Na litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li sebelisa mokhoa o tsoelang pele oa Guttman? (2013)

Patlisiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore likoleke tsa bana tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha li na feela litšoantšo tsa bana tsa thobalano, empa mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e khelohileng ebile e amoheleha sechabeng ka tlhaho (cf, Quayle & Taylor, 2002; Quayle & Taylor, 2003). Ebile, lipuisano le bana ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bana li hlahisitse litloli tsa molao tse ling "nako le nako ba sebelisa lingoliloeng tse fetelletseng" (Quayle & Taylor, 2002, leq. 343) ka lebaka la ts'enyeho kapa takatso ea takatso ea lijo, e lebisitseng ho ho bokella le ho sibolla mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (Quayle & Taylor, 2003). Hape, bareki ba bang ba boletse hore ba jarollotse litšoantšo hobane feela li le teng ebile li fumaneha habonolo, e leng ho etsang hore boits'oaro e be litholoana tsa ho qobelloa ho fapana le ho ba le takatso e khethehileng ea thobalano ho bana (Basbaum, 2010). Leha ho le joalo, litlhahlobo tsa pejana li ipapisitse le lithuto tsa linyeoe tsa batho ba ahlotsoeng ka tlolo ea molao ea tlhekefetso ea bana le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Haeba sampole ea moemeli e pharalletseng (joalo ka ha e sebelisitsoe mona) e sebelisitsoe, bafuputsi ba kanna ba ba le kutloisiso e lumellanang le e felletseng ea pokello ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bana.

Barekisi ba bang ba bana ba bootsoa ba bonts'a litakatso tse ngata tsa thobalano, tse ka 'nang tsa emela mekhoa e mengata ea li-paraphilic ho e-na le ho ba le thahasello e khethehileng ea thobalano ho bana. Phuputsong e entsoeng ke Endrass et al. (2009), pokello ea litšoantšo ho banna ba 231 e nang le bana ba bootsoa bo sebelisang e boetse e senola mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ka ho khetheha, hoo e batlang e le 60% ea sampula e kopantsoeng ea bootsoa ba bana le bonyane mofuta o mong o mong oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tse kang boroko, lithethefatsi, kapa bongoli, bonyane batlōli ba molao ho ba bararo ba bokellang mefuta e meraro kapa e mengata ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (Endrass et al . 2009). Patlisiso ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore boholo ba bareki ba Internet ba shebanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo bokella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tse ka 'nang tsa bontša boemo bo tloaelehileng ba ho hloka boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ho e-na le ho ba le li-paraphilia tse itseng, tse kang pedophilia. Ka mantsoe a mang, bareki ba bang ba bana ba ts'oanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ka 'na ba se ke ba e-ba teng ka har'a batho ba tloaelehileng ba bontšang litakatso tsa botona le botšehali ka bongata kapa thahasello.

Le hoja liphuputso li ntse li le teng, lipatlisiso tse seng kae tsa lipatlisiso li hlahlobile potso ea hore na batho ba sebelisang mefuta e mengata ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, batho ba baholo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) ba kotsing e kholo ea ho ja mefuta e hlephileng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (mohlala, phoofolo ea bootsoa ea liphoofolo le bana). Ka mantsoe a mang, na litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li sebelisa mokhoa oa mofuta oa Guttman (cf, Holland, 1988) le lilemo tse qalang e le ntlha e ka sehloohong hoba motho a fetoloe ho tloha ho motho ea sa sebeliseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa? Mabapi le lilemo tse qalileng, lipatlisiso tse ngata li lebisa tlhokomelo liphellong tsa maikutlo tsa ho sa batle ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lilemong tsa bocha (cf. Moroallo, 2009). Ka mohlala, Mitchel, Wolak, le Finkelhor (2007) ba fumane 10% ea 10 ho ba lilemo li 17 ba hlalositseng ba le "bohale kapa ba halefile haholo" ka ho sa batle ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, McKee (2007) o ile a buisana le ba-Australia ba 46, mabapi le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha ba sa le banyenyane, ba hlalositseng hore lipapali tsa bootsoa li e-s'o ka li phatlalatsoa e le "tse tsosang takatso" le "thahasello e fokolang" "Ho nepahetseng ha litemana" (leq. 10). Ho phaella moo, lipatlisiso li bontšitse hore kamano pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisa lilemong tsa bocha le boitšoaro bo fapaneng ba thobalano. Ka ho khetheha, Johansson le Hammarén (2007) ba fumane bacha ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ka 'na ba kopanela liphate le bosiu bo le bong,' me bacha ba nang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ne ba ka ba le maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate le boitšoaro (cf. Moroallo, 2009) .

Ka kakaretso, patlisiso e fetileng e lebisitse tlhokomelo ea maikutlo a maikutlo a ho sa batle ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bacha. Thuto ea morao tjena e lebisitsoe ho "lilemo tsa ho qala" bakeng sa ho sebelisa ka boomo, ho e-na le ho shebahala ka tsela e sa batleheng, ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sa tloaelehang le tse senyehileng. Ho tloha ho ba arabelloang libapali tsa lipatlisiso tse tsoang United States, litlhaloso tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le tse tsoileng tseleng li ne li thehiloe melao ea hona joale e nyonyehang United States. United States, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sirelelitsoe ke Sehlomathiso sa Pele (le hoja ho le joalo); leha ho le joalo, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bana le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (phoofolo ea ho kopanela liphate) ke tse nyonyehang, ka hona, mefuta e sa lumelloeng ke molao. Ka hona, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ne li sebetsoa joaloka nondeviant, athe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa liphoofolo le tsa bana li ngotsoe e le e fapaneng mefuta ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Ho sa tsotellehe maemo a tloaelehileng a ho laola mekhoa ea bootsoa (melao) e laolang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​mefuta eohle e meraro ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e lula e fumaneha habonolo Inthaneteng. Ka hona, phuputso ena e ile ea hlahloba hore na ke batho ba mofuta ofe bao ka lekhetlo la pele ba neng ba batlisisa, ba lefshoa, ba fapanyetsana / ba arolelana litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse latelang: batho ba baholo feela, liphoofolo (boroko) le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana. Ka ho hlahloba likamano pakeng tsa lilemo tsa boithati le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa mefuta-futa, bangoli ba ne ba tšepile ho utloisisa hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa joang kapa li bolela hore ho na le mefuta e feteletseng ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.

Lipheo tse tharo tsa mantlha e ne e le sepheo sa thuto ea hajoale. Morero oa pele oa phuputso ena e ne e le ho fumana hore na lilemo tsa ho qala e ne e le kotsi ea ho kenella litšoantšong tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ka mantsoe a mang, na batho ba kenang litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sebelisa ba sa le banyenyane ho ka etsahala hore ba kenelle mefuteng e fosahetseng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba li sebelisang ha li bapisoa le basebelisi ba morao-rao? Morero oa bobeli oa phuputso ena o ile oa etsa qeto ea hore na basali ba arabelitsoeng ba ne ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana inthaneteng. Phuputso e fetileng e fana ka maikutlo a hore boholo ba basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke bana ke banna leha ho le joalo, boholo ba mehlala ena bo tsoa ho forensic kapa ho baahi ba bongaka (cf, Babchishin, Hanson, & Hermann, 2011). Ntle le moo, lithuto tsa lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng marang-rang li fana ka maikutlo a hore basali ba kanna ba kenella litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tsa bana ho feta kamoo ho neng ho lebelletsoe pele (cf, Seigfried, Lovely, & Rogers, 2008; Seigfried-Spellar & Rogers, 2010). Ka hona, phuputso ea hajoale e hlahlobile ho ata ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa basali li sebelisoa ho sampole ea basebelisi ba inthanete ho fapana le sampole ea forensiki kapa ea bongaka, e le ho fana ka mohopolo o pharaletseng oa basebelisi ba basali ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana (ba sa ahloleloeng le ba itlalehang) .

Qetellong, morero oa boraro oa phuputso ena o hlophisitse palo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisoang ke ho robala ba arabelitsoeng lihlopha tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro: ha ho le joalo, motho ea moholo-feela, phoofolo-feela, ngoana feela-motho e moholo-phoofolo, ngoana e moholo, lesea la liphoofolo le motho e moholo -nonyana-liphoofolo. Tlhahlobo ena ea litsela e ile ea lumella hore ho hlahlojoe hore na basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bana ba tlaleha hore ba na le mekhoa e mengata ea ho itlaleha ka boits'oaro ba batho ba baholo le ba liphoofolo ha ba bapisoa le mefuta e meng ea basebelisi. Liphuputso tse fokolang tsa lipatlisiso li 'nile tsa hlahloba mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea mefuta e bokelloang ke basebelisi ba bana ba bootsoa ba Internet (cf. Seigfried-Spellar, mochine oa khatiso). Ka ho khetheha, haeba bana ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba latela mokhoa o kang oa Guttman joale ha hoa lokela hore ho be le "bareki ba khethehileng" ba feela ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; ho e-na le hoo, basebeletsi bana ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba lokela ho tlaleha hore ba kopanela mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.

Phuputso ena e ne e hlahlojoa ka tlhaho kaha ha ho lipatlisiso tse fetileng tse ileng tsa hlahloba hore na batho ba tlalehileng "lilemo tsa bonyane" tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ne ba ka 'na ba e-ba le monyetla o moholo oa ho kopanela litšoantšong tse hlephisang boitšoaro bo hlephileng ho bapisoa le batho ba ileng ba tlaleha "lilemo tsa ho qala". Tšepo ke ho se fumane kamano pakeng tsa "lilemo tsa ho qala" bakeng sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro 'me hamorao litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa bootsoa bo bakoang ke ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bana li bontša li-collections tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li akarelletsa litšoantšo tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Ka lebaka lena, ho fetisetsoa bana ba litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho tla ba bonolo haholo hore ba je litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba batho ba baholo le ba ho robala le liphoofolo. Qetellong, bangoli ba lebeletse ho fumana phapang ea thobalano; ka ho khetheha, banna ba tla ba le monyetla oa hore ba itlalehe ho sebelisoa ha bana ba bootsoa (mohlala, Babchishin et al., 2011). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho tla ba le ts'oaetso e phahameng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana ba basali tse sebelisoang thuputsong ena ea ho etsa lipatlisiso Inthaneteng ka lebaka la phapang pakeng tsa mekhoa ea litekanyetso.

2. Mokhoa

Bacha ba 2.1

Thuto ea morao-rao e sebelisitse Survey Sampling International (SSI), e neng e fana ka sampula ea marang-rang ea Inthanete ho banna le basali ba arabelitseng, bao bonyane ba neng ba le lilemo li 18 kapa ba feta, ba tsoa United States. Ho e-na le ho chefola Inthaneteng e le ho tseba batho ba arabelitsoeng, bareki bana kapa ba arabelitsoeng ba se ba ntse ba fetile tsamaiso ea boleng le boleng ba SSI e le hore ba khetholle batho ba kotsing ea ho bua leshano e le hore ba ka tšoaneleha kapa ba batla meputso leha e le efe kapa likotiso ( SSI, 2009). Ho phaella moo, SSI e thibela motho ea tšoanang hore a khone ho nka lipatlisiso ka makhetlo a mangata (SSI, 2009). Habohlokoa le ho feta, bareki bana kapa ba arabelitsoeng ba ne ba ka kholiseha ka ho tšepahala le ho boloka lekunutu la thuto ena, hammoho le ho phutholoha le ho tšepa ts'ebetso ea boithuto ka boeona, e leng ea bohlokoa ha ho hlahlojoa boikutlo le boitšoaro ho lihlooho tse sa utloisiseheng.

Ho itšetlehile ka takatso ea bahlankana ba arabelitsoeng ho "batho ba bangata ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthaneteng," ho e-na le hore ba be le litekanyetso ho basebetsi ba litsebi tsa bophelo ba bophelo, le tlhokahalo ea ho eketsa kholiseho ea moahloli ho itlhaloso ea hae, mokhoa ona oa ho etsa lipapatso o molemo ka ho fetisisa oa litlhoko tsa thuto ea morao-rao. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamong 1, bahlahlobi ba 630 ba qetile phuputso ea inthanete; 502 (80%) e ne e le basali 'me 128 (20%) e ne e le banna (Hlokomela: Ho se tšoane ha tekano ho tla tšohloa hamorao pampiring). Ka kakaretso, boholo ba sampula e ne e tšoeu (n = 519, 82.4%), pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 36-55 lilemo (n = 435, 69%), lenyalong (n = 422, 67%), le 68% (n = 427) ea ba arabelitsoeng ba qetile mosebetsi oa koleche kapa oa ho qetela.

Mehato ea 2.2

Boitšoaro ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthaneteng le lilemo tsa ho qala li ne li lekanyetsoa ka mokhoa o khutšoanyane oa Phatlalatso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa (Internet) (OPS; Seigfried, 2007; Seigfried-Spellar, 2011). OPS ea pele e ne e akarelletsa lipotso tsa 54, tse ileng tsa hlahloba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro boitšoaro tse akarelletsang ho batla lipatlisiso, ho fumana, ho kopitsa le ho fapanyetsana litšoantšo tsa Inthanete tsa ho kopanela liphate. Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li ne li hlalosoa e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa "tse nang le batho ka bomong holim ' lilemo tsa 18, "athe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana li hlalosoa e le lintho tse litšila tse tsosang takatso" tse nang le batho ka bomong tlas'a lilemo tsa 18. "Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba liphoofolo kapa ho robala le liphoofolo li ne li hlalosoa e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" tse nang le batho ka bomong holim ' lilemo tsa lilemo tse 18 le phoofolo. "

Lintho feela tsa 15 tse tsoang Inthaneteng ea Litšoantšo Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa, ​​tse neng li lebisitse tlhokomelo ea hore na motho ea kenang lipapaling tsa ho qala litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoa joang, li kenyelelitsoe thuputsong ena. Lipotso tsohle tsa 15 li sebelisitse karabo e tšoanang. Mantsoe a latelang ke mohlala oa papiso e amanang le lilemo tse qaletsoeng ho tloha ho OPS: "U bile le lekhetlo la pele hakae ha u kena websaeteng ka boomo e le hore u shebe lintho tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse nang le batho ka bomong tlas'a na le lilemo tsa 18? "Likhetho tsa ba arabelang lilemong tsa ho qala lihlooho li ne li sa sebetse ho 'na, tlas'a lilemo tsa 12, 12 ho ea tlas'a lilemo tsa 16, 16 ho ea tlas'a lilemo tsa 19, 19 ho tlasa 24 lilemo li lilemo li 24 lilemong kapa ho feta, 'me ba hana ho arabela. Ho itšetlehile ka ho lumellana le ntho, ba arabelitsoeng ba ne ba khetholloa e le basebelisi kapa bao e seng basebelisi ba batho ba baholo, liphoofolo (bokhachane) le bana ba bootsoa.

Qetellong, tlhahisoleseding ea motheo ea batho ba arabelitsoeng e ne e le boitsebiso bo ikemetseng ka lipotso tsa marang-rang, tse neng li akarelletsa lintho tse kang ho kopanela liphate, lilemo, le boemo ba lenyalo. Phuputso ea palo ea batho e hlahile qalong ea thuto ho bohle ba arabelitsoeng. Thuto ea morao tjena e phatlalalitse ha ho hlahlojoa "maikutlo mabapi le liwebsaete tsa batho ba baholo" le ka ho beha lipotso tsa lipalo tsa batho pele ho lipotso tse nang le boiketlo ba sechaba mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​mokhoa ona o ekelitse ho nepahala ha thobalano ea boithati bakeng sa thuto ena (cf. Birnbaum, 2000) . Hape, lintho tsohle tsa lipatlisiso li ile tsa qobelloa ho khetha, empa ba arabelitsoeng ba khona ho khetha "ho hana ho arabela" ntho leha e le efe, joalokaha ho hlokoa ke Institutional Review Board (IRB). Ho feta moo, bohle ba arabelitsoeng ba ile ba tšoaroa ho latela melao ea boitšoaro e behiloeng ke American Psychological Association (APA).

Lethathamo 1

Boitsebiso ba palo ea batho

Tsamaiso ea 2.3

Phuputso ena e entsoe ka elektroniki ho sebelisoa patlisiso e thehiloeng marang-rang. Mokhoa ona oa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka marang-rang o bone ho eketseha ho sebelisoa ke bafuputsi ka lebaka la phihlello ea ba arabelitsoeng le ho tsebahala ho sa tsejoe le boikemisetso bo eketsehileng ba ho itlhahisa ho senola boitšoaro kapa maikutlo a sa amoheleheng sechabeng kapa a likhang (Mueller, Jacobsen, & Schwarzer, 2000). Hang ha ba arabelitsoeng ba kena webosaeteng, leqephe la lapeng le hlalositse thuto ha e ntse e le foromo ea tumello eo baarabelli ba tlamehang ho lumela kapa ho hana ho nka karolo. Haeba bao e neng e tla ba ba arabelitsoeng ba ile ba lumela, ba tlameha ho tobetsa konopo ea "Kea lumela" hore ba tsebe ho nka karolo. Kamora ho tobetsa konopo ea "Kea lumela", ba arabelitsoeng ba kopiloe ho tlatsa lipotso, tse nkileng metsotso e ka bang 15 ho li tlatsa.

Ha ho nako eo ba arabelitsoeng ba ileng ba botsa tlhahisoleseding efe kapa efe e khethollang (mohlala, lebitso). E le ho sireletsa ho se tsejoe le bophiri ba moahloli, ba arabelitsoeng ba fanoe ka nomoro ea boitsebiso e le hore likarabo tsa lipotso li se ke tsa amahanngoa kapa tsa tšoanelana le motho e mong le e mong.

Lipatlisiso tsa Statistical 2.4

Ka mor'a pokello ea lits'ebeletso, lipatlisiso tsa lipalo-palo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa palo ea 19 ea Statistical Package bakeng sa Social Sciences (SPSS). Tlhaloso ea lintlha e behiloe lebaleng la alpha la .05 pele ho litlhahlobo leha e le life. Tlhahlobo e Hlakileng ea Fisher-Freeman-Halton e lekiloe bakeng sa likamano tse bohlokoa pakeng tsa lilemo tsa ho qala, thobalano le mofuta oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Qeto ena e entsoe ka mabaka a latelang: litebello tsa lisele tsa seleng tse lebeletsoeng li ne li le nyane ka lebaka la thuto e hlahlobang liketsahalo tse sa tloaelehang (ke hore, bana ba shebaneng le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa), e lekanya tekanyo ea li-square e le sampula ea boholo-holo (N) e eketseha, 'me teko e hlakileng ea Fisher-Freeman-Halton e fetisa tlhahlobo ea Sekheo sa Fisher ho R x C nyeoe (cf, Freeman & Halton, 1951). Kamora nako, ts'ebetso ea morao-rao ea marang-rang (Wald) e ile ea etsoa molemong oa ho bona hore na thobalano le "lilemo tsa ho qala" tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo li sebelisa setho sa sehlopha bakeng sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete. Lits'oants'o tsa thepa li loketse tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo, hobane li matla haholo ha li na le litlolo tse fokolang tsa maikutlo, joalo ka mehlala e menyenyane le e sa lekanang ea litekanyo (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007).

3. Liphetho

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamong 2, 5.2% (n = 33) ea ba arabelitsoeng ba ipoleletse hore ho sebelisoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bana ba Internet. 16 (12.5%) ea banna ba arabelitsoeng e ne e le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bana, 'me 17 (3.4%) ea basali ba arabelitsoeng e ne e le basebelisi ba bana ba bootsoa ba bana. Ho ba-630 ba arabelang, ke 8.6% feela (n = 54) ea ba arabelitsoeng ba ipoleletse hore ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​empa hoo e batlang e le halofo (n = 254, 40.3%) ea ba arabelitsoeng ba ile ba tlaleha tšebeliso ea batho ba baholo-litšoantšo tsa bootsoa feela. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamong la 3, ba arabelitsoeng ba ile ba aroloa ka ho eketsehileng ho itšetlehile ka tšebeliso ea bona ea batho ba baholo-feela, ba phelang le liphoofolo le bana ba bootsoa.

E le ho tšehetsa thuto ena, ha ho na ba arabelitsoeng ba tlaleha hore ke feela tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bana. Ke 1 feela ea arabelang basali ba tlalehang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ho phaella moo, 9.8% (n = 60) ea ba arabelitsoeng ba na le motsoako oa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le tsa bootsoa ho bapisoa le feela .5% ba tlalehileng ho ja feela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (bokhachane le ngoana).

Ho tloha ha boitsebiso bo hlalosang bo bontšitsoe hore ho na le kamano pakeng tsa batho ba baholo, ba liphoofolo le bana ba bootsoa (bona Letlapa la 3), ho lumellana ha taelo ea zero ho etsoa hore ho khethoe tataiso ea kamano. Ho itšetlehile ka likarabo tsa likarabo, ho ne ho etsoa mokhoa o mong le o mong oa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso: motho e moholo, phoofolo le ngoana. Ba arabelitsoeng ba ne ba ngotsoe e le bao e seng basebelisi (0) kapa basebedisi (1) bakeng sa sehlopha se seng le se seng sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamong la 4, ho ne ho e-na le kamano ea bohlokoa haholo lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le batho ba baholo, r_ϕ (635) = .36 le p <.01, le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana, r_ϕ (635) = .27 le p <.01. Ho ne ho e-na le kamano e ntle haholo bakeng sa batho ba ipolelang hore ba kenella litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo, liphoofolo / ho robala le liphoofolo le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana. Ho phaella moo, banna ba ne ba le monyetla o moholo oa ho itlaleha ka tšebeliso ea batho ba baholo, r_ϕ (630) = -.28 le p <.01, phoofolo / ho robala le phoofolo, r_ϕ (630) = -.18 le p <.01, le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana, r_ϕ (630) = -.17 le p <.01 (Bona Tafole 4).

Lethathamo 2

Liphesente tsa Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng tse sa fetoheng le tse sa sebeliseng Sebelisoa ka thobalano

Lethathamo 3

Kemiso ea ba arabelitsoeng ka Tšebeliso ea Boithaopo ea Batho ba baholo, Liphoofolo le Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Ka mor'a moo, ba arabelitsoeng ba arolelitsoe hore ke: batho ba baholo-feela (batho ba baholo feela) kapa batho ba baholo le bana / liphoofolo (batho ba baholo + ba se nang phihlelo) ba shebellang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. "Mehla ea ho qala" e ile ea bapisoa pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli ho fumana hore na "nako ea ho qala" bakeng sa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e amana le ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse litšila hamorao. E itšetlehile ka Testing e Hlakileng ea Fisher-Freeman-Halton (p <.01), batho ba baholo ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba tlalehile "lilemo tsa ho qala" tse nyane haholo ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa feela. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamong la 5, 29% ea batho ba baholo ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba tlalehile "lilemo tsa ho qala" lipakeng tsa lilemo tse 12 le 18 ha li bapisoa le 10% feela ea batho ba baholo ba arabelitsoeng. Sebakeng seo, bongata (89%) ba basebelisi ba batho ba baholo ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba tlaleha lilemo tsa ho qala ha ba lilemo li 19 kapa ho feta ha ba bapisoa le 69% bakeng sa basebelisi ba baholo ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (Sheba Letlapa la 5).

Ho itšetlehile ka liphetoho tsa bohlokoa tse tsoang liphatlalatsong tsa ts'ebetso ea Zero le Testing e Ntle ea Fisher-Freeman-Halton, bangoli ba ile ba etsa bohato ba ho khutlisetsa lintho ka morao (Wald) ho bona hore na "lilemo tsa ho qala" le ho kopanela liphate e ne e le li-predictors tsa bohlokoa ho batho ba baholo feela + litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamong 6, mohlala o motle ka ho fetisisa oa batho ba baholo-feela ho latela batho ba baholo + le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro o sebelisa lihlopha tse peli, ho kopanela liphate (W = 7.69, p <.01) le lilemo tsa ho qala (W = 5.16, p <.02). Batho ba nang le "lilemo tsa ho qala" tse nyane bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea batho ba baholo ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ne ba le monyetla o fetang oa makhetlo a 8 oa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Ntle le moo, banna ba ne ba na le menyetla e mengata ea ho ba basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro makhetlo a .4. Teko ea Hosmer le Lemeshow e ne e se bohlokoa, χ²(4) = 6.42 le p = .17, e bonts'a mofuta oa ho qetela o lumellanang le data. Ntle le moo, maemo a theko e fapaneng (VIF) le boleng ba li-index li ile tsa baloa molemong oa ho etsa liteko tsa multicollinearity, tseo kaofela li neng li sa bontše lebaka la ho tšoenyeha (Sex, VIF = 1.00; Age of Onset, VIF = 1.00; Condition Index <30) .

Ho itšetlehile ka litlhahlobo tsena, bangoli ba ile ba khona ho finyella sepheo sa bona sa hore na "lilemo tsa ho qala" le ho kopanela liphate li boleloa hakae ka batho ba baholo-feela ho feta batho ba baholo ba hlalosang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka kakaretso, tšepiso ea hore bana ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ka 'na ba ja litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea batho ba baholo le liphoofolo, ho e-na le hore feela ba chese litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bana, ba tšehetsoa. Ho phaella moo, tlhahiso ea hore banna ba khone ho kopanela litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ba bana e ne e tšehetsoa hammoho le tebello ea ho ata ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana ba basali ho sebelisoa mohlahaneng ona o thehiloeng Inthaneteng.

Lethathamo 4

Tlhaloso ea mahlakore a ho kopanela liphate, batho ba baholo, liphoofolo le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Sebelisa

Lethathamo 5

Batho ba baholo-Feela ha ba bapisoa le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng tsa batho ba baholo le tse mahlahahlaha Sebelisa ka nako ea ho qeta

Lethathamo 6

Ho hlahloba ka morao (Wald) Boitšoaro ba ho Iketsetsa Litšoantšo ka Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa

Leha ho le joalo, tebello ea bangoli ba hore ha ho na phapang pakeng tsa "nako ea ho qala" bakeng sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisang basebelisi ba baholo-holo feela ba baholo-holo + ba sa khoneng ho tšehetsoa. Ho itšetlehile ka teko ea Fisher-Freeman-Halton e Hlakileng le khatello ea boitsebiso, batho ba baholo + ba hlalosang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba tlaleha hore "nako ea tlhaho ea ho qala" ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisoa haholo ha e bapisoa le basebeletsi ba baholo-holo ba bootsoa feela. Ka mantsoe a mang, basebeletsi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba kopanela litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sa le banyenyane haholo ha ba bapisoa le ba kopanelang liphate tse litšila tse tsosang takatso feela.

4. Puisano

Thuto ea morao-rao e bile eona ea pele ea ho hlahloba hore na "lilemo tsa ho qala" bakeng sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa (ke hore, motho e moholo feela) li amana le ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (e leng, setho sa botona kapa botšehali). Phuputso ena e emela phetoho ka lipatlisiso tsa pele tse fetileng, tse itšetlehileng ka mehlala ea batlōli ba molao. Ka hona, thuto ea morao-rao e ile ea tloha hōle le basebetsi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bana ho ea ho "bana ba bangata ba sebelisang Inthanete." Ho phaella moo, phuputso ena e ile ea hlahloba hore na basebelisi ba bana ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bokella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso kapa tse sa tsitsang kapa ba ipoleletse hore ba senya litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana feela. Ka kakaretso, phapang e khōlō e hlahile pakeng tsa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba "lilemo tsa ho qala" le thobalano.

Phuputso e nyenyane ea lipatlisiso e bontša boholo ba bana ba bootsoa ba Internet bo shebaneng le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (cf, Endrass et al., 2009). Phuputsong ea morao tjena, ha ho le ea mong ea arabelitsoeng ho ipolela hore ke eena feela ea sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho Internet. Ho e-na le hoo, boholo ba bana ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bana ba ne ba boetse ba bokella mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho kopanyelletsa le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa batho ba baholo le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Har'a bareki ba XLUMX bana ba bootsoa, ​​32% (n = 19) e boetse e bokelletse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng tsa batho ba baholo le liphoofolo, 34% (n = 11) e nkile litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng tsa batho ba baholo, 'me ke 6% feela (n = 2) o ne a e-na le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa liphoofolo (Sheba Letlapa la 3). Liphumano tsena li tšehetsa boithuto ba Seigfried (2007), bo sa boneng bareki ba bang ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana inthaneteng. Ka kakaretso, basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bana ba etsa lintho tse fapaneng tsa thobalano mme lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho lekola hore na likoleke tsena li fana ka leseli mabapi le maikemisetso a bona a kantle ho naha (mohlala. litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; Rogers & Seigfried-Spellar, 2012; Seigfried-Spellar, khatisong).

Tumellanong le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng, banna ba tsoelapele ho ba le monyetla oa hore ba sebelise litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bana ba Internet. Leha ho le joalo, phuputso ea morao tjena e fana ka maikutlo a hore basali ba ka 'na ba ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bana ho feta kamoo ho neng ho boleloa kateng pele ka lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso ho tloha tleliniking bakeng sa baahi ba molao. Ka mohlala, Babchishin et al. (2011) e entse lipatlisiso tsa lihlooho tsa 27, tse neng li akarelletsa mehlala ea batlōli ba inthanete. Liphello tsa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa meta li bontša hore boholo ba bana ba bootsoa ba bootsoa ke banna, 'me lihlooho tsa 27, liphuputso tse hlano feela li kenyelletsa batlōli ba basali. Ka hona, tlase ho 3% ea sampula eohle ea batlōli ba marang-rang e ne e le basali (Babchishin et al., 2011). Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa pele tse kenyelletsoeng ho kenyeletsa mehlala ea batho ba sebelisang Inthanete, ho e-na le litsebi tsa bongaka kapa tsa bongaka, li tlalehile karolo e phahameng ea bareki ba bana ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka mohlala, Seigfried et al. (2008) ho fumanoe 10 ea 30 ea bo-'mamonoana bo hlephileng ba bootsoa ba bana ba tsoang boitsebisong ba ho etsa lipatlisiso ho Inthaneteng ho ba basali. Ho phaella moo, phuputso ea Seigfried-Spellar (2011) e tlalehile 20% ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bana e le basali. Qetellong, 17 ea bareki ba 33 (52%) ea bana ba bootsoa e ne e le basali nakong ea thuto ea morao tjena. Lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang li lokela ho hlahloba hore na ke hobane'ng ha ho na le phapang pakeng tsa ho ata ha bana ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho sebelisoa basali ba tsoang mefuteng e fapaneng ea lipapali

Hammoho le ho kopanela liphate ho fapaneng, "nako ea ho qala" e ne e amana haholo le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Basomi ba tlalehileng "lilemo tsa bocha" bakeng sa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ne ba sebelisa monyetla oa ho kopanela litšoantšong tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho bapisoa le batho ba ileng ba tlaleha "lilemo tsa morao" hamorao. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamong 5, basebeletsi ba baholo ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ka makhetlo a mabeli ho itlhahisa-ho tlaleha "nako ea ho qala" pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 12-18 ha li bapisoa le basebeletsi ba baholo-holo ba bootsoa feela. Qetellong, khatello ea lits'ebeletso e fana ka mohlala o motle oa ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso o sebelisitse mefuta e sa tšoaneng, thobalano le "lilemo tsa ho qala." Ke hore banna ba ne ba ka 'na ba kopanela litšoantšong tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho bapisoa le basali. Ho feta moo, batho ba qalileng ho kopanela litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ba batho ba baholo ba sebelisa lilemong tsa bocha ba ka 'na ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bapisoa le ba neng ba kopanela litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro nakong e tlang.

Liphuputso tsa phuputso ea morao tjena li bontša hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li ka 'na tsa latela tsoelo-pele ea mofuta oa Guttman. Ka mantsoe a mang, batho ba jang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bana ba boetse ba ja mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tse peli tse nang le boikutlo bo botle le tse fapaneng. E le hore kamano ena e be mokhoa o kang oa Guttman, ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bana ho tlameha ho ba teng ka mor'a hore mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisoe. Phuputso ea morao tjena e leka ho hlahloba ts'ebetso ena ka ho lekanya hore "lilemo tsa ho qala" bakeng sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisitse phetoho ho tloha ho motho e moholo-ho ea ho litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ho itšetlehile ka liphello, mokhoa ona oa ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso o ka 'na oa ama "batho ba qalang" bakeng sa ho kopanela litšoantšong tsa bootsoa. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ke Quayle le Taylor (2003), litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bana li ka 'na tsa amahanngoa le ho hloka boithati kapa takatso ea lijo tseo batlōli ba molao ba qalang ho bokella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le tse feteletseng. Thuto ea morao-rao e bontša hore batho ba kopanelang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ba baholo ba ka ba monyetla o moholo oa ho kopanela mefuteng e meng e hlephileng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Haeba bana ba shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho latela mokhoa oa Guttman-joalo-joalo, lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang li lokela ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa lilemo tse qalileng tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le litakatso tsa nakong e tlang tse hlahisang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.

Likhaello tsa 4.1

Le ha phuputso ena e nkile mohlala ho tsoa ho "kakaretso ea basebelisi ba Marang-rang," ha ho na taba ea hore liphuputso li emetse sechaba sohle sa basebelisi ba inthanete. Ha ba arabelang ba tsoang naheng e le 'ngoe (United States) ba lekanyetsa bonnete ba kantle, bangoli ba khonne ho eketsa taolo holim'a pherekano e itseng, joalo ka semolao sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba liphoofolo. Mokhoa oa hajoale o shebile basebelisi ba inthanete ba neng ba lula naheng eo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa liphoofolo li seng molaong. Mohlala, batho ba itlalehang ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng thutong ea hajoale ba ne ba etsa boits'oaro bo sa lumelloang ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bana, 'me semolao sa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana e ka ba ntho e ferekanyang haeba batho ba ka etsisoa ho tsoa linaheng tseo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana li sebelisang molao (mohlala, Russia Japane, Thailand; bona Setsi sa Machabeng sa Bana ba Lahlehileng le ba Sebelisitsoeng, 2010).

Hape, setšoantšo sa thobalano se ne se sa lumellane le thuto ea hona joale. Ho ea ka Ofisi ea Census ea United States (2009a), 50.7% ea baahi ba United States e ne e le basali. Ha u hlahloba feela batho ba nang le Inthanete ka hare kapa ka ntle ho malapa a bona (N = 197,871), 48.6% e ne e le basali (Census Bureau ea United States, 2009b). Ho itšetlehile ka palo ea batho ba hona joale bakeng sa Survey Sampling International (puisano ea botho, 2012), 56% ea lenaneo la Inthanete la Inthanete ke basali. Ho ka etsahala hore ho se tšoane ho kopanela liphate thutong ena ho amana le boemo ba mosebetsi ba ba arabelitsoeng. Phuputsong ea morao-rao, banna ba ne ba e-na le monyetla o moholo oa ho sebelisoa nako e tletseng le nako ea nakoana athe basali ba ne ba ka 'na ba e-ba baithaopi, χ² (9) = 73.82, p <.00. Phuputso e fetileng e qotsitse ba arabelitsoeng ka nako eohle mme ba "phathahane" ha ba na monyetla oa ho phethela lipatlisiso tsa inthanete (Cavallaro, 2012). Kahoo, phapang ea thobalano e kanna ea ba e bakiloe ke boemo ba mosebetsi ka hore basali ba arabileng bao e neng e le beng ba matlo ba na le nako e ngata ea ho phethela patlisiso ea inthanete. Ha ho laoloa boemo ba mosebetsi, ho ne ho ntse ho na le kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa "lilemo tsa ho qala" le ts'ebeliso ea batho ba baholo-feela ho bapisoa le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo, r_{ab + c} = -.28, p <.01.

Le ha ho le joalo, karolo ea basali ho banna thutong ea hajoale e ne e sa emele palo ea inthanete ea United States, e ile ea etsa mohlala ho batho ba kantle ho lingaka kapa bahloekisi. Ntle le moo, boithuto ba hajoale bo bontša hore mokhoa ona o ka senola basali ba bangata bao e leng bareki ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bana marang-rang ha li bapisoa le meralo e meng ea lipatlisiso (ke hore, baahi ba bongaka kapa ba bohloeki; Seigfried-Spellar & Rogers, 2010).

Le hoja ho ne ho e-na le phapang ea ho kopanela liphate thutong ea morao-rao, kamano pakeng tsa batho ba baholo-feela ho ea ka batho ba baholo + le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e senyehileng e sebelisa le "lilemo tsa ho qala" e ntse e le ea bohlokoa ha ho laola thobalano, r_{ab + c} = -.30 le p <.01. Ha ho ne ho lekoa feela banna ba arabelitsoeng, banna ba ileng ba etsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba batho ba baholo ba tlalehileng "lilemo tsa ho qala" tse nyane haholo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea batho ba baholo ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha li bapisoa le banna ba ileng ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo feela, Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test = 15.79 le p <.01. Ha ho ne ho lekoa basali ba arabelitsoeng feela, basali ba ileng ba etsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa batho ba baholo ba boetse ba tlaleha "lilemo tsa ho qala" tse nyane haholo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea batho ba baholo ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha li bapisoa le basali ba neng ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke batho ba baholo feela, Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test = 7.36 le p <.05.

Qetellong, phuputso ea morao-rao e sebelisoang ka mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ho etsa lipatlisiso Inthaneteng empa ka mohlala oa snowball ea ba arabelang Inthanete ba pheta liphihlelo tsa thuto ena ka hore batho ba ipolelang hore ba le monyenyane oa ho qala ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ne ba le monyetla oa hore ba kene ka tsela e fapaneng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Seigfried-Spellar, 2013).

5. Qetello

Ho na le khang ka har'a lingoliloeng tse buang ka liphello tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sa batleheng ho bana ba banyenyane; Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse fokolang li hlahloba lilemo tsa ka boomo ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le tse khelohileng. Leha ho na le boiteko ba ho lekola, ho sefa kapa ho hlakola litšoantšo kapa libaka tsa marang-rang marang-rang, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li tla tsoelapele ho fumaneha, ho theko e tlase, le ho se tsejoe (cf, Seigfried-Spellar, Bertoline, & Rogers, 2012). Keketseho ea palo ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (ke hore, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) e tla eketseha feela ha hona joale 2.45 bilione ea baahi ba lefatše (35%) ba nang le phihlello ea inthanete ba ntse ba eketseha (ITU, 2011). Keketseho ena e tla eketsa bohlokoa ba ho utloisisa "hobaneng" batho ba bang ba sheba, ba jarolla le ho fapanyetsana litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse fosahetseng ha ba bang ba sa li bone. Phuputso ena e fuputsa "lilemo tsa ho qala" bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ntle le moo, basali ba etsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bana, empa banna ba ntse ba ka ba bareki ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana. Joalokaha ho khothalelitsoe ke Quayle le Taylor (2003), ho hloka boithati ho ka beha motho kotsing ea tsoelo-pele ho tloha mekhoeng e litšila ea boitšoaro bo hlephisang boitšoaro. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho lekola hore na liphapang tsa batho ka bomong (mohlala, ho buleha ho ba le boiphihlelo, ho tseba, ho ferekanya maikutlo, ho lumellana, le neuroticism; bona Seigfried-Spellar & Rogers, 2013) li amana le tsoelo-pele ena e kang ea Guttman bakeng sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (ke hore, ngoana) tse sebelisang.

References

Babchishin, KM, Hanson, RK, & Hermann, CA (2011). Litšobotsi tsa batlōli ba thobalano inthaneteng: Tlhatlhobo ea meta. Tlhekefetso ea thobalano: Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(1), 92-123.

Basbaum, JP (2010). Temoso ea ho ba le bana ba bootsoa: Ho hlōleha ho khetholla li-voerurs ho tloha maqheku. Hastings Law Journal, 61, 1-24.

Birnbaum, MH (Moq.). (2000). Liteko tsa kelello marang-rang. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Cavallaro, K. (2012). Ho senola Tharollo Potsong ea Lipatlisiso ea Maraka e Thatafatsang ka ho Fetisisa Bophelong: Ke Hobane'ng ha Batho ba sa Khone ho Kopanela Lihlopha? E khutlisitsoe ho websaeteng ea Survey Sampling International http://www.surveysampling.com

Endrass, J., Urbaniok, F., Hammermeister, LC, Benz, C., Elbert, T., Laubacher, A., & Rossegger, A. (2009). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bana inthaneteng le pefo e mabifi le thobalano. BMC Psychiatry, 9(43), 1-7.

Moroallo, M. (2009). Litlolo tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li pepesehela bana le bacha. Tlhahlobo ea Bokhopo ba Bana, 18, 384-400.

Freeman, GH & Halton, JH (1951). Hlokomela kalafo e tobileng ea ketsahalo, boleng ba ho tšoaneleha le mathata a mang a bohlokoa. Biometrika, 38, 141-149.

Hollinger, RC (1988). Bahlaseli ba k'homphieutha ba latela mokhoa o kang oa guttman. Lipatlisiso tsa Sechaba le Thuto ea Sechaba, 72(3). 199-200.

Setsi sa Machabeng sa Bana ba Lahlehileng le ba Sebelisitsoeng (2010). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bana: Melao ea mohlala le tlhahlobo ea lefatše lohle. (6^th ed.). E khutlisitsoe ho http://www.icmec.org

International Telecommunication Union. (2011). Lefatše le 2011: Lintlha le lipalo. E khutlisitsoe ho http://www.itu.int/ict

Johansson, T. & Hammaren, N. (2007). Matla a bonna le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro: Maikutlo a bacha mabapi le likamano tsa bona le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Journal of Men's Stutides, 15, 57- 70.

McKee, A. (2007). Ho bolela hore u kile ua ba libuka tsa bootsoa tsa ntate ka ntle ho ho hōla: bacha, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le thuto. Makasine ea Metro, 155, 118-112

Mitchell, K., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Mekhoa ea litlaleho tsa bacha ea likopo tsa thobalano, tlhekefetso le ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng. Journal ea Bophelo ba Bacha, 410, 116-126.

Quayle, E. & Taylor, M. (2002). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana le inthanete: Ho ntšetsa pele potoloho ea tlhekefetso. Boitšoaro bo hlephileng: Journal ea Interdisciplinary Journal, 23, 331-361.

Quayle, E. & Taylor, M. (2003). Mohlala oa ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea inthanete ho batho ba nang le takatso ea thobalano ho bana. Cyberpsychology le Boitšoaro, 6(1), 93-106.

Rogers, M. & Seigfried-Spellar, K. (2011). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bana inthaneteng: litaba tsa molao le maqheka a lipatlisiso. Ho T. Holt (ed.), Tlōlo ea molao kahare: Correlates, Causes, le Context. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.

Rogers, MK le Seigfried-Spellar, KC (2012, Hlakola). Tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro ba mekhoa ea ho itšoara ka mokhoa o sebelisitsoeng: Karolo ea saense ea boitšoaro litabeng tsa bo-rasaense tsa digital. Tlhahiso ho Scientific Academy of Forensic Sciences ea 64th Selemo sa Selemo sa Selemo, Atlanta, GA.

Seigfried, K., ea Ratehang, R., & Rogers, M. (2008). Bareki ba itlalehang ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bana inthaneteng: Tlhatlhobo ea kelello. International Journal of Criminology ea Cyber, 2(1), 286-297.

Seigfried-Spellar, KC (khatisong). Ho lekanya khetho ea Litšoantšo bakeng sa Bareki ba Itlalehang ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Bana. Ho M. Rogers & K. Seigfried-Spellar (Series Eds.), Ho bala lintlha tsa Setsi sa Litsebi tsa Theknoloji, Social Informatics le Telecommunications Engineering: Digital Digital Forensics le Crime Crime. New York: Mokokotlo. E amoheletsoe ho phatlalatsa 2012.

Seigfried-Spellar, KC (2013, February). Ho pheta-pheta thuto ea Seigfried-Spellar le Rogers (2011) ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisoang ke nako ea ho qala le thobalano. Puo ho Scientific Academy of Forensic Sciences ea 65th Selemo sa Selemo sa Selemo, Washington, DC

Seigfried-Spellar, KC (2011). Karolo ea ho se tšoane ka bomong ho bolela esale pele mofuta oa litšoantšo tse bokelloang ke bareki ba Internet ba bonang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Dissertation e sa hatisoang, Univesithi ea Purdue, West Lafayette, IN.

Seigfried-Spellar, KC, Bertoline, GR, & Rogers, MK (2012). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa bana inthaneteng, litataiso tsa kahlolo ea Amerika, le karolo ea bafani ba litšebeletso tsa inthanete. Ho P. Gladyshev & M. Rogers (Series Eds.), Ho bala lintlha tsa Setsi sa saense ea Khomphuteng, Boikarabello ba Sechaba le Boitsebiso ba Theknoloji: Vol. 88. Bo-rasaense ba lipolotiki le liketso tsa tlōlo ea molao (maqephe a 17-32).

Seigfried-Spellar, K. & Rogers, M. (2010). Ho ba le neuroticism e tlase le litšobotsi tse phahameng tsa boithati bakeng sa bareki ba basali ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng. Cyberpsychology, Boits'oaro, le Inthaneteng, 13(6), 629-635.

Seigfried-Spellar, KC le Rogers, MK (2013). Ho khetholla basebeletsi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bana ba inthanete ba ipapisitseng le ba bang. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o rometsoe.

Sheldon, K. & Howitt, D. (2008). Khopolo-taba ea thobalano ho batlōli ba molao ba thobalano: Na ho na le mofuta ofe kapa ofe o ka hlalosang liphetho tse ncha tse khotsofatsang ho tsoa boithutong ba inthanete le ho ikopanya le batlōli ba molao ba thobalano? Legal le Criminological Psychology, 13, 137-158.

Phuputsong ea Sampling International (2009). Tlhahlobo ho Lefatše la Inthaneteng. E khutlisitsoe Websaeteng ea Survey Sampling International: http://www.surveysampling.com

Tabachnick, BG & Fidell, LS (2007). Ho sebelisa lipalo tsa Multivariate (5 ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Ofisi ea Liphutheho ea United States (2009a). State and County Facts Quick. E fumanoe ho websaeteng ea United States ea Census Bureau: http://www.quickfacts.census.gov

Ofisi ea Liphutheho ea United States (2009b). Tšebeliso ea Inthanete le Inthanete United States: October 2009. E fumanoe ho websaeteng ea United States ea Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov

Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D, Mitchell, K., & Ybarra, M. (2008). "Bahlaseli" ba inthaneteng le bahlaseluoa ba bona: Litšōmo, lintho tsa sebele le moelelo oa thibelo le kalafo. Setsebi sa kelello sa Amerika, 63(2), 111-128.

E ngotsoe lik'homphieutha ho Human Behavior 29 (2013) 1997-2003, Kathryn C. Seigfried-Spellar, Marcus K. Rogers, "Na litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li sebelisa mokhoa oa Guttman-joaloka tsoelo-pele?", Ka tumello ea Elsevier.