Tlhahlobo ea Histori le ea Bohlokoa ea Litšoantšo Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa le Kamano ea Baratani: Liphello ho Bafuputsi ba Lelapa (2015)

Khomishene ea 1970

Leha a tobane le khatello e matla ea nako (ke hore, bafuputsi ba laetsoeng ba ne ba na le likhoeli tsa 9 ho fana ka tlaleho e felletseng), ba mpefalitsoe ke ho haella hoa motheo kapa oa thero ea motheo (Wilson, 1971), komisi e phethile ka hore ha ho "bopaki bo ka tšeptjoang ho fihlela joale ho pepesetsoa lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ferekeng ha boitšoaro bo bobe ba botona kapa botšehali ho batho ba baholo kapa ba baholo" (US Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, 1972, leq. 169). Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho boits'oaro ba botlokotsebe e kanna eaba ho bakiloe ke pono e atileng ea "tokoloho e tloaelehileng" ea litlamorao tsa media (Linz & Malamuth, 1993), e neng e hanana le ts'ebetso ntle le ha ho ka fumanoa bopaki bo tobileng ba hore mecha ea litaba e baka likotsi tse mpe. Litlamorao tse ling, joalo ka litlamorao ho tlhalo le mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka tsa thobalano, li ne li nahanoa pele hore li kenyeletsoe, empa khomishene qetellong e ile ea khetha lihlooho tseo ba nahanang hore bopaki ba tsona bo ka bokelloa habonolo (Johnson, 1971). Ho senya botsitso ba likamano tsa lerato e ne e le taba ea bobeli, kaha e ne e sa tsebise tseko ka kotloloho. Leha khomishene e kenyellelitse thuto e le 'ngoe e lekolang litlamorao tsa nakoana tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lenyalong (Mann, 1970), litaba tsena ha li fuoe tlhokomelo e nyane haholo ho feta lithuto tsa peto, botlokotsebe, pefo le mabifi. Litlamorao tse amanang le tekano ea bong (tseo hamorao li neng li tla hlahella haholo; mohlala, Dworkin, 1985) hape e amohuoe tlhokomelo e nyane, mohlomong ka lebaka la khaello ea litho tsa komiti ea basali.2

Boithuto ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kamora 1970

Leha boralipolotiki ba neng ba vouta ho theha komisi ba hanne liqeto tsa bona (Nixon, 1970; Tseleng le Daynes, 2011), ba bangata sehlopheng sa barutehi ba ile ba li amohela. Litsebi tse ling li hlahisitse litlhahlobo tse matla tsa mekhoa le liphetho tsa khomishene (mohlala, Cline, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe tlalehong e fokolang ea Khomishene ea Amerika ea Litlhaselo le Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa, 1972) empa mathata ana a hapiloe tlhokomelo e nyane, lithutong le sechabeng ka kakaretso (Simons, 1972). Bo-rasaense ba bangata ba sechaba ba lumellane hore potso ea ts'oaetso e litšila e rarollotsoe ka nepo (Malamuth & Donnerstein, 1982), 'Me litsebi li ile tsa qala leqhubu la lipatlisiso litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tse neng li bonahala li sa ameha ka ho lekola litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso (mohlala, Brown, Amoroso, Ware, Pruesse, & Pilkey, 1973).

E ne e le bafuputsi ba mabifi, ba amehileng ka khokahano lipakeng tsa tsoho le mabifi tse boletsoeng tlalehong ea tekheniki ea khomishene (Mosher & Katz, 1971), ea neng a tla tsamaisa lipatlisiso mabapi le litlamorao tse mpe. Mohlala, litho tsa sehlopha tse ileng tsa pepesetsoa lifilimi tsa bootsoa li fana ka litlhatlhobo tse matla tsa motlakase khahlanong le likonteraka tse neng li li khopisitse ho feta ba neng ba sa pepesoa (Zillmann, 1971), 'me bafuputsi ba hlalositse litšoso tsena tse matla e le mabifi a eketsehang. Bafuputsi bana ba kenyelelitse likhakanyo tsa basali tsa bootsoa tse feteletseng (Malamuth, 1978), e bolokileng hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka hokahanngoa le peto, mabifi le ho se lekane hoa bong (Brownmiller, 1975; Russell, 1988). Liphuputso tsena tse mabapi le pefo li ne li bonahala li fana ka bopaki ba tšenyo ea sechaba ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tseo khomishene ea 1970 e ileng ea hloleha ho li senola, haholo ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li kenyelletsa litšoantšo tsa pefo (Donnerstein & Linz, 1986). Mekhoa ea boithuto e boetse e lumelletse bafuputsi ho hokahanya khokahano pakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse mabifi le mabifi, li hlahisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka tlhekefetso ho basali.

Lipuisano tsa bootsoa ka li-1980

Ha khokahano ea liteko pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le pefo e matlafala lilemong tsa bo-1980 (Donnerstein le Berkowitz, 1981; Linz, Donnerstein, le Penrod, 1984; Zillmann le Bryant, 1982), likomiti tse tharo tsa mmuso li ile tsa bokelloa (the Williams Committee in the United Kingdom in 1979, and the Fraser Committee in Canada and the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography in the United States, both in 1986) that took this research (Einsiedel, 1988). Likomiti tsena li ile tsa nyatsoa ka matla ke litsebi tse amehileng ka tokoloho ea sechaba (Brannigan, 1991; Fisher le Barak, 1991; Segal, 1990), 'Me bafuputsi ba bang ba mabifi ka bobona ba ile ba bua, ba makalitsoe ke mohopolo oa bona oa ho fana ka laesense ho thibelo ea mmuso (Linz, Penrod, & Donnerstein, 1987; Wilcox, 1987). Ka lebaka leo, ba bangata ba ile ba felloa ke ts'epo ho lingoliloeng tse hokahanyang tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le pefo, ba bang ba qotsa litlatsetso tsa bafuputsi ho bontša ho hloka bopaki bo ka tšeptjoang ba tlhekefetso ea sechaba ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (G. Rubin, 1993).

Nakong ea ntoa ena e sa feleng, potso ea mantlha e ile ea sala e le: Na saense ea kahisano e ka fumana ho sa laoloe, bopaki ba mabaka bo hokahanyang ts'ebeliso ea lits'oants'o tsa thobalano le tlhaselo ea thobalano? Joale tumellano ke hore e ke ke ea (Boyle, 2000; Jensen, 1994). Le ha khokahano e joalo e ne e le teng, lithibelo tsa boits'oaro li ile tsa etsa hore ho be thata ho fumana bopaki bo matla ba liteko, joalo ka ha bafuputsi ba ne ba ke ke ba hlohlelletsa liketso tsa peto kapa pefo ka boomo, ebang ke laboratoring kapa lebaleng (Zillmann & Bryant, 1986). Hobane bopaki bo fumanehang e ne e se ba mofuta o loketseng, ngangisano e ile ea koaheloa ka tumellano e nyane ka litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​mme ba bangata ba ile ba tsoela pele ho nka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e se kotsi (Fisher & Barak, 1991). Patlisiso e fumaneng khokahano lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tse mabifi le tsona, le lintho tse ling tse ikhethang (mohlala, Malamuth et al., 2000).

Lintoa tsa botona le botšehali

Ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li qala ho hlaha, mantsoe a basali a ile a potlakela ho nyatsa setšoantšo sa hae se sothehileng sa basali (ke hore, mohopolo oa hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke leshano le bonts'ang basali ba natefeloang ke liketso tsa pefo le peto e entsoeng khahlanong le bona; Brownmiller, 1975; Millett, 1970). Mantsoe ana (mohlala, Dworkin, 1985; MacKinnon, 1985), e hlophisitsoeng lilemong tsa bo-1970 joalo ka Basali Khahlano le Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa, ​​li nehetsoe ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa sechabeng (Kirkpatrick & Zurcher, 1983). Ba phehile ka hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke sesupo ebile sesosa sa khatello ea banna ka ho betoa le pefo le hore e thusitse ho ntšetsa pele ho se lekane ha bong, ho hatakela litokelo tsa basali tsa sechaba. Boemo bona bo ile ba ratoa haholo ke sechaba lilemong tse leshome tse latelang, ka tšusumetso e eketsehang lipolotiking (Khomishene ea Fraser, 1985), le lithutong tsa lithuto (Russell, 1988).

Leha ho le joalo ha se basali bohle ba basali ba neng ba khotsofetse ka maemo le maqheka a baetsi ba litaba tsa mehleng ea khale. Basali bana ba basali ba ne ba lula ba amohela maikutlo a ho amohela litšoantšo tse litšila, ba lumela hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fosahetse, empa li sa nyenyefatsoe ka ho lekaneng ho etsa thibelo ea mmuso (G. Rubin, 1993; Hlakola, 1993). Ba bangata le bona ba ne ba sa phutholoha ho ikopanya le baits'oaro le boits'oaro ba Bokreste, ba neng ba hanana ka matla le melao-motheo ea basali litabeng tse ling (Ellis, O'Dair, & Tallmer, 1990; G. Rubin, 1993; Hlakola, 1993). Ba phehile khang ea hore thuto e ne e le tharollo e betere ho feta ho thibela lithibelo, mme 'maraka oa mehopolo qetellong o ne o tla fokotsa tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ka ho etsa joalo oa fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe (Carse, 1995).

Ho ne ho na le litsebi, leha ho le joalo, tse ileng tsa lemoha tlhokahalo ea ts'ireletso e matla ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa:

Haeba khalemelo ea basali e nepahetse, joale ho emela mehopolo kahara "likotsi tsa 'nete" tse hlahisoang ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke taba e sa utloahaleng ebile e sa arabele. Haeba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li tšoaneloa ke ho pholoha tlhaselo ea basali, ho hlokahala tokafatso e fetang ea mamello e lokolohileng. (Sherman, 1995, leq. 667).

Qetellong ea li-1990, basali ba fapaneng ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho fana ka lebaka lena, ba re litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li thusa ho khothaletsa thobalano e phetseng hantle le e sa thibeloang ke basali (Lubey, 2006). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho bona, e ne e le litaba tse lokelang ho ketekoa ka tokelo ea tsona (Chancer, 2000).

Leha ho le thata ho tseba moqapi o hlakileng lipuisanong tsena, tšusumetso ea basali ba mabifi e fokotsehile lilemong tsa morao tjena, haholoholo kamora lefu la Andrea Dworkin (Boulton, 2008). Leha pono e matlahali ea basali malebana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e sa le hole le puo ea borutehi (Bianchi, 2008), ho na le bopaki ba hore maikutlo a basali mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a se a qalile ho its'etleha tseleng e nepahetseng (Carroll et al., 2008).

Iketsetse melemo

Le ha lipatlisiso tse ngata li shebile litlamorao tse mpe, liphuputso tse 'maloa li thathamisitse litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Boiteko bo phethahetseng bo entsoe ke McKee, Albury, le Lumby (2008), ea ileng a botsa batho ba ngolisitseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Australia hore na ba ikutloa joang ka litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro maphelong a bona. Bongata bo tlalehile hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li bile le litlamorao tse ntle, ho kenyelletsa ho etsa hore bareki ba se hatelloe haholo ka thobalano, ho ba etsa hore ba be le kelello e bulehileng haholoanyane ka thobalano, ho eketsa mamello ea thobalano ea batho ba bang, ho fana ka monyaka, ho fana ka temohisiso ea thuto, ho boloka thahasello ea thobalano likamanong tsa nako e telele, ho ba etsa ho ela hloko haholo litakatso tsa thobalano tsa molekane, ho thusa bareki ho fumana boitsebiso le / kapa sechaba, le ho ba thusa ho bua le balekane ba bona ka thobalano. Melemo ena e nahannoeng e netefalitsoe ka sampole e kholo ea maDutch ea bacha (Hald & Malamuth, 2008), ea tlalehileng hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ne li le ntle haholo ho feta litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba bona ba thobalano, maikutlo a bona ka thobalano, maikutlo a bona ka bong bo fapaneng, le bophelong ba bona ka kakaretso, leha litlamorao li ne li le kholo ho banna ho feta basali. Ntle le moo, phuputsong ea basali bao balekane ba bona ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, boholo ba bona ba nahana hore tšebeliso ea balekane ba bona e eketsa mefuta e fapaneng maphelong a bona a thobalano (Bridges et al., 2003). Phuputsong ena, ba arabang ba bang ba tlaleha ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hammoho e le banyalani, tseo ba boneng e le boiphihlelo bo monate.

Leha liphihlelo tse ntle tsa bareki li sa lokela ho fokotsoa, ​​maikutlo ana a boithati a na le meeli. Mehlala ea lithuto tsena ha se moemeli oa palo ea bareki ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ba arabelitsoeng ba ingolisetseng makasine ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ka mohlala, ba tlameha ho latela litlamorao tse ka lokafatsang ho kenya letsoho litšoantšong tsa bootsoa (Moroallo, 2013). Ntle le moo, mehlala ea batho ba baholo e kanna ea emela bareki, joalo ka batho ba baholo ba likamanong tse ikemiselitseng, ba ka utloang ka tsela e fapaneng ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Bergner & Bridges, 2002). Melemo e joalo e hlalosa mofuta oa ts'ebeliso, o nang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisitsoeng haholo molemong oa thuto kapa kamano, e kanna ea se be boiphihlelo (Cooper, Morahan ‐ Martin, Mathy, & Maheu, 2002).

Ntle le moo, litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka ba kantle ho tlhokomeliso ea bareki (Hald & Malamuth, 2008). Ho tsepamisa mohopolo maikutlong a rona ho ka fana ka setšoantšo se fosahetseng sa litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​e totobatsang melemo ha e ntse e senya likotsi tse ka bang teng. Tloaelo ena e bonahala litlamong tsa batho ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, batho ba bang ba phutholohile ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ama bareki ba bang hampe ho feta kamoo li amehang ho bona (Lo, Wei, & Wu, 2010).

Setsoalle le thuto

Bopaki bo matla bo tiisa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joalo ka thuso ea thobalano le morupeli oa thobalano. Joalokaha lithuto tsa pele tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li phethile, ho shebella lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano ho ka tsosa maikutlo mme hangata hoa thabisa (Khomishene ea Amerika ea Litlhapi le Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa, 1972). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a basali e amahanngoa le liphihlelo tse ntle ka thobalano (Rogala & Tydén, 2003), e ka eketsa puisano lipakeng tsa balekane mabapi le litoro le litakatso tsa thobalano (Daneback, Traeen, & Maansson, 2009), hape e ka holisa maemo a basali mabapi le thobalano (Weinberg, Williams, Kleiner, & Irizarry, 2010). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hape e ka ba mokhoa oa ho lokolla thobalano ha balekane ba le sieo kapa ba sa fumanehe (Hardy, 2004; Parvez, 2006). Tabeng ea thuto, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fana ka leseli mabapi le maemo a thobalano le mekhoa (ho banna ho feta basali; Donnelly, 1991), leha ho sa hlaka hore na thuto e fanoang ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e hlile e na le molemo, joalo ka ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bonahala li ruta ka litsela tse ling, ka ho khothaletsa boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano (ke hore, boholo ba thobalano bo bontšitsoeng litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ha boa sireletseha; Stein, Silvera, Hagerty, & Marmor, 2012), maikutlo a bohlokoa mabapi le thobalano (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006), le litšōmo tsa peto (Allen, Emmers, Gebhardt, & Giery, 1995).3

Liphuputso tse hlahlobang tsebo ea thobalano ea batho ba etsang le ba sa sebeliseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka thusa ho lekola botebo le boleng ba litlamorao tsa thuto ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Nahana ka litlamorao tsa cathartic

Bafuputsi ke khale ba nahana hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka ba le karolo ea phello ea maikutlo, li thusa ho lokolla tsitsipano ea thobalano e ka khothaletsang mabifi kapa tlhaselo ea thobalano (Wilson, 1971). Leha bafuputsi ba fumana hore khopolo-taba ea cathartic ha e kholisehe ebile ha e tšehetsoe haholo (Allen, D'Alessio, & Brezgel, 1995; Ferguson le Hartley, 2009), data ea boemo ba ‐ ho tloha 1998 ho 2003, ha ho fumaneha ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete ho eketseha haholo, ho senola hore litekanyetso tsa peto li theohile haholo ho banna ba lilemo li 15-19 — sehlopha sa lilemo se ka beng se bile le bothata ba ho fumana litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ntle le inthanete (Kendall, 2006). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka sebetsa e le sebaka sa peto ea bacha ba batona. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ha ho hlahlojoa litekanyetso tsa tlhekefetso ea bana libakeng tseo molao oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana li ngolisitsoeng ka molao ka nako e itseng, ho fokotseha ha lipolao tse ngata ho ngotsoe nakong eo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li leng teng (Diamond, 2009). Lithuto tsena li fana ka bopaki ba pele ba maemo ao ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka bang le phello ea cathartic, bonyane ka kakaretso. Liphuputso tsena li kanna tsa se fetole hantle ho motho ka mong, leha ho le joalo, kaha ba fumanoeng ba le molato oa ho ba le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana le bona ba na le monyetla oa ho hlekefetsa bana, bonyane ho latela phuputso e 'ngoe (Bourke & Hernandez, 2009).

Melemo e hlahisitsoeng bakeng sa likamano

Melemo ena e na le bohlokoa ba ho khotsofatsa thobalano likamanong tsa lerato. Boithuto bo ithutile hore na ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana le khotsofalo e eketsehileng ea thobalano ka ho eketsa mefuta e mengata ea thobalano (Johnston, 2013; Štulhofer, Buško, le Schmidt, 2012). Leha lithuto tsena li hlahloba motho ka mong ho fapana le ho khotsofala ke balekane, seo ba se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore e ka ba molemo o moholo.

Liphetoho

Ha re ahlola botle ba balekane ba ratanang, hangata re bua ka maemo a tloaelehileng, a tsebisoang ke batho ba bang bao re kopanang le bona (Kenrick & Gutierres, 1980), hape le ke mecha ea litaba eo re e shebellang. Ha banna ba sheba litšoantšo tsa tse tšehali tse khahlehang, ebe ba ahlola botle ba balekane ba bona, ba bona litlamorao tse fapaneng - ba bona balekane ba bona e se ba khahlehang hakaalo ha ba bapisoa le banna ba sa pepesehang litšoantšong tseo (Kenrick, Gutierres, & Goldberg, 1989). Molao-motheo ona o ka sebetsa le likarolong tse ling tsa likamano: "Likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse sa lefelloeng, litšoantšo tse fapa-fapaneng tsa thobalano li hlahisa phapang e kholo khahlanong le lithibelo, boitlamo, le boikarabello bo amanang le ba lelapa le likamano mme bo etse hore e qetelle e bonahala e le thibelo haholo" (Mundorf et al., 2007, leq. 85).

Zillmann le Bryant (1988b) o lekile litlamorao tsena ka ho pepesetsa batho lihora tse 6 tsa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso nakong ea libeke tse 6, a lekanya khotsofalo le balekane ba bona (haholo-holo ba ratanang), eseng ka khahleho feela empa hape le lerato, tjantjello ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Ha li bapisoa le taolo, ba pepesitsoeng ba bontšitse khotsofalo e nyane haholo ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mehato ena. Liphuputso tsena li tšehetsoa ke tlhaiso-leseling e hokahanyang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho fokotsa khotsofalo le kamano e haufi-ufi kamanong (Bridges & Morokoff, 2011; Poulsen, Busby, le Galovan, 2013). Ho bonahala bophelo ba 'nete bo sa bapise botle le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Likamano tse ling

Ho fapana le ho fetola tsela eo bareki ba bonang litšobotsi le boitšoaro ba balekane ba bona, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka fana ka maikutlo a hore ba bang kantle ho kamano ba tla fana ka mefuta e fapaneng ea thobalano le khotsofalo (Zillmann & Bryant, 1984). Ha mekhoa ena e ntse e hohela haholoanyane, boitlamo ho kamano ea hajoale boa senyeha, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke Rusbult's (1980) Mohlala oa Investment. Mohopolo ona o tšehelitsoe ka lithuto tse peli. Pele, Lambert, Negash, Yetman, Olmstead le Fincham (2012) e bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (maikutlo a marang-rang a lits'ila matsatsing a 30 a fetileng) e ne e kopantsoe le boitlamo bo tlase ho molekane oa hona joale oa lerato, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ne e amana le ho bonts'a lerato le motho ea fapaneng ka thobalano moqoqong oa inthanete, le hore boitlamo bo fokotsehile arolelana kamano e ntle pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le ho se tšepahale.4

Gwinn et al. (2013) hape e fumane hore batho ba bang ba neng ba qala ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ba ile ba tlaleha mekhoa e meng e fapaneng ea taolo e amanang le taolo le hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso (matsatsing a 30 a fetileng) ba boletse boitšoaro ba extradyadic (mohlala, ho bonya ka maikutlo a lerato, ho sunya, ho qhekella) kamora libeke tsa 12 kamora nako, kenella mokhatlo ona. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe e bohlokoa haholo molemong oa boitšoaro bo litšila ba kantle ho likhopolo tsa likamano tse ling tsa likamano.

Ho eketsa tumello ea ho se tšepahale

Litsebi li ile tsa potlakela ho supa monyetla oa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka fetola "lingoloa tsa thobalano" - litebello tsa rona tsa hore na thobalano (le likamano tsa lerato ka kakaretso) li lokela ho tsoela pele joang (Berger, Simon, & Gagnon, 1973) - 'me u tsebise tloaelo (mohlala, ho etsa thobalano ka molomo hangata le litšobotsi (mohlala, ho tšepahala). Tšusumetso ena e hlahisitsoe ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, ka litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li hlahisa li-script tsa bong ba botona tse sebetsang hantle (Berger et al., 1973). Ho a khonahala, leha ho le joalo, hobane litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata li bontša ho se kopanele liphate —'me hangata e le tse sa tšepahaleng — likamano tsa botona le botšehali, ho pepeseha hoo ho ka matlafatsa mokhoa o lumellang thobalano, ho eketsa kamohelo ea boits'oaro bo fetelletseng (Braithwaite, Coulson, Keddington, & Fincham, 2014).

Lintlha tse fumanehang li tšehetsa polelo ea hore batho ba pepeselitsoeng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sa hlaseloeng ke bopaki ba kamohelo e eketsehang le makhetlo a hakantsoeng a thobalano e etsoang ntle ho thobalano (Zillmann & Bryant, 1988a) mabapi le taolo mme ba na le monyetla o moholo oa ho lumela hore boitšoaro bo hlephileng ke ba tlhaho le hore lenyalo ha le ratehe. Hape, banna ba neng ba shebelletse baesekopo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro selemong se fetileng ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho amohela thobalano kantle ho lenyalo, ba bile le palo e eketsehang ea balekane ba thobalano selemong se fetileng, mme ba na le monyetla oa ho etsa thobalano e lefelloang ho feta ba sa ( Wright le Randall, 2012). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e boetse e boletse esale pele boitšoaro ba ho itlosa bolutu ba ho kopanela likobo (ho kenyeletsa thobalano le batho ba bong bo fetang ba botona le botšehali) 3 lilemo kamora moo, ntle le bopaki ba ho ferekana hoa bohlasoa (Wright, 2012).

Maikutlo a balekane a ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata

Ho sa tsotelehe litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho bonahala ho hlakile hore ho na le linyeoe tseo ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka nkoang e le bothata, ekaba ke moreki kapa molekane oa moreki. Balekane bana hangata ke basali ba amehileng ka ts'ebeliso ea joala e le karolo ea mokhoa o moholo oa boits'oaro ba thobalano (Schneider, 2000). Litlaleho tse hlahisitsoeng ke basali bana li hlahisa setšoantšo sa se etsahalang ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ba mathata (Bergner & Bridges, 2002; Schneider, 2000).

Schneider (2000), mohlala, o ile a hlahloba lipale tsa basali ba 91 (le banna ba bararo) ba ileng ba ba le litlamorao tse mpe tsa thobalano ea molekane oa bona. Batho bana ba bile le khatello ea maikutlo e kholo ka lebaka la boits'oaro ba molekane oa bona, ba ikutloa ba ekiloe, ba lahliloe, ba tlotlolohile, ba utloisitsoe bohloko ebile ba halefile. Ba ile ba boela ba utloa litlamorao tse hlakileng, ba ipapisa hampe le basali ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro mme ba ikutloa ba sitoa ho qothisana lehlokoa le bona ka thobalano. Batho ba neng ba leka ho lefella ho robala le balekane ba bona hangata ba ne ba sa atlehe. Ntle le moo, barupeluoa khafetsa ba ne ba sena takatso ea ho etsa thobalano le balekane bao ba neng ba ikutloa eka ba ba tsoile tlaase, mme balekane ba bona le bona ba ile ba ikhula ho tsa thobalano ba rata litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ba bangata qetellong ba ile ba hlahloba kamano ka boeona, ba batla karohano kapa tlhalo ha likamano tsa bona li ntse li senyeha butle-butle. Liphuputso tse tšoanang li fumanoe ke bafuputsi ba bang (mohlala, Bergner & Bridges, 2002). Leha ho le joalo, pherekano ea bohlokoa lithutong tsena ke pherekano ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisang boitšoaro bo sa tšepahaleng le bo thetsang (Resch & Alderson, 2013). Banyalani ba sebelisitse boiteko bo boholo ho pata le ho bua leshano ka mesebetsi ea bona ea inthanete, mme ho se tšepahale ho ne ho baka ho utloisoa bohloko le ho eketsoa ho feta ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Le ha lipale tsena li ka baka kutloelo-bohloko, ha li re bolelle hore na liphihlelo tse joalo li atile hakae. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo e 'ngoe (Bridges et al., 2003) o fumane hore basali ba fokolang haholo (30 ho 100) ba tlaleha hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa balekane ba bona li ba sithabetsa maikutlo. Matšoenyeho a bona a ile a eketseha ha ts'ebeliso e ntse e eketseha 'me ea utluoa haholo ke basali ba nyetsoeng le ba baholo ho feta ka ho ratana le basali ba banyane. Tlhahiso ena e bontša hore liphihlelo tse tlalehiloeng ke Schneider (2000), leha e le hole haholo, e ka ba ntho e tloaelehileng ho tsosa matšoenyeho.

Ho hokela tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tlhalo

Lintlha tse tsoang ho General Social Survey (GSS) li bonts'a likhokahano tse lumellanang lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ho shebella video ea bootsoa kapa sebaka sa marang-rang matsatsing a 30 a fetileng) le tlhalo ka lilemo tsohle lipakeng tsa 1973 le 2010, mme kamano e ntse e matlafala ha nako e ntse e feta (ke hore, bao ba neng ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ka karolelano ho pholletsa le data, ba na le menyetla e fetang 60% ea ho hlala ho feta ba sa kang ba etsa joalo, ka lilemo tsa morao tjena ba bonts'a mokhatlo o matla ka ho fetisisa; Doran & Price, 2014). Ntle le moo, tlhaiso-leseling ea bolelele ba lintlha tsa boemo ba mmuso ho feta lilemo tse mashome a mararo (Shumway & Daines, 3) e bonts'a kamano e matla e sa laoleheng lipakeng tsa tlhalo le litefiso tsa peeletso bakeng sa limakasine tse tummeng tsa bootsoa (r = .44), leha o laola maemo a fapaneng. Shumway le Daines (2011) ba hakantsoe hore 10% ea litlhalano tsohle tse etsahalang lilemong tsa 1960 le 1970 e ka bakoa ke ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Khahlano

Kameho ea mantlha ea bafuputsi ba bangata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e bile khokahano lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boits'oaro bo fetelletseng, kameho e totobalitsoeng ke keketseho e hlakileng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ka nako (Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, Sun, & Liberman, 2010). Le ha liphuputso tse hokahanyang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le mabifi li ka bonahala li hanyetsana, pale e ts'oanang ka mokhoa o makatsang e hlaha ho latela tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhaiso-leseling (Allen, D'Alessio, & Brezgel, 1995; Mundorf et al., 2007). Ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse se nang pefo ho ile ha eketsa mabifi, haholo ha motho ea shebiloeng e le motho oa bong bo ts'oanang, empa ke ha feela barupeluoa ba halefisitsoe (mohlala, Donnerstein le Hallam, 1978). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho pepeseha ho baka moferefere ha feela barupeluoa ba ka ferekanya takatso ea ho etsa thobalano bakeng sa khalefo, e tsamaellanang le sepheo sa ho fetisa.5

Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse mabifi ho boetse ho bontšitsoe ho thusa pefo. Litlhahlobo tsa Meta - li senola litlamorao tse matla tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse mabifi tse amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse se nang pefo (Allen, D'Alessio, & Brezgel, 1995), leha phello e lekanyetsoa haholo ke bong ba motho, ho tsamaisa moferefere ha ba batona ba halefisoa ke basali: (mohlala, Donnerstein, 1980a). Tlhekefetso ena ea thobalano e bonahala e khothaletsa pefo ho feta ho pepesehela mefuta e meng ea tlhekefetso, e fanang ka maikutlo a hore thobalano le pefo li kopana ka mekhoa e lumellanang ho nolofalletsa moferefere khahlanong le basali (Donnerstein, 1983). Likarohano tsena li lebisitse bafuputsi hole le maikutlo a boithati a ho fetisa maikutlo, a hlalosang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho latela maikutlo a thuto ea sechaba a behiloeng pele ke Bandura le bafuputsi ba bang ba boits'oaro (Bandura, 2011; Setsoalo 1977; Mundorf et al., 2007).6Liphetho tse mabapi le pefo li lokela ho hlalosoa ka hloko. Leha liphuputso tse tsoang laboratoring li ka sebelisoa lefatšeng la 'nete, ha ho hlake hore na litlamorao tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li nka nako e telele hakae (ho feta metsotso e 20; Zillmann, Hoyt, & Day, 1974; nako e ka tlase ho beke; Malamuth le Ceniti, 1986), le litlamorao tse totileng tsa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha li na matla haholo, haholoholo litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (r = <.2; Allen, D'Alessio, & Brezgel, Mosebetsi 1995). Ha ho fanoa ka boholo bo joalo bo fokolang, ho tla ba bohlale ho batla liphihlelo tse poteletseng ho boloi bo ka bang teng likamanong tsa baratani, moo likhohlano lipakeng tsa balekane li ka tloaelehileng. 2001). Batho ha baa lokela ho itšoara ka matla ka lebaka la liketso tse joalo ho senya likamano tsa bona tse haufi - ba kanna ba arabela ka mantsoe a thata kapa a boiphetetso, thohako kapa lehetla le senang kutloelo-bohloko (Metts & Cupach, 2007). Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka etsa hore bareki ba se ke ba ba mosa haholo, ba itšireletse hanyane kapa ba iphetetse ha ba halefisoa ke motho eo ba ratanang le eena, ka tsela eo, ba eketsa likamano tse mpe tsa balekane. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e ka lekola monyetla ona, kaha litlamorao tsena li kanna tsa lekana ho fetola nako ea kamano ea lerato, ea etsa hore likamano tse joalo butle butle li se ke tsa tsitsa 'me tsa se ke tsa khotsofatsa (Rusbult, 1986).

Ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano le khatello ea thobalano

Leha khokahano pakeng tsa ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boloi li tšehelitsoe hantle, bonyane ka har'a lits'ebetso tsa laboratori, khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le tlhekefetso ea thobalano e lekana haholo. Lintlha tse kholo tsa ‐ li supa hore ho ngolisoa hoa molao oa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ha ho eke taba ea peto (Wongsurawat, 2006), empa litlhahlobo tsa boemo ba motho ka mong li hlahisa ak'haonte e fapaneng, ka tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse mabifi (empa e seng tse mabifi) tse amanang le menyetla e eketsehang ea ho betoa le ts'ebeliso ea matla ho fumana thobalano (Demaré, Lips, & Briere, 1993). Tšebeliso e boetse e kopantsoe le liketso tse hopotsoeng tsa khatello ea thobalano (Boeringer, 1994), Le batho ka bomong ba pepeselitsoeng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse se nang pefo empa tse nyenyefatsang lebaleng ba boetse ba tlaleha monyetla oa ho betoa ho feta ba sa pepesoang (Check & Guloien, 1989). Banna ba pepesitsoeng litšoantšo tsa peto ba ne ba nka hore mosali ea hlokofalitsoeng ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa se etsahetseng, leha video e fela ka setotsoana sa basali (ho latela pheletso e mabifi; Donnerstein & Berkowitz, 1981), le meta ‐ tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhaiso-leseling e fumane hore litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo litšila tse seng mabifi le tse seng kotsi li eketsa tumello ea lipale tsa boloi (Allen, Emmers, et al., 1995; Mundorf et al., 2007).

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, moelelong ona, li bonahala li hlahisa thabo ea basali le khothatso ea thobalano e qobelloang, empa maikutlo ana ha a fetoloe ka mokhoa o ke keng oa fetoha ke ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litlamorao joalo li ea nyamela ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li tsamaisana le lipuisano, li-prebriefing, kapa lisebelisoa tse ling tsa thuto tse felisang litšōmo tsa peto (Check & Malamuth, 1984; Donnerstein le Berkowitz, 1981), polelo e tšehetsoang ke data ea meta ‐ analytic (Mundorf et al., 2007). Liphumano tse joalo li fana ka tšepo ea hore litlamorao tse mpe li ka laoloa kapa tsa felisoa ka boiteko bo kopaneng ba thuto ea thobalano.

Khohlano e tsoelang pele lipakeng tsa kakaretso ea sephetho sa motho ka mong e ntse e le tšitiso e kholo khokahanong lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le peto. Ke lipatlisiso feela tse lekolang maemo ka bobeli ka nako e le ngoe - mohlomong ka ts'ebeliso ea multilevel linear modelling (MLM; Snijders & Bosker, 2011) - o tla khona ho hokahanya liphumano tsena tse fapaneng. Bafuputsi ba bang, leha ho le joalo, ba sebelisa mokhoa oa kopano ho rarolla bothata bona, bo fanang ka maikutlo a hore polelo ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano e hloka kopano ea mabaka a fapaneng a susumetsang. Haeba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke tse ling tsa lintlha tse joalo, re lokela ho bona tšusumetso e kholo ho ba seng ba ntse ba le kotsing ea boitšoaro bo mabifi, 'me sena ke sona seo ba bang ba se fumaneng (mohlala, Malamuth & Huppin, 2005). Kotsi ea ho etsa thobalano ka thobalano hangata e tlase ho sa tsotelehe ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ntle le ba nang le kotsi ea boits'oaro bo phahameng - ba ngolisitseng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba na le kotsi e kholo ho feta ba sa ngoliseng har'a batho ba phahameng ba bonna le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano, tseo ka bobeli e leng tse tlang pele. ea boitšoaro bo mabifi (Malamuth & Huppin, 2005).

Liphuputso tsena mabapi le khatello ea thobalano, leha li le joalo, li na le seabo ho litlamorao tsa lelapa. Haeba ho na le khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tlhekefetso ea thobalano ka kakaretso, ho kanna ha ba le kamano ho fihlela joale kapa peto ea lenyalo (bakeng sa puisano ea letsatsi le peto ea lenyalo, bona Clinton ‐ Sherrod & Walters, 2011), e seng kotsi hape e ka bang tloaelo ho feta peto ea basele (Bergen, 1996), hape e tla tšoaneleha ho ba tšebelisano e mpe ea balekane. Leha data e nyane e bua ka kotloloho le litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa letsatsing kapa peto ea lenyalo, lithuto tse fapaneng li hlokometse hore banna ba tloaetseng ho qobella basali ba bona ho etsa thobalano hangata ba leka ho etsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, Finkelhor & Yllo, 1983; Moreau, Boucher, Hebert, & Lemelin, 2015). Patlisiso e ngoe sebakeng sena e ka ba tlatsetso e amohelehang ho lingoliloeng tse seng li ntse li le teng.

Maikutlo le boitšoaro ba botona le botšehali

Liphuputso tse ling tsa liteko li hokahantse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba bong. Mohlala, bafuputsi ba ile ba hlahisa hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka khothaletsa boits'oaro ba batho ba bong bo fapaneng ka ho qhekella batho ba bong bo fapaneng (McKenzie ‐ Mohr & Zanna, 1990). Barupeluoa ba banna ba ne ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse se nang pefo kapa video e laolang ho se nke lehlakore mme ba botsoa lipotso ke mosali ea kopaneng. Banna ba tloaetseng ho etsa thobalano ba pepeselitsoeng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ne ba hopoloa haholo ka likarolo tsa 'mele tsa kopano mme ba sa hopole hakaalo ka litšoaneleho tsa hae tsa kelello. Motho eo ho buisanoang le eena ka basali, a sa bone boemo ba liteko, o nkile ba pepesehetseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le ba susumetsoang ke thobalano haholo ho feta ba bonts'itsoeng video e sa nke lehlakore. Ho ipheta hoa mohopolo ho lebisitse liphellong tse tšoanang (Jansma, Linz, Mulac, & Imrich, 1997),7

mme o bonts'a litlamorao feela ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho fapana le erfica e mpe. Litlamorao tsa liteko tsena li tšehetsoa ke lithuto mabapi le maikutlo le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana hantle le ho nahana ka basali ka litaba tsa thobalano (Burns, 2001), Le mehato ea mosa (Garos, Beggan, Kluck, & Easton, 2004) Le bora (Hald, Malamuth, & Lange, 2013) bohlola. Likolo tsa lehloeo la botona le botšehali li ka eketseha ka ho pepesetsoa tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso (mohlala, Hald et al., 2013). Qetellong, lithuto li hokahane le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso litšoantšong tse litšila tsa maikutlo a tlase (Burns, 2001; Hald et al., 2013) - leha ba bang ba sa fumane kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a joalo (mohlala, Barak & Fisher, 1997) -Ka data ea longitudinal e bonts'ang hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa ho bolela esale pele ho hanyetsoa ha khato e tiisang basali, ho se na bopaki ba lebaka le fapaneng (Wright & Funk, 2013). Pono ea mantlha ea thuto e ipapisang le mekhatlo ena ke thuto ea kahisano. Ha bareki ba shebella basali ba tšoaroa joalo ka lintho tsa thobalano, ba theha maikutlo le boits'oaro bo bonts'ang khanyetso ea thobalano (McKenzie-Mohr & Zanna, 1993).

Thobalano e ka ba le tšusumetso mekhoeng e matla ea likamano tsa lerato. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe e ka etsa hore banna ba nkele litšobotsi tsa balekane ba bona khafetsa (tse nyenyefatsang nako e telele) ho fapana le litšobotsi tsa bona tsa kelello, tse ka lebisang ho se khotsofatseng ho tebileng ke kamano ha nako e ntse e feta. Maikutlo a hlekefetsang batho ba bong bo fapaneng a ka boela a khothaletsa liteko tsa ho laola ka tieo baratani (e amanang le pefo ea balekane ba haufi; Whitaker, 2013), ka hona, ho fana ka tlhahiso ea hore na mokhoa o mong oa thobalano o ka eketsa likamano tse mpe tsa balekane.