Lintlha-khōlō Tsa
PPU e ne e na le likhokahano tse ntle, tse itekanetseng le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ho banna le basali.
FPU e ne e na le likhokahano tse mpe le tse fokolang tsa mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ho banna le basali.
FPU le PPU li lokela ho tšohloa ka thoko mabapi le likhokahano tsa eona le liphetho tsa thobalano.
inahaneloang
Ho na le ngangisano e ngata mabapi le hore na tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e na le likamano tse ntle kapa tse mpe le mehato e amanang le thobalano joalo ka mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Phuputso ea hajoale e ikemiselitse ho lekola likamano tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa bongata (makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa-FPU) le ho tiea (ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa-PPU) ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e sebelisoa mabapi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea thobalano hara banna le basali. Meetso ea li-equation tsa mekhahlelo e mengata e ile ea etsoa ho fuputsa mekhatlo e ikemiselitseng pakeng tsa PPU, FPU, le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano hara banna le basali (N = 14,581 barupeluoa; basali = 4,352; 29.8%; Mlilemo =Lilemo tse 33.6, SDlilemo =11.0), ho laola lilemo, boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali, boemo ba kamano, le makhetlo a ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. Moetso o ikhethileng o ne o lekana hantle le data (CFI = .962, TLI = .961, RMSEA = .057 [95% CI = .056-.057]). Mekhatlo e ts'oanang e fumanoe ho banna le basali, ka litsela tsohle li le bohlokoa (p <.001). PPU e ne e na le mekhatlo e metle, e itekanetseng (βbanna =.37, βbasali =.38), ha FPU e ne e na le likamano tse mpe, tse fokolang le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano (βbanna =-.17, βbasali =-.17). Le ha FPU le PPU li ne li e-na le mokhatlo o motle, o itekanetseng, li lokela ho hlahlojoa le ho tšohloa ka thoko ha li hlahloba mekhatlo e ka bang teng e nang le liphetho tse amanang le thobalano Ka lebaka la hore PPU e ne e le hantle le ka mokhoa o itekanetseng mme FPU e ne e amana hampe ebile e fokolisitsoe ke mathata ts'ebetsong ea thobalano, ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka bobeli ba PPU le FPU mabapi le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano.
Le ha ho entsoe lithuto tse ngata mabapi le likamano tse ntle le tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Miller et al.,, Hald le Mulya, 2013, Hook et al., 2015, Bőthe et al., 2017), ho sala lipotso tse sa arajoang le tse nang le likhang tse hlokang lipatlisiso tse ling. Litlaleho tse ling tse tsebahalang tsa boralitaba li fana ka maikutlo a hore boiketlo ba thobalano le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano a kanna a ata haholo har'a batho ba baholo (haholo banna) ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Ley et al., 2014, Zimbardo le Coulombe, 2012, Montgomery-Graham et al., 2015). Litlaleho tsa motho ka mong, lipontšo tsa bongaka, le lintlha tse ling li fana ka maikutlo a hore banna ba batona ba batona ba ka ba le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ao ba a hlahisang ka lebaka la ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Papa, 2016, Sechaba, 2019, NoFap, 2019). Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa mahlale, tsa saense li tlalehile likamano tse sa lumellaneng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea thobalano ha ho nahanoa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (PPU), khafetsa ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (FPU), kapa liphapang tse amanang le bongGrubbs le Gola, 2019, Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2019). Kahoo, ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba hore na mekhoa e fapaneng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisoa (ke hore, FPU le PPU) li ka amana ka tsela e fapaneng le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano le ho tseba hore na mathata a joalo a ka amana ka tsela e fapaneng hara banna le basali.
1. Boholo ha bo bapisoa le bohale ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa
Le ha batho ba bangata linaheng tse tsoetseng pele ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, palo e nyane e ba le boiphihlelo ba PPU (Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2020, Rissel et al., 2017, Wéry et al., 2016, Grubbs et al., 2019). Liphuputsong tsa haufinyane tse emetseng naha ka bophara tsa barupeluoa ba Australia, US le Poland (Rissel et al., 2017, Grubbs et al., 2019, Lewczuk et al., 2020), 70% ho 85% ea bankakarolo ba kile ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bophelong ba bona. Mabapi le liphapang tse amanang le bong, 84% ho 85% ea banna le 54% ho 57% ea basali ba tlalehile ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Leha ho le joalo, ke 3% ho isa ho 4.4% ea banna le 1% ho 1.2% ea basali ba nkoang ba lemaletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Rissel et al., 2017, Grubbs et al., 2019, Lewczuk et al., 2020). Leha ho na le likamano lipakeng tsa FPU le PPU (Bőthe et al., 2020, Grubbs et al., 2019), ho bohlokoa ho khetholla lipakeng tsa bongata (FPU) le boleng / boima (PPU) ba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Gola et al., 2016) ha u hlahloba mekhatlo e amanang le ts'ebetso ea thobalano.
Ho PPU, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka ama maphelo a batho haholo 'me tsa laola monahano oa bona, maikutlo le boits'oaro (Wéry et al., 2019). Batho ba nang le PPU ba ka sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho fokotsa kapa ho felisa khatello ea maikutlo kapa maikutlo a mabe (Wéry et al., 2019, Wéry le Billieux, 2016). Ba kanna ba eketsa nako eo ba e qetang ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ha ho na le likhohlano tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea bona. Le ha batho ba nang le PPU hangata ba ka leka ho laola kapa ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea bona (Wéry et al., 2019), Ba kanna ba ba le khatello ea maikutlo le / kapa matšoao a ho tlohela a lebisang ho ho khutla ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa mehleng ea khale -Grov et al., 2008).
FPU e amahanngoa le PPU, leha boholo ba eona bo le nyane ho ea bo lekanyelitsoeng mehlala ea sechaba ha mekhatlo e matla, e itekanetseng e tlalehiloe ho batla kalafo le mehlala ea bongaka (Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2020, Grubbs et al., 2019, Grubbs et al., 2015, Gola et al., 2016, Gola et al., 2017, Brand et al., 2011, Twohig et al., 2009, Lewczuk et al., 2017, Voon et al.,). Batho ba bangata ba lulang sechabeng ba ka sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ntle le ho bona litlamorao tse bohloko mme ba ka laola kapa ba emisa ts'ebeliso ha ho hlokahala (Kor et al., 2014). Batho ba bang ba ka ba le PPU e tsamaeang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata, mohlomong ka lebaka la boits'oaro bo bobe kapa lintho tse ling (Brand et al., 2019, Kraus le Sweeney, 2019).
Lintlha tsa longitudinal tse latelang selemo se le seng le lintlha tse le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tsa litekanyo (Grubbs et al., 2018aa, Grubbs le al., 2018bb) fana ka maikutlo a hore PPU le FPU li kanna tsa se amane ka nako e le ngoe. Leha ho le joalo, meeli ea ho ithuta e lokela ho hlokomeloa (mohlala, lithuto li ile tsa etsoa ka nako e khutšoane). Liphetho tse ling tsa bolelele ba nako tse sebelisang mefuta ea kholo ea kholo e nang le lintlha tse 'ne tsa nako ea selemo se le seng li fana ka maikutlo a hore FPU ea mantlha e kholo e ne e amahanngoa le PPU ea mantlha, empa li ne li amahanngoa hampe ha nako e ntse e feta (ke hore, lintlha tsa motheo tsa FPU tse boletsoeng esale pele li fokotseha ho PPU le ho feta PPU ea mantlha e boletsoeng esale pele e tla fokotseha ho FPU ha nako e ntse e tsamaea) (Grubbs et al.). Ka kakaretso, mekhatlo e rarahaneng e kanna ea ba teng lipakeng tsa FPU le PPU, haholo ha mekhatlo e hlahlojoa nako e telele, e fana ka maikutlo a tlhoko ea kutloisiso e nepahetseng.
2. Mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano le mekhatlo ea bona le FPU le PPU hara banna le basali
Leha ho na le liphapang tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa FPU le PPU, litekanyo tsa bona tse tšoanang hangata ha li tloheloe kapa ha li nahanoe ka botlalo, mohlomong tse lebisang liphapang liphethong liphuputsong tsohle (Kohut et al., 2020). Liphuputso tse ngata ha lia tlaleha mekhatlo e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa FPU le ts'ebetso ea thobalano ho banna (Grubbs le Gola, 2019, Landripet le Štulhofer, 2015, Thapelo le Pfaus, 2015), ha e ntse e le basali FPU e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e ntle ea thobalano (Blais-Lecours et al., 2016).
Ka ho khetheha, thutong e kholo ea likarolo tse fapaneng tsa banna ba Mapotoketsi, Kroatia le Manorway (Landripet le Štulhofer, 2015), Mekhatlo e neng e bonahala e sa lumellane e ile ea khetholloa lipakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano (e hlahlojoang ke boemo ba ho lieha ho emisa, ho se sebetse ha erectile le takatso ea thobalano). Ho ne ho se na mekhatlo ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa FPU le ho lieha ho emisa, ho se sebetse ha erectile, le takatso ea thobalano ntle le mokhelo o le mong. Kamora ho laola lilemo le boemo ba thuto, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e amahanngoa le mathata a tlase a ho ba le ho se sebetse ha erectile, mme ke har'a MaCroatia feela. Har'a banna ba Amerika, FPU e ne e amana le takatso e phahameng ea thobalano eseng ho se sebetse ha erectile (Thapelo le Pfaus, 2015). Liphuputso tse ling tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sefapano le bolelele ba nako e telele tsa banna ba US li hlahisitse hore FPU e ne e sa amane le ts'ebetso ea erectile (Grubbs le Gola, 2019). Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore FPU ka bobeli e kanna ea ba le kamano e nyane kapa ea se ke ea kopana le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ho banna mehlala ea sechaba.
Ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tse entseng lipatlisiso ka kotloloho pakeng tsa PPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano (Grubbs le Gola, 2019, Wéry le Billieux, 2016). Phuputsong e entsoeng haufinyane e mabapi le banna (Wéry le Billieux, 2016), Liketso tsa thobalano tse fumanehang marang-rang li ne li amana hantle le ho fokola ka lebaka la ho se sebetse ha erectile le maemo a takatso ea thobalano, mme ha ho mekhatlo e bohlokoa e fumanoeng lipakeng tsa ho ba le bothata ba ho etsa thobalano inthaneteng le ho se sebetse hantle ha setho sa botona kapa botšehali. Lintlha tse fapakaneng le tsa bolelele ba nako tse tsoang ho banna ba Amerika li bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea PPU le erectile li na le mekhatlo e metle lithutong tsa likarolo tse fapaneng, ha liphetho tse sa tsejoeng li tlalehiloe ka nako e telele (Grubbs le Gola, 2019).
Liphuputso tse teng li na le moeli hobane ke ba fokolang ba seng ba hlahlobile likarolo tse ka bang teng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sebelisoang mathateng a ts'ebeliso ea thobalano hara basali (Dwulit le Rzymski,). Ha FPU le PPU li hlahlojoa ka nako e le 'ngoe, phuputso e' ngoe e ile ea fumana kamano e fokolang le e mpe le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano har'a basali (le banna) (Blais-Lecours et al., 2016). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, batho ba nang le FPU e phahameng le PPU ba bile le mathata a tlase a ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Mekhatlo e metle lipakeng tsa FPU, PPU, le ts'ebetso ea thobalano e ka hlalosoa e le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa tse sebelisang karolo e sireletsang khahlano le boits'oaro ba thobalano har'a batho ba nang le PPU, kapa batho ba nang le mathata a thobalano ba kanna ba se kenelle ho FPU kapa PPU. Matšoenyeho a bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a amahanngoa hantle le ka mokhoa o fokolang le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano, ha boiteko ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo ne bo sa amane (Blais-Lecours et al., 2016).
3. Morero oa thuto ea hajoale
Morero oa thuto ea hajoale e ne e le ho lekola hore na PPU le FPU li ka amana joang ka mokhoa o ts'oanang kapa ka mokhoa o fapaneng le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano hara banna le basali ka sampole e kholo eo e seng ea bongaka. Ho ipapisitsoe le lingoliloeng tse seng li le teng, re ne re nahana hore mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano a tla amana hantle le PPU empa eseng ho FPU, haholoholo hara banna. Kaha ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata ho tsamaea le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho ikhotsofatsa, ho ikhotsofatsa ho ne ho nkoa e le litlhahlobo (Thapelo, 2019, Perry, selemo sa 2020), hammoho le lilemo (Lewczuk et al., 2017, Grubbs le al., 2018bb), boemo ba kamano (Gola et al., 2016, Lewczuk et al., 2017), le tshekamelo ya tsa thobalano (Bőthe et al., 2018, Peter le Valkenburg, 2011).
4. Mekhoa
4.1. Barupeluoa le Tsamaiso
Phuputso ena e ile ea etsoa kamora Phatlalatso ea Helsinki mme ea ananeloa ke Boto ea Setheo ea Tlhahlobo ea Boitšoaro ea yunivesithi ea sehlopha sa lipatlisiso. Pokello ea lintlha e etsahetse ka Pherekhong 2017 sebakeng se tummeng sa litaba tsa Hungary ka patlisiso ea inthanete. Boithuto e ne e le karolo ea morero o moholo. Mehlala e fapaneng e tsoang ho dataset ena e sebelisitsoe lithutong tse phatlalalitsoeng pejana. Liphuputso tsohle tse hatisitsoeng pele le mefuta e kenyellelitsoeng li ka fumanoa ho OSF (https://osf.io/dzxrw/?view_only=7139da46cef44c4a9177f711a249a7a4). Ho ipapisitsoe le likhothaletso tsa pejana tsa lithuto tse kholo (Keith, 2015, Kline, 2015), re ne re ikemiselitse ho hira bonyane bankakarolo ba 1000 ho netefatsa matla a nepahetseng. Leha ho le joalo, ha rea beha moeli o holimo bakeng sa ho nka karolo. Tumello e nang le tsebo e fumanoe pele ho pokello ea lintlha. Ho phethela phuputso ho nkile metsotso e ka bang 30, mme lintlha tse amehang li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Batho ka bomong ba lilemo li 18 kapa ho feta ba ile ba mengoa ho nka karolo. Pele ba araba lipotso tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, barupeluoa ba ile ba fuoa tlhaloso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: "Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li hlalosoa e le lintho tsa bohlokoa (mohlala, mongolo, setšoantšo, video) e (1) etsang kapa e hlahisang maikutlo a thobalano kapa menahano mme (2) e na le pepeso e hlakileng kapa litlhaloso tsa liketso tsa thobalano tse amanang le litho tsa botona le botšehali, joalo ka thobalano kapa botona kapa botšehali, thobalano ea molomo , kapa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali."(Bőthe et al., 2018).
Lintlha tse tsoang ho barupeluoa ba 14,581 li ile tsa nkuoa (basali = 4,352, 29.8%) ho latela hore na ke mang ea neng a sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa selemong se fetileng mme a kile a ba le likamano tsa botona le botšehali pejana. Barupeluoa ba ne ba le lilemo tse pakeng tsa 18 le 76 (Mdilemo = 33.58 lilemo, SDdilemo = 10.95). Mabapi le maikutlo a thobalano, 12,063 e ne e le batho ba bong bo fapaneng (82.7%), 1,470 e ne e le basodoma ka bong bo itseng (10.1%), ba 268 e ne e le bong bo fapaneng (2.5%), ba 60 e ne e le basodoma ka bong bo fapaneng (0.6%), 414 e ne e le basodoma ( 2.8%), 15 e ne e le asexual (0.1%), 73 ba ne ba sa kholiseha ka boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano (0.5%), mme 40 e bontšitse khetho ea 'tse ling' (0.3%). Mabapi le sebaka sa bolulo, ba 7,882 54.1 ba ne ba lula motse-moholo (2,267%), 15.5 metseng ea litereke (3,082%), 21.1 metseng (1,350%), le 9.3 metseng (364%). Mabapi le boemo ba thuto, ba 2.5 ba ne ba na le li-degree tsa sekolo sa mathomo kapa ka tlase ho (597%), ba 4.1 ba ne ba e-na le li-degree tsa mosebetsi oa matsoho (4,649%), ba 31.9 ba ne ba na le li-degree tsa sekolo se phahameng (8,971%), 'me ba 61.5 ba ne ba na le li-degree tsa thuto e phahameng (ke hore, bachelor, benghali kapa bongaka) (3,802%). Mabapi le boemo ba likamano, 26.1 e ne e le masoha (6,316%), ba 43.3 590 ba ne ba le kamanong (4.0%), ba 3,651 ba ne ba lebeletsane (25.0%), ba 409 ba ne ba nyetse (2.8%), ba 71 ba ne ba hlalane (0.5%), ba 222 e le bahlolohali / mohlolohali (1.5%), 'me ba XNUMX ba khethile khetho ea' tse ling '(XNUMX%). Batho ka karolelano ba ne ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng beke le beke.
5. Mehato
bothata
Tekanyo ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (PPCS; Bőthe, (Tóth-Király et al., 2018). PPCS e thehiloe ho ipapisitsoe le mofuta oa likarolo tse tšeletseng oa bokhoba ba tahi (Griffiths, 2005). Sekala sena se kenyelletsa lintlha tse tšeletseng (botsitso, mamello, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, likhohlano, ho ikhula le ho khutlela morao), e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le lintho tse tharo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse fetileng likhoeling tse tšeletseng. Ba arabetseng ba bonts'a likarabo sekaleng sa lintlha tse supileng (1 = "ha ho mohla"; 7 = "ka linako tsohle"). Ts'ebetso ea kahare ea sekala e ne e le holimo (α = .94), joalo ka liphuputsong tsa pejana (Bőthe et al., 2017, Bőthe et al., 2019, Bőthe et al., 2019, Tóth-Király et al., 2019).
Mathata a sebetsang ka thobalano (Tekanyo ea Mosebetsi oa Thobalano (SFS); (Burwell et al., 2006, Sherbourne, 1992). Mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano a ile a hlahlojoa ka lipotso tse 'ne tse amanang le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano: ho hloka thahasello liketsong tsa thobalano, bothata ba ho tsosoa takatso ea thobalano, ho thatafalloa ho fihlela mokete, le bothata ba ho natefeloa ke thobalano. Baarabelli ba bontšitse boemo ba bona ba mathata ntlheng e ngoe le e ngoe sekaleng sa lintlha tse 'ne (1 = "ha se bothata"; 4 = "boholo ba bothata"). Litekanyo tsena li koahela lintlha tsa mantlha tsa mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano hara banna le basali, 'me sekala se sebelisitsoe haholo (Broeckel et al., 2002, Kuppermann et al., 2005, Zebrack et al., 2010, Lerman le al., 1996, Thompson et al., 2005, Addis et al., 2006).1 Ts'ebetso ea kahare ea sekala e ne e le tlase thutong ea hajoale (α = .56) empa e bonts'a ho ts'epahala ho lekaneng lithutong tse fetileng (Broeckel et al., 2002, Zebrack et al., 2010, Lerman le al., 1996). Ho tšepahala ho ka fapana ka lebaka la palo ea lintho (ke hore, ho ba le palo e nyane ea lintho ho ka baka ts'epahalo e tlase (Cortina, 1993), Haholo-holo ha lintho li koahela kaho e pharalletseng, e leng boemo ba SFS. Ka hona, ts'epahalo e nang le likarolo tse ngata (CR) e baliloe hobane e emetse moaho hantle (ke hore, e nahanisisa ka ho beha lintho ka bongata le liphoso tsa tsona tsa litekanyo) (Bagozzi le Yi, 1988, Dunn et al., 2014, McNeish,). Sekala se bonts'itse ho ts'epahala ho lekaneng ho latela CR (.74).
Khafetsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa (Bőthe et al., 2018). Ba arabetseng ba bonts'itse makhetlo a bona a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng selemong se fetileng ka sekala sa lintlha tse 10 (1 = "ha ho mohla", 10 = "makhetlo a 6 kapa a 7 ka beke").
Laola mefuta-futa. Lilemo li ile tsa lekoa e le phapang e tsoelang pele. Tloaelo ea botona le botšehali e ile ea hlahlojoa ka potso e le 'ngoe ("Mokhoa oa hau oa thobalano ke eng?", Likhetho tsa likarabo: ho ratana le batho ba bong bo fapaneng; ho ratana le batho ba bong bo tšoanang ho isa tekanyong e itseng; bong bo fapaneng; bosodoma le ho ratana ha batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho isa tekanyong e itseng; ') (Træen et al., 2006). Boemo ba likamano bo ile ba hlahlojoa ka potso e le 'ngoe ("Boemo ba hau ba kamano ke bofe?", Likhetho tsa likarabo: masoha; kamanong; ho kena lenyalong; ho nyaloa; ho hlalana; mohlolohali / mohlolohali; le' tse ling '). Hangata ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho ile ha hlahlojoa ka potso e le 'ngoe. Bahlahlobi ba bontšitse makhetlo a bona a ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali selemong se fetileng ka sekala sa lintlha tse 10 (1 = "ha ho mohla", 10 = "makhetlo a 6 kapa a 7 ka beke") (Bőthe et al., 2018).
5.1. Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo
SPSS 21 le Mplus 7.3 li sebelisitsoe bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lipalo. Ho lekola botsitso ba kahare ba mefuta, li-alphas tsa Cronbach li ile tsa baloa (Ka Nunnally, 1978). CR e baliloe ho latela mokhoa oa Raykov (Raykov, 1997), hobane e emetse moaho hamolemo kaha e nka ho beha lintho ka bongata le liphoso tsa bona tsa litekanyo (> .60 e amoheleha,> .70 e ntle (Bagozzi le Yi, 1988, Dunn et al., 2014, McNeish,).
Pele o etsa modelling equation modelling (SEM), tlhaiso-leseling e ile ea hlahlojoa bakeng sa likhopolo tsa tlhahlobo ea multivariate e ipapisitse le tataiso e qaqileng (Masimo, 2009). Haholo-holo, tloaelo e sa arohaneng (ke hore, tlhahlobo ea skewness le kurtosis values) ha e ea fihlelleha ho ipapisitsoe le litataiso tse seng li entsoe.Muthén le Kaplan, 1985). Liteko tsa Mardia tse mahlakore a mabeli bakeng sa maemo a tloaelehileng a multivariate li ne li le bohlokoa (kaofela p <.001), e ts'ehetsa tlolo ea maemo a fapaneng a multivariate (Wang le Wang, 2012). Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea Durbin-Watson e khothalelitse boipuso ba masalla (1.16) (Masimo, 2009), 'Me linearity le homoscedasticity li netefalitsoe ka ho lekola li-scatterplots, histograms le maqheka a PP a masalla. Ka kakaretso, kantle le tloaelo, likhopolo tse ling kaofela li ile tsa fihlelleha.
SEM e ne e etsoa ho fuputsa mekhatlo e pakeng tsa PPU, FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Ho leka hore na PPU le FPU li na le likamano tse ts'oanang le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano har'a banna le basali, re ile ra qala ho hlahloba mohlala ho sampole eohle (Model 1). Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra hlahloba hore na mohlala o fapane ho banna le basali ba sebelisang lihlopha tse ngata tsa SEM (Model 2). Ho etsa bonnete ba hore li-coefficients tsa tsela li ne li sa fapana haholo bakeng sa banna le basali, litsela lipakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano le PPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano a ne a qobelloa ho lekana lihlopheng tsena tse peli (Model 3). Mohato oa hoqetela, re kenyelelitse mefuta e fapaneng ea taolo ea thuto ea mofuta ona: lilemo, boits'oaro ba thobalano (dummy coded), boemo ba kamano (dummy coded), le makhetlo a ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. Ho nolofatsa litlhahlobo, re thehile lihlopha tse peli tse ipapisitseng le maikutlo a thobalano: sehlopha sa batho ba bong bo fapaneng (n = 13,533) le sehlopha se fokolang sa thobalano (n = 1,048), le lihlopha tse peli tse ipapisitseng le boemo ba kamano: sehlopha se le seng (n = 3,802) le in-a- sehlopha sa likamano (n = 10,557). Lintho li ne li nkuoa e le lits'oants'o tsa mekhahlelo 'me khakanyo ea litekanyo tse lekantsoeng tse boima ba liphapano (WLSMV) e ne e sebelisoa hobane likhopolo tsa tloaelo li ne li sa fihlelloe (Finney le DiStefano, 2006). Li-indices tse amoheloang ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng (Papa, 2016) li sebelisitsoe ho lekola ho amoheleha ha mefuta e hlahlojoang. E leng, Comparative Fit Index (CFI; ≥.90 bakeng sa se amohelehang; 95 bakeng sa tse khabane), Tucker – Lewis index (TLI; ≥ .90 bakeng sa se amohelehang; ≥.95 bakeng sa tse khabane), le Phoso ea Root-Mean-Square ea Khakanyo (RMSEA; ≤. 08 ea amoheleha; ≤..06 bakeng sa khabane) ka 90% ea likhaohano tsa boits'epo (Browne le Cudeck, ka 1993, Hu le Bentler, 1999, Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003, E sootho, 2015, Bentler,, Kline, 2011). Ho fokotseha ho hoholo ho CFI le TLI (ΔCFI≤.010; ΔTLI≤.010) le keketseho e kholo ho RMSEA (ΔRMSEA≤.015) e bonts'itsoeng haeba mofuta o ne o lekana hampe ho feta oa mehleng ha mefuta e mene e hlahlojoang e ne e bapisoa (Chen, 2007, Cheung le Rensvold, 2002). Ho fokotsa kotsi ea liphoso tsa mofuta oa I ha ho hlahlojoa likhopolo-taba, ho lokisoa Bonferroni ho sebelisitsoe (α = .05; m = 2)2. Ka lebaka leo, mekhatlo litlhahlobong tsa tsela e ne e nkuoa e le bohlokoa ho p <.025.
6. Liphetho
Lintlha tse hlalosang, li-indices tsa ts'epahalo, le mekhatlo lipakeng tsa PPU, FPU, mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano, le taolo ea mefuta (ke hore, lilemo, mokhoa oa thobalano [dummy coded], boemo ba kamano [dummy coded], khafetsa ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali) ka bong li bontšoaLethathamo 1). Papiso ea lintlha ka bong e hlahisoa (Lethathamo 2). Liphapang tsa bohlokoa, tse leka-lekaneng ho isa ho tse matla li ile tsa bonoa lipakeng tsa banna le basali bakeng sa mefuta eohle, ntle le tšekamelo ea thobalano, e bonts'itseng phapang e fokolang. Ha ho bapisoa le basali, banna ba tlaleha maemo a phahameng haholo a PPU, FPU, le makhetlo a ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, le maemo a tlase a mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano; ba ne ba le baholo, 'me karolo e tlase e ne e le ea sehlopha se fokolang sa thobalano. Banna le basali ba ne ba sa fapane ka boemo ba kamano
Lethathamo 1. Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang, li-indices tsa ts'epahalo, le likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano, le taolo ea mefuta-futa har'a banna le basali
| Mekhahlelo | Bofuma (SE) | KurtosisSE) | Range | E bolelang (SD) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso | 1.61 (0.02) | 2.57 (0.04) | 18-126 | 34.67 (18.17) | - | .48 ** | .10 ** | .29 ** | -.09 ** | .12 ** | -.07 ** |
| 2. Khafetsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a | -0.52 (0.02) | -0.69 (0.04) | 1-10 | 6.55 (2.47) | .43 ** | - | <.01 | .52 ** | -.18 ** | .13 ** | -.12 ** |
| 3. Mathata a sebetsang ka thobalano | 1.25 (0.02) | 1.66 (0.04) | 4-16 | 6.16 (2.19) | .23 ** | .06 ** | - | -.04 * | -.03 * | .07 ** | -.04 * |
| 4. Ho ipholla litho khafetsa a | -0.78 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.04) | 1-10 | 7.14 (2.13) | .37 ** | .61 ** | .05 ** | - | -.09 ** | .14 ** | -.27 ** |
| 5. Lilemo | 0.97 (0.02) | 0.58 (0.04) | 18-76 | 33.58 (10.95) | -.17 ** | -.26 ** | .07 ** | -.37 ** | - | -.04 * | <-. 01 |
| Tloaelo ea thobalano (dummy coded) b | 3.33 (0.02) | 9.10 (0.04) | 0-1 | 0.07 (0.26) | .08 ** | .10 ** | .05 ** | .12 ** | -.05 ** | - | -.05 ** |
| 7. Boemo ba kamano (dummy coded) c | -1.07 (0.02) | -0.09 (0.04) | 0-1 | 0.74 (0.44) | -.13 ** | -.18 ** | -.13 ** | -.26 ** | .19 ** | -.11 ** | - |
Hlokomela. SE = phoso e tloaelehileng; SD = ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng. a = 1 ha ho mohla; 2: hang selemong se fetileng; 3: 1-6 makhetlo a selemo se fetileng; Makhetlo a 4: 7-11 selemong se fetileng; 5: khoeli le khoeli; 6: habeli kapa hararo ka khoeli; 7: beke le beke; 8: habeli kapa hararo ka beke; 9: makhetlo a mane kapa a mahlano ka beke; 10: makhetlo a tšeletseng kapa a supileng ka beke. b = 0: bong bo fapaneng; 1: thobalano e nyane. c = 0: masoha; 1: kamanong. Likamano tse hlahisitsoeng ka tlase ho tse kopaneng li emetse mekhatlo har'a banna, likamano tse hlahisitsoeng kaholimo ho diagonal li emetse mekhatlo har'a basali. *p<.05; **p<.01
Lethathamo 2. Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano, le taolo ea mefuta le papiso ea banna le basali
| Range | Banna ' M (SD)(n = 10,028-10,148) | Basali ' M (SD)(n = 4,256-4,352) | t (df) | p | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso | 18-126 | 38.56 (19.30) | 25.61 (10.71) | 51.56 (13602.24) | <.001 | 0.83 |
| 2. Khafetsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a | 1-10 | 7.33 (2.19) | 4.72 (2.10) | 2.61 (8565.01) | <.001 | 1.22 |
| 3. Mathata a sebetsang ka thobalano | 4-16 | 5.81 (1.99) | 6.98 (2.40) | -28.14 (7039.58) | <.001 | 0.53 |
| 4. Ho ipholla litho khafetsa a | 1-10 | 7.59 (2.02) | 6.07 (2.00) | 41.36 (14410) | <.001 | 0.76 |
| 5. Lilemo | 18-76 | 35.31 (11.33) | 29.53 (8.76) | 33.21 (10510.53) | <.001 | 0.57 |
| Tloaelo ea thobalano (dummy coded) b | 0-1 | 0.06 (0.25) | 0.09 (0.28) | -4.52 (7324.96) | <.001 | 0.11 |
| 7. Boemo ba kamano (dummy coded) c | 0-1 | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.73 (0.44) | 0.95 (14282) | .344 | 0.02 |
Hlokomela. M = bolela; SD = ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng. a = 1 ha ho mohla; 2: hang selemong se fetileng; 3: 1-6 makhetlo a selemo se fetileng; Makhetlo a 4: 7-11 selemong se fetileng; 5: khoeli le khoeli; 6: habeli kapa hararo ka khoeli; 7: beke le beke; 8: habeli kapa hararo ka beke; 9: makhetlo a mane kapa a mahlano ka beke; 10: makhetlo a tšeletseng kapa a supileng ka beke. b = 0: bong bo fapaneng; 1: thobalano e nyane. c = 0: masoha; 1: kamanong. df = tekanyo ea tokoloho.
Li-SEM tsohle tse hakantsoeng li bontšitse ho lekana ho amohelehang ho ea holimo (Lethathamo 3). Taba ea mantlha, ho ile ha hakanngoa mohlala oa motheo ho sampole e felletseng eo FPU le PPU li neng li boletse esale pele mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano (Model 1). Ka mor'a moo, mofuta o tšoanang o ile oa lekoa ho sebelisoa tekano joalo ka sehlopheng se fapaneng (Model 2). Ho lekola hore na li-coefficients tsa tsela li ne li sa fapana haholo bakeng sa banna le basali, litsela tse lipakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano le PPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano a ne a qobelloa ho lekana ho pholletsa le lihlopha (Model 3). Liphetoho mefuteng ea li-indices tse loketseng mohlala li ile tsa lula maemong a amohelehang (Model 3 ha e bapisoa le Model 2), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhatlo lipakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano, le PPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano a ne a sa fapane pakeng tsa bong. Mohato oa hoqetela (Model 4), re hlahlobile mofuta o tšoanang le oa Model 3, ho kenyeletsoa le mefuta e fapaneng ea taolo (ke hore, lilemo, mokhoa oa thobalano [dummy coded], boemo ba kamano [dummy coded], khafetsa ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. Liphetoho mefuteng ea li-indices tse loketseng mohlala li ile tsa lula maemong a amohelehang (Model 4 ha e bapisoa le Model 3), e fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhatlo lipakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano, le PPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ha a fetoha kamora ho laola likhokahanyo tse amanang le thuto. Ho ipapisitsoe le liphetho tsa Model 4, PPU e ne e amana ka mokhoa o itekanetseng hape e le hantle le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano (βbatona= .37 [95% CI .34 ho isa ho .39], p<.001; βtse tšehali= .38 [95% CI .35 ho isa ho .40], p<.001) mme FPU e ne e hokahane hampe le hampe (βbatona= -. 17 [95% CI -.20 ho isa -14], p<.001; βtse tšehali= -. 17 [95% CI -.20 ho isa -13], p<.001) (Setšoantšo sa 1).3
Lethathamo 3. Papiso ea mekhatlo lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano hara banna le basali
| ea mohlala | MOKHATLO χ2 (df) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | 90% CI | papiso | CFI | ΔTLI | RMSEA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1: Kakaretso ea sampole (ea mantlha) | 12436.407 * (222) | .973 | .969 | .062 | .061-.063 | - | - | - | - |
| M2: Ho hlophisoa ka bong (ba batona le ba batšehali) | 14731.008 * (535) | .964 | .966 | .060 | .060-.061 | M2-M1 | -.009 | -.003 | -.002 |
| M3Litsela li tlameha ho lekana lipakeng tsa banna le basali | 13956.587 * (537) | .966 | .968 | .059 | .058-.060 | M3-M2 | +002 | +002 | -.001 |
| M4: Litsela tse qobelloang ho lekana lipakeng tsa banna le basali le taolo ea mefuta e kenyelelitsoe | 16867.120 * (697) | .962 | .961 | .057 | .056-.057 | M4-M3 | -.004 | -.007 | -.002 |
Hlokomela. WLSMV = boima bo boholo ba likwere bo bolela- le khakanyo e ntlafalitsoeng ea maemo; χ2 = Sekwere-sekwere; df = likhato tsa tokoloho; CFI = index e lekanang e lekanang; TLI = Index ea Tucker-Lewis; RMSEA = motso-o bolelang sekwere sa karolelano; 90% CI = 90% nako ea kholiseho ea RMSEA; ΔCFI = phetoho ea boleng ba CFI ha e bapisoa le ea mofuta o fetileng; LITLI = phetoho ea boleng ba TLI ha e bapisoa le mofuta o fetileng; ΔRMSEA = phetoho ea boleng ba RMSEA ha e bapisoa le ea mofuta o fetileng. *p <.001
Setšoantšo sa 1. Mekhatlo lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisa khafetsa, ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, le mathata a ho sebetsana le thobalano har'a banna le basali, ho laola lilemo, boemo ba kamano, maikutlo a thobalano le makhetlo a ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (Model 4) Hlokomela. Metsu e nang le hlooho e le 'ngoe e emela boima ba' mele bo lekantsoeng 'me metsu e lihlooho li peli e emela likopano. Li-ellipses li emela mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea latent mme maqhubu a emetse mefuta e sa bonoeng. Molemong oa ho hlaka, ho hlokometsoe mefuta e amanang le mefuta ea morao-rao, le likamano lipakeng tsa mefuta ea taolo ha li hlahisoe. Taolo ea mefuta le mekhatlo ea bona e bonts'oa ka bohlooho. Linomoro tsa pele ho metsu li bonts'a li-coefficients tsa tsela bakeng sa banna, 'me lipalo tsa bobeli li supa li-coefficients tsa basali. Tloaelo ea thobalano le boemo ba kamano li ne li ngotsoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng (thobalano: 0 = bong bo fapaneng; 1 = palo e nyane ea thobalano le boemo ba kamano: 0 = masoha; 1 = kamanong). Litsela tsohle tse bontšitsoeng li ne li le bohlokoa ho p<.001.
7. Puisano
Ho fanoe ka liphetho tse bonahalang li sa lumellane mabapi le mekhatlo lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le sephetho sa thobalano (Grubbs le Gola, 2019, Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2019), Morero oa thuto ea hajoale e ne e le ho lekola likarolo tse ka bang fapaneng tsa FPU le PPU mabapi le likamano le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano hara banna le basali. FPU e ne e na le kamano e fokolang, e mpe le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano, mme PPU e ne e na le kamano e itekanetseng, e ntle le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Le ha lithuto tse ngata tsa PPU li batlisitse banna (Bőthe et al., 2020, Gola et al., 2016, Dwulit le Rzymski,, Kraus le Rosenberg, 2014) - Haholo-holo ha mekhatlo e pakeng tsa PPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano e se e hlahlobiloe (Grubbs le Gola, 2019, Wéry le Billieux, 2016, Landripet le Štulhofer, 2015, Thapelo le Pfaus, 2015) - liphetho tsa hajoale li bontša hore mekhatlo e ts'oanang e ka tsejoa har'a basali mabapi le mekhatlo e pakeng tsa PPU, FPU, le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Litlamorao li tšohloa ka tlase.
8. Phapang lipakeng tsa bongata le bohale ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa
Ho tšoana le ho se tšoane lipakeng tsa FPU le PPU ke karolo e sa rutoang ka har'a boits'oaro ba boitšoaro le mathata a boits'oaro ba thobalano (Gola et al., 2016, Grubbs et al., 2018aa, Grubbs le al., 2018bb, Tóth-Király et al., 2018). Liphetho tsa boithuto ba hajoale li tiisa liphuputso tsa morao-rao (Bőthe et al., 2020, Gola et al., 2016, Grubbs et al., 2018aa, Grubbs le al., 2018bb) Ho fana ka maikutlo a hore FPU le PPU li fapane empa li amana le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Thutong ea hona joale ea likarolo tse kholo, leha FPU le PPU li ne li amana hantle le ka mokhoa o itekanetseng, mekhatlo ea bona e nang le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano e ne e le ka nqane. Ka hona, liphetho li fana ka maikutlo a hore FPU le PPU li emetse likarolo tse amanang le hona tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha li sebelisoe feela ke batho ba batlang kalafo (Gola et al., 2016) Empa hape le mehlala ea sechaba, haholo ha e amana le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano.
Liphuputso tsena li amana le "boitlamo bo phahameng khahlanong le boitlamo bo thata" ba boits'oaro bo ka lemalloang (Billieux et al., 2019, Charlton, 2002, Charlton le Danforth, 2007). Ho latela mofuta ona, litšobotsi tse ling li lokela ho nkuoa e le matšoao a "mantlha" a boits'oaro bo nang le mathata, ha a mang a emela matšoao "a pherekano" a ka bang teng ts'ebelisong khafetsa empa e se nang mathata le ts'ebelisong e thata, joalo ka FPU (Bőthe et al., 2020, Billieux et al., 2019, Charlton, 2002, Charlton le Danforth, 2007). Ka mantsoe a mang, batho ka bomong ba ka ba le FPU empa eseng hakaalo PPU. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, batho ba nang le PPU le bona ba ka tlaleha matšoao a mantlha le a ponaletso (ho kenyeletsoa FPU) (Bőthe et al., 2020). Joalokaha ho fumanoe mona le libakeng tse ling (Billieux et al., 2019, Charlton, 2002, Charlton le Danforth, 2007), ha FPU feela e ne e le teng (ke hore, letšoao la pheriferale), ha ho na litlamorao tse mpe tse kholo tse ka bonoang. Leha ho le joalo, ha PPU e le teng (ke hore, matšoao a mantlha le a ponaletso), ho na le monyetla oa hore litlamorao tse mpe le tse kotsi li tla bonoa. Litlaleho tse tšoanang li tlalehiloe mabapi le boits'oaro bo bong ba inthanete mabapi le mehato ea bongata / makhetlo le ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata, joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (Chak le Leung, 2004Tšebeliso ea Facebook (Koc le Gulyagci, 2013), Ho bapala inthaneteng (Király et al.,, Orosz et al., 2018), le ho shebella mathata a letoto la thelevishene (Tóth-Király et al., 2017, Tóth ‐ Király et al., 2019).
Ho nka se fumanoeng hammoho, ha bongata ba lintho tse boletsoeng kaholimo hangata li ne li sa amane le maemo le maemo a mabe, ho nka karolo ho nang le mathata ho boits'oaro bona ba inthaneteng ho amana le mehato e mebe kapa e kotsi. Ka hona, ho hlokahala liteko tse felletseng ha ho hlahlojoa litlamorao tsa boits'oaro bo fumanehang marang-rang, ho sa tsotelloe feela bongata ba boitšoaro empa le litekanyetso tsa boleng ba boitlamo.
8.1. Likarolo tse fapaneng tsa bongata le bohale ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa mathateng a ts'ebeliso ea thobalano hara banna le basali
Le ha FPU e ne e na le kamano e fokolang, e mpe le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano, PPU e ne e na le mokhatlo o motle le o itekanetseng, o fana ka maikutlo a hore FPU e kanna ea amahanngoa le mathata a fokolang a ts'ebetso ea thobalano maemong a mang (Landripet le Štulhofer, 2015). Leha ho le joalo, banna ba tlaleha ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa khafetsa, mme ba tlaleha maemo a phahameng a PPU, ha a bapisoa le a basali. Leha ho le joalo, basali ba tlaleha mathata a phahameng haholo a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ho feta banna.
Likamano tse fapaneng le FPU le PPU li ka amana le lintlha tse 'maloa tsa mantlha tsa biopsychosocial. Ka ho khetheha, FPU e ka hlaha ka lebaka la takatso e matla ea thobalano mme e amana le maemo a tlase a mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano, mohlomong ka lebaka la mefuta e fapaneng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse ka lebisang likarabong tse bonolo le tse potlakileng mehopolong e fapaneng ea thobalano (Thapelo le Pfaus, 2015). PFU e ka tsamaisa menahano ea thobalano, eo le eona e ka lebisang likarabong tse potlakileng tsa thobalano mme ka hona e se ke ea lebisa ho mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano e hlahlojoang mona (Watson le Smith, 2012). Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka bang teng mabapi le kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano e ka bonts'a tloaelo e hlahisoang ke ho shebella lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa (Watson le Smith, 2012, Griffiths, 2000, Kohut et al., 2017), eo ka eona batho ba nang le FPU ba ka ikutloang ba phutholohile haholo ha ba etsa thobalano e sa kopaneng le bona hobane ba tloaelane le thobalano (Kohut et al., 2017). Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhahlobo ea boleng ba banna le basali, litlamorao tse sebelisoang khafetsa tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e se "litlamorao tse mpe", tse lateloang ke ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le mohloli oa tlhaiso-leseling, liteko tsa thobalano le boiketlo ba thobalano. Kahoo, maemo a phahameng a boiketlo ba thobalano le ho ikamohela, le maemo a tlase a khatello ea maikutlo, lihlong le molato mabapi le boits'oaro ba thobalano a ka amana le FPU. Karabelo e eketsehileng ea ho tsosa takatso ea botona le botšehali, thahasello ho tsa thobalano, le kamohelo e kholo ea liketso tse fapaneng tsa thobalano le liteko tse ling tsa thobalano le tsona li tlalehiloe e le litholoana tse ntle tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoaKohut et al., 2017). Litlhaloso tse ling li kenyelletsa hore batho ba nang le ts'ebetso e mpe ea thobalano ba kanna ba ba le monyetla o fokolang oa ho kenella ho FPU, batho ka bomong ba kanna ba se tsebe ka botlalo mathata a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea thobalano mme mathata a mang a thobalano a kanna a se ts'oaroe ke sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo. Leha ho le joalo, FPU e hlalositse feela phapang e nyane haholo e amanang le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano thutong ea hajoale, e bonts'a lintlha tse ling li kanna tsa bapala karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ntlafatsong le tlhokomelong ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano (McCabe et al., 2016).
PPU e kanna ea amahanngoa le ho eketsa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali le "litšoantšo" tsa bootsoa (ke hore, ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro makhetlo a mangata kapa lihora tse ngata ka letsatsi), ho ipapisitse le liphetho tsa boithuto ba nako e telele ba libeke tse leshome le banna ba batlang kalafoWordecha et al., 2018). Ka hona, banna ba shebellang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba kanna ba ba nakong ea boitseko ha ba leka ho etsa thobalano le balekane ba bona, ho ka lebisang mathateng a ts'ebetso ea thobalano (Ley et al., 2014). Ho ba bang, ho kopanela liphate le molekane oa hau ho kanna ha se hlasimolle joaloka thepa ea bootsoa inthaneteng (mohlala, e kanna ea se fane ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang joaloka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng) Ntle le moo, litlaleho tsa bongaka le tsa linyeoe li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka fetola litempele tse tsosang takatso (Brand et al., 2019). Litlamorao tsena tse ka bang teng li lokela ho tsotelloa lithutong tse tlang. Ho na le litlhaloso tse ling tse ka bang teng. Mohlala, har'a banna ba batlang kalafo bakeng sa boits'oaro ba thobalano, ho tiea ha PPU ho ne ho amahanngoa hantle le matšoenyeho a thobalano mme hampe ka khotsofalo ea thobalano (Kowalewska le al., 2019); kaha lintlha tsena li ka ama ts'oaetso ea thobalano, thuto e tsoelang pele ea hlokahala.
Joaloka banna le basali ba nang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlomong PPU) ba tlalehile mathata a tlase a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ho feta batho ba nang le boemo bo sithabetsang bo sa qobelloeng (Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2017), khatello ea maikutlo e ka ama mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano (McCabe et al., 2016). Phokotso ea khatello ea maikutlo le taolo ea maikutlo hangata ho tlalehoa tšusumetso ho PPU, mme mehato e kenyelletsang koetliso ea taolo ea maikutlo (mohlala, ho ba le kelello) e ka sebetsa ho fokotsa PPU (Wéry le Billieux, 2016, Levin et al., 2012, Bőthe et al.,). Batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e phahameng ba ka kena PPU, e lebisang mathateng a ts'ebetso ea thobalano, e leng se ka lebisang khatellong e tsoelang pele.
Lithuto tse ling li lokela ho lekola monyetla ona le likamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, PPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ka kakaretso.
Ka kakaretso, mekhoa e fapaneng e ka theha FPU le PPU. Mekhoa e joalo e ka amana ka kotloloho le ka kotloloho le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ka mekhoa e rarahaneng. Ha u lekola likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea thobalano, lipatlisiso tsa kamoso li lokela ho nahana ka FPU le PPU le likarolo tse ling tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le likarolo tse itseng tsa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea thobalano.
8.2. Meeli le lithuto tsa nako e tlang
Liphuputso tse ithutoang li lokela ho tsotelloa hammoho le meeli. Mekhoa ea ho itlaleha e na le leeme (mohlala, ho tlaleha pejana le ho tlaleha haholo). Boemo bo ka se hlahisoe lithutong tsa likarolo tse fapaneng. Ts'ebetso ea kahare ea SFS e ne e le tlase ho feta (mohlomong e amana le phapano ea libaka tse 4 tse hlahlobiloeng), mme sena se kanna sa ama liphumano, joalo ka libaka tse fokolang tsa libaka le ho hloka tsebo. Mohlala, maemo a moelelo ha a qaqisoa ho SFS (mohlala, likamano tse kopanetsoeng tsa thobalano), mme batho ba nang le bosodoma ba tlalehile mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano nakong ea thobalano e arohaneng empa eseng nakong ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Voon et al.,).
Boitšoaro bo bobe ba boitšoaro le tumelo li ne li sa hlahlojoe, tse ka fokotsang ho akaretsa. Boitšoaro bo hlephileng le tumelo li kanna tsa amana le PPU (Lewczuk et al., 2020, Grubbs et al., 2019, Grubbs le Perry, 2019, Grubbs et al.,), le batho ba nang le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa boitšoaro le tumelo mohlomong ba bonts'a mekhatlo e matla ho feta FPU le PPU ho feta ba nang le maemo a tlase a boitšoaro le tumelo ea bona (Grubbs et al., 2020). Kahoo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho kenyelletsa liteko tsa boits'oaro bo hlephileng mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, boitšoaro bo mabifi ba thobalano bo shebiloeng hangata ho basali (Bridges et al., 2010), haholo basali ba batšo (Fritz et al., 2020), le peto, ho nyalana le mong ka motho le mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Rothman et al., 2015) le libaka tse ling moo batho ba ka bang le likhohlano tse amanang le boits'oaro. Boithuto ba hajoale bo hlahlobile sampole ea kakaretso, ea sechaba. Ka lebaka la hore mekhatlo e matla e ka ba teng lipakeng tsa FPU le PPU ho batla kalafo le baahi ba bongaka (Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2020, Grubbs et al., 2019, Grubbs et al., 2015, Gola et al., 2016, Gola et al., 2017, Brand et al., 2011, Twohig et al., 2009, Lewczuk et al., 2017, Voon et al.,), tse fumanoeng thutong ea hajoale mabapi le mekhatlo e pakeng tsa FPU, PPU, le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano li kanna tsa se ke tsa akaretsa batho ba batlang kalafo kapa ba bongaka.
Ho hlokahala lithuto tsa nako e telele ho hlahloba botebo ba likamano le hore na li ka fetoha joang ha nako e ntse e tsamaea hara banna ba babeli (Grubbs le Gola, 2019le tse tshehadi. Batho bao e kanna eaba ba hlahisitse mathata a ts'ebeliso ea thobalano a ka beng a amana le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro pele (pele ho selemo se fetileng) ba ka kenya letsoho ho fokoliseng likamano lipakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Hape, batho ba nang le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ba kanna ba tšaba ho hloleha hoa ts'ebetso. Ka lebaka leo, ba kanna ba khetha ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng ho fapana le ho etsa boits'oaro ba thobalano le balekane ba bona.Miner et al., 2016). Ntle le moo, ha bongata le FPU li amana ka tloaelo, ha li tšoane ebile li ka amana ka tsela e fapaneng le likarolo tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, ha o leka ho ila; (Fernandez le al., 2017). Ho lekola boleng ba lipale tsa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea PPU ea motho (Wordecha et al., 2018Mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano a ka beha litholoana ho khetholla mefuta e ka bang teng ea 'muelli le motsamaisi joalo ka boits'oaro ba boitšoaro (Brand et al., 2019, Grubbs le Perry, 2019), phihlello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Rissel et al., 2017), le lintlha tse ling (Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2019).
9. Liphello
Le ha FPU le PPU li bonts'a mekhatlo e metle, e itekanetseng, e lokela ho hlahlojoa le ho nkuoa ka thoko ha ho hlahlojoa likamano le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano le mehato e meng (Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2019). PPU e bonahala e amahanngoa le mathata a amanang le thobalano sechabeng le mehlala ea bongaka. Ha e nahana ka bobeli ba PPU le FPU, FPU e ne e na le kamano e fokolang e mpe le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano sechabeng. Ka hona, lipatlisisong le mesebetsing ea bongaka, ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka bobeli ba PPU le FPU mabapi le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano.
Mehloli ea lichelete
Phuputso e tšehelitsoe ke Ofisi ea Naha ea Patlisiso, Nts'etsopele le Ntlafatso ea Hungary (linomoro tsa Grant: KKP126835, NKFIH-1157-8 / 2019-DT). BB e ne e tšehelitsoe ke Lenaneo la Naha la Bokhabane la Naha la ÚNKP-18-3 la Lefapha la Bokhoni ba Botho. BB e ne e tšehelitsoe ke khau ea poso ea botsoalle ke Team SCOUP - Thobalano le Banyalani - Fonds de recherche du Québec, Société et Culture. ITK e ne e tšehelitsoe ke Horizon Postdoctoral Fsoci e tsoang Univesithing ea Concordia le ka chelete e tsoang ho Social Sciences le Humanities Research Council of Canada (435-2018-0368). MNP e fumana tšehetso ho tsoa Lefapheng la Connecticut la Bophelo bo Botle ba kelello le Litšebeletso tsa Lithethefatsi, Lekhotla la Connecticut mabapi le Bothata ba Ho becha, Setsi sa Bophelo sa Kelello sa Connecticut le Setsi sa Naha sa Papali e Ikarabellang. Mekhatlo ea lichelete e ne e se na seabo ho se ngotsoeng 'me maikutlo a hlalositsoeng bukeng e ngotsoeng ka letsoho a bonts'a a bangoli eseng hakaalo a mekhatlo ea lichelete.
Litšupiso tse sa buloang
Bőthe et al., 2015, Klucken et al., 2016, Tabachnick le Fidell, 2001, Kraus et al., 2017, Sniewski le Farvid, 2019, Beaton et al., 2000.
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- 1
SFS e ile ea fetoleloa ka Sehungary ho ipapisitsoe le protocol e seng e thehiloe ea phetolelo-back-translation protocol [113]. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) e ile ea etsoa ho lekola sebopeho sa eona sampoleng ea hona joale. Ho latela liphetho tsa CFA, sekala se bonts'itse bonnete ba sebopeho sa sebopeho ka phoso ea covariance (CFI = .999, TLI = .995, RMSEA = .026 [90% CI .012-.044]).
- 2
Ho ea ka foromo ea tokiso ea Bonferroni, palo ea likhakanyo (m) e lokela ho aroloa ke alpha e akaretsang (α).
- 3
Ha mekhatlo ea bivariate e ne e hlahlojoa lipakeng tsa FPU le ts'ebetso ea thobalano, ho ile ha fumanoa mekhatlo e fokolang le e seng ea bohlokoa har'a banna le basali, ka ho latellana, ha sebopeho sa equation modeling (SEM) se bonts'a mekhatlo e mebe lipakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano hara banna le basali. . Liphapang tsena lipakeng tsa liphetho tsa likamano tsa bivariate le mofuta o rarahaneng oa SEM li ka hlalosoa ka phapano e arolelanoeng lipakeng tsa FPU le PPU (e ts'ehetsoeng ke likamano tse ntle, tse leka-lekaneng lipakeng tsa mefuta ena). Ha litlhahlobo tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano li sa laole PPU, phapang e arolelanoeng lipakeng tsa PPU le FPU e ka pata kamano e mpe, e fokolang lipakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Tlhaloso ena e ka bang teng e tšehetsoa ke liphetho tsa likamano tse seng kae. Ha likamano tse sa sebetseng li ne li etsoa (ho laola phello ea PPU ha ho hlahlojoa mekhatlo e pakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano), likamano tse mpe, tse fokolang li fumanoe lipakeng tsa FPU le mathata a ts'ebetso ea thobalano ho banna ka bobeli (r = -. 05, p<.001) le basali (r = -. 05, p<.001).
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