Botsoako bo bongata le bo bobe ba ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso: Boikarabelo ba ho itšepa (2019)

Borgogna, NC, McDermott, RC, Berry, AT, le Browning, BR (2019).

Psychology ea Banna le Masculine. Tsoelopele inthaneteng.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/men0000214

inahaneloang

Ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho hapa tlhokomelo e eketsehileng e le bothata ba banna. Leha ho le joalo, ke liphuputso tse fokolang tse ileng tsa hlahloba hore na litloaelo tsa karolo ea botona ba botona tse amanang le setso li amana joang le mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le hore na phapang e le 'ngoe e ka fokotsa mekhatlo ena joang. Banna (N = 520) li ile tsa hloaetsoa marang-rang ho nka karolo phuputsong e neng e hlahloba hore na ho latela maemo a monna a amanang le karolo ea botona le botšehali ho amana joang le mekhoa e mebe ea ho itšepa. Ho laola mokhoa oa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata, boitsebahatso ba bolumeli, le maikutlo a botona le botšehali, mokhoa oa ho hlophisoa ha litekanyetso li senotse matla ho basali le litloaelo tsa playboy joalo ka ha ho tsamaisana le bothata bo eketsehileng ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​athe melao ea maikutlo le ho hlola li ne li amana hampe le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho mekhatlo ena, matla holim'a basali mekhoa e hlahisitse litlamorao tse sa fetoheng tse fapaneng, athe litloaelo tsa taolo ea maikutlo li hlahisitse litlamorao tse sa fetoheng. Litšebelisano tse fapaneng tsa morao-rao li khutlisitse litlamorao tse mpe tse tobileng, e fana ka maikutlo a banna ba tlase ba itšepahali empa ba phahameng ka taolo ea maikutlo le mekhoa ea ho itšepa e bontša ho eketseha ha bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ts'ebetso e tšoanang e bonahetse likamano tse ntle lipakeng tsa ho lumellana le litloaelo tsa bashemane le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tse nang le phello e fetisang bakeng sa ba itšepang.. Liphumano li fana ka maikutlo a hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa banna li ka matahanngwa le lipuo tsa bona tsa bong ba setso. Ntle le moo, banna ba nang le boitšepo bo tlase ba ka hoheloa haholo ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, mohlomong e le mokhoa oa ho ikamahanya le ho etsa litekanyetso tse itseng tsa karolo ea banna. Litlamorao tsa tloaelo e kenyelletsa ho hlahloba mohopolo oa bonna le bareki ba banna ba loanang le mathata a ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho hokahanya botona e le taba ea bohlokoa ea moetlo kahare ho mekhoa ea kalafo e lemalloang ke ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Keywords: Ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ho ba motšehali, likarolo tsa bong, ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

Polelo ea Bohlokoa ba Sechaba: Bareki ba bangata ba teng ba nang le matšoenyeho a amanang le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Liphumano tsa rona li bonts'a hore baoki ba lokela ho hlahloba lintlha tsa moetlo le boitšepo le bareki ba bona ba nang le bothata ba boits'oaro ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke tloaelo e atileng haholo ka lebaka la theko, phihlello, le ho se tsejoe ha inthanete (Alexandraki, Stavropoulos, Burleigh, King, & Griffiths, 2018; Cooper, 1998). Ho fihlella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho eketsa menyetla ea hore batho ba be le mathata a amanang le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sena ke nnete haholoholo ho banna, ba shebang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta basali (Albright, 2008; Carroll, Busby, Willoughby, & Brown, 2017; Carroll et al., 2008; Paul, 2009; Theko, Patterson, Regnerus, & Walley, 2016 ) le ho ba le mathata a mang ka lebaka la ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Grubbs & Perry, 2018; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2018; Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009; Wéry & Billieux, 2017). Kahoo, bafuputsi ba se ba thahasella ka ho eketsehileng ho utloisisa likhakanyo tsa bothata ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Le ha ho sena mohopolo o hlakileng oa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, bafuputsi ba fumane lihlopha tse ling tsa boits'oaro tse atisang ho bitsoa "ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro". Tsena li kenyelletsa likarolo tse lemalloang tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ho kenyeletsoa likarolo tsa ho tlohela le ho mamella), maikutlo a nyahamisang a ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa maemong a sa lokelang (joalo ka sebaka sa mosebetsi), mathata a kamano a amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, le / kapa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Laola maikutlo a mang (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Gola et al., 2017, 2016; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2018; Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, 2010; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, 2018; Kor et al., 2014; Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017; Twohig et al., 2009). Ho sebelisa mohopolo oa Kor et al.'s (2014), ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho shebaneng ka botlalo ho kenyelletsa likarolo tse 'ne tse akaretsang tsa ho holofala ho sebetsang: (a) ho hloka kutloano ho sebetsang (mohlala, mathata mosebetsing le / kapa le balekane ba ratanang le bona), (b) tšebeliso e fetelletseng kapa mehopolo ea ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng, (c) ho thatafalloa ho laola hore na motho a ka sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joang / neng, le (d) ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le mokhoa o sa sebetseng oa ho baleha maikutlo a mabe (Kor et al., 2014).

Mefuta e fapaneng ea moetlo e nkoe e le lintlha tsa bohlokoa ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litloaelo tse amanang le ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta-futa joalo ka litloaelo tsa karolo ea botona e hahiloeng sechabeng (Mahalik et al., 2003; Parent & Moradi, 2011) ha ba sa tsotelloa hakaalo, leha banna e le bona bareki ba mantlha ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka hona, phuputso ea hajoale e hlahlobile hore na ho latela melao e fapaneng ea banna ho bolela esale pele ho ba le mathata a ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho leka bo-moderator ba mekhatlo ena.

Ho Ikamahanya le Tloaelo ea Masculine ea Tloaelo

Litekanyetso tsa karolo ea bong ke litekanyetso tse tataisang le ho hlalosa boits'oaro e le monna kapa mosali (Mahalik, 2000). Bakeng sa banna, ho latela melao ea boits'oaro ba banna ho hlalosoa e le ho loanela ho fihlela litebello tsa sechaba ka se etsang boitšoaro bo amohelehang ba banna bophelong ba poraefete le ba sechaba (Mahalik et al. 2003). Hobane litloaelo tsa bonna li fapana ho latela setso le moelelo, ka hona ho na le mekhoa e mengata ea ho hlahisa "bonna" bo fapaneng (Wong & Wester, 2016). Leha ho le joalo, tlhabollo le litsebi tsa kelello tsa bongaka ba fumane hore lihlopha tse ling tsa linaleli tsa maemo a banna li ka ba bothata haholo ha li kenella ka hare kapa li phethahatsoa ka thata. Litumelo le litumelo tsena hangata li tšoauoa ka mekhoa ea khale, e thata, ea bong, le ea bapatriareka mabapi le hore na banna ba lokela ho nahana, ho ikutloa le ho itšoara joang, mme hangata ho thoe ke litloaelo tsa "setso" (bona Levant & Richmond, 2016; McDermott , Levant, Hammer, Borgogna, & Mckelvey, 2018). Mefuteng ea Mahalik's (2000) ea maemo a tšoanang a bong, mekhoa ea banna e fetisoa ka mokhoa o hlalosang (maikutlo a boits'oaro ba banna), injunctive (maikutlo a hore na ke boitšoaro bo fe bo amoheloang / bo sa amoheloang e le ba banna), le kutloano (mehopolo ea hore na banna ba joang in popular culture act) litloaelo. Bonngoe, ka lehlakoreng le leng, bo susumetsa mefuta e fapaneng ea liphetho tsa ho sebelisana le batho ba bang (Mahalik, 2000; Mahalik et al., 2003).

Bohlahlobisisi ba lintlha li hlahisitse tšehetso e matla ea ho ba teng hoa litloaelo tse fapaneng tsa semelo sa botona ho sechaba sa mehleng ea Bophirimela. Ka ho khetheha, Mahalik le basebetsi mmoho (2003) ba thathamisitse mekhoa e amanang le 11 empa e khetholle: ho hlola (litloaelo tse kenyelletsang ho khanna, ho ba tlholisano le tšabo ea ho lahleheloa), taolo ea maikutlo (litloaelo tse kenyelletsang maikutlo a khutsitseng, puisano ea maikutlo a sa phutholoheng), ho ipeha kotsing (litloaelo tse kenyelletsang ho khanna ho nka likotsi tsa mmele le tsa motho ka mong, joalo ka ho ba kotsing ea 'mele), pefo (litloaelo tse kenyeletsang le ho lokafatsa boitšoaro bo mabifi, haholoholo bo kenyeletsang pefo lipakeng tsa ba bang le ba bang), matla holim'a basali (litloaelo tse kenyeletsang taolo ea banna ba banna , maikutlo, le botsoalle), borena (litloaelo tse kenyelletsang tlhokeho ea matla le taolo), playboy (litloaelo tse fanang ka maikutlo a takatso ea ho ba le balekane ba bangata ba thobalano le ho etsa thobalano e sa reroang), ho itšepa (litekanyetso tse tlamang ho itšepa le ho thibela ho batla boits'oaro), bokapele ba mosebetsi (litloaelo tse tlang pele ho mosebetsi le boits'oaro bo amanang le mosebetsi), hloea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang (ho ratana le batho ba bong bo tšoanang le ba bong bo fapaneng. tlosoa ke "bosodoma"), le ho lelekisa maemo (moelelo o laelang banna ho latela maemo a maemo a phahameng sechabeng). Parent and Moradi (2009, 2011) ba sebelitse tšebetso ea ho sekaseka lintlha mme ba fokotsa lenane lena ho litloaelo tse robong tse fapaneng (ho tlosa taolo le ho lelekisa maemo, ha ba ntse ba rea ​​"ho khesa batho ba bong bo tšoanang" ho itlhahisa ka batho ba bong bo fapaneng ").

Bafuputsi ba fumane mathata a 'maloa le a kamano a amanang le ho latela melao ena ea setso sa banna (Parent & Moradi, 2011; Wong, Ho, Wang, & Miller, 2017). Mohlala, ho latela melao ea boits'oaro ba batho ba bong bo fapaneng e ne e amana hampe le liteko tsa HIV ho banna ba etsang thobalano le banna (Parent, Torrey, & Michaels, 2012). Mekhoa ea ho bapala, ho itšepa le boits'oaro ba ho ipeha kotsing li amahanngoa hantle le khatello ea maikutlo (Wong, Owen, & Shea, 2012). Ho ikamahanya le litloaelo tsa bonna tsa taolo ea maikutlo le boits'epo hape ho boletse esale pele likotsi tsa ho itšoaea le ho itlhahisa maikutlong (Heath, Brenner, Vogel, Lannin, & Strass, 2017). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, taolo ea maikutlo le boits'epo e ne e le litemoso tse matla ka ho fetesisa tsa sepheo sa ho batla thuso bakeng sa menahano ea ho ipolaea ho banna ba koleche (McDermott et al., 2017) le litlhahlobo tse matla ka ho fetisisa tsa meta-analytic tsa mathata a bophelo ba kelello a banna liphuputsong tse 'maloa (Wong le al., 2017). Bafuputsi ba boetse ba fumane likamano tse itekanetseng, tse ntle lipakeng tsa ho latela mekhoa e meng ea bonna le matla a itseng a botho, joalo ka sebete, mamello le mamello (Hammer & Good, 2010); leha ho le joalo, liphetho tse ngata tsa lipatlisiso li ts'ehetsa sebopeho se sebe sa ho latela melao ea setso sa banna (mohlala, Wong et al., 2017).

Ho lumellana le Tloaelo ea Masculine ea Tloaelo le Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa

Leha ho na le litloaelano tse tlalehiloeng lipakeng tsa ho latela melao ea setso sa banna le mathata a bophelo ba kelello le a 'mele, bafuputsi ba fokolang ke bona ba lekotseng bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Bafuputsi ba phehile khang ea hore litaba tsa bootsoa ba sejoale-joale li na le lihlooho tsa litloaelo tsa setso sa banna (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018; Borokho, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, Sun, & Liberman, 2010; Lijo tsa hoseng, 2006; Fritz le Paul, 2017). Ka hona, likhokahano tse 'maloa tsa mohopolo li kanna tsa bonahala lipakeng tsa mohlala oa Mahalik (2000) oa boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng le monyetla oa ho ba le mathata ka lebaka la ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mohlala, ho latela melao ea banna ea ho bapala, ho fana ka maikutlo a takatso ea ho etsa thobalano khafetsa le baratuoa ba bangata ba basali (Mahalik et al., 2003). Ka 'nete, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li bontša banna ba etsang thobalano le basali ba bangata; ka hona, banna ba bang ba kanna ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse fetelletseng kapa ba beha likotsi kotsing e le hore ba lumellane le tloaelo ea playboy. Ho feta moo, matla holim'a litloaelo tsa basali a fana ka maikutlo a hore basali ba lokela ho sebeletsa banna (Mahalik et al., 2003). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li lumella banna hore ba shebe basali ba se nang moeli, hangata maemong a fapaneng kapa a maemo a tlase a etselitsoeng ho khahlisa banna (Fritz & Paul, 2017). Tumellanong le likhopolo tsa Social script Theory (Simon & Gagnon, 1986), haholo-holo ho fumana lingoloa tsa thobalano, ho kenya tšebetsong, mofuta oa ts'ebeliso (3AM) ea botsoalle le litaba tsa thobalano (Wright, 2011; Wright & Bae, 2016), liphetho li bontšitse hore banna ba talimang lintho tse joalo, ba etsa boitšoaro bo joalo le balekane ba bona ba thobalano (Marokho, Sun, Ezzell, & Johnson, 2016; Sun, Bridges, Johnson, & Ezzell, 2016; Sun, Miezan, Lee, & Shim, 2015). E kanna ea baka mathata a kamano, kapa le litaba tse mabifi tsa batho (Bergner & Bridges, 2002; Brem et al., 2018; Marokho, Bergner, & Hesson-McInnis, 2003; Manning, 2006; Perry, 2017a, 2018; Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2016; Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017; Zitzman & Butler, 2009).

Litloaelo tse ling li kanna tsa amana haufi le moeli, empa hape li tsamaellana le lintlha tse amanang le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mohlala, litloaelo tsa pefo li fana ka maikutlo a hore banna ba lokela ho ba matla le ho ba mabifi (Mahalik et al., 2003). Boitšoaro bo mabifi ba thobalano bo lula bo le teng lifiliming tse tummeng tsa bootsoa, ​​'me hangata banna ke bona ba hlekefetsang mme basali ba lula e le bona sepheo (Bridges et al., 2010; Fritz & Paul, 2017; Klaassen & Peter, 2015; Letsatsi, marokho, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, & Liberman, 2008). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, litloaelo tsa taolo ea maikutlo li fana ka maikutlo a hore banna ha baa lokela ho hlahisa maikutlo, haholoholo bakeng sa matšoenyeho a amanang le maikutlo a mabe (Mahalik et al., 2003). Basebelisi ba bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata ba tlaleha ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le mokhoa oa ho baleha mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (Kor et al., 2014; Perry, 2017b) kapa e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana ka katleho (Cortoni & Marshall, 2001; Laier, Pekal, & Brand, 2015). Kahoo, ho banna ba bang, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka nkuoa e le mokhoa o lumellanang le sechaba oa ho sebetsana le mathata a maikutlo (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018)

Lingoliloeng tse nyane empa tse ntseng li hola li lekotse ka nepo litloaelano lipakeng tsa ho lumellana le litloaelo tsa karolo ea monna e motšo (kapa tse amanang le tsona) le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Ka kakaretso, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore banna ba lumellanang le litekanyetso tsa banna ba tloaetseng ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba na le khafetsa haholo mme ba ka tlaleha mathata a botho kapa a amanang le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mohlala, Szymanski le Stewart-Richardson (2014) ba supile khokahano e ntle lipakeng tsa ntoa ea karolo ea monna le maikutlo a litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa thobalano e le basireletsi ba boleng ba likamano tsa banna le khotsofalo ea thobalano. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Borgogna et al. (2018) e fumane hore likhopolo tsa banna tsa setso tsa banna, joalo ka litumelo tsa hore banna ba lokela ho qoba boits'oaro ba basali mme ba sa bonts'e maikutlo a tlokotsing, ba ne ba amana hantle le likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse kang mathata a ts'ebetso le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho qoba maikutlo a mabe.

Bopaki bo hlahang bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho latela melao e itseng ea bonna ho ka boela ha amahanngoa le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Haholo-holo thutong e le 'ngoe e amanang le eona e lekanyang ho latela melao ea banna, Mikorski le Szymanski (2017) ba fumane hore ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​litloaelo tsa playboy, le litloaelo tsa pefo li boletse esale pele khanyetso ea banna ea thobalano ho basali. Liphuputso tsena li ne li tsamaellana le lipatlisiso tsa pejana tsa hore ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa banna, haholo-holo ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho amana le lits'oants'o tsa pefo le tlhekefetso ea thobalano khahlano le basali (Hald, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010; Hald & Malamuth, 2015; Seabrook, Ward le Giaccardi , 2018; Wright & Tokunaga, 2016; Ybarra, Mitchell, Hamburger, Diener-West, & Leaf, 2011).

Iphete joaloka Modisa

Leha ho na le bopaki bo hlahang bo hokahanyang bonna ba setso (mohlala, litloaelo le likhopolo) ho ba le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho hlokahala mosebetsi o mong hape. Ha ho fanoa ka mathata a botho le a kamano a amanang le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho supa batsamaisi ba mekhatlo lipakeng tsa ho latela melao ea banna le mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ka tsebisa thibelo le kalafo. Ho joalo, bafuputsi ba bonna ba hlokometse hore likamano lipakeng tsa lipolelo tsa bonna le sephetho se nang le mathata lia fapana (Levant & Richmond, 2016; O'Neil, 2015). Ka mantsoe a mang, ha se motho e mong le e mong ea lumellanang le maemo a setso sa banna a nang le mathata. Mefuta e fapaneng ea phapano ea motho ka mong e lekola litlamorao tse mpe tsa bonna ba setso.

Se lumellanang le baetsi ba maikutlo ba pheha khang ea hore monna ea fokolang oa monna (ke hore, ea tšoailoeng ke ho se itšepe, joalo ka ho itšepa) a ka hlalosa hore na ke hobaneng ha banna ba bang ba le thata ho itšepa ho feteletseng tloaelong ea banna, empa banna ba bang ba bontša boits'oaro ka litsela tse sa lebiseng ho motho le mathata a amanang le kamano (cf, Blazina, 2001), re fana ka maikutlo a ho itšepa seriti e le mookameli ea ka bang le tšusumetso ho latela maemo a ho lumellana le maemo a monna a amang boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka ho khetheha, boitšepo bo tlase bo lokela ho amahanngoa le ho matlafatsa kamano pakeng tsa ho lumellana le maemo a karolo ea monna le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bothata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​athe ho itšepa ho hoholo ho lokela ho fokolisa kamano.

Polelo e joalo e tšehelitsoe ke liphuputso tse ngata tsa hore ho khomarela ka thata-thata banna litloaelong tsa setso ho amahanngoa le maikutlo a fosahetseng (Fischer, 2007; McDermott & Lopez, 2013; Schwartz, Waldo, & Higgins, 2004; Yang, Lau, Wang, Ma, & Lau, 2018). Ho feta moo, katoloso ea sejoale-joale ea likhopolo tse thehiloeng tsa kelello tsa sechaba, joalo ka khopolo ea boits'oaro (Tajfel & Turner, 1986), li ts'ehetsa ho ba teng ha mofuta o bobebe oa bonna. Mohlala, boitšepo ba banna bo amanang le bonna bo hokahane hantle le likhopolo tsa setso tsa bonna (Burkley, Wong, & Bell, 2016). Ho joalo, lipatlisiso tse 'maloa tse laoloang tsa laboratori li supa hore banna ba kanna ba etsa boits'oaro ba setso kapa ba stereotypical ha ba lemoha hore bonna ba bona bo sokeloe (mohlala, Precarious Manhood; Vandello & Bosson, 2013).

Ha ho kopantsoe hammoho, lipatlisiso tse hlahlobang likamano lipakeng tsa mefuta ea bonna le boitšepo li supa hore banna ba sa sireletsehang ba ka ba le tšekamelo ea ho ba le mathata a amanang le bonna ba bona. Ho feta moo, banna ba nang le boitšepo bo phahameng ba kanna ba ba le monyetla o fokolang oa ho hlahisa botona ba bona ka litsela tse thata joalo le tse thata. Le ha ho le joalo lipatlisiso tse nyane li hlahlobile karolo e ka bang boemong bo itekanetseng ba boitšepo, mme ha ho liphuputso tse lekotseng boitšepo mabapi le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bonna, sehlopha se fokolang sa lingoliloeng se ts'ehetsa potso e joalo. Mohlala, bafuputsi ba fumane hore likamano lipakeng tsa likhopolo tsa bonna le khethollo ea thobalano li matla haholo bakeng sa banna ba maemo a tlase a boitšepo ba bong (Mellinger & Levant, 2014). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Heath et al. (2017) haufinyane e supile hore moaho o amanang le boitšepo, ho ikhauhela (Neff, 2003), o lekantse likamano lipakeng tsa ho lumellana ha banna le taolo ea maikutlo le melao ea boits'epo le thuso ea ho batla. Banna ba nang le kutloelo-bohloko e phahameng thutong ea bona ba bontšitse likamano tse fokolang haholo lipakeng tsa litloaelo tsa bonna le mekoallo ea tlhabollo. Liphuputso tse joalo li bonts'a hore banna ba ithatang ba kanna ba se phethe / ba ikamahanya le mesebetsi ea setso sa banna ka litsela tse lebisang ho lithibelo tsa botho kapa tsa kamano, joalo ka ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le mokhoa oa ho laola molekane kapa ho laola khatello ea maikutlo.

Ka mokhoa o makatsang, ho itšepa ho ka susumetsa tekanyo eo motho a lumellanang le maemo a karolo ea botona le botšehali e amanang le mantsoe a tloaelo ena (maemong ana, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro). Mohlala, monna ea itšepahalang a ka ba le tšekamelo ea ho lumela litekanyetso tse khothaletsang banna hore ba be le thobalano e ngata le balekane ba fapaneng (ka mohlala, tloaelo ea playboy). Monna enoa a ka sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho sebelisana hantle le balekane ba hae ba bangata ho laola maikutlo a hae a fosahetseng a amanang le ho sitoa ho tseba ho ba "playboy" in-vivo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, monna ea itšepang ho feta tekano o tla ikutloa a khotsofetse ka palo ea balekane ba hae ba thobalano. Kahoo, a ke ke a itšetleha ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hore a tloaelane le litloaelo tsa sebapali. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la tlhoko e lekanyelitsoeng ea lipatlisiso tse lekolang maemo a karolo ea monna, ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, le boitšepo, ho ntse ho tsoela pele ho hlahlobisisa lintho tse fapaneng.

Thutong ea Hona Joale

Patlisiso e eketsehileng ea hlokahala ho lekola likamano tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa banna ba ho lumellana le litloaelo tsa karolo ea banna ba basali le ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ho feta moo, ho khetholla hore na ke mefuta efe e ka fokolisang kapa ho atisang likamano tse joalo ho ka fana ka leseli la bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhabollo kapa thibelo. Phuputso e entsoeng hona joale e ile ea lekola karolo ea ho lumellana le karolo ea banna ba basali e le ba boletseng ka mathata a ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka tsela e fapaneng mohlaleng o moholo oa banna. Litlhahlobo tse peli li tataisitse tlhahlobo ea rona. Pele (H1), e tsamaellanang le lipatlisiso tsa pejana le likhokahano tsa khopolo (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018; Mikorski & Szymanski, 2017; Szymanski & Stewart-Richardson, 2014), re ile ra nahana hore matla ao holim'a basali, playboy, pefo le Litloaelo tsa taolo ea maikutlo e ka ba ponelopele ea mathata a ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Leha ho le joalo, e le mokhoa oa ho hlahloba, re ile ra leka litekanyetso tsohle tsa banna tse lekantsoeng mabapi le mathata a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ea bobeli (H2), e tsamaellanang le maemo a senyehileng a bonna le boits'oaro bo matla ba banna (cf, Blazina, 2001; Vandello & Bosson, 2013), re ile ra nahana hore boitšepo bo phahameng bo tla sebetsa joalo ka mookameli ho senya likamano lipakeng tsa ho latela melao ea banna le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro , ka boitšepo bo tlase bo mpefatsa likamano.

Method

Barupeluoa / Tsamaiso

Kamora ho amohela tumello ea boto ea ka hare, barupeluoa ba ile ba bokelloa inthaneteng ka letamo la thuto la Psychology (SONA), ba nkile sampole ea lehloa la lehloa ka The Social Psychology Network Listserv, Patlisiso ea Psychological mabapi le Net Listserv, liposo ho Craigslist, le poso ho Reddit. Phuputso eo e ile ea phatlalatsoa e le phuputso e neng e hlahloba maikutlo le boitšoaro ba banna ka ho khetheha. Lisebelisoa tsohle li ne li behiloe ka nepo ho qoba litlamorao. Barupeluoa ba bokaneng ka letamong la thuto ba fuoe mokitlane o eketsehileng, bao ba nkang karolo ho latela ts'ebetso ea basketball ba ka kenya raffle bakeng sa likarete tsa mpho tsa Visa ea 100 e le 'ngoe. Pele, barupeluoa ba 868 ba ile ba arabela thutong; leha ho le joalo, kamora ho tlosa barupeluoa bao e neng e le basali, transgender, ba ka tlase ho 18, ba ile ba hloleha ho hlahloba, le / kapa ba tlatsitse ka tlase ho 80% ea ntho efe kapa efe ea tekanyo e ngoe le e ngoe, ke banna ba 520 feela ba ileng ba sala. Lethathamo la 1 le fana ka phallo ea palo ea batho sampole e felletseng.

Mehato

Sebopeho sa demographic. Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho bonts'a bong ba bona, lilemo, maikutlo a botona kapa botšehali, morabe, boemo ba kamano, boemo ba thuto bo phethetsoe, boemo ba seithuti le kamano ea bolumeli. Palo ea batho ba ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e lekantsoe ka lintho tse latelang (ka bobeli li sebelisitsoe liphuputsong tse fetileng tsa bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; mohlala, Borgogna & McDermott, 2018): "Likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 12, ka karolelano, ke hangata hakae u kileng oa fumana litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boomo?”1. Ha oa fumana litšoantšo tsa bootsoa likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 12, 2. Linako tse 'maloa selemong se fetileng, 3. Makhetlo a 'maloa ka khoeli, 4. Makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke, 5. Hoo e ka bang letsatsi le letsatsi. Mme, “U qala ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lilemo life?? ”Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li hlalosoa e le lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang liketso tsa thobalano, litho, kapa / kapa boiphihlelo ka sepheo sa ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali (Kalman, 2008).

Bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Sebelisa lebelo. Bothata ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa Scale (PPUS; Kor et al., 2014) ke litekanyo tsa lintho tse 12 tsa litekanyo tse 'ne tsa bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. PPUS e na le monyetla ho feta lisebelisoa tse le 'ngoe tsa kaho ka lebaka la mofuta oa lintlha tse' ne o khethiloeng ke Kor et al. (2014). Ka ho khetheha, PPUS e thusa barupeluoa ho lekanya hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li lebisitse bothateng bofe likamanong (tsa botsebi le tsa lerato), hore na motho o sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hakae ho baleha maikutlo a mabe, hammoho le maikutlo a ts'ebeliso e mpe (e ts'oanang le bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; Grubbs , Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015; Grubbs, Perry, et al., 2018; Grubbs, Wilt, et al., 2018; Wilt, Cooper, Grubbs, Exline, & Pargament, 2016). Mabaka a kenyelletsa: mathata le mathata a ts'ebetsong (FP; "Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bakile mathata a maholo likamanong tsa ka le batho ba bang, maemong a sechaba, mosebetsing kapa likarolong tse ling tsa bohlokoa bophelong ba ka," α = .75), ts'ebeliso e feteletseng (EU; "Ke qeta nako e ngata ke rera le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa," α = .89), mathata a ho laola (CD; "Ke utloa eka nke ke ka emisa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa," α = .90), le ts'ebeliso bakeng sa ho baleha / ho qoba maikutlo a mabe (ANE; "Ke sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho baleha mahlomola a ka kapa ho itokolla maikutlong a seng monate," α = .92). Lintho li filoe lintlha ka sekala sa mofuta oa Likert (1-ha ho na 'nete ho 6-hoo e batlang e le 'nete ka linako tsohle). Mefuta e mene ea lintho e netefalitsoe ka tlhahlobo ea netefatso ea netefatso ea mantlha, hammoho le lithuto tse latelang tsa bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018). Sekala se tsoetse pele ho bonts'a phetoho e nepahetseng le ho aha bonnete (Kor et al., 2014).

Ho lumellana ha Masculine Norms Inventory - 46. The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-46 (CMNI-46; Parent & Moradi, 2009) ke phetolelo e khutsufalitsoeng ea ntho ea mantlha ea 94 ea ntho ea CMNI (Mahalik et al., 2003). CMNI-46 e lekola ho latela melao ea karolo ea banna e tsoang sechabeng sa bophirima. CMNI-46 ke mohato oa lintlha tse robong o kenyelletsang sekala sa ho hapa ("Ka kakaretso, ke tla etsa eng kapa eng ho hapa," α = .86), taolo ea maikutlo ("Ha ho mohla ke arolelanang maikutlo a ka," α = .88), ho ipeha kotsing ("Ke thabela ho beha likotsi," α = .83), pefo ("Ka linako tse ling ho hlokahala liketso tse mabifi," α = .86), matla holim'a basali ("Ka kakaretso, ke laola basali bophelong ba ka," α = .80), playboy ("Haeba ke ne nka khona, hangata ke ne ke fetola balekane ba thobalano," α = .79), ho itšepa ("Ke hloile ho kopa thuso," α = .84), boleng ba mosebetsi ("Mosebetsi oa ka ke karolo ea bohlokoahali bophelong ba ka," α = .77), le ho itlhahisa ka ho ratana le batho ba bong bo fapaneng ("Ke ne ke tla halefa ha motho e mong a nahana hore ke mosodoma," α = .88). Lintho li tšoauoa sekaleng sa Likert ho tloha 1 (ha e lumellane ka matla) ho 4 (ka matla lumela), ka lintlha tse holimo tse bontšang ho khomarela ka mokhoa o matla tloaelo eo ea bonna. CMNI-46 e bonts'itsoe e na le likamano tse phahameng le CMNI ea lintlha tse 94 le sehokahanyi se loketseng le ho aha bonnete (Parent & Moradi, 2009, 2011; Parent, Moradi, Rummell, & Tokar, 2011).

Sekala se iphetisang / Boithati. Boemo ba Boithati / Boithati ke ntho ea boipheliso ea lintlha tse 20 ea boitšepo (Tafarodi & Swann Jr, 1995). Molemong oa boiketlo, re sebelisitse ka ho khetheha setlankana sa boithati sa lintho tse 10 ("Ke ikutloa ke le motle ka seo ke leng sona," α = .94) joalo ka tekanyo ea rona. Lipotso li na le lintlha tse ntle le tse mpe tse lenaneng la 5-point Likert ho tloha ha e lumellane ka matla ho lumela ka matla. Bopaki ba bonnete ba nako e le ngoe le bo fetohileng bo bonts'itsoe ho netefatso ea pele (Tafarodi & Swann, Jr., 1995).

Morero oa Tlhahlobo

Pele re ne re hlahloba lintlha tsa rona tsa boleng bo lahlehileng, litaba tse tloaelehileng le barekisi. Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra lekola li-equivations tsa bivariate ka mefuta eohle e hlahlobiloeng. Ho fokotsa menyetla ea likamano tsa botšosi le litlamorao tsa ho hatella tlhahlobisong ea mantlha, sekala sa CMNI-46 feela se ileng sa pakahatsa kamano e bohlokoa le bonyane bothata bo le bong ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa maemong a bivariate li kenyellelitsoe bohlahlobisisong ba mantlha.

Eaba re sebelisa sebopeho sa equation modelling (SEM) ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa ho latela melao ea setso sa banna, boitšepo le ho shebella bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho latela litlhahiso tse ntle tsa SEM (Kline, 2016), re ile ra qala ka ho lekola mofuta oa litekanyo ho netefatsa hore mefuta eohle ea morao-rao e ne e hlalosa phapang e lekaneng linthong tsa bona tse hlakileng (mofuta o mong le o mong oa latent o thehiloe ke lintho tsa mantlha sekaleng ka seng). Kamora ho lekola mofuta oa rona oa litekanyo, re ile ra lekola sebopeho sa sebopeho seo ho sona ho lumellanang le litloaelo tsa setso sa banna le boitšepo ho neng ho boletsoe phapang e ikhethang libakeng tse nang le mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ntle le moo, ka lebaka la lipatlisiso tse bonts'ang maqhubu a ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (mohlala, Borgogna & McDermott, 2018) le maikutlo a thobalano (mohlala, Hald, Smolenski, & Rosser, 2014) joalo ka mefuta ea bohlokoa e amanang le maikutlo a ts'ebeliso e thata, re laotse makhetlo a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a tsa thobalano (a arotsoe ka mefuta e fapaneng e hlophisitsoeng ea binary: heterosexual = 0, GBQ = 1) litlhahlobong tsohle tsa mantlha.

Ho lekola karolo ea boitšepo joalo ka mookameli, re ntan'o leka litšebelisano tse fapaneng tsa morao-rao re sebelisa mokhoa oa morao-rao oa li-equation ka mokhoa oa XWITH ho MPLUS (Klein & Moosbrugger, 2000). Haholo-holo, re thehile letoto la li-post-hoc tse kenyelletsang nako ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa boitšepo le tloaelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea bonna mokhoeng oa sebopeho. Eaba re lekola matsoapo a bonolo, moo litsela lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa CMNI-46 litekanyetsong tsa PPUS li ileng tsa hlahlojoa holimo (1 SD kaholimo ho se boleloang) le tlase (1 SD ka tlase ho se boleloang) maemo a boitšepo. Tšebelisano e ngoe le e ngoe e ne e etsoa ha e ntse e laola litlamorao ka kotloloho molemong oa sebopeho (ho kenyeletsoa le lisosa tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa le boitšepo). Leha re lekile mefuta e mengata ea litšebelisano (ho sebelisana ho arohaneng bakeng sa tloaelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea bonna), re ile ra boloka boemo ba alpha ea p <.05 e le boemo ba rona ba ho khetholla bohlokoa ba lipalo. Khakanyo ena e nepahetse, hobane litlamorao tsa tšebelisano ha li fumanehe ka tlhaho, haholoholo maemong a mefuta e sa tloaelehang. Setšoantšo sa mohopolo sa mofuta o hlophisitsoeng oa sebopeho se fanoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1.

Bakeng sa ho lekola ho lekana hantle, re sebelisitse li-indices tse latelang le li-cutoffs tse khothalelitsoeng (Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2016): index ea papiso e lekanang (CFI) le index ea Tucker-Lewis (TLI; litekanyetso tse haufi le .95 li bontša botle e lekana CFI le TLI ka bobeli, phoso ea methapo-kholo ea karolelano (RMSEA) e nang le likhaohano tsa ts'epo ea 90% (li-CI; litekanyetso tse tlase tsa .06 kapa tlase le litekanyetso tse phahameng tse ka tlase ho .10 li bontša ho lekana hantle), le masalla a standard-mean-square a setseng (SRMR; litekanyetso tsa .08 kapa tse tlase li bontša ho lekana hantle). Lipalo-palo tsa liteko tsa chi-square le tsona li tlalehiloe (boleng bo seng ba bohlokoa bo bonts'a ho lekana hantle le data); leha ho le joalo, e ile ea hlalosoa ka hloko, ha e fuoa kutloisiso ea eona ho boholo ba sampole (Kline, 2016). Ho latela mekhoa e metle ea litšebelisano tse fapaneng tsa morao-rao, re ile ra lekola litekanyo le sebopeho sa sebopeho ntle le ho kenyelletsa mantsoe a ts'ebelisano.

Results

Tlhahlobo ea pele

Har'a banna ba 520, ke ba fokolang ba neng ba e-na le litekanyetso tse sa feteng (eseng ho feta 0.03% ea sampole bakeng sa sekala sefe kapa sefe). Kahoo, re sebelisitse tlhaiso-leseling e felletseng ea tlhaiso-leseling e felletseng ho sebetsana le likarabo tse sieo. Lintho tsohle tsa CMNI-46 le boitšepo, hammoho le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse shebang likarabo tsa makhetlo li ne li ajoa hangata. Sew skew e ntle e ne e bonahala linthong tsohle tsa PPUS (ho tloha 1.07 ho isa 1.67). Ka hona, re sebelisitse tekanyetso e kholo ea menyetla e nang le liphoso tse tloaelehileng (MLR) litlhahlobong tsa rona tsa mantlha tsa ho lekanya mohlala ha re ntse re nahanela tlolo efe kapa efe e ka bang teng ea tloaelo. Ho ile ha bonoa tse 'maloa (<2.2%) tsa barekisi ba li-multivariate ka tsela ea Mahalanobis, empa ha baa ka ba tlosoa ka lebaka la maqhubu a bona a manyane. Tafole ea 2 e bonts'a likamano tsa bivariate, mekhoa, le liphapang tse tloaelehileng tsa tekanyo ka 'ngoe. Hobane matla holim'a basali, playboy, win, taolo ea maikutlo le boits'epo e ne e le tsona feela sekala sa ho bonts'a khokahano ea bohlokoa ea bivariate le bonyane litekanyo tse ling tsa PPUS, e ne e le tsona feela sekala se kenyellelitsoeng litlhahlobong tse latelang tsa mantlha. Haholo-holo, litloaelo tsa banna tse lekanyang pefo ha lia kenyelletsoa ka lebaka la likamano tse nyane haholo, tse seng tsa bohlokoa, le lintlha tsa PPUS.

Mohlala oa Tekanyo

Kamora litlhahlobo tsa rona tsa pele, re ile ra leka litekanyo tse boletsoeng tsa SEM le meetso ea sebopeho. Litlhahlobo tsena li entsoe ka Mplus version 7.31 (Muthén & Muthén, 2016). Ho sebelisitsoe lintho ka bonngoe ho etsa mefuta e fapaneng ea morao-rao. Litlhahlobo tsohle (ntle le bootstraps) li hakantsoe ho sebelisa MLR. Moetso oa litekanyo o fane ka tekano e amohelehang, (n = 520) χ² (989) = 1723.24, p <.001, CFI = .94, TLI = .93, RMSEA = .038 (90% CI = .035, .041), le SRMR = .047. Lisebelisoa tsa lintlha li hlahisoa lenaneng la tlatsetso ea inthaneteng 1. Ka mor'a moo re ile ra lekola sebopeho sa sebopeho ka mekhoa e boletsoeng: Matla a CMNI-46 a matla ho basali, boits'epo, ho hapa, playboy, le taolo ea maikutlo, hammoho le boitšepo le li-covariate ( litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho shebella maqhubu le boits'oaro ba thobalano) li kentsoe e le mefuta e sa lebelloang ka mathata a sebetsang a PPUS, ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng, mathata a taolo, le ho qoba maikutlo a mabe a kentsoeng e le mefuta e fapaneng ea litekanyetso.

Mohlala oa Sebopeho

Moetso oa mantlha oa sebopeho o fane ka se lekaneng, χ² (1063) = 2185.65, p <.001, CFI = .92, TLI = .92, RMSEA = .045 (90% CI = .042, .048), le SRMR = .047. Mehlala ea bootstrap (n = 1000) li ile tsa sebelisoa ho lekanya linako tsa kholiseho tsa tsela e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha ponelopeleng e fetoletsoeng ho li-subscales tsa PPUS. Tafole 3 e bonts'a li-coefficients tse sa tsotelleng le tse emeng tseleng ka 'ngoe, le likhakanyo tsa 95% tsa ho itšepa. Liphetho li bonts'itse litsela tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa. Ka ho khetheha, matla holim'a basali a boletse esale pele mathata a ts'ebetso, ts'ebeliso e feteletseng, mathata a taolo, le ho qoba maikutlo a mabe; playboy e boletse esale pele tšebeliso e feteletseng; ho hlola mathata a ts'ebetso a boletsoeng esale pele le ho qoba maikutlo a mabe; taolo ea maikutlo e sa hlalose mathata a sebetsang hantle, tšebeliso e feteletseng, mathata a taolo, le ho qoba maikutlo a mabe; le ho itšepa ho bolela esale pele ho qoba maikutlo a mabe. Moetso oa sebopeho o ikarabelletse 12% ea phapang ea mathata a sebetsang, 26% bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e feteletseng, mathata a taolo ea 22%, le 33% bakeng sa ho qoba maikutlo a mabe.

Bohloeki. Ho hlahloba tšebelisano-'ngoe ea ho lumellana le litloaelo tsa bo-monna le ho itšepa ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ho sebelisitsoe mantsoe a sebelisanang ho bolela likarolo tse litšila tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litšebelisano li ne li hlahisoa ka thoko. Ho feta moo, tšebelisano e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e laoloang bakeng sa litsela tse hlahisitsoeng mohlaleng oa sebopeho (Tafole 3). Liphetho li bonts'itse litlamorao tse kholo tsa tšebelisano. Ka ho khetheha, nako ea tšebelisano ea taolo ea maikutlo X ho itšepa e boletse esale pele mathata a ts'ebetso (B = .16, SE = .07, β = .11, p = .01) le mathata a ho laola (B = .18, SE = .07, β = .11, p = .02); playboy X ho itšepa ho bolela esale pele tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso e feteletseng (B = -.16, SE = .06, β = -.15, p = .01) le ho qoba maikutlo a mabe (B = -.24, SE = .07, β = -.16, p <.001); le boits'epo ba X boitšepo bo boletsoeng esale pele mathata a ts'ebetso (B = .14, SE = .07, β = .10, p = .02). Figure 2 le 3 li bonts'a litlamorao tse lekantsoeng mme li fana ka liphetho tsa liteko tse bonolo tsa matsoapo ho bona hore na pente e ngoe le e ngoe e ne e le kholo haholo ho feta zero ka tlase (-1SD) le phahameng (+ 1SD) maemo a ho itšepa. Ka kakaretso, litla-morao tsena tse hlalositsoeng li hlalositse phapang lipakeng tsa mathata a ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ntle le litlamorao tse tobileng, ho ikarabella bakeng sa 2% e eketsehileng bakeng sa mathata a sebetsang, 2% bakeng sa mathata a taolo, 5% bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e feteletseng, le 5% bakeng sa ho qoba maikutlo a mabe.

Puisano

Phuputso e entsoeng hona joale e hlahlobile liphallelo tse kopantsoeng tsa banna ba ho ikamahanya le litekanyetso tsa banna ba setso mabapi le ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ha ba ntse ba nahana ka karolo ea boitšepo. Ntle le litlamorao tse tobileng, ho itšepa ho ile ha hlahlojoa e le molaoli ea ka bang teng. Mehopolo e 'meli e tsoetse pele: (H1) matla holim'a basali, libapali, pefo, le maemo a taolo ea maikutlo a lebelletsoe ho ba babali ba ntle ba libaka tse bonoang ka mathata, (H2) ha boitšepo bo ne bo lebelletsoe ho senya le / kapa ho mpefatsa mekhatlo ena. Liphetho tsa rona ka kakaretso (empa eseng ka botlalo) li ts'etile maikutlo a rona.

Karolo e le 'ngoe e tsamaellanang le khopolo-taba e le' ngoe, matla holim'a basali le litloaelo tsa papali ea banna e ne e amana haholo le bonyane bothata bo le bong ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa boemong ba bivariate, athe taolo ea maikutlo e ne e amana hampe haholo le mathata a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho khahlisang ke hore litloaelo tsa pefo li ne li sa tsamaisane le bothata bofe kapa bofe ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Ho feta moo, liphetho tse tsoang ho matrix e felletseng li bonts'itse boits'epo le litloaelo tsa ho hlola hape li amana haholo le ho shebella bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ho hapa joalo ka khokahano e mpe ea boits'oaro, ka boits'epo e le kamano e ntle ea bohlokoa). Liphuputso tsena li totobatsa sebopeho se fapaneng sa ho lumellana ha banna le litloaelo tsa setso sa banna (Hammer, Heath, & Vogel, 2018) mme ba fana ka maikutlo a hore litloaelo tse ling tsa karolo li bohlokoa haholo ho shebaneng le bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta tse ling. Ntle le moo, ha o laola bakeng sa menehelo e kopaneng ea melao ena e mehlano, boitšepo, tshekamelo ea tsa thobalano, le makhetlo a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; matla holim'a basali, playboy, win, le taolo ea maikutlo ka kotloloho li ile tsa bolela phapang e ikhethang e neng e sa hlalosoe hantle ke phello ea boitekanelo. Har'a litlamorao tsena tsa bohlokoa, matla holim'a basali e ne e le ona feela litholoana tse ntle tse selelekela sa bohle libaka tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, athe ho laola maikutlo ho ne ho feto-fetoha mpe selelekela sa bohle libaka.

Ha u hlahloba karolo ea taolo ea maikutlo ka kotloloho, litebello tsa setso tsa kamoo banna ba lokelang ho hlahisa maikutlo a tlokotsing li kanna tsa sebetsa. Banna ba loanelang ho laola maikutlo a bona le bona ba tlaleha ho se hlokomele kapa ho thatafalloa ho ngola maemo a bona a mabe a maikutlo (Levant, Wong, Karakis, & Welsh, 2015; Wong, Pituch, & Rochlen, 2006). Kahoo, banna ba sa tsebeng ho hlokomela maikutlo a bona ba kanna ba se ke ba amohela ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho laola maikutlo a mabe (mohlala, ho sareloa le ho hlonama; Kor et al., 2014). Ntle le moo, banna ba hlahisitseng litšoaneleho tsa boits'oaro ho latela litabatabelo tsa sechaba mabapi le polelo ea maikutlo a banna ba kanna ba ba le monyetla o monyane oa ho tlaleha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho qoba maikutlo a mabe, mohlomong hobane ba ithutile ho se hlahise maikutlo a mabe joalo. Banna ba loanelang ho laola maikutlo a bona le bona ba ka bonts'a boits'oaro bo boholo mohlomong e le sehlahisoa sa ho reka litebellong tsa setso tsa ho hlahisa maikutlo a hlokang boits'oaro (Fox & Calkins, 2003). Le ha hangata e amahanngoa le liphetho tse mpe (McDermott et al., 2017; Wong et al., 2017), boits'oaro bo amanang le taolo ea maikutlo bo ka hlahisa melemo e metle mabapi le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Mohlala, banna ba nang le taolo e kholo ea maikutlo, ba ntse ba ka sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, empa eseng ho fihlela moo e bang bothata. Phuputso e fetileng mabapi le boits'oaro bo bong bo thata, joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea joala, ts'ehetsa kamano e joalo, ka taolo ea maikutlo e sa lebella (Iwamoto, Corbin, Lejuez, & MacPherson, 2015).

Ho fapana le litlamorao tse mpe tsa taolo ea maikutlo, playboy le matla holim'a litloaelo tsa basali li ne li amana hantle le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Le ha litloaelo tsa playboy li ne li amana ka boinyenyefatso le mathata a ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng, ho hlaha potso e utloahalang ea hore na hobaneng matla ho basali e ne e le sebui se ts'oanang (le se matla) sa mathata a ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho nahanoa hore playboy (eseng matla ho basali) e amana haholo le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa lipatlisisong tse fetileng (Mikorski & Szymanski, 2017). Phapano ea bohlokoa e ka fumaneha ka ho aha liphapang, joalo ka ha lithuto tsa pejana li ne li shebile haholo ho latela melao ea banna joaloka litloaelano tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata hona le ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Kahoo, matla holim'a basali litumelo le boits'oaro ba basali a ka ba le likamano tse ikhethileng le mathata e amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sena se lumellana le lithuto tse fetileng tse bonts'ang matla holim'a basali e le mokhoa o ts'oanang oa (le o matla haholo) oa "banna" ba mehleng ea khale le ba bong bo tummeng ba bong bo fapaneng (Smiler, 2006), hammoho le lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tse bonts'ang maikutlo a banna ba setso a ho laola banna ka mokhoa o amanang le mathata a amanang le mathata. ka pono ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018). Monyetla o mong ke oa hore banna ba batlang matla le taolo ho basali bophelong ba bona ba ka hoheloa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hobane li ba lumella ho hatella basali. Ka lebaka leo, mme mohlomong ka lebaka la tšobotsi e tlatsetsang ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka kakaretso (cf, Gola et al., 2017), banna bana ba ka ba le mathata a 'mele, a maikutlo le a kamano a amanang le mekhoa ea bona ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Kor et al., 2014).

Ho khahlisang, ho lumellana le litloaelo tsa pefo ho ne ho sa amane le maemo afe kapa afe a bonoang a ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Leha ho le joalo, ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa maqhubu e ne e amana haufi le pefo. Re lumela hore sena ke sesupo sa liphapang tse teng lipakeng tsa pono ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​mme bothata litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Bongata ba lingoliloeng bo supile ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le ntho ea bohlokoa mekhoeng e mabifi ea thobalano (mohlala, Hald et al., 2010; Vega & Malamuth, 2007). Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tsena ha li ele hloko hore na motho o nka ho sheba ha hae e le bothata. Sebaka se seng se ka bang teng bakeng sa ho ithuta ka ho eketsehileng ke ho lekola litšobotsi tsa botho tse kang psychopathy mabapi le litloaelo tsa banna, le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Ho ka etsahala hore ba nang le litšobotsi tse khahlano le boits'oaro ba batho ba tla bonts'a keketseho ea boits'oaro bo mabifi, hammoho le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, empa e kanna eaba ha ba bone ho sheba ha bona ho le thata.

Mekhoa e hapileng e ne e le eona feela karolo e neng e sa lebelloa ea bonna e amanang haholo le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka mokhoa oa sebopeho. Ho ts'oana le taolo ea maikutlo, ho hapa ho ne ho amahanngoa hampe le mathata a sebetsang le litaba tse amanang le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho qoba maikutlo a mabe. Khokahano e mpe lipakeng tsa ho hlola le ho ba le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e makatsa ka lebaka la khaello ea lipatlisiso tse hokahanyang lihahi tsena tse peli, hammoho le likhokahano tse batlang li le hole. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tsena li tsamaellana le polelo e akaretsang ea hore ho latela melao ea karolo ea bonna ka linako tse ling ho ka ba le likamano tse ntle (Hammer & Good, 2010). Ho joalo, banna ba ananelang ho hapa ba kanna ba ba le maikutlo a nepahetseng, 'me ka hona ha ba na monyetla oa ho loana le mekhoa e seng metle ea ho sebetsana le mathata joalo ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, banna ba ananelang ho hapa ba kanna ba latela maemo mesebetsing ea bona, joalo ka mesebetsi ea bona. Kahoo, ba kanna ba ba le monyetla o fokolang oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro maemong a sa lokelang ka lebaka la boleng boo ba bo fang likamano tse amanang le boemo bona (mosebetsi, likamano tsa lerato).

Ntle le moo, ba iphumanang e le “bahlōli,” kapa ba batla ho ba “ba atlehang,” ba kanna ba se lemohe (kapa bonyane ho arabela lipatlisisong) hore pono ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha e na mathata. Ka lebaka la khethollo ea kahisano sechabeng e ka bang teng ka lintlha tsena, hammoho le lintlha tsa CMNI-46 le PPUS ka kakaretso, bafuputsi ba kamoso ba lokela ho nahana ka mekhoa e meng ea ho hlahloba lintlha tsena. Patlisiso e nepahetseng e ka ba molemo haholo ho utloisisa mefuta ea litšobotsi tsa monna tse ka 'nang tsa kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.

Liphetoho tse lekanyelitsoeng

Tumellanong le khopolo-taba ea rona ea bobeli, maemo a phahameng a boitšepo a lekantse likamano lipakeng tsa ho latela melao e itseng le mathata a itseng a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho khahlisang ke hore litloaelo tsa taolo ea maikutlo li ile tsa fetoha tse hlakileng tsa mathata a ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro maemong a tlase a boitšepo. Likamano tse matla le tsona li ne li totobetse mabapi le litloaelo tsa playboy, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho latela litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa playboy le boitlhompho e le sesosa sa bohlokoa sa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le mathata a ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho laola maikutlo a mabe. Liphuputso tsa hajoale li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho bonna bo bobebe ba botona le botsitso (Blazina, 2001; Burkley et al., 2016; Vandello & Bosson, 2013) e kanna ea sebetsa haholo maemong a kliniki, hobane litlamorao tsa ho hlahisa bonna ba setso li ne li ipapisitse le boleng ba boitlhompho ba motho.

Phuputso e fetileng e bontšitse banna ba bonang tšokelo botoneng ba bona ba tloaetse ho etsa boits'oaro bo fetang ba banna (Vandello & Bosson, 2013); ka hona banna ba itšepileng ba kanna ba ba le boits'oaro bo matla ba bonna (Burkley et al. 2016). Ba ekellelitsoe thutong ea hajoale, banna ba nang le maikutlo a fosahetseng ba kanna ba itšepa haholo ho latela litloaelo tsa playboy e le mokhoa oa ho fokotsa ts'ireletseho ea bona ka ho hapa likamano tsa thobalano. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, banna bana ba sa sireletsehang ba kanna ba hoheloa haholo-holo ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, eseng feela bakeng sa ho ikhotsofatsa ka thobalano, empa e le mokhoa oa ho paka bonna ba bona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, banna ba nang le maikutlo a matle haholo ba kanna ba se be le litlhoko tse ts'oanang tsa ho se sireletsehe ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho ka etsahala hore banna ba nang le boitšepo bo phahameng ba se ke ba beha boima bo boholo ho bonna mabapi le boitlhompho ba bona, ka hona karolo ea bona ea botona e lumellanang e kanna ea se amane le mathata a itseng a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ntle le moo, banna ba itšepang haholo ba kanna ba se utloe hore ba hloka ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho paka botona ba bona, hobane e kanna eaba ba se ba kopane (kapa ba lemohile hore ba kopane) litaelo tsa litlhaloso tsa setso tsa bonna. Mohlala, monna ea lumellanang le litekanyetso tsa bashanyana ba bapalang, hobane a ikutloa a tšoaneleha ebile a ithata, a ka khotsofatsoa ke palo ea balekane ba hae ba thobalano kapa boemo ba bonna tikolohong eo.

Ho lekola boteng ba banna ba botona ho boetse ho na le ts'episo ea ho utloisisa litšebelisano, ho ea ka tsela e fapaneng hanyane. Banna ba nang le maemo a tlase a ho itšepa ba pakile ts'ebetso e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa (mohlala, kamano, mosebetsi, le / kapa 'mele; Kor et al., 2014) mathata a amanang le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mabapi le mekhoa ea ho itšepa le ea maikutlo. Ho khahlisang, ba neng ba phahame ka boitšepo, bao le bona ba neng ba phahame haholo ho itšepa ba bonts'a mathata a ts'ebetso ka tekanyo e ts'oanang ho ba tlase ba itšepa. Kahoo, phello e nyarosang ea ho itšepa e ile ea nyamela ho ba neng ba tlaleha hore ba itšepa haholo.

Le ha kamano e pakeng tsa taolo ea maikutlo le mathata a ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ntse e senyeha, e ne e le mpe haholo ho ba itšepang. Patlisiso ea morao-rao e kenyelitse maikutlo a thibelo a banna a maikutlo a hore a amana le mathata a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018); ka hona hoa makatsa hore ponahallo ea boits'oaro ea menahano e joalo e ka ba mpe, leha e laole bakeng sa karolo e leka-lekaneng ea boitšepo. Sena se tiisa taba ea hore ho ka ba le mokhoa oa ho itaola hammoho le taolo ea maikutlo. Ho joalo, ho fapana ho boetse ho teng lipakeng tsa maikutlo a thibelang maikutlo le ho lumellana le boits'oaro ba taolo ea maikutlo. Tumelo ea hore banna ba tlameha ho thibela maikutlo a maikutlo e bonahala e amana le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (haholo-holo laola mathata le ho qoba maikutlo a mabe; Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018). Athe ho lumellana le tloaelo ea ho laola maikutlo ho hlile ho ka u sireletsa (leha ho le joalo ho ka ba bonolo pakeng tsa boitaolo). Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele li lokela ho nkuoa ho lekola likamano tsa nakoana tsa lintho tsena tse haufi haholo.

sheba mefokolo ea

Se fumanoang hajoale se lokela ho fetoleloa mabapi le meeli e 'maloa ea bohlokoa. Haholo, sebopeho sa karolo e fapaneng le sebopeho sa tlholeho se emisa qeto efe kapa efe e tiileng mabapi le ho qhekella kapa taelo ea 'nete ea nakoana ea ho lumellana le maemo a karolo ea monna le pono ea mathata a litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele ho sebetsana le meeli ena. Mohlala ona e ne e le o mong oa maemo a bonolo ebile o ne o sa fapane ka lilemo le morabe. Ka lebaka la sebopeho se hlalositsoeng ka mokhoa oa setso oa banna le ts'ebeliso e fapaneng ea marang-rang ho tsoa ho lilemo, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho hlahloba mefuta e teng ea banna ba mebala le nako eohle ea bophelo. Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe, thuto ea hona joale e boetse e itšetleha ka mehato ea ho itlaleha e ka 'nang ea e-ba bonolo ho karabelo e lakatsehang sechabeng kapa litšusumetso tse ling tse sokameng. Kahoo, bafuputsi ba khothaletsoa ho hlahloba tlaleho ea balekane kapa mekhoa e meng ea ho shebella ho ikatisa le ho atolosa seo re se fumaneng. Bafuputsi ba boetse ba khothalletsoa ho bokella tlhaiso-leseling e tebileng haholoanyane mabapi le mefuta ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata tse shebelloang, ho nahanoa hore tlhahisoleseling ena e ne e le sieo thutong ea morao-rao empa e kanna ea ba ea bohlokoa ho e kenyelletsa e le lets'ollo.

Ka lebaka la liphumano tsena ha li so hlahlojoe ka har'a mehlala e meng, ho pheta liphetho hoa hlokahala. Ho joalo, litsela tse peli tsa bohlokoa mohlaleng oa sebopeho li ne li na le liphoso tse tloaelehileng tse neng li le halofo ea boholo bo lekanang (ho hlola e le ponelopele ea ho qoba maikutlo a mabe le sebapali sa papali ea tšebeliso ea tšebeliso e feteletseng). Ho sebelisana le ho itšepa ho ikarola bakeng sa kamano e lipakeng tsa playboy le tšebeliso e feteletseng. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ling, tse netefatsang kamano lipakeng tsa ho hapa le ho ba le mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​li khothaletsoa ka lebaka la litaba tse ka bang teng holim'a botsitso ba litsela mohlaleng oa hona joale.

Ntle le moo, re ne re sa laole ka nepo phapang ea mabaka a bolumeli, ho ba masene, kapa hore na ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e kanna ea ba boitšoaro bo bobe joang (mme ka hona ea ba bothata). Phuputso e ruileng e bontšitse hore lintlha tse joalo li bohlokoa ho shebaneng le bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Grubbs, Exline, et al., 2015; Grubbs & Perry, 2018; Grubbs, Perry, et al., 2018; Grubbs, Wilt, et al., 2018; Nelson, Padilla-Walker, & Carroll, 2010; Wilt et al., 2016). Kahoo, re khothaletsa bafuputsi ba kamoso ho lekola hore na tumelo le boits'oaro bo sa sebetseng li sebelisana joang le lintlha tse amanang le bonna lithutong tsa bokamoso. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, leha maikutlo a tsa thobalano a ne a laoloa ka bophara, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore mefuta e fapaneng ea kelello e fapana haholo ho khetholla batho ba bong bo nyane (Borgogna, McDermott, Aita, & Kridel, 2018). Re ne re sena sampole e lekaneng ea ho leka likhopolo tsa rona ho latela maemo a itseng. Kahoo, bafuputsi ba nako e tlang ba lokela ho nka sena e le mokhoa oa bohlokoa bakeng sa boithuto ba nako e tlang.

Kamora nako, mehato e meng ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e nang le mathata bakeng sa mathata a ka bang teng ka ho tlohela le ho mamella. Le ha lintlha tse joalo e se bothata ho batho bohle, ka sebele ke lintlha tse lebisang ho ba lemaletseng ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Grantbs et al., 2015, 2017). Khatiso e Mpe ea Bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mohono (Bőthe et al., 2018) ke mohato o mocha o fanang ka phihlello ea likarolo tsena. Ka bomalimabe, sekala se ne se ntse se sa fumanehe ha thuto ea hona joale e ntse e etsoa. Le ha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba kamoso ba lokela ho nahana ka molemo oa likarolo tse ling tseo e fanang ka tsona.

Litlhahiso tsa meriana

Leha ho na le meeli e meng, liphetho tsa hajoale li na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa bongaka. Kalafo ea ho shebella bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e maemong a qalang. Sniewski, Farvid, le Carter (2018) ba entse tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso mabapi le tlhahlobo le kalafo ea banna ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba ho iketsetsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mme ba khona ho fumana lithuto tsa 11 feela, tseo boholo ba tsona e neng e le lithuto tsa maemo. Leha ho le joalo, liteko tse 'maloa tse kholo li ile tsa hlokomeloa. Haholo-holo, lithuto tsa Cognitive Behaeveal Therapy (CBT) (Hardy, Ruchty, Hull, & Hyde, 2010; Young, 2007) le Thermance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (Crosby & Twohig, 2016; Twohig & Crosby, 2010) li bonts'itse bohlokoa liphetho e le kalafo ea batho ka bomong (haholo banna) ba loanang le mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Seo re se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore bareki ba banna ba ka rua molemo ka ho fetola mekhoa e joalo ea kalafo ho kenyelletsa lintlha tse amanang le monna. Haholo-holo, baeletsi ba ka lekola boemo ba bareki ba bona ba ho lumellana le maemo a karolo ea banna le ho hlahloba litlamorao tse mpe tse mpe tse amanang le tumellano e joalo. Ka lebaka la likamano tse ntle pakeng tsa litloaelo tse itseng le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro thutong ea hona joale, baeletsi ba ka hlahloba ho ratana le bareki ba bona le ho buisana ka moo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka amanngoeng le polelo ea bona ea ho ba monna. Ha ho nahanoa hore matla holim'a basali e bile selelekela se totobetseng sa ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, lingaka li ka nahana ho hlahloba mehopolo ea borena le matla lithahasellong tsa banna ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho tseba tšimoloho le tšebetso ea litakatso tsa banna ho laola basali ho ka lebisa tlhokomatsong ea bohlokoa ea liqabang tse ka hlahisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Joalokaha ho khothalelitsoe ke lipatlisiso tsa hona joale, banna ba ikutloang ba sa sireletseha ka ho ba motona ke bona ba ka bang le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​mohlomong hobane tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ka etsa hore ba be le tlhoko ea ho itšepa. Pokello e matla ea lipatlisiso e rarollang mehato ea kalafo bakeng sa boitšepo e ka fana ka tataiso e hlokahalang haholo mabapi le ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Patlisiso ea rona e fana ka maikutlo a hore haeba lingaka li khona ho ntlafatsa boitšepo ba bareki, matšoenyeho a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le / kapa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a ka fokotseha. Kahoo, ho itšepa ho eketsehileng ho ka thusa ho hanela litloaelo tse ling tsa setso tsa monna e ka bang hore o li kentse ka hare. E kanna ea ba thusa ho loants'a likhatello tsena le ho ba thusa ho nts'etsapele maikutlo a phetseng hantle mabapi le hore na ke mang le hore ho lebelletsoe eng ho bona e le motho le monna.

fihlela qeto e

Ho shebella bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke bothata bo ntseng bo hola ba bongaka (Sniewski et al., 2018). Ka lebaka la boiketlo ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho ba le theko e tlase, le ho sheba ho se tsejoe (Cooper, 1998; Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000), ho shebella bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho kanna ha tsoela pele ho ata, haholo ho banna. Phuputso ea hajoale e fumane hore litloaelo tsa botona le botšehali tse ahileng sechabeng li ka susumetsa nts'etsopele ea ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Liphuputso li boetse li bonts'a hore kamano lipakeng tsa bonna le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e thata. Banna ba itšepileng ba kanna ba itšepisa ho feta mesebetsi ea setso ea banna hoo ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e seng e le mokhoa oa ho bonts'a kapa ho etsa bonna. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho shebana le liphapano tsa moetlo le phapang ea batho ka bomong ho ka ba bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa lipatlisiso, mohopolo le boits'oaro ba bongaka ho sebetsana le mathata a banna le a kamano a amanang le pono ea bona ea bootsoa.

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