a CSBD, bangoli ba ile ba etsa tlhahiso ea hore mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea gyrus ea nakoana e ka tlaase e ka ba ea bohlokoa ho CSBD . Lihlahisoa tsa bona tse nyenyane tse nyenyane, Kuehn le Gallinat [30] li kopantsoe lifoto tse tsosang takatso tsa bootsoa libeke tse beke ka beke ka taba ea bohlooho 'me li fumane ho se lumellane ho fosahetseng ka caudate e nepahetseng. Ho feta moo, ba ile ba fumana hore phallo e sebetsang ea boemo bo botle pakeng tsa sebaka se nepahetseng sa peo (peo ea sebaka) le karolo e ka morao ea likarolo tse ka tlaase tsa likarolo tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Bangoli ba ile ba hlalosa litloaelano tsena tse mpe e le mohlomong ka lebaka la ts'usumetso e matla ea tsamaiso ea moputso, le hoja lithuto tsa longitudinal li hlokahala ho hlahloba ka ho toba monyetla ona.

Lethathamo 2

Lithuto tse fapaneng ka mekhahlelo pakeng tsa banna ba nang le CSBD le banna ba se nang CSBD (lithuto tsa meriana) le lithuto tse amanang le tsona (liphuputso tsa lihlopha tse ling). Lithuto tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa feela lihlooho tsa banna

Tsa Sehlooho se Ithutoang

Sehlooho le mokhoa

sampole

Liphetho tse kholo

Lithuto tsa meriana

 Merafo le al. [33]

Tšebelisano ea mohaho: DTI

n = Banna ba 8 ba nang le CSBD

n = Banna ba 8 ba se nang CSBD

CSBD e fumanoeng e na le

• boteng ba likhopolo tse tsohelang khafetsa le tse matla tsa thobalano, litakatso tsa thobalano, kapa boits'oaro nakong ea bonyane likhoeli tse 6 tse bakang khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho holofala

• ho batla kalafo ho banna bohle ba nang le CSBD

• Banna ba nang le CSBD ba ne ba se na tšusumetso ho feta banna ba sa nang le CSBD ha ba lekantsoe ka lipotso tsa lipotso le paradigm ea Go / No-Go

• ho bolela hore banna ba bangata ba na le CSBD e fokolang ho feta banna ba se nang CSBD libakeng tse phahameng

Tlhokomeliso: phello e fapaneng e ne e fapane le khopolo e lebelloang holimo e bolelang phapang sebakeng se ka tlaasana se ka pele

 Schmidt le al. [34]

• molumo oa bohlooho: VBM

• kgokahanyo: ho phomola boemo ba boemo bo sebetsang

n = Banna ba 23 ba nang le CSBD (shebisisa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng)

n = Banna ba 69 ba se nang CSBD (n = 45 bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa naha ea phomolo)

CSBD e fumanoe e na le:

• Mekhoa ea Kafka ea bosodoma [11] le mekhoa ea mekhoa ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate [35]

• puisano ea lingaka

• kholo e kholo ka ho le letšehali le lengolo le leholo ho banna ba nang le CSBD ho feta banna ba se nang CSBD

• ho fokotsa puso ea ho phomola ho sebetsa pakeng tsa peo ea amygdala e letšehali le PFC ka bobeli (tlhahlobo ea ho latela tlhahlobo ea VBM) ka CSBD

 Seok & Sohn36]

• molumo oa bohlooho: VBM

• kgokahanyo: ho phomola boemo ba boemo bo sebetsang

n = 17 le CSBD

n = 17 ntle le CSBD

CSBD e fumanoe e na le:

• Mekhoa ea Kafka ea bosodoma [11] le mekhoa ea mekhoa ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate [25]

• HBI [26]

• puisano ea lingaka

• boleng bo tebileng bo nang le bohlooho ho banna ba nang le CSBD ha bapisoa le banna ba se nang CSBD ka STG ea letšehali le tokelo ea mathomo

• ho hokahanngoa ha basebetsi boemong bo phahameng ba ho phomola ho banna ba nang le CSBD ho feta banna ba se nang CSBD pakeng tsa STG (peō) le letšehali le letšehali le letšehali.

Lipatlisiso tsa lihlooho

 Kühn & Gallinat [30]

• molumo oa bohlooho: VBM

• ho ikopanya: ho sebetsa-boemo bo sebetsang ba boemo bo botle

n = Banna ba 64 ba bong bo fapaneng ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro

phapang e ikemetseng: lihora tse tlalehoang tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka beke

• ho se lumellane ho hoholo pakeng tsa lihora tse tlalehiloeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka beke le molumo o nepahetseng oa caudate volume

• ho se lumellane ho fapaneng pakeng tsa lihora tse tlalehiloeng tsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ts'ebetso ea boipheliso bo sebetsang pakeng tsa statum e nepahetseng le PFC e setseng ka morao nakong ea ho phomola fMRI ea naha

DTI palo ea litšoantšo, VBM morphometry e thehiloeng ho voxel, libaka tsa boko: PFC prefrontal cortex, MTG gyrus ea nakoana, STG gyrus ea nakoana e phahameng

Ho fumanoa hammoho, lipatlisiso tsa pele li bontša hore CSBD ho banna e tsamaisana le liphetoho tsa moralo libakeng tse ling tsa boko. Liphuputso tse ling li lokela ho hlahloba hore na phapang e bonahalang e ka bonahatsa lisosa kapa liphello tsa nts'etsopele ea CSBD.

Matšoenyeho a li-Hormone le CSBD

Sampuleng ea CSBD ea Sweden, Chatzittofis le al. [47] e tlalehile ka ho se sebetse ha motlakase oa hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) ho banna ba nang le CSBD. Cortisol ea motheo le hormone ea adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) ha ea ka ea fapana pakeng tsa banna ba nang le ntle le CSBD. Leha ho le joalo, ka mor'a tlhahlobo ea dexamethasone ea ho hatella, sehlopha sa CSBD se ne se ka 'na sa bontša hore ha se hatelle le maemo a phahameng a ACTH ho feta sehlopha se se nang CSBD. Ka mohlala o tšoanang, bafuputsi ba fumane mokhoa o fokotsehileng oa methylation ea CRH liphatsa tsa lefutso sehlopheng sa CSBD [48]. Liphello tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hlakileng a taolo ea khatello ea kelello e sebetsanoang le CSBD ka mekhoa e lumellanang le maemo a mang a kelello le boitšoaro ho akarelletsa le ho tepella maikutlo, tahi le ho ipolaea (sheba mohlala,49]).

Boemo ba Botho le CSBD

Litloaelo tse 'maloa tse amanang le ho kopanela liphate li tlalehile hore li phahame ho CSBD, ho kopanyelletsa le ho kopanela liphate [50, 51], tšusumetso ea thobalano [27], le takatso ea ho kopanela liphate [52, 53]. Liphuputso tsa nakong e tlang li tla lokela ho hlahloba karolo e lekanyetsang ea litšoaneleho tsena ka CSBD. Litloaelo tse 'maloa tse tloaelehileng tse fumanoang hore li phahame ka CSBD li kenyelletsa ho se ratehe [28, 42, 52, 54, 55], mokhoa o mocha oa ho batla [56], le mathata ka taolo ea maikutlo [54, 57, 58], ho bolela mabitso a 'maloa feela a tummeng. Ho phaella moo, liphihlelo tse bohloko tsa bongoaneng, haholo-holo pefo ea boits'oaro le tlhekefetso ea thobalano, li bonahala li atile haholo ho batho ba nang le CSBD [59, 60, 61], 'me tsena li lokela ho nkoa kalafo ea CSBD.

Liphatsa tsa lefutso

Phuputso e mabapi le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa CSBD e ntse e le ts'ebetsong, 'me lithuto ho fihlela joale li lebisa tlhokomelo ho liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho sebelisa mehlala e nyenyane le ho se kenyelle batho ba nang le CSBD (ho e-na le ho hlahloba mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ea thobalano). Liphuputso tse ngata li 'nile tsa hlahloba polymorphisms e ka' nang ea amana le mosebetsi oa dopamine mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ka mohlala, phuputso ea Miller et al. [62] o bontšitse hore lilemo tsa pele tsa ho kopanela liphate li ne li amahanngoa le li-alleles tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa dopamine DRD2 le ka ho sebelisana pakeng tsa DRD1 'me DRD2 alleles. Ea bohlokoa, tekanyo ea hore na DRD2 liphuputso tse amanang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ngotsoeng bakeng sa D2 dopamine receptor ka ho se e kile ea phehisana khang, ka mohlala, bothata ba ho kopanya likokoana-hloko le ANKK1. Lilemo tsa pele tsa ho kopanela liphate li ne li boetse li amahanngoa le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa D4 ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (DRD4) polymorphism [63]. Ho feta moo, Ben-Zion le al. [64] o fumane mokhatlo oa DRD4 polymorphism le litlaleho tsa lipotso mabapi le takatso ea thobalano, ho tsosoa le ho sebetsa. Ka ho tšoanang, Garcia et al. [65] ba tlalehile hore DRD4 polymorphism e ne e amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate le ho se tšepahale ka thobalano. Beaver et al. [66] e tlalehile hore polymorphism ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa dopamine (DAT1) e ne e amahanngoa le palo ea balekane ba thobalano. Ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse lebisitseng tlhokomelo ho li-polymorphisms tse amanang le dopamine tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba le li-dopamine li fana ka maikutlo a hore karolo e ka khonehang bakeng sa liphatsa tsena tsa lefutso litabeng tsa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, tlhokomeliso e nepahetse ho lithuto tse kholo tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso (mohlala, lithuto tsa lihlopha tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa genome (GWAS) hangata ha li fumanoe e le ts'ehetso e matla bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea allelic e kenyelletsoeng lipatlisisong tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso. E 'ngoe e fumanoang morao tjena ea GWAS e bontšitseng hore liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amehang boitšoarong bo kotsi ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse amanang le ho itšetleha ka joala li ka' na tsa e-ba teng le tse amehang ka mathata a botho le tse ling tsa lefuba le hore tsena li ka '67]. Liphuputso tse eketsehileng tsa mofuta ona o batlisisang ka ho toba CSBD ho sebelisa GWAS le litsela tse ling (mohlala, li-scogen risk risk) tse hlokehang.

Tlhaloso ho lihlooho tsa CSB tse tsoang ho tse ling tse fapaneng tsa lipatlisiso

CSB e tsitsitseng lithethefatsi

Dopaminergic le tse ling (mohlala, serotonergic) tsamaiso ea li-transmitter li ka kenya letsoho ho CSBD. Li-agonists tsa Dopamine li 'nile tsa amahanngoa le CSB le mekhoa e meng ea boitšoaro [68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74]. Leha ho le joalo, ho fanoe ka hore likarolo tse ling li bonahala li amana le CSB le mekhoa e meng ea boitšoaro ba Parkinson, ho kenyeletsa sebaka sa sebaka sa bolulo le boemo ba lenyalo har'a lisosa tse ling, etiologia ea CSB ea lefu la Parkinson e ka 'na ea e-ba e rarahaneng le e mengata [75]. Ho feta moo, motho o lokela ho ba hlokolosi ho fetisetsa lefu le kang lefu la Parkinson (le amanang le ho senyeha ha dopamine) ho batho ba seng ba Parkinson. Li-agonists tsa Dopamine li boetse li sebelisoa ho phekola lihlahala tsa moriana oa pituitary le maoto a sa phopholeng, 'me litlaleho tsa litlaleho li fana ka maikutlo a hore meriana ena (kapa maemo a phekoloang) ka linako tse ling e ka amahanngoa le CSB (lihlahala tsa mokokotlo oa pituitary: [76, 77, 78, 79]; phekolo ea lefu la maoto le sa foleng: [80, 81]). Ho phaella moo, litlaleho tsa monoamine oxidase inhibitors (safinamide [82] le rasagiline [83, 84]) se sebelisitsoeng ho phekola lefu la Parkinson bakeng sa bosodoma. Habohlokoa, motho o lokela ho ba hlokolosi ha a fetola litlaleho ho tsoa litlalehong tsa likarabo le lits'ebeletso tse kholo tsa litaba tse thehiloeng litlalehong tsa liketsahalo tse kang lintho tse ngata (mohlala, phatlalatso) li ka hlokomoloha tlaleho e joalo [85]. Ha ho joalo, lithuto tsa mafu a likokoana-hloko tsa mafu a mangata ka hloko li hlokahetse ho batlisisa litaba tse joalo.

Litlaleho tsa litaba li boetse li teng bakeng sa CSB tse amanang le tšebeliso ea psychostimulants (ampethamine [86], methylphenidate [87], le modafinil [88]), likokoana-hloko tsa antiepileptic [89] le li-anti-depressants (duloxetine [90] le venlafaxine [91]). Litlaleho tsa CSB tse nang le bothata ba ho imeloa kelellong li ka 'na tsa makatsa ha sehlopha sena sa lithethefatsi se amahanngoa le ho se sebetse ha hyposexual. Ho boetse ho na le litlaleho tsa litaba tse amanang le li-antipychotic atypical (risperidone [92], paliperidone [93], le aripiprazole [94, 95, 96]) ho CSB. Le hoja linyeoe tse boletsoeng ka holimo li bontša hore lingaka li lokela ho hlahloba CSB ho batho ba bangata ba meriana ba tšoaroang ke lithethefatsi tse fapa-fapaneng, tlhokomelo e loketse ho fetisetsa litlaleho tsa litlaleho litabeng tsa mekhoa ea matsoho ka ho ba sieo ha lithuto tse kholoanyane le tse ling tse tobileng.

Phekolo ea Meriana ea CSBD

Liphuputso mabapi le phekolo ea meriana ea CSBs e ka fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhoa ea phekolo ea methapo ea meriana e ka sebelisoang ke CSBD. Lintlha li bontša hore lihlopha tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa lithethefatsi li ka fokotsa CSBs (tlhahlobo ea kakaretso [97]): (1) lithethefatsi tse sithabetsang tse amang dopaminergic, noradrenergic, le serotonergic transmission; (2) khahlanong le androgens; le (3) gonadotropin-ho lokolla li-agonists tsa hormone. Tse peli tsa ho qetela li sebelisoa ka ho khetheha litabeng tsa lichelete ka lebaka la litšenyehelo tse phahameng le liphello tse mpe tse ka hlahisoang ke lithethefatsi tsena. Leha ho le joalo, Safarinejad [98] o ile a tlaleha liphello tse hlahang tekong e hlakileng ea li-hormone ea gonadotropin (ke hore, triptorelin) ho banna ba nang le ho kopanela liphate ho sa pheleng. Liphuputso tse ling tse laoloang ka CSBD li bonahala li lekana.

Melemo e ntle ea serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) -e tloaelehileng e sebelisetsoang ho phekola ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, le mathata a mangata a ho qobella-li-CSB li 'nile tsa khothalletsoa liphuputsong tsa pele tsa citalopram [99, 100], fluoxetine [101], le paroxetine [102]. Leha ho le joalo, liteko tsa litsing tsa bophelo tsa meriana li hlokahalang ho hlahloba matla a nakoana le a nako e telele le ho mamelloa. Tabeng ena, thuto ea Gola le Potenza [102] ho tsosa lipelaelo tse mabapi le liphello tse tsitsitseng le khopolo ea hore meriana e ithutoang (paroxetine) e ka lebisa feela karoloana ea likarolo (mohlala, ho tšoenyeha kapa ho tepella maikutlong) e amanang le ho kenya letsoho ho CSBs.

Ho na le litlaleho tse eketsehileng tsa likarolo mabapi le ho khoneha liphello tse ntle tsa mohanyetsi oa li-opioid naltrexone [103, 104, 105], beta blockers (ka moshanyana e motona oa autistic [106]), lithethefatsi tsa antipsychotic (clozapine [107]), li-inlinesite tsa cholinesterase (ka lefu la Alzheimer [108]), le lithethefatsi tsa anticonvulsant / antimanic (topiramate [109]) ho phekola li-CSB.

Litlaleho tsa litlaleho li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho khoneha ho kenyeletsoa ha batho ba bangata ba nang le mekhoa e metle ea li-CSBD. Leha ho le joalo, liteko tsa lingaka tse laoloang ke li-placebo li hlokahalang ho hlahloba katleho le mamello. Sena ke sa bohlokoa hajoale ha ho na meriana e nang le letšoao (mohlala, ka lijo tsa US le lithethefatsi tsa tsamaiso) bakeng sa CSBD.

CSBD le Maqakabetsi a hlahang ho Lik'hamphani

Mathata a kopanetsoeng a ka 'na a fana ka temohisiso ka litsebo tsa neurobiological tsa CSBD. Mathata a kopaneng a atile haholo ho CSBD mme a ka ama bophelo bo botle le ho tataisa phekolo. Thuputsong ea morao-rao ea Inthaneteng, Wery et al. [110] ba fumane hore 90% ea barupeluoa ba nang le CSBD ba tlaleha hore ho na le lisosa-hloko tsa mafu a kelello. Maemo a tummeng ka ho fetisisa a kopanetsoeng a ka 'na a kenyelletsa maikutlo, matšoenyeho, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le mathata a ho laola maikutlo [111, 112]. Mathata a botho [113, 114], ka tsela e bontšang hore na ke ea mofuta ofe [54], hape e ka 'na ea kopana hangata le CSBD.

CSB ka Mafu a Neurological

CSB ke tlhokomelo ea bongaka ka makhetlo a 'maloa a methapo ea mali. CSB e 'nile ea hlokomeloa, ka mohlala, ho' dementia [115, 116, 117]. Ha ho bapisoa pakeng tsa lefu la pele la ho theola maikutlo le lefu la Alzheimer, Mendez le Shapira [118] ba fumane CSB ho 13% ea bakuli ba nang le bothata ba dementia ea frontotemporal empa ha ho le ea mong oa bakuli ba nang le lefu la Alzheimer. Ho feta moo, ho na le likarabo tsa CSB ho batho ba nang le likotsi tse mpe tsa boko ba pelo [119], Lefu la Huntington [120], lefu la ho ferekana kelellong (ho basali) [121], multiple sclerosis [122] le lefu la Kluver Bucy [123, 124]. Litlaleho tsa Kluver Bucy syndrome li bontša hore ho ameha ha lobe ea nakoana ho CSB e le Kluver Bucy syndrome e amana le liso tsa nakoana tse sa tšoaneng. Karolo ea ho lobe ea nakoana ho CSB e boetse e fana ka maikutlo a ho fumanoa hore lithōle tse nang le litekanyetso tsa nakoana [125] le li-stroke tsa nakoana li ka fella ka CSB. Tabeng ena, Korpelainen et al. [126] o fumane ho eketseha ha thobalano libido ho 10% ea bakuli ba lipelo.

Litaba tse tsoang ho batho ba nang le mafu a kelello li bontša ho kenngoa ha prefrontal cortex le lobe temporal CSB. Liphuputso tsena li na le likarolo tsa libaka tsena tsa bokooa ka ts'ebetsong ea maikutlo / ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo le taolo ea maikutlo.

fihlela qeto e

Ho kenngoa ha CSBD ho ICD-11 ho ntlafatsa menyetla ea hore mathata a hlahelang batho ba nang le CSBD a tla khetholloa mme a fumane tlhokomelo e nepahetseng ea bongaka. Ka kakaretso e amohetse litekanyetso tsa ho hlahloba lefu lena, li lokela ho thusa ntlafatso ea phekolo e sebetsang ea kelello le ea bongaka bakeng sa CSBD. Khatelo ea litlhare tse atlehang e tla fanoa ke kutloisiso ea mekhoa ea kelello le ea bophelo e sebetsanang le CSB. Lithuto tsa ho iphekola ha maikutlo ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea mekhoa ea motheo ea nts'etsopele, ho tsoela pele, ho eketsa matla a CSBD le ho hlaphoheloa ha CSBD. Karolo e itseng e bakoa ke likhang tsa hore na ho khetholla CSBD kapa ho se khetholle hokae e le bothata le ho hloka mekhoa ea ho hlahloba ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, mekhoa ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa "neurobiological" e lekanyelitsoe ho fihlela joale.

Le hoja ho se ho e-na le lithuto tse fokolang tsa thuto ea methapo ea kutlo e entsoeng ka CSBD, ho ka 'na ha etsoa liqeto tse ling. Ntlha ea pele, lipatlisiso tsa fMRI li bontša phapang pakeng tsa banna le ntle le CSBD ha ho sebetsanoa le tšusumetso ea thobalano joalokaha ho bontšoa ke likarabo tsa BOLD tse fetotsoeng "tsamaisong ea moputso." Ka lintlha, lithuto tse ngata li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho PPU ka banna ba bong bo fapaneng, ka tsela eo li fokotsa matla a mangata ka ho feletseng mefuta e mengata ea CSB ho batho ba bangata ba fapa-fapaneng. Ho kenya letsoho ha mokhoa oa moputso o boletsoeng bokong ba ho etsa lipatlisiso ho fihlela joale ho lumellana hantle le lithuto tse tsoang tšimong ea lithethefatsi.

Liphuputso tse hlalositsoeng ka bokhutšoanyane ka kakaretso ea rona li fana ka ts'ebetso e fapaneng le mekhoa e amanang le boitšoaro le lithethefatsi, e arolelanang mefuta e mengata e sa tloaelehang e fumanehang bakeng sa CSBD (joalokaha e hlahlojoe ka [127]). Le hoja ho feta tlaleho ea hona joale, lithethefatsi le lits'ebeletso tsa boitšoaro li khetholloa ka mokhoa o fetotsoeng oa reactivity o hlophisitsoeng ka mehato e ikemetseng, ea boitšoaro le ea methapo ea maikutlo (ho shebella litlhahlobo le litlhahlobo: [128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133]; joala: [134, 135]; cocaine: [136, 137]; koae: [138, 139]; papali ea chelete: [140, 141]; papali: [142, 143]). Liphetho mabapi le ho ikopanya ha basebetsi boemong bo phomolo bo bontša ho tšoana pakeng tsa CSBD le lithethefatsi tse ling [144, 145]. Ka lebaka leo, lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang li lokela ho etsa qeto ea boemo bo nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa ba CSBD. Ke hore, ebang e lokela ho khetholloa e le bothata ba ho laola maikutlo, joalo ka ha hona joale e le ICD-11, kapa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng haholoanyane ka ho lemalla boitšoaro. Ho hlophisoa ho joalo (ho tloha taolong ea ho laola maikutlo ho ea ho mathata a ho lemalla) ho etsahetse ka bothata ba papali ea chelete ho DSM-5 le ICD-11 ho latela data e teng. Ha boitsebiso bo eketsehileng bo bokelloa ho CSBD, sehlopha sa eona se ka hlahlojoa hape.

Le hoja ho ntse ho etsoa tsoelo-pele e khōlō ho utloisisa CSB le CSBD, lipotso tsa bohlokoa li ntse li lokela ho rarolloa. Ka mohlala, ke potso e bulehileng hore na ho na le litsela tse tšoanang tsa neurobiological tse amehang ho PPU ha li bapisoa le li-CSB tse ling (mohlala, boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate bo amanang le balekane ba tloaelehileng). Ho feta moo, lipatlisiso tse ngata li lebisitse tlhokomelo ho banna ba bacha, ba ratanang le basali, ba masoeu. E ntse e le potso e bulehileng hore na mekhoa e tšoanang ea likokoana-hloko e boetse e teng ho lihlopha tse ling (mohlala, batho ba hōlileng, basali, bosodoma, batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng, ba ratanang le batho ba bang kapa ba lihlopha tse ling, kapa batho ba seng ba tšoeu ba nang le CSBD). Qetellong, ka lebaka la ho ba sieo ha mekhoa ea ho hlahloba ea CSBD e amohelehang lefatšeng ka bophara lilemong tse fetileng (e leng hona joale e fetohileng le ICD-11), ha ho na litekanyetso tse tšepahalang le tse tiileng tsa ho ata ha CSBD ho fihlela joale. Ha boitsebiso bona bo bokelloa, tsoelo-pele ho thibelo le kalafo ea CSBD, hammoho le maano a amanang le CSBD, a lokela ho etsoa.

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Litokomane tse thahasellisang, tse hatisitsoeng morao tjena, li 'nile tsa totobatsoa e le: • Tsa bohlokoa •• Tsa bohlokoa haholo

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