inahaneloang
Ka morao le sepheo
Compulsive Sexual Behaeve Disorder (CSBD) e tšoauoa ka ho hloleha ho sa khaotseng ho laola litabatabelo tse matla le tse pheta-phetoang tsa thobalano, litakatso, le / kapa menahano, e hlahisang boits'oaro bo pheta-phetoang ba thobalano bo bakang tšenyo e kholo libakeng tse bohlokoa tsa ts'ebetso. Leha e kenyellelitsoe haufinyane ho ICD-11 e tlang, matšoenyeho mabapi le tlhahlobo ea eona, tlhahlobo ea 'mele, ho ata kapa litšobotsi tsa bongaka li ntse li le teng. Morero oa phuputso ena e ne e le ho khetholla bankakarolo ba bonts'ang CSBD ka mokhoa o tsamaeang le tlhaiso-leseling ka mehlala e 'meli e ikemetseng le ho hlahisa boemo ba bona ba maemo a bophelo, tsa thobalano le tsa bongaka.
mekhoa
Mohlala 1 o kenyelelitse baithuti ba univesithi ba 1,581 (basali = 56.9%; Mdilemo = 20.58) athe sampole ea 2 e entsoe ka litho tsa sechaba tse 1,318 (basali = 43.6%; Mdilemo = 32.37). Taba ea mantlha, re thehile lethathamo le lecha la likarolo ho lekola mefuta eohle ea matšoao a CSBD ho ipapisitsoe le likala tse tharo tse netefalitsoeng pejana. Ho ipapisitsoe le lenane lena le lecha la likarolo, re ile ra supa batho ba nang le CSBD ka mokhoa oa tlhahlobo ea sehlopha.
Results
Ketsahalo e hakantsoeng ea CSBD e ne e le 10.12% sampoleng ea 1 le 7.81% ho sampole ea 2. Barupeluoa ba CSBD boholo e ne e le banna ba bong bo fapaneng, ba banyane ho ba arabelitsoeng ntle le CSBD, ba tlalehile maemo a phahameng a maikutlo a thobalano a batlang le erotophilia, keketseho e fumanehang kantle ho naha mme haholo thobalano inthaneteng. , matšoao a tepelletsang le a ho tšoenyeha ho feta, le boitlhompho bo futsanehileng.
Nahanisisa
Phuputso ena e fana ka bopaki bo bong mabapi le ketsahalo ea CSBD e ipapisitse le mokhoa o mong o tsamaisoang ke data, hammoho le litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse fapaneng tsa maemo a bophelo, tsa thobalano le tsa bongaka tsa batho ba baholo ba nang le boemo bona. Litlamorao tsa bongaka tse fumanoeng liphethong tsena li tšohloa ka botlalo.
Selelekela
Compulsive Sexual Behaeve Disorder (CSBD), e tsejoang hape e le "bokhoba ba thobalano", "hypersexual disorder (HD)", kapa "mathata a thobalano", e kentsoe tlhahlobisong ea bo11 ea Lenaneo la Machabeng la Mafu (ICD-11) ka the Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (2018). Ho ile ha nkuoa mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa, 'me CSBD ea ananeloa e le bothata ba taolo ea tšusumetso ea maikutlo (Kraus et al., 2018). Boemong ba bongaka, CSBD e khetholloa ka ho hloleha ho sa khaotseng ho laola litabatabelo tse matla le tse pheta-phetoang tsa thobalano, litakatso, le / kapa menahano, e hlahisang boits'oaro bo pheta-phetoang ba thobalano bo bakang ho senyeha ho totobetseng libakeng tsa bohlokoa tsa ts'ebetso (Kraus et al., 2018). Mokhoa ona o sa laoleheng oa boits'oaro ba thobalano o lebisa ho keneng liketsong tse ngata le tse sa thabiseng tsa thobalano, ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata e tsamaeang le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali.Wordecha et al., 2018), ho etsa thobalano e sa reroang le balekane ba bangata, ho kenella ka mokhoa o fetelletseng litšebeletsong tse lefelloang tsa thobalano, kapa thobalano e qobelloang kamanong e tsitsitseng (Derbyshire & Grant, 2015; Kafka, 2010; Karila le al., 2014; Reid, 'Metli oa mapolanka, & Lloyd, 2009, Reid et al., 2012). Boitšoaro bona bo hlahisa khatello e kholo ea motho le ea kelello (Reid et al., 2009Le mathata ka likarolo tse fapaneng tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi (McBride, Reece, le Sanders, 2008). Ka lebaka leo, batho ba loantšanang le CSBD hangata ba hloka thuso ea litsebi (kalafo ea mafu a kelello le / kapa ea kelello) ho laola litakatso tsa bona tsa thobalano, menahano le boits'oaro, hape le ho hlaphoheloa bophelo ba bona ba thobalano le bophelo ka kakaretso (Derbyshire & Grant, 2015; Gola le Potenza, 2016; Hook, Reid, Penberthy, Davis, & Jennings, 2014). Leha ho sa etsoa lithuto tse kholo tsa lefu la seoa, ho hakanngoa hore CSBD e ama 1-6% ea batho ba baholo (Bőthe et al., 2019; Klein, Rettenberger, & Briken, 2014; Kuzma & Mnyama, 2008), le banna ba nang le bakuli ba ka bang 80% ba batlang kalafo (Kaplan le Krueger, 2010). Morero oa phuputso ena e ne e le ho supa batho ba bonts'ang CSBD ka mokhoa o tsamaeang le tlhaiso-leseling ka mehlala e 'meli e ikemetseng, hape le ho hlakisa boemo ba bona ba maemo a bophelo, tsa thobalano le tsa bongaka.
Moralo le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea CSBD
Le ha CSBD e kentsoe ho ICD-11, moralo o nepahetseng oa tlhahlobo le litekanyetso tsa boemo bona ba bongaka li ntse li buisanoa (Kraus et al., 2018; Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, & Lykins, 2017). Mabapi le boemo ba hajoale ba nalological, ho hlahisitsoe maemo a mangata a thuto ea hore na CSBD e lokela ho aroloa joang 'me boemo bona ba bongaka bo nkuoa e le bothata ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi (Potenza, Gola, Voon, Kor, & Kraus, 2017), Bothata ba thobalano (Kafka, 2010; Walton et al., 2017), bothata ba taolo ea tšusumetso (Reid, Berlin, & Kingston, 2015), kapa ha ho nkoe e le lefu ho hang (Moser, 2013). Mokhoa o mong le o mong oa thuto o fana ka maikutlo a fapaneng bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea boemo bona, ho hatisa ka ho eketsehileng mofere-fere oa mohopolo le ho sitisa ho tsebahatsa boemo bo ikhethileng ba bakuli ba bonts'ang matšoao a boemo bona ba bongaka (Karila le al., 2014; Wéry le Billieux, 2017).
Bopaki ba hajoale bo fumanoeng liphuputsong tsa batho ba litleleniki bo fana ka maikutlo a hore CSBD e khotsofatsa boholo ba litekanyetso tsa mantlha tse hlahisitsoeng bakeng sa tlhaloso ea ts'ebetso ea litlolo tsa boitšoaro (Billieux et al., 2017; Kardefelt-Winther et al., 2017): (a) nako / boiteko bo fetelletseng bo sebelisitsoeng ho etsa thobalano; (b) boitšoaro bo sa sebetseng hantle; (c) ho hloleha ka tatellano ho phethahatsa boikarabello ba lelapa, sechaba kapa mosebetsi; le (d) ho phehella boitšoarong ba motabo ho sa natsoe litlamorao tsa ona. Mekhoa ena e tsamaellana le e reriloeng bakeng sa ho kenyeletsoa CSBD ho ICD-11 (Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2018) le ka tse ling tsa litekanyetso tse reriloeng ke Khafetsa (2010) bakeng sa kamohelo ea Hypersexual Disorder (HD) ho DSM-5. Ntle le moo, tlhahiso ea Kafka e kenyelelitse tekanyetso ea bohlokoa e sa nkuoeng ke ICD-11: ke hore, ho pheta-pheta ho ba le maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate, litakatso, kapa boits'oaro ho arabela maemo a mabe a maikutlo (mohlala, matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo) kapa ho arabela liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo (mosebetsi mathata, ho shoeloa, joalo-joalo). Liphuputso tse fapaneng li ts'ehetsa bohlokoa ba ts'ebeliso ea thobalano e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le mathata a sa sebetseng o reretsoeng ho lefella linaha tse sa thabiseng kapa liketsahalo tse sithabetsang bophelong ho batho ba nang le CSBD (Reid, 'Metli oa mapolanka, Spackman, & Willes, 2008; Schultz, Hook, Davis, Penberthy, & Reid, 2014).
Ntle le moo, ho na le matšoao a mang a sa kenyellelitsoeng ka kotlolloho ho DSM-5 kapa ICD-11 empa a bohlokoa ponts'ong ea CSBD: ke hore, ho ameha haholo ka thobalano, botsitso le mathata a boithati a thobalano. Matšoao ana a hlahisa lipontšo tse tloaelehileng tsa kutloisiso ea CSBD. Mefuta ea seminal e kang "mofuta oa bokhoba ba tahi" (Griffiths, 2005) kapa tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea marang-rang e totobalitse karolo ea bohlokoa ea matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa cybersex (Baggio et al., 2018kapa HD (Werner, Štulhofer, Waldorp, le Jurin, 2018). Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ke Griffiths (2005, leq. 193), salience e bua ka "ha ketsahalo e itseng [thobalano] e fetoha ketso ea bohlokoahali bophelong ba motho mme e busa mehopolo ea hae (litsebo le khopama ea kelello), maikutlo (litakatso) le boits'oaro (ho senyeha hoa boits'oaro)". Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lithuto tse fapaneng li totobatsa karolo ea bohlokoa ea mathata a boithati a thobalano ho khetholla bakuli ba bonts'ang CSBD (Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2019c).
Mekhoa e meholo ea ho khetholla le ho arola batho ba nang le CSBD
Lingaka le bafuputsi ba lokela ho ba hlokolosi haholo ha ba fumana CSBD (Humphreys, 2018). E 'ngoe ea litaba tse sitisang ts'epahalo ea lithuto tse ngata lebaleng ke tsela eo liphuputso tsena li khethollang le ho arola bankakarolo le CSBD. Ho sebelisitsoe mekhoa e fapaneng ho sebetsana le sepheo sena. Boithuto bo bong bo supile batho ba nang le CSBD ho ipapisitse le lintlha tsa bona ka mehato e fapaneng ea ho itlaleha (Parsons, Grov, & Golub, 2012). Ka bomalimabe, boholo ba litekanyo tsa tlhahlobo ea CSBD ha li fane ka lintlha tse tšepahalang tsa cutoff tse tsoang mehlala ea bongaka (Merafo, Raymond, Coleman, & Swinburne Romine, 2017), meeli e reriloeng hangata e hatella le / kapa e ipapisitse le litekanyetso tsa lipalo (eseng tsa bongaka). Phuputso e entsoeng ke Bőthe et al. (2019) e etsa mohlala o bontšang papiso: kamora ho sekaseka likarolo tsa psychometric tsa Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory ka sampole e kholo e sa sebetseng, bangoli bana ba ile ba sitoa ho fumana lintlha tse bonolo le tse ikhethang bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea CSBD. Ntle le moo, boleng bo nepahetseng ba ponelopele bakeng sa cutoff eo hangata e sebelisetsoang ho fumana bosholu ba botona le botšehali (lintlha tse tala> 53) e ne e le 14% (ho bolelang hore har'a bankakarolo ba fumaneng lintlha tse fetang 53 ho HBI, ke 14% feela e hlileng e tšoanelehang bakeng sa tlhahlobo ena). Kahoo, ba khothalelitse ts'ebeliso ea lits'oants'o tse ling le mehato ea tlhahlobo ea boemo bona.
Ntle le moo, bafuputsi ba bang ba nkile boits'oaro ba ho ba le mathata a ho laola boits'oaro ba thobalano (Smith le al., 2014) kapa ho batla kalafo bakeng sa CSBD (Scanavino et al., 2013) joalo ka lits'oants'o tse tšepahalang tsa CSBD. Ka mohlala, haufinyane Grubbs et al. (Grubbs, Grant, & Engelman, 2019a; Grubbs, Kraus, le Perry, 2019b) e tsamaisitse lithuto tse peli moo ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e lekantsoeng ka lintho tse le 'ngoe tse kangKe lemaletse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro"Kapa"Ke ne ke tla ipitsa hore ke lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa”. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba bang ba itemohang ba na le mathata a CSBD ba kanna ba se ke ba bonahatsa litšobotsi tsa bongaka kapa ho teba ha bothata bona, empa e le feela ho nyatsa boitšoaro ba bona ka thobalano (Grubbs, Perry, le al., 2019c; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, 2018; Kraus le Sweeney, 2019).
Kamora nako, lithuto tse ling li ile tsa supa bankakarolo ba CSBD ka lipuisano tse hlophisitsoeng kapa tse hlophisitsoeng hantle tsa bongaka (Reid et al., 2012). Le ha mokhoa ona o nkuoa e le "molao oa gauta" ha o lekola boteng le ho tiea ha CSBD (Hook, Hook, Davis, Worthington, & Penberthy, 2010; Womack, Hook, Ramos, Davis, & Penberthy, 2013), boleng ba tlhahlobo ena hangata bo itšetleha ka mekhahlelo e itseng ea tlhahlobo e tataisang puisano ena e hlophisitsoeng hantle. Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo ka tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea bongaka e nka nako, ka hona ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ena lipatlisisong (ke hore, lithuto tse nang le mehlala e meholo) hangata e na le moeli.
Ha ho se na moralo o nepahetseng oa tlhahlobo ea CSBD (Kraus le Sweeney, 2019Mokhoa o mong ke ho khetholla batho ba nang le CSBD ka mekhoa e tsamaisoang ke data (mohlala, sehlahlo sa sehlopha). Tsamaiso ena e eletsoa ka ho khetheha maemong a lipatlisiso, moo palo e kholo ea bankakarolo e lokelang ho hlahlojoa ka nako e lekanyelitsoeng le tlhophiso e le ho qobella thobalano kapa ho se etsahale kamora nako. Phuputso e sa tsoa etsoa ke Efrati & Gola (2018b) bacha ba khethiloeng ka mokhoa o khotsofatsang ba nang le CSBD (12 le 14% ea mehlala e 'meli e ikemetseng) ka mokhoa o tsamaisoang ke data (Latent Profile Analyses, LPA). Ho nepahala ha kahare le kantle ho mokhoa ona oa sehlopha ho bonts'itsoe ka ho sekaseka boemo ba maikutlo a batho ba lilemong tsa bocha ba lilemong tsa bocha sehlopheng sa CSBD (se khetholloang ke taolo e kantle, pherekano, ho jeoa ke bolutu, makhetlo a phahameng a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, le mesebetsi e meng ea thobalano inthaneteng). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Bőthe et al. (2019) ba khethollotse batho ba baholo ba nang le kotsi e kholo ea bosodoma (ho pota 1% ea sampole) ba sebelisa LPA. Ka hona, ka lebaka la ho ba sieo ha moralo o nepahetseng oa tlhahlobo le lisebelisoa tse khuts'oane tsa ho lekola (Montgomery-Graham, 2017Mekhoa e tsamaisoang ke data ke mokhoa o tšepahalang oa ho hlahloba CSBD maemong a lipatlisiso a nang le mehlala e meholo.
Boithuto ba hona joale
Morero oa thuto ea hajoale e ne e le ho lekola liketsahalo le maemo a bophelo ba batho, thobalano le litleliniki tsa CSBD ka mehlala e 'meli e ikemetseng ea sechaba. Leha ho le joalo, re sebetsane le meeli e 'meli ea lipatlisiso tse fetileng pele re sebetsana le sepheo sena: (1) khaello ea lisebelisoa tse hlophisitsoeng tsa ho lekola bakeng sa ho lekola mefuta eohle ea matšoao a kutloisiso, boits'oaro le maikutlo a CSBD le (2) ho nepahala ho tlase ha mekhoa e fapaneng e atisang ho sebelisoa maemong a lipatlisiso ho khetholla bakuli ba CSBD. Ka hona, re ile ra latela methati e meraro ho sebetsana le sepheo sa boithuto.
Taba ea mantlha, re thehile lethathamo le lecha la likarolo ho lekola mefuta eohle ea matšoao a CSBD. Lenane lena le ne le itšetleha ka litekanyo tse tharo tse neng li netefalitsoe pejana bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea CSBD: Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI, Reid, Garos, le Mmetli, 2011b), Tekano ea ho Tšoaroa ke Thobalano (SCS Kalichman le Rompa, 1995), Le Teko ea Tlhatlhobo ea Thobalano ea Thobalano ea Thobalano (SAST, Metsoana, 1983). Ka boithaopo, mehato ena e tloaetse ho ba moqotetsane haholo tekong ea CSBD, e sa koahele matšoao a fapaneng a lokelang ho hlahlojoa ho lekola boemo bona ba kliniki ka nepo (Womack et al., 2013); leha ho le joalo, likala tsena kaofela li fana ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea matšoao a CSBD le ho tiea. Ho sebetsana le bothata ba ho sebelisa sekala sena ka boinotšing, re entse tlhahlobo e felletseng ea litaba tsa bona, re hokahanya lintho tsa bona le matšoao a fapaneng a CSBD le ho theha lethathamo la likarolo tse lekolang lintlha tse latelang: (a) tahlehelo ea taolo, (b) ho se tsotelle, ( c) a sitoa ho emisa, (d) ho tsoelapele ho itlama ho sa natsoe tšitiso, (e) ho sebetsana ka katleho, le (f) Ho ameha haholo, botsitso le mathata a boithati a thobalano (bakeng sa tlhaloso e felletseng ea letšoao le leng le le leng, bona Tafole A1 Sehlomathisong). Moralo oa thuto ea ho hokahanya lintho tsa sekala le matšoao ka 'ngoe e ne e le litekanyetso tsa ICD-11 CSBD (Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2018), Tlhahiso ea DSM-5 ea ho fumanoa ha bosodoma (Kafka, 2010), le mofuta oa mofuta oa bokhoba (Griffiths, 2005). Tsamaiso e ne e lekana le e lateloang ke Womack et al. (2013) tlhahlobisong ea bona ea litekanyetso tsa bosodoma: li-coders tse peli tse ikemetseng li hokahantse ntho e ngoe le e ngoe ka moelelo oa tlhahlobo, 'me motho oa boraro ea ikemetseng ea ngolisang liphoso a rarolla liphapang. Bakeng sa ho hlaka, lintho tse lekolang letšoao le fetang le le leng la CSBD kapa tse sa hlahlobeng ka ho hlaka matšoao afe kapa afe ha lia kenyelletsoa lenaneng le lecha la likarolo.
Ho ipapisitsoe le lenane lena le kopaneng, re ile ra supa batho ba nang le CSBD ka mokhoa oa tlhahlobo ea sehlopha. Tlhatlhobo ea Cluster e etsa hore ho sibolloe lihlopha tsa batho ka bomong ho latela boholo le mohlala oa lintlha tse fapaneng, 'me e' nile ea sebelisoa haholo ho khetholla batho ba nang le mathata a fapaneng a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (joalo ka ts'ebeliso e thata ea li -app tsa mobile dating [Rochat, Bianchi-Demicheli, Aboujaoude, le Khazaal, 2019] kapa ho kenella ho feteletseng lipapaling tsa video [Musetti et al., 2019]). Ka mokhoa ona, re khethile barupeluoa ba 2,899 ba tsoang mehlala e ikemetseng e le lihlopha tse peli (bao e seng litho tsa CSBD le CSBD). Ha ho nahanoa ka semelo sa pele sa litekanyetso tsa CSBD tse hlahisitsoeng le nts'etsopele e mpe ea likhaolo tsa cutoff, mokhoa ona o tsamaisoang ke data o fana ka melemo ea ho khetholla palo ena ea bongaka, joalo ka ho qoba ts'ebeliso ea likhahla tsa cutoff kapa ho itšetleha ka boits'oaro ba mathata a thobalano. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea sehlotšoana e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa phapang ea batho ka bomong, ho fapana le liphapang tsa batho ba bang (joalo ka ha ho na le mekhoa e ikemiselitseng ho feto-fetoha) (Bergman le Magnusson, 1997). Kamora nako, ha e bapisoa le mekhoa e rarahaneng e tsamaisoang ke data e hlokang ts'ebeliso ea software e tsoetseng pele ea lipalo bakeng sa lipalo tsa bona (mohlala, LPA), tlhahlobo ea sehlopha e ka sebelisoa habonolo ka software e tsebahalang (mohlala, SPSS), e nang le phapang e phahameng lipakeng tsa liphetho tsa lits'ebetso tse peli tsa lipalo-palo (DiStefano le Kamphaus, 2006; Eshghi, Haughton, Legrand, Skaletsky, & Woolford, 2011).
Kamora nako, re sebelisitse lihlopha tse fumanoeng litlhahlobong tse fetileng ho lekola ketsahalo le litšoaneleho tsa bankakarolo ba tšoanelehang joaloka ho qobella ho kopanela liphate. Ho ile ha lekoa likhopolo-taba tse fapaneng. Hobane bopaki ba hajoale bo supa hore ho ata ha CSBD ho pakeng tsa 1 le 6% (Bőthe et al., 2019; Walton et al., 2017), ho ne ho nahanoa hore ketsahalo ea CSBD mehlala ea rona e tla oela ka bongata, mme banna ba na le karolo e kholo (∼80%) ea bankakarolo sehlopheng sena. Ha e le boitšoaro ba thobalano bo fumanehang kantle ho naha le inthaneteng, re lebelletse ho fumana maqhubu a maholo, ho fapana le ho tiea ha boitšoaro ba thobalano har'a barupeluoa ba CSBD (Klein et al., 2014; Odlaug et al., 2013; Mariha, Christoff, & Gorzalka, 2010). Tse amanang le keketseho ena ea thobalano, re lebelletse hore barupeluoa ba CSBD ba tla fumana lintlha tse phahameng litloaelong tsa thobalano joalo ka ho batla maikutlo a thobalano (Kalichman le Rompa, 1995; Klein et al., 2014kapa erotophilia (Rettenberger, Klein, & Briken, 2015). Kamora nako, ho fihlela moo bakuli ba CSBD ba tloaetseng ho sebelisa thobalano e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana ka katleho, re boetse re nahana hore lintlha tse sekaling tse lekang khatello ea maikutlo (Schultz et al., 2014), matšoenyeho (Carvalho, Guerra, Neves, & Nobre, 2014; Reid, Bramen, Anderson, & Cohen, 2014; Voon et al., 2014), le boitšepo (Chaney & Burns, 2015; Reid, 'Metli oa mapolanka, Gilliland, & Karim, 2011a) e ne e tla eketsoa ho barupeluoa ba CSBD.
mekhoa
Barupeluoa le tsamaiso
Barupeluoa lipatlisisong tsena ba ile ba hiroa liphuputsong tse peli tse ikemetseng tsa CSBD. Ho fumanoa ha data bakeng sa sampole ea pele ho entsoe lipakeng tsa 2012 le 2015. Nakong ena, re sebelisitse mokhoa oa ho lekola seterateng, ho qhekella lintlha ho sampole e kholo ea baithuti ba koleche ea Spain. Haholo-holo, sehlopha sa lipatlisiso se thehile tafole ea tlhaiso-leseling monyako o moholo oa litsi tse fapaneng tsa thuto e phahameng mme setho sa sehlopha se atamela ka mafolofolo bao e ka bang bankakarolo. Baithuti ba ile ba kopuoa ho ithaopela ho sebelisana le patlisiso mabapi le boits'oaro ba thobalano. Ba amohetseng, ba phethetse tlhahlobo ea motho ka mong ofising moo setsebi sa kelello se nang le boiphihlelo se tsamaisang litlaleho tse fapaneng. Nako e tloaelehileng ea ho phethela thuto e ne e le hora e le 'ngoe le metsotso e 1 mme bankakarolo ba fumane 45 € e le puseletso ea ho nka karolo.
Ho fumanoa ha data bakeng sa sampole ea bobeli ho ile ha etsoa lipakeng tsa 2016 le 2018. Morero oa sampole e ne e le ho lekola CSBD ka sampole e kholo ea litho tsa sechaba se buang Sepanish. Phuputso e entsoe marang-rang ka sethala se sirelelitsoeng sa inthanete se ikemiselitseng ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling le tlhahlobo ka CSBD (https://adiccionalsexo.uji.es/). Barupeluoa ba ile ba ngolisoa ba sebelisa maano a ho hira a sebetsang a sa sebetseng. Ho hira ka mafolofolo ho kenyelelitsoe: (1) ho phatloha ha lengolo-tsoibila ka li-server server (liunivesithi, mekhatlo, jj.); (2) phatlalatso ea boithuto liwebosaeteng tsa seea-le-moea le likoranta; (3) ho beha li-banner ho Facebook ka «lingoliloeng tse khothalelitsoeng» tšebeletso ea ho bapatsa le; (4) ho beha liflaya tse tlolang likhapha libakeng tse nang le batho ba bangata (litsi tsa mabenkele, lisuphamakete, jj.). Patlisiso ea boithuto e ne e boetse e fumaneha ka har'a enjine efe kapa efe ea ho batla ka ho sebelisa mantsoe a joalo ka "litlolo tsa thobalano" le / kapa "tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba thobalano" (ka Sepanishe) (recruit recruitment). Nakong eo thuto e neng e fumaneha, barupeluoa ba 3,025 ba fihletse phuputso. Lintlha tsa pele tse tsoang sethaleng sa inthanete li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho qoba likarabo tse sa lumellaneng, tse sa lumellaneng le / kapa tsa bohata (mohlala, barupeluoa ba tlaleha> lilemo tse 100). Kaha ho na le sekala se seng sa CSBD seo re neng re se sebelisa bakeng sa ho kenya letsoho ho barupeluoa (Hypersexual Behavior Inventory, HBI) e ile ea beoa qetellong ea patlisiso ea inthaneteng, ke feela barupeluoa ba phethileng 100% ea patlisiso ba kenyellelitsoeng phuputsong. Kamora ho tlosoa, kakaretso ea bankakarolo ba 1,318 ba ile ba kenyelletsoa pokellong ea likhakanyo tsa lithuto tsa hoqetela. Nako e tloaelehileng ea ho phethela thuto e ne e le metsotso e 27.82 (SD = 13.83) mme barupeluoa ha ba ka ba fumana matšeliso ka ho nka karolo.
Ka lebaka leo, kakaretso ea 2,899 ho tsoa mehlala e ikemetseng e 'meli e nkile karolo thutong. Dataset ea pele e ne e kenyelletsa sampole e bonolo ea baithuti ba univesithi ea Spain ba 1,581 (basali ba basali ba 56.9%) ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 18 le 27 (M = 20.58; SD = 2.17). Dataset ea bobeli e ne e kenyelletsa sampole e matla haholo ea litho tsa sechaba sa 1,318 (basali ba 43.6%) ba lilemo li 18 ho isa ho 75 (M = 32.37; SD = 13.42). Lethathamo 1 e bonts'a litšobotsi tsa bankakarolo mehlala ka bobeli.
| Mohlala 1 (n = 1,581) % kapa M (SD) | Mohlala 2 (n = 1,318) % kapa M (SD) | Lipalo-palo tse sa tloaelehang | Boholo ba phello | |
| Bong (e motona) | 43.1% | 56.4% | χ2 = 51.23 *** | V = 0.13 |
| Bong (botshehadi) | 56.9% | 43.6% | ||
| Age | 20.58 (2.17) | 34.11 (16.74) | t = −7.68 *** | d = 1.13 |
| Molekane ea tsitsitseng (e) | 52.3% | 69.6% | χ2 = 93.18 *** | V = 0.18 |
| Litumelo tsa bolumeli (ea sa lumeleng hore Molimo o teng) | 54.7% | 68.5% | χ2 = 73.00 *** | V = 0.16 |
| Litumelo tsa bolumeli (molumeli ea tloaetseng) | 38.7% | 24.9% | ||
| Litumelo tsa bolumeli (molumeli ea sa etseng litumelo) | 6% | 6.7% | ||
| Thobalano (batho ba bong bo fapaneng) | 92.0% | 73.7% | χ2 = 185.54 *** | V = 0.31 |
| Tloaelo ea thobalano (batho ba bong bo fapaneng) | 3.3% | 13.7% | ||
| Tloaelo ea thobalano (bosodoma) | 4.5% | 12.6% |
Hlokomela. ***P <0.001
Mehato
Litšobotsi tsa karolo
Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho tlaleha bong ba bona, lilemo tsa bona, hore na ba lebeletsane kapa che kamanong e tsitsitseng, maikutlo a thobalano le litumelo tsa bolumeli.
Matšoao le matšoao a CSBD
Matšoao le matšoao a CSBD a ile a hlahlojoa ka sekhahla sa Spain sa litekanyo tse tharo: Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI, Ballester-Arnal, Castro-Calvo, Gil-Julià, Giménez-García, le Gil-Llario, 2019; Reid, Garos, et al., 2011b), Tekano ea ho Tšoaroa ke Thobalano (SCS Ballester-Arnal, Gómez-Martínez, Gil-Llario, le Salmerón-Sánchez, 2013; Kalichman le Rompa, 1995), Le Teko ea Tlhatlhobo ea Thobalano ea Thobalano ea Thobalano (SAST, Castro-Calvo, Ballester-Arnal, Billieux, Gil-Juliá, le Gil-Llario, 2018; Metsoana, 1983). HBI ke sekala sa lintho tse 19 se etselitsoeng ho lekanya litekanyo tse tharo tsa mantlha tsa bosodoma: ke hore ts'ebeliso ea thobalano ho arabela maemo a maikutlo a ts'oaetso, mathata a ho laola kapa ho fokotsa menahano ea thobalano, litakatso le boits'oaro le ho phehella ho sa natsoe litlamorao. SCS ke sekala sa lintho tse 10 se lekolang menahano e fetelletseng ea thobalano le boits'oaro bo sa laoleheng. Kamora nako, SAST ke sekala sa lintho tse 25 se etselitsoeng ho lekola boteng ba boits'oaro le matšoao a ts'oanang a thobalano (mohlala, litabatabelo tsa thobalano, taolo e mpe ea boits'oaro ba thobalano, kapa mathata a bakoang ke boitšoaro ba thobalano).
Lenane la likarolo tse ngata tsa matšoao a CSBD le hlahile ea tlas'a maemo bakeng sa patlisiso ena ho kenyellelitsoe khetho ea lintho ho tsoa litekanyong tsena tse tharo (bona Tafole A1 Sehlomathisong). SCS le HBI li lekantsoe sekaleng sa Likert sa 4 le 5, athe SAST e lekantsoe ka sekhahla se ts'oanang. Ho etsa bonnete ba hore likala li arolelana metric e tloaelehileng, lintlha tse tala li fetotsoe z. Ho tšepahala ha lenane lena le kopaneng ho tlalehiloe karolong ea liphetho.
Boemo ba thobalano: Boitšoaro ba thobalano inthaneteng
Barupeluoa mecheng ka bobeli ba itlaleha ka karolelano ea nako eo ba e qetileng ka beke liketsong tsa thobalano inthaneteng (ka metsotso) mme ba phethela mofuta oa Spain oa Internet Test Screening Test (ISST, Ballester-Arnal, Gil-Llario, Gómez-Martínez, le Gil-Julià, 2010; Delmonico, Miller, & Miller, 2003). ISST e lekola hore na boitšoaro ba thobalano ba inthaneteng bo na le mathata kapa ha bo na mathata. Lintho tse mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano ka sekhahla se hlakileng (0 = Bohata; 1 = Ke 'nete hore) fana ka lintlha tse felletseng ho tloha ho 0 ho isa 25. Ballester-Arnal et al. (2010) e tlalehile botsitso bo botle ba ka hare (α = 0.88) le botsitso ba tlhahlobo ea litekor = 0.82) ho sampole ea baithuti ba koleche. Thutong ea rona, botsitso ba kahare bo ne bo loketse (α = Sampole ea 0.83 1; α = Sampole ea 0.82 2).
Ntle le moo, bankakarolo ba sampoleng ea 2 ba arabile lipotso tse peli mabapi le maikutlo a ho itsebahatsa a matla: (1) Na o kile oa tšoenyeha ka ts'ebeliso ea hau ea cybersex? (e / che) le (2) Na u nahana hore u qeta nako e ngata ho feta kamoo u elelitsoeng ka inthanete molemong oa thobalano? (e / che).
Boemo ba tsa thobalano
Barupeluoa mehlala ka bobeli ba phethile letoto la lipotso ho lekola likarolo tsa mantlha tsa boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano, joalo ka: (1) hore na ba kile ba kopanela liphate kapa che le batho ba bong bo fapaneng kapa ba bong bo tšoanang (e / che); (2) palo ea bophelo ba balekane ba thobalano (e botsoa feela ho barupeluoa ho dataset 1); (3) makhetlo a thobalano; le (4) haeba ba kile ba itšoara ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea thobalano (ke hore, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, ho kenya litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ka hanong, thobalano ea ka botšehaling le ho li kenya ka morao)e / che).
Litšobotsi tse amanang le thobalano
Barupeluoa mecheng ka bobeli ba phethile phetoho ea Spain ea Tekano ea ho Kopanela Liphate ka ho Kopanela Liphate (SSSS, Ballester-Arnal, Ruiz-Palomino, Espada, Morell-Mengual, le Gil-Llario, 2018; Kalichman le Rompa, 1995), sekala sa lintho tse 11 se lekantsoeng sekaleng sa Likert sa lintlha tse 4 (1 = Ho hang ha a tšoane le 'na; 4 = Haholo joalo ka nna) e lekolang "tšekamelo ea ho fihlela maemo a matle a thobalano le ho kenella liphihlelong tsa thobalano" (Kalichman et al., 1994, leq. EA-387-TJ Ts'ebetso ea kahare ea sekala sena e ne e le .82 phetohong ea eona ea Spain. Thutong ea rona, boleng ba alpha ea Cronbach e ne e le .83 sampoleng ea 1 le .82 sampoleng ea 2.
Ntle le moo, bankakarolo sampoleng ea pele ba phethile mofuta oa Sepanishe oa Patlisiso ea Maikutlo a Thobalano (SOS, Del Rio-Olvera, López-Vega, le Santamaría, 2013), sekala sa lintlha tsa 20 se lekang erotophobia-erotophilia (ke hore, mokhoa oa ho arabela liketsong tsa thobalano ka lehlakoreng le leng le lebe la ts'usumetso le tlhahlobo). Lintho li lekantsoe ka mokhoa oa karabelo ea lintlha tse 7 (1 = Ke lumela ka tieo; 7 = Ha ke lumellane hantle). Ts'ebetso ea kahare ea sekala sena e ne e le .85 ka mokhoa oa eona oa Spain. Thutong ea rona, boleng ba alpha ea Cronbach e ne e le .83.
Boemo ba bongaka
Mohlala oa 1, boteng ba hona joale le ho tiea ha khatello ea maikutlo le matšoao a matšoenyeho li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka mefuta ea Spain ea Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, Beck, Steer, & Brown, 2011) le mofuta oa mmuso oa State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI, Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 2002). BDI-II ke e 'ngoe ea sekala se sebelisoang haholo ha ho hlahlojoa maemo a hona joale a matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo, maemong a bongaka le a lipatlisiso (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). Sekala sena se entsoe ka lintho tse 21 tse lekantsoeng sekaleng sa Likert tse 4 ho tloha 0 ho isa 3 (likarolo tsa likarabo li fapana bakeng sa ntho ka 'ngoe). STAI (state-version) ke mohato o sebelisoang haholo, o tiisitsoeng nako e telele bakeng sa maemo a hona joale a matšoenyeho (Barnes, Harp, le Jung, 2002), e nang le lintho tse 20 tse arajoang sekaleng sa Likert ka likhetho tse 'ne tsa karabelo (0 = Ke lumela ka tieo; 3 = Ha ke lumellane hantle). Phuputsong ea hajoale, alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa BDI-II le STAI-State e ne e le .89 le .91 ka ho latellana.
Mohlala oa 2, boteng le ho tiea ha khatello ea maikutlo le matšoao a matšoenyeho li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka mofuta oa Spain oa Matšoenyeho a Sepetlele le khatello ea maikutlo (Tejero, Guimera, Farré, le Peri, 1986). HADS ke sekala sa ho hlahloba lintho tse 14 se hlahisitsoeng qalong ho khetholla mathata a ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo har'a bakuli maemong a sepetlele se seng sa mafu a kelello. Lintho li ile tsa arabeloa sekaleng sa Likert tse 4 ho tloha 1 ho isa 4 (likarolo tsa likarabo li fapana bakeng sa ntho ka 'ngoe). Ho tloha tsoelo-peleng ea eona, sekala sena se 'nile sa sebelisoa haholo le tlhahlobisong ea bakuli ba somatic, psychiatric le bakuli ba tlhokomelo ea mantlha, hammoho le ka kakaretsoBjelland, Dahl, Haug, & Neckelmann, 2002). Thutong ea rona, botsitso ba kahare ba HADS-matšoenyeho (α = 0.83) le HADS-khatello ea maikutlo (α = 0.77) e ne e loketse.
Kamora nako, bankakarolo sampoleng ea 1 le ea 2 ba phethile mofuta oa Sepanishe oa Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES, Martín-Albo, Núñez, Navarro, le Grijalvo, 2007), sekala sa ntho e le 'ngoe se sa lekanyetsoang se lekolang boitšepo bo akaretsang. Barupeluoa ba arabetse sekaleng sa Likert tse 10, ho tloha ha e lumellane ka matla ho ka matla lumela. Thutong ea hajoale, alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa dataset ea 1 ka bobeli (α = 0.89) mme 2 e ne e loketse (α = 0.89).
Tlhahlobo ea lintlha
Re ile ra sekaseka ka mehato e mene. Taba ea mantlha, litlhahlobo tse hlalosang li ile tsa etsoa ho khetholla bankakarolo ho latela data ea sociodemographic ba sebelisa sephutheloana sa lipalo tsa SPSS (mofuta 25.0). Ho bapisa litšobotsi tsa bankakarolo sampoleng 1 le 2, re sebelitse t liteko (mefuta e tsoelang pele) le liteko tsa chi-square (mefuta-futa ea lihlopha). Li-indices tse peli tsa boholo ba phello (Cohen's d le Cramer V) li ngotsoe ka ho sebelisa G * Power (mofuta 3.1). Bakeng sa Cohen's d, boholo ba litlamorao bo ka bang .20 bo ne bo nkuoa bo le bonyenyane, haufi le .50 bo itekanetse ebile bo boholo ho feta .80 kholo (Cohen, 1988); bakeng sa Cramer's V, boholo bona bo tsamaellana le litekanyetso tsa .10, .30 le .50 (Ellis, 2010).
Taba ea bobeli, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) e ile ea etsoa ho leka ho tšoaneleha ha psychometric ea sebopeho sa rona sa thuto ea matšoao a CSBD. Software ea EQS (mofuta oa 6.2) e sebelisitsoe ho etsa CFA. Ka lebaka la kabo e sa tloaelehang ea data, ho sebelisitsoe mekhoa e matla ea ho hakanya. Molemo oa ho lekana oa CFA o ile oa hlahlojoa ka li-indices tse latelang: Satorra-Bentler chi-square (χ2), sekoere sa chi (square2/df), bohlokoa ba mohlala ka kakaretso (P), motso o bolela phoso e sekwere ea likhakanyo (RMSEA), li-index tse bapisang le tse eketsang tse lekanang (CFI le IFI), le Setso sa Standardized Mean Square Square (SRMR). Ho lekana ho loketseng ho ne ho nkuoa ha χ2 e ne e se bohlokoa (P > .05), χ2/df e ne e le lipakeng tsa 1 le 2, CFI le IFI e ne e le 95, 'me RMSEA le SRMR e ne e le -05 (Bagozzi & Yi, 2011). Ho latela litekanyetso tse fokolang haholo, boleng lipakeng tsa 2 le 3 bakeng sa χ2/df, ≥ .90 bakeng sa CFI le IFI, ≤ .08 bakeng sa RMSEA, le ≤.10 bakeng sa SRMR li ne li nkuoa li amoheleha (Hooper, Coughlan, & Mullen, 2008). Litekanyetso tse peli tsa ts'epahalo li baliloe bakeng sa sekhahla se seng le se seng sa matšoao a CSBD: alpha ea Cronbach (α) le McDonald's Omega (ω). The «userfriendlyscience» R sephutheloana (Peters, 2014) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hakanya li-indices tsena.
Taba ea boraro, re sebelisitse mekhoa ea ho kopanya lintlha ho khetholla lihlotšoana tsa bankakarolo ba nang le lifaele tse tšoanang tsa CSBD. Matšoao a tšeletseng a matšoao a CSBD a netefalitsoeng nakong ea sethaleng se fetileng a ne a sebelisetsoa ho hakanya boteng ba li-profiles tse fapaneng tsa CSBD. Joalokaha ho khothalletsoa (Moriri, Mnyama, & Babin, 2010; Henry, Tolan, le Gorman-Smith, 2005), Morero ona o ile oa rarolloa ka ho kopanya maano a sehlopha sa tatelano le a seng a tatellano le ho netefatsa ho nepahala ha lihlopha tse hlahisitsoeng ka maano a fapaneng. Mohato oa pele, tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa maemo a phahameng e ile ea etsoa (mokhoa oa Ward, tekanyo ea sebaka sa Euclidian) ho etsa tlhahiso ea tekanyetso ea palo ea lihlopha tse ts'oanang tse fumanehang ka har'a seteishene ka lebaka la kemiso ea bompoli le dendogram. Joale, palo e nepahetseng ea li-profiles tsa CSBD le litho tsa sehlopha li ile tsa khethoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa mehato e 'meli ea sehlopha. Ho sebelisitsoe li-indices tse peli ho lekola boleng ba tharollo ea sehlopha se bapisoang ha ho bapisoa le meetso e qothisanang lehlokoa ho tloha ho 1 ho isa ho lihlopha tsa 10: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) le Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Leha e le bonolo, ts'ebetso ena ea "auto-cluster" e bonts'itse bophahamo ba eona ho mekhoa e meng e rarahaneng ea ho hakanya ho fumana palo e nepahetseng ea lihlopha tse lokelang ho bolokoa (Eshghi et al., 2011; Gelbard, Goldman, & Spiegler, 2007). Ho netefatsa ho nepahala ha tharollo ena ea sehlopha, re sebelisitse maano a latelang: (a) re hlahlobile lintlha ho tsoa dataset 1 ho fihlela k-bolela (ho hlakisa palo ea lihlopha tse fumanoeng litlhahlobong tse fetileng) le ho hakanya ho kopana pakeng tsa mekhoa ena ka bobeli (Fisher & Thekollo, 1995); (2) re arola sampole ho tsoa ho dataset 1 ka likaroloana tse peli tse lekanang, re hlahlobile halofo ka 'ngoe ka thoko ebe re bapisa tharollo (Michaud le Proulx, 2009); (3) re sebelisitse tharollo ea sehlopha se le seng ho database e ikemetseng ka botlalo (sampole 2); hape (4) re lekile bonnete bo amanang le moelelo oa tharollo ea sehlopha (ke hore, haeba lihlopha tse hlahisoang li fapana ka mefuta ea lithahasello ka litsela tse lumellanang le khopolo). Boemo ba boleng ba lihlopha tse reriloeng bo ile ba hlahlojoa ka ho bapisa lintlha ho li-subscales tse tšeletseng tsa CSBD (bonnete ba kahare); Ntle le moo, bonnete ba kantle bo ile ba hlahlojoa ka ho bapisa lihlopha ka ho amana le lipalo tsa sechaba, thobalano le lits'oants'o tsa bongaka (lintlha tsa SSS, nako inthaneteng bakeng sa merero ea thobalano, jj.).
Ethics
Mekhoa ea ho ithuta e ne e etsoa ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Boto ea Tlhahlobo ea Setheo ea Univesithi ea Jaume I e amohetse thuto. Baithaopi ba nkang karolo lipatlisisong ba ile ba tsebisoa ka sepheo sa thuto mme ba fana ka tumello e nang le tsebo.
Results
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) ea matšoao a CSBD
Bakeng sa ho netefatsa botle ba psychometric ea ho lekana ha sehlopha sa rona sa lithuto tsa matšoao a CSBD (Lethathamo 1), CFA e ile ea etsoa sampong ea bobeli le ea 1. Molemo oa mefuta e 'meli e ka bang teng e ile ea lekoa: mohlala moo lintlha tse tšeletseng tsa tatellano ea pele (ke hore, matšoao a CSBD) li neng li hokahane (M2) le mohlala moo lintlha tsena li neng li le teng e hlophisitsoe tlasa ntlha ea bobeli ea taelo (M1). Mokhoa ona oa bobeli o ne o tsamaellana le mehlala e hlahisang polelo e sa lekanyetsoang ea matšoao a CSBD (Graham, Walters, Harris, & Knight, 2016) mme o fumane ts'ehetso ke mesebetsi ea morao-rao moahong o hlophisitsoeng oa sekala sa tlhahlobo ea CSBD (Castro-Calvo et al., 2018). Joalo Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a, M1 e fumane mohlala o motle ka ho fetisisa sampoleng ea 1 le ea 2. Lintlha tse tsoang ho CFA li kenyelelitsoe e le litaba tse ling tsa lihlomathiso (Tafole A2 sehlomathisong).
| χ2 | df | P | χ2/df | RMSEA (CI) | SRMR | CFI | IFI | |
| Lintlha tse tšeletseng tsa tatellano ea pele (M1, sampole 1) | 1,202.14 | 758 | 1.58 | 0.019 (017; 0.021) | 0.03 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |
| Lintlha tse tšeletseng tsa tatellano ea pele tlasa taelo ea bobeli (M2, sampole 1) | 2,487.97 | 766 | 3.24 | 0.038 (036; 0.039) | 0.03 | 0.85 | 0.85 | |
| Lintlha tse tšeletseng tsa tatellano ea pele (M1, sampole 2) | 1,722.08 | 758 | 2.27 | 0.031 (0.029; 0.031) | 0.03 | 0.91 | 0.91 | |
| Lintlha tse tšeletseng tsa tatellano ea pele tlasa taelo ea bobeli (M2, sampole 2) | 2,952.61 | 766 | 3.85 | 0.047 (0.045; 0.048) | 0.03 | 0.79 | 0.79 |
Hlokomela. CFA = netefatso ea lintlha; χ2 = Satorra-Bentler chi-sekoere; df = likhato tsa tokoloho; P = bohlokoa ba mohlala ka kakaretso; χ2/df = sekwere se tloaelehileng sa chi; RMSEA = motso o bolela phoso e sekwere ea ho lekanya; CFI = index e lekanang e lekanang; IFI = keketseho e lekanang ea tlatsetso.
Mabapi le botsitso ba ka hare (Lethathamo 3), odinal Cronbach's α le McDonald's ω bakeng sa boholo ba liphallelo tsa CSBD li bonts'itse botsitso bo loketseng ba kahare (α 'me ω lipakeng tsa .67 – .89 sampoleng ea 1 le .68 – .91 sampoleng ea 2).
| Tlatsetso ea matšoao | Mohlala 1 (n = 1,581) | Mohlala 2 (n = 1,318) | ||
| α (CI) | EA (CI) | α (CI) | EA (CI) | |
| Ho lahleheloa ke taolo | 0.82 (0.81; 0.83) | 0.85 (0.83; 0.86) | 0.85 (84; 0.86) | 0.87 (0.86; 0.88) |
| Ho hlokomoloha | 0.75 (0.73; 0.77) | 0.78 (0.76; 0.80) | 0.77 (76; 0.79) | 0.80 (0.78; 0.82) |
| E hloleha ho emisa | 0.67 (0.65; 0.68) | 0.67 (0.64; 0.70) | 0.76 (75; 0.78) | 0.79 (0.77; 0.81) |
| Ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele leha ho na le tšitiso | 0.69 (0.68; 0.71) | 0.73 (0.70; 0.75) | 0.78 (77; 0.80) | 0.80 (0.78; 0.82) |
| Ho sebetsana le ona | 0.88 (0.87; 0.89) | 0.89 (0.88; 0.90) | 0.90 (0.89; 0.91) | 0.91 (0.90; 0.92) |
| Ho ameha haholo, ho ba le boiphihlelo le ho lemoha ho tiea | 0.68 (0.66; 0.71) | 0.72 (0.70; 0.74) | 0.68 (0.66; 0.71) | 0.69 (0.66; 0.72) |
Ho thehoa ha Cluster
Ho khetholla lihlotšoana tsa barupeluoa ba nang le li-profiles tse tšoanang tsa CSBD, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa maemo a phahameng ho sampole ea 1. Likhoebo tse tšeletseng tsa CSBD tse netefalitsoeng nakong ea mohato o fetileng li ile tsa sebelisoa e le lihlopha tse kopaneng tlhahlobisong ena. Ho etsa bonnete ba hore mefuta ena e arolelana metric e tloaelehileng, lintlha tsa bona li fetotsoe z. Tlhatlhobo ea sehlopha sa maemo a phahameng e entsoe ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa Ward ka litekanyo tsa sebaka sa squared Euclidian, ho senola hore palo e loketseng ea lihlopha tse lokelang ho nkuoa e ne e le tse peli. Mokhoa o latelang oa mehato e 'meli hammoho le tlhahlobo ea litekanyetso tsa BIC le AIC li netefalitse tharollo e tšoanang ea sehlopha. Cluster 1 (e ngotsoeng "e seng CSBD") e ne e na le barupeluoa ba 1,421 (89.88%) ba bonts'a boemo bo tlase ba kotsi ba CSBD; cluster 2 ("CSBD") e kenyelelitse bankakarolo ba 160 (10.12%) ba nang le boemo bo phahameng ba kotsi ba CSBD.
Ho netefatsa bonnete ba tharollo ena ea lihlopha tse peli, re entse tlhahlobo ea netefatso e meraro. Taba ea mantlha, lintlha tse tsoang ho sampole 1 li ile tsa hlahlojoa bocha ka ho sebelisa mokhoa o mong, o seng oa tatellano, oa sehlopha: k-bolela. Hang ha re qeta ho e etsa, re ile ra bapisa khokahano ea setho sa sehlopha lipakeng tsa tharollo ka bobeli, ra fumana hore 100% ea bankakarolo ba neng ba kentsoe sehlopheng se seng sa CSBD le 86.3% ea ba abetsoeng CSBD ba arotsoe sehlopheng se le seng ka mokhoa ona o mong. Mokhoa oa bobeli oa netefatso o ne o arola sampole ho tloha ho dataset 1 ka likaroloana tse peli tse lekanang, sekaseka halofo ka 'ngoe ka mokhoa oa mehato e' meli, ebe o bapisa ho nepahala ha kabelo ea litho tsa sehlopha. Khokahano ea mokhoa ona e ne e bile e phahame le ho feta, ka 98.4 le 100% ea bankakarolo ba abetsoeng lihlopha tse seng tsa CSBD le CSBD tse arotsoeng liprofeteng tsa mantlha. Kamora nako, re pheta mokhoa oa pele oa ho bokella ka sampole e ikemetseng ka botlalo (sampole 2), ra fumana tharollo e tšoanang ea lihlopha tse peli. Maemong ana, sehlopa se seng sa CSBD se entsoe ka 92.19% ea sampole (n = 1,215) athe sehlopha sa CSBD se kenyelelitse tse ling tse 7.81% (n = 103).
Litlhahlobo tsa lihlopha tse hlahang
Matla a amanang le moelelo oa tharollo ea lihlopha tse peli a ile a lekoa ka ho bapisa bankakarolo ka lits'oants'o tse tobileng tsa CSBD (bonnete ba kahare) le ka ho sekaseka boemo ba sechaba, thobalano le boemo ba bongaka ba bankakarolo ba CSBD (bonnete ba kantle). Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo 4, barupeluoa sehlopheng sa CSBD ba fapana haholo le bao e seng litho tsa CSBD lipalong tsa bona ho li-subscales tse tšeletseng tsa CSBD, ka bobeli ho sampole 1 le 2 (liphapang tsohle li bohlokoa ho P <0.001 le boholo ba litlamorao tse kholo). Matšoao a CSBD a khethollang hantle lihlopha tsena ka bobeli ke tahlehelo ea taolo (d = 2.46 [mohlala 1]; d = 2.75 [sampole 2], ho se natse (d = 2.42; d = 2.07), le ho tsepamisa mohopolo (d = 2.32; d = 2.65). Karolo ea barupeluoa ba hapileng kaholimo ho likhaolo tsa HBI, SCS, le SAST e ne e le lipakeng tsa 30.1 le 63.1% sehlopheng sa CSBD, ha e bapisoa le 0.1-2.6% sehlopheng se seng sa CSBD.
| Tekanyo ea matšoao | Mohlala 1 (n = 1,581) | Mohlala 2 (n = 1,318) | ||||||
| Cluster 1 (e seng CSBD, n = 1,421) M (SD) kapa% | Sehlopha sa 2 (CSBD, n = 160) M (SD) kapa % | Lipalo-palo tse sa tloaelehang | Boholo ba phello | Cluster 1 (e seng CSBD, n = 1,215) M (SD) kapa% | Sehlopha sa 2 (CSBD, n = 103) M (SD) kapa % | Lipalo-palo tse sa tloaelehang | Boholo ba phello | |
| Matšoao a CSBD (index e kopaneng)a | ||||||||
| Ho lahleheloa ke taolo | -0.16 (0.43) | 1.42 (0.80) | t = 39.18 *** | d = 2.46 | -0.15 (0.43) | 1.76 (0.88) | t = 38.25 *** | d = 2.75 |
| Ho hlokomoloha | -0.17 (0.51) | 1.56 (0.87) | t = 37.46 *** | d = 2.42 | -0.15 (0.46) | 1.83 (1.27) | t = 33.97 *** | d = 2.07 |
| E hloleha ho emisa | -0.13 (0.57) | 1.16 (0.96) | t = 25.07 *** | d = 1.63 | -0.12 (0.61) | 1.61 (0.89) | t = 26.40 *** | d = 2.26 |
| Ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele leha ho na le tšitiso | -0.11 (0.34) | 1.06 (0.73) | t = 34.99 *** | d = 2.05 | -0.11 (0.42) | 1.38 (0.77) | t = 31.61 *** | d = 2.40 |
| Ho sebetsana le ona | -0.12 (0.62) | 1.14 (0.82) | t = 23.71 *** | d = 1.73 | -0.10 (0.67) | 1.22 (0.86) | t = 18.87 *** | d = 1.71 |
| Ho ameha haholo, ho ba masene le ho itšehla thajana | -0.13 (0.46) | 1.22 (0.68) | t = 33.04 *** | d = 2.32 | .0.12 (.49) | 1.41 (0.65) | t = 29.50 *** | d = 2.65 |
| Ho ata ha CSBD ho latela likhaohano tse fapaneng | ||||||||
| Barupeluoa ba kaholimo ho lintlha tse khaotsoeng tsa HBI (HBI ≥53)b | 0.7% | 58.3% | χ2 = 759.32 *** | V = 0.70 | 0.7% | 63.1% | χ2 = 707.74 *** | V = 0.73 |
| Barupeluoa ba kaholimo ho lintlha tsa khaola tsa SCS (SCS ≥2 4)c | 1.5% | 59.0% | χ2 = 690.85 *** | V = 0.66 | 1.2% | 43.7% | χ2 = 393.86 *** | V = 0.54 |
| Barupeluoa ba kaholimo ho lintlha tsa khaola tsa SAST (SAST> 13)d | 0.1% | 30.1% | χ2 = 426.50 *** | V = 0.52 | 2.6% | 52.4% | χ2 = 385.97 *** | V = 0.54 |
Hlokomela. *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001
Mekhoa ea Cluster e hlahisoa e le z-lintlha.
Parsons, Bimbi, le Halkitis (2001) ba hlahisitse hore litekanyetso ≥24 ho SCS li kanna tsa bonts'a khatello e matla ea thobalano joalo ka matšoao.
Mabapi le likamano tse kantle (Lethathamo 5), Barupeluoa ba CSBD e ne e le banna haholo (69.4 le 72.8% ho sampole 1 le 2) mme ba kenyelelitse ho ata ho hoholo ha barupeluoa ba bong bo fapaneng (82.5 le 66%). Mohlala oa 2, barupeluoa ba CSBD ba ne ba le banyenyane ho feta bao e neng e se karolo ea CSBD (d = 0.22) athe sampoleng ea 1, tlaleho e atileng ea ho ba le molekane ea tsitsitseng e ne e le tlase (V = 0.10). Barupeluoa ba CSBD e ne e le batho ba batlang maikutlo a thobalano haholoanyane (d = 1.02 [mohlala 1]; d = 0.90 [sampole 2]), e bontšitse litloaelo tsa erotophilic tse nyane hanyane (d = 0.26 sampoleng 1), 'me a bonts'a liketso tse eketsehileng tsa thobalano inthaneteng. Haholo-holo, barupeluoa ba CSBD ba qetile halelele habeli marang-rang molemong oa thobalano (d = 0.59; d = 0.45), e fuoeng lintlha tse phahameng haholo ka tekanyo e lekolang ho kenella ho fetelletseng le ho ba le bothata boitshong bona (ISST d = 0.98; d = 1.32), mme karolo ea bohlokoa e arabiloe ka mokhoa o tiileng lipotsong tse amanang le temoho e matla (50% ea ba arabelitsoeng sampoleng ea 2 ba nahana hore ba qetile nako e ngata marang-rang molemong oa thobalano mme 60% e ne e tšoenyehile ka boitšoaro bona). Boitšoaro ba ka ntle ho thobalano ba barupeluoa ba CSBD sampoleng 1 bo ne bo khetholloa ke palo e phahameng ea balekane ba thobalano (d = 0.37), makhetlo a phahameng a thobalano (V = 0.11), le ho ata ho eketsehileng ha boitšoaro bo fapaneng ba thobalano. Boitšoaro ba ka ntle ho thobalano ba barupeluoa ba CSBD sampoleng 2 bo ne bo fapane feela le bao e seng litho tsa CSBD khafetsa ea thobalano (V = 0.10) le ho ata ha thobalano ea bong bo tšoanang (V = 0.07). Kamora nako, bankakarolo ba CSBD mehlala ka bobeli ba bontšitse maemo a maholo a khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho ho feta bao e seng litho tsa CSBD, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ke lipalo tsa bona tse eketsehileng ho BDI-II le STAI-state (d ea 0.68 le 0.33 ka ho latellana) le HADS-Depression le HADS-Matšoenyeho (d ya 0.78 le 0.85 ka ho latellana). Ho fapana le moo, bankakarolo ba CSBD ba bontšitse maemo a tlase a boitšepo (d ya 0.35 sampoleng ya 1 le 0.55 sampoleng ya 2).
| Tekanyo ea matšoao | Mohlala 1 (n = 1,581) | Mohlala 2 (n = 1,318) | ||||||
| Cluster 1 (e seng CSBD, n = 1,421) M (SD) kapa% | Sehlopha sa 2 (CSBD, n = 160) M (SD) kapa % | Lipalo-palo tse sa tloaelehang | Boholo ba phello | Cluster 1 (e seng CSBD, n = 1,215) M (SD) kapa% | Sehlopha sa 2 (CSBD, n = 103) M (SD) kapa % | Lipalo-palo tse sa tloaelehang | Boholo ba phello | |
| Boemo ba sechaba | ||||||||
| Bong (e motona) | 40.1% | 69.4% | χ2 = 50.22 *** | V = 0.18 | 55.1 | 72.8% | χ2 = 12.17 *** | V = 0.09 |
| Age | 20.58 (2.16) | 20.53 (2.82) | t = 0.287 | d = 0.01 | 34.55 (17.02) | 30.87 (15.58) | t = 2.11 * | d = 0.22 |
| Molekane ea tsitsitseng (e) | 54% | 37.5% | χ2 = 16.81 *** | V = 0.10 | 69.5% | 69.9% | χ2 = 0.36 | V = 0.02 |
| Thobalano (batho ba bong bo fapaneng) | 93% | 82.5% | χ2 = 29.84 *** | V = 0.14 | 74.5% | 66% | χ2 = 7.27 * | V = 0.07 |
| Tloaelo ea thobalano (batho ba bong bo fapaneng) | 2.5% | 10% | 12.9% | 22.3% | ||||
| Tloaelo ea thobalano (bosodoma) | 4.4% | 7.5% | 12.7% | 11.7% | ||||
| Litšobotsi tse amanang le thobalano | ||||||||
| Tekanyo ea ho Batla Taba ea Thobalano (SSSS, e lipakeng tsa 11-44) | 24.86 (6.37) | 30.89 (5.37) | t = 7.19 *** | d = 1.02 | 24.17 (6.27) | 29.82 (6.20) | t = 8.78 *** | d = 0.90 |
| Patlisiso ea Maikutlo a Thobalano (SOS, e pakeng tsa 20-140) | 109.99 (13.47) | 113.93 (16.42) | t = −1.27 | d = 0.26 | ||||
| Boemo ba thobalano: Boitšoaro ba thobalano inthaneteng | ||||||||
| Metsotso e beke e nehetsoeng ho etsa thobalano ka inthanete | 65.29 (90.85) | 152.37 (185.40) | t = 5.47 *** | d = 0.59 | 118.54 (230.54) | 263.50 (340.06) | t = 5.84 *** | d = 0.49 |
| Teko ea ho Hlahloba Thobalano Inthaneteng (ISST, e pakeng tsa 0-25) | 4.91 (3.76) | 8.97 (4.45) | t = 7.73 *** | d = 0.98 | 6.27 (3.95) | 11.93 (4.60) | t = 13.76 *** | d = 1.32 |
| Na o kile oa tšoenyeha ka ts'ebeliso ea hau ea cybersex? (e) | 30.5% | 59.4% | χ2 = 35.10 *** | V = 0.17 | ||||
| Na u nahana hore u qeta nako e ngata ho feta kamoo u elelitsoeng ka inthanete molemong oa thobalano? (e) | 12.5% | 50.5% | χ2 = 105.42 *** | V = 0.29 | ||||
| Boemo ba tsa thobalano | ||||||||
| Ho kopanela liphate bophelong bohle (e) | 96.8% | 95.7% | χ2 = 0.21 | V = 0.02 | 82.3% | 82.5% | χ2 = 0.04 | V = 0.006 |
| Ho kopanela liphate ka bong bo tšoanang (e) | 11.7% | 29% | χ2 = 13.30 *** | V = 0.18 | 28.6% | 40.8% | χ2 = 6.71 ** | V = 0.07 |
| Nomoro ea bophelo bohle ba balekane ba thobalano | 5.53 (5.52) | 9.77 (15.14) | t = 3.85 *** | d = 0.37 | ||||
| Thobalano: makhetlo a fetang a mararo ka beke | 20.5% | 33.3% | χ2 = 5.31 * | V = 0.11 | 37.1% | 54.9% | χ2 = 11.82 *** | V = 0.10 |
| Ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (e) | 84.8% | 98.6% | χ2 = 9.83 ** | V = 0.16 | 92% | 93.2% | χ2 = 0.18 | V = 0.01 |
| Ho kopanela liphate ka molomo (e) | 89.5% | 94.3% | χ2 = 1.49 | V = 0.06 | 88.2% | 86.4% | χ2 = 0.30 | V = 0.02 |
| Ho kopanela liphate (e) | 92.1% | 92.9% | χ2 = 0.05 | V = 0.01 | 81.9% | 80.6% | χ2 = 0.10 | V = 0.01 |
| Ho kopanela liphate (e) | 34.3% | 51.4% | χ2 = 7.18 ** | V = 0.13 | 52% | 56.3% | χ2 = 0.70 | V = 0.02 |
| Boemo ba bongaka | ||||||||
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, e pakeng tsa 0-63) | 7.20 (6.61) | 12.49 (8.65) | t = 5.59 *** | d = 0.68 | ||||
| Inventory ea Naha-Tloaelo ea Naha (STAI-State, e pakeng tsa 0-60) | 11.77 (15.69) | 15.69 (9.09) | t = 3.65 *** | d = 0.33 | ||||
| Matšoenyeho a Sepetlele le khatello ea maikutlo (HADS-Depression, e lipakeng tsa 7-28) | 10.79 (3.18) | 13.36 (3.36) | t = 7.73 *** | d = 0.78 | ||||
| Matšoenyeho a Sepetlele le khatello ea maikutlo (HADS-Matšoenyeho, e pakeng tsa 7-28) | 13.83 (3.75) | 17.35 (4.48) | t = 9.02 *** | d = 0.85 | ||||
| Tekanyo ea boitšepo ea Rosenberg (RSES, e pakeng tsa 10-40) | 31.54 (5.45) | 29.50 (5.88) | t = 2.79 ** | d = 0.35 | 31.74 (5.92) | 28.33 (6.42) | t = 5.57 *** | d = 0.55 |
Hlokomela. *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001
Puisano
Morero oa mantlha oa phuputso ena e ne e le ho lekola litšobotsi tsa CSBD le liketsahalo tsa kahisano, tsa thobalano le tsa bongaka ka mehlala e 'meli e ikemetseng ea sechaba. Ka kakaretso, phuputso ena (a) e hakantsoe ketsahalo ea CSBD lipakeng tsa 8 le 10% le (b) e fumane hore bankakarolo ba CSBD e ne e le banna ba bong bo fapaneng, ba banyane ho ba arabelitsoeng ntle le CSBD, ba tlalehile maemo a phahameng a maikutlo a thobalano a batlang le erotophilia, an ho eketseha kantle ho naha, haholo-holo thobalano ea inthaneteng, matšoao a sithabetsang le a ho tšoenyeha, le boitšepo bo futsanehileng
Kaha lipatlisiso tsa pejana li ne li lekantsoe ke ho haelloa ke lisebelisoa tsa ho lekola tse lekantsoeng bakeng sa ho lekola mefuta eohle ea matšoao le matšoao a CSBD le ho nepahala ho tlase ha mekhoa e fapaneng e atisang ho sebelisoa maemong a lipatlisiso ho khetholla bakuli ba bonts'itseng boemo bona, re latetse mokhoa o mong oa ho sebetsana le ona sepheo sena: re thehile lethathamo le lecha la likarolo tse ipapisitseng le likala tse tharo tse netefalitsoeng pele tseo re ileng ra li sebelisa ho khetholla bankakarolo ba loantšanang le CSBD ka mokhoa o tsamaisoang ke data (tlhahlobo ea sehlopha). Ka mokhoa ona, 10.12 le 7.81% ea barupeluoa mecheng e 'meli e ikemetseng ba ile ba khetholloa e le batho ba ka bang le bothata ba CSBD. Lipalo tsena li ts'oana le tse tlalehiloeng ho bacha ka mokhoa o ts'oanang o tsamaisoang ke data (Efrati & Gola, 2018b) kapa ho batho ba baholo ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho hlahloba (Dickenson, Gleason, Coleman, & Miner, 2018; Giordano le Cecil, 2014; Långström le Hanson, 2006; Rettenberger et al a., 2015; Skegg, Nada-Raja, Dickson, & Paul, 2010), Empa e phahame ho tse fumanoang ka mekhoa ea tlhahlobo e tšepahalang ea bongaka (Odlaug et al., 2013; mohlala, lipuisano tse hlophisitsoeng, Odlaug & Grant, 2010). Tlhaloso e ka bang teng ea keketseho ena e atileng ke hore mokhoa oa rona oa sehlopha ha oa ka oa hapa feela maemo a CSBD, empa hape le lipontšo tse tlase tsa boemo bona (ke hore, batho ba bonts'ang mathata a boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano ao hangata a tsamaeang le maemo a ho holofala le matšoenyeho). Ntlha ena e tšehetsoa ke taba ea hore lipakeng tsa 41 le 69.9% (sampole 1) le 36.9% -51.3% (sampole 2) ea bankakarolo sehlopheng sa CSBD ha ba ka ba fihlela tse ling tsa lintlha tse khaotsoeng tse hlahisitsoeng ke HBI, SCS, kapa SAST bakeng sa ho fumanoa ha boemo bona. Boemong ba bongaka, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba tlalehang matšoao a CSBD ke sehlopha se fapaneng ho kenyeletsoa bakuli ka bobeli ba bonts'a boits'oaro bo sa laoleheng empa bo sithabetsang le bakuli ba tšoanelehang bakeng sa boemo bohle ba bongaka. Boemo bona bo tumellanong le mehlala ea morao-rao e hlahisang mekhoa e 'meli e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: tsela e le' ngoe ea basebelisi ba bonts'ang mathata a 'nete ho laola boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano (ke hore, ts'ebeliso e tlamang) le e' ngoe bakeng sa basebelisi ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo hobane boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano bo ha li tsamaellane le boleng ba bona / boits'oaro / tumelo ea bona (Grubbs, Perry, le al., 2019c; Kraus le Sweeney, 2019). Kahoo, litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello li lokela ho ba hlokolosi ha li lekola bakuli ba tlaleha lipontšo tsa CSBD ho khetholla lipakeng tsa lipontšo tsa bongaka le tsa maemo a tlase tsa boemo bona le ho eletsa mehato e lumellanang ea kelello le / kapa mafu a kelello ho latela boima le litšobotsi tsa setšoantšo sa bongaka (Derbyshire & Grant, 2015; Hook et al., 2014).
Mabapi le boemo ba boemo ba sechaba ba barupeluoa sehlopheng sa CSBD, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore bong le boits'oaro ba tsa thobalano li bohlokoa ponts'ong ea boemo bona, empa ha li bohlokoa ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanoa pele. Ka tloaelo, bafuputsi ba phehile khang ea hore banna ba ne ba le tlokotsing ea ho nts'etsapele CSBD, ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea bona ea thobalano, tsoho le maikutlo a lumellang thobalano e sa reroang (Kafka, 2010; Mckeague, 2014). Moleng ona, Kaplan & Krueger (2010) e khothalelitse hore banna ba emetse bakuli ba 80% ba bakuli ba CSBD. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bafuputsi ba bontšitse hore batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng, haholo banna, ba na le tšekamelo ea ho theha CSBD ka lebaka la boteng ba libaka tse fapaneng tsa thobalano le bothata ba bona ba ho kena leferehong le tloaelehileng (Parsons et al., 2008). Ho ts'ehetsa ntlha ena, lithuto tse fapaneng li fumane ho ata ha batho ba qobelloang ho etsa thobalano ho fihlela ho 30% mehlala ea batho bao e seng ba bong bo fapaneng (Kelly et al., 2009; Parsons et al., 2012) le 51% ho sampole ea banna ba etsang thobalano haholo ba nang le thobalano le banna (MSM) (Parsons, Rendina, Moody, Ventuneac, & Grov, 2015). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Bőthe et al. (2018) re fumane hore banna le basali ba LGBTQ ba na le lintlha tse holimo ho HBI le lits'oants'o tse ling tsa bosodoma. Thutong ea rona, leha bongata ba bankeng ba sehlopha sa CSBD e ne e le banna, karolo e kholo e ne e le basali (30.6% sampoleng 1; 27.2% sampoleng 2). Mabapi le maikutlo a thobalano, ho ata ha basodoma sehlopheng sa CSBD ho ne ho phahame hanyane feela (sampole 1) kapa esita le tlase (sampole 2) ho tse bonoang sehlopheng se seng sa CSBD, athe karolo ea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo le bong sehlopheng sa CSBD e eketsehile feela ka 7.5 le 9.4% ha li bapisoa le sehlopha sa bao e seng CSBD. Ka kakaretso, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ha CSBD ho basali e sa tsotelloe kapa e nahanoa e le ponahatso ea litaba tse ling tsa bongaka, tlhahiso ea eona ho bao e seng batho ba bong bo fapaneng (haholo-holo MSM) e amohetse tlhokomelo e ngata, haholoholo hobane palo e felletseng ea linyeoe tsa CSBD tse emelang (17.5% sampoleng 1; 34% sampoleng 2) e ts'oana kapa e bile e tlase ho feta e emeloang ke basali. Ha ho fanoa ka bohlokoa ba mathata a amanang le CSBD har'a bao e seng batho ba bong bo fapaneng (Rooney, Tulloch, & Blashill, 2018), lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le polelo ea boemo bona sechabeng sena lia hlokahala; leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa hape ho eketsa tsebo ea rona ho etiology, ponahatso, le litšobotsi tsa bongaka tsa CSBD ho basali (Carvalho et al., 2014).
Joalokaha ho nahanoa, liphapang tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa bankakarolo ba nang le CSBD le ntle le eona li fumanoe ponts'ong ea mekhoa e 'meli ea bootsoa. Haholo-holo, barupeluoa ba nang le CSBD e ne e le batho ba batlang maikutlo a thobalano haholo mme ba na le monyetla oa ho tlaleha litloaelo tse eketsehileng tsa boits'oaro. Liphuputso tse fapaneng li fumane ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng khokahano e haufi lipakeng tsa tlamo ea thobalano le ho batla maikutlo a thobalanoKalichman le Rompa, 1995; Klein et al., 2014), empa ho isa moo re tsebang, lena ke lekhetlo la pele moo kamano e hlakileng lipakeng tsa CSBD le erotophilia e tiisitsoeng. Ho batla maikutlo a thobalano le thobalano ho nkoa e le litekanyo tsa botho (Fisher, White, Byrne, & Kelley, 1988; Kalichman le Rompa, 1995): mekhoa e ikemetseng le e tšoarellang e ikemetseng ho tsoa linaheng tse ling tsa nakoana (joalo ka CSBD). Boemong ba thuto, liphuputso tsena li tsamaellana le mofuta oa taolo e habeli, e sisinyang hore CSBD e ka hlaha ka lebaka la kopanyo ea thibelo ea thobalano e fokotsehileng le nyakallo e eketsehileng ea thobalano (e hlophisitsoeng ke likarolo tse joalo ka maikutlo a thobalano a batlang kapa erotophilia) (Bancroft, Graham, Janssen, & Sanders, 2009; Kafka, 2010).
Liphetho tse khahlisang le tsona li hlahile ha re ne re sekaseka boemo ba thobalano ho tsoa ho bankakarolo ba CSBD. Ho fapana le mohopolo oa rona oa mantlha, bankakarolo ba sehlopha sa CSBD ha ba fapana haholo le bao e seng litho tsa CSBD mabapi le boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano. Mohlala oa 1, barupeluoa ba CSBD ba tlalehile palo e phahameng ea balekane ba thobalano, makhetlo a batlang a phahame haholo a thobalano, le ho ata ho eketsehileng ha boitšoaro ba thobalano bo kang ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali kapa botona kapa botšehali. Mohlala oa 2, barupeluoa ba CSBD ba ne ba fapane feela le ba arabelitsoeng bao e seng CSBD mabapi le khafetsa ea thobalano. Liphapang tsena kaofela li fihletse boholo bo nyane feela (d <.50 le V <.30). Ho na le litlhaloso tse fapaneng tse ka bang teng bakeng sa liphapang tsena tse nyane. Ea pele e amana le meeli ka tsela eo boemo ba thobalano bo ileng ba hlahlojoa ka eona. Phuputsong ea rona, boitšoaro ba thobalano bo fumanehang kantle ho naha bo ile ba hlahlojoa ka lits'oants'o tsa bophelo bohle (mohlala, "na o kile oa kopanela liphate?”); hobane CSBD e tloaetse ho ba episodic mme e eketseha ka thata ha nako e ntse e feta (Reid et al., 2012), mekhoa ea tlhahlobo e lokela ho ela hloko liphetoho tsa nakoana tsa boits'oaro ba thobalano (mohlala, “khoeling e fetileng, na u kile ua kopanela liphate?”). Ho tšehetsa tlhaloso ena, Stupiansky et al. (2009) ha a fumana phapang lipakeng tsa basali ba phahameng le ba tlase ho tlamo ea thobalano ha ba ne ba lekola boteng ba bophelo bohle ba thobalano ea molomo, ea ka morao le ea bosaling; leha ho le joalo, liphapang tse kholo li hlahile ha ba botsa ka boits'oaro bona matsatsing a 30 a fetileng. Ntle le moo, litekanyo tsa makhetlo a boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho etsa thobalano ho fapana le ketsahalo ea bona e kanna ea ba sesupo sa CSBD. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka bang teng ke hore liphetoho tsa setso tsa morao-rao tse khothalletsang ho lumella ntho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe le maikutlo a matle ka thobalano e sa reroang (mohlala, "setso sa thobalano") li amme ho ata le khafetsa ha boits'oaro bo fapaneng ba thobalano (Garcia, Reiber, Massey, & Merriwether, 2012), ka hona re pata litlamorao tsa CSBD ho boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano. Qetellong, tlhaloso e 'ngoe e utloahalang ke hore ho fumaneha le ho ata ha li-OSA tse fapaneng ho fetotse tsela ea hore bakuli ba nang le CSBD ba khotsofatse litakatso tsa bona tsa thobalano, ka hona ba khetha hore marang-rang e be ona mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa thobalano. Thutong ea rona, re fumane hore batho ba nang le CSBD ba sebelisitse nako e ngata marang-rang molemong oa thobalano, ba fumane lintlha tse phahameng haholo ka tekanyo e lekolang ho kenella ho fetelletseng le ho ba le mathata ho li-OSA, mme karolo e hlokomelehang (ho feta 50%) e ne e tšoenyehile ka boitšoaro bona mme ba nahana hore ba sebelisitse nako e ngata ho etsa joalo. Maemong ana, liphapang lipakeng tsa barupeluoa ba CSBD le bao e seng CSBD li fihletse boholo bo boholo haholo (d ho fihlela 1.32). Ka kakaretso, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nang le CSBD ba bonts'a khetho e hlakileng bakeng sa li-OSA e le mokhoa oa bona oa thobalano, ho fapana le likamano tsa thobalano tsa 'nete. Liphetho tsena li nyallana le tse tlalehiloeng ke Wéry le al. (2016) ka mohlala oa bakuli ba 72 ba ipolelang e le "makhoba a thobalano". Phuputsong ena, 53.5% ea batho ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate ba bontšitse hore Marang-rang ke ona mokhoa oo ba o ratang haholo oa ho etsa thobalano, ka pele ho 46.5% ba ratang likopano tsa thobalano tsa nnete.
Joalokaha ho tlalehiloe ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng lithutong tse fetileng, barupeluoa ba CSBD lipatlisisong tsa rona ba hlahisitse boemo ba bongaka bo khetholloang ke maemo a holimo a ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo, hammoho le boitšepo bo futsanehileng. Phuputsong ea rona, matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo li lekantsoe ka sekala se fapaneng (BDI le STAI sampoleng ea 1; HADS sampoleng ea 2), ka hona ho tiisa hore liphetho tsena li ne li ikemetse ka sekala se sebelisitsoeng ho metha mefuta ena. Liphetho tsena li hatisa bohlokoa ba ts'ebeliso ea thobalano e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana ka katleho le mathata a ikemiselitseng ho lefella linaha tse sa thabiseng, liketsahalo tse sithabetsang bophelong, kapa boitšepo bo bobe ho batho ba nang le CSBD (Odlaug et al., 2013; Reid et al., 2008; Schultz, Hook, Davis, Penberthy, & Reid, 2014). Boemong ba bongaka, boteng ba mabaka ana a tlokotsi bo fana ka mabaka a ntlafatsang nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e mecha ea kalafo e etselitsoeng ho nts'etsapele maano a taolo ea maikutlo a phetseng hantle ka ho kenella ka kelello.Blycker & Potenza, 2018), kalafo ea boits'oaro, kapa kalafo ea tlhahlobo ea kelello (Efrati & Gola, 2018a). Mabapi le sena, mehato ea kelello e reretsoeng ho khothaletsa maano a taolo ea maikutlo e bonts'a sephetho se ts'episang ho fokotsa matšoao a CSBD (Efrati & Gola, 2018a; Hook et al., 2014).
Meeli le mekhoa ea nakong e tlang
Leha ho bile le liphuputso tse 'maloa tse khahlisang le tsa nalane, thuto ena e ne e lekantsoe ka litsela tse fapaneng. Taba ea mantlha, patlisiso ena e tsamaellana 'me ka hona, u se ke ua sebetsana le hore na CSBD e khetholla ho hlaha ha boemo ba thobalano le ba bongaka bo atisang ho bonoa boemong bona kapa, ho fapana le moo, boteng ba maemo a mang a fetileng a kelello (mohlala, erotophilia e phahameng, ho batla maikutlo a thobalano , kapa mathata a maikutlo) a eketsa ts'oaetso ea ho nts'etsapele CSBD. Taba ea bobeli, ketsahalo ea CSBD e tlalehiloeng phuputsong e kanna ea ba leeme (moea o phahameng) ka lebaka la mokhoa oa rona oa mehlala. Thuto ea pele e ile ea phatlalatsoa e le phuputso ea thobalano; ka hona, batho ba nang le tjantjello e ikhethang ea thobalano (ba nang le tšekamelo ea ho hlaseloa ke CSBD) ba ka emeloa hampe. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bankakarolo ba thuto ea bobeli ba ile ba hiroa ka marang-rang, ba bapatsa thuto eo joalo ka lipatlisiso tsa thobalano. Ntle le moo, patlisiso e ne e fumaneha ntle le mantsoe a ho batla joalo ka "bokhoba ba thobalano", ka hona ea eketsa monyetla oa hore batho ba nang le matšoao a CSBD ba fihletse patlisiso.
Ntle le moo, profil ea CSBD e ile ea khethoa ka lenane la likarolo tse ncha tse tsoang mehatong e ikemetseng ea tlaleho. Lenane lena le entsoe ho latela maemo a nepahetseng le a ts'epahalo a khethollang CSBD (Kafka, 2010; Kraus et al., 2018; Wéry le Billieux, 2017). Leha ho le joalo, leha litlaleho tsa hau li nkuoa e le mokhoa oa ho qala oa ho lekola CSBD, tlhahlobo ea eona e hlile e hloka tlhahlobo e tebileng ea sebopeho sa maemo a mathata a thobalano. Ka lebaka leo, sebakeng sa (kapa ho kopantsoe le) mehato ea ho itlaleha, ts'ebeliso ea lipuisano tse hlophisitsoeng kapa tse hlophisitsoeng tsa bongaka tse shebaneng le boits'oaro bo feteletseng le bo sa laoleheng (mohlala, HD Diagnostic Clinical Interview [HD-DCI]) hangata ho eletsoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea CSBD (Womack et al., 2013). Kahoo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho nahana ka kenyelletso ea phuputso e tebileng ea boteng le ho tiea ha CSBD ka lits'ebetso tse tšepahalang tsa tlhahlobo (mohlala, tse ileng tsa lateloa tekong ea tšimo ea DSM-5 bakeng sa lefu la hypersexual) (Reid et al., 2012).
Nahanisisa
Ho tloha ha ho kenyelletsoa CSBD ho ICD-11, boemo bona ba bongaka bo ntse bo ithutoa ka bophara. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ling lia hlokahala ho netefatsa le ho tiisa liphumano tse teng lebaleng. Ka ho sebelisa mokhoa o tsamaeang le tlhaiso-leseling ka nalane, thuto ena e fana ka leseli la ketsahalo le boits'oaro ba sechaba, thobalano le boemo ba bongaka. E 'ngoe ea liphetho tse bohareng thutong ena ke hore matšoao le matšoao a CSBD a atile sechabeng ka kakaretso, haholo hara banna empa hape le ka bongata ba basali. Hangata batho bana ba bonts'a maemo a phahameng a ho batla ho ts'oara thobalano le erotophilia, ba totobatsa lisosa tse ka bang teng tse hlalosang qalo le tlhokomelo ea ona. Ho latela mohopolo oa rona oa mantlha, batho ba nang le CSBD le ba se nang eona ba batla ba fapane haholo ho latela boits'oaro ba thobalano ntle ho tefo; ka lehlakoreng le leng, batho ba nang le CSBD ba hlahisa OSA e eketsehileng haholo. Tlhahiso ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fumaneha le ho ata ha li-OSA tse fapaneng ho fetotse tsela ea hore bakuli ba CSBD ba khotsofatse litakatso tsa bona tsa thobalano, ba khetha hore marang-rang e be ona o ka sehloohong oa thobalano. Kamora nako, bakuli ba nang le CSBD ba bontšitse matšoao a ho tepella le ho tšoenyeha le ho feta, boitšepo bo futsanehileng.
Mehloli ea lichelete
Phuputso ena e tšehelitsoe ke thuso P1.1B2012-49 le P1.1B2015-82 ea Univesithi Jaume I ea Castellón, APOSTD / 2017/005 ea Lefapha la Lekhotla la Setereke la Thuto, Setso le Lipapali tsa Sechaba sa Valencian, le ho fana ka PSI2011- 27992/11 I 384 ea Lekala la Saense le Ntlafatso (Spain).
Menehelo ea bangoli
RBA le MDGL li kentse letsoho ho rala moralo, ho fumana chelete, le / kapa bookameli ba thuto. RBA, MDGL, JCC, CGG le BGJ ba nkile karolo ho thoneng barupeluoa, ho bokella lintlha, ho sekaseka / ho hlalosa data, le / kapa ho ngola pampiri.
Khohlano ea thahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
| Letšoao | Tlhaloso | Tekanyo | Item |
| Ho lahleheloa ke taolo | ICD-11: Mokhoa o sa feleng oa ho hloleha ho laola litabatabelo tse matla, tse pheta-phetoang tsa thobalano kapa litakatso tse hlahisang boits'oaro bo pheta-phetoang ba thobalano. | HBI | Boitšoaro ba ka ba botona le botšehali bo laola bophelo ba ka. |
| HBI | Litakatso tsa ka tsa thobalano le litakatso tsa ka li ikutloa li le matla ho feta boitsoaro ba ka. | ||
| SCS | Ka linako tse ling ke ba le horny hoo ke neng ke lahleheloa ke taolo. | ||
| SCS | Ke ikutloa hore menahano le maikutlo a thobalano a matla ho mpheta. | ||
| SCS | Ke tlameha ho sokola ho laola menahano le boits'oaro ba ka ba thobalano. | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na u na le bothata ba ho emisa boitšoaro ba hau ba thobalano empa u tseba hore ha boa lokela? | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na u ikutloa u laoloa ke takatso ea hau ea thobalano? | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na o kile oa nahana hore takatso ea hau ea thobalano e matla ho u feta? | ||
| Ho hlokomoloha | ICD-11: Liketso tsa thobalano tse pheta-phetoang li fetoha sepheo sa mantlha sa bophelo ba motho ho isa ntlheng ea ho se tsotelle bophelo bo botle le tlhokomelo ea motho kapa lithahasello tse ling, mesebetsi le boikarabello. DSM-5: Nako e sebelisoang ke litoro tsa thobalano, litakatso kapa boits'oaro bo sitisa khafetsa lipheo tse ling tsa bohlokoa (tseo eseng tsa thobalano), mesebetsi le boitlamo. | HBI | Ke tela lintho tseo ke li batlang bophelong e le hore ke be thobalano. |
| HBI | Menahano ea ka ea thobalano le litoro tsa ka li ntšitisa ho etsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa. | ||
| HBI | Liketso tsa ka tsa thobalano li kena-kenana le likarolo tsa bophelo ba ka, joalo ka mosebetsi kapa sekolo. | ||
| SCS | Ka linako tse ling ke hloleha ho fihlela boitlamo le boikarabello ba ka ka lebaka la boits'oaro ba ka ba thobalano. | ||
| E hloleha ho emisa | ICD-11: Boiteko bo bongata bo sa atleheng ba ho fokotsa haholo boits'oaro ba thobalano. DSM-5: Boiteko bo pheta-phetoang empa bo sa atlehe ba ho laola kapa ho fokotsa haholo litoro tsena tsa thobalano, litakatso kapa boits'oaro. | HBI | Le ha ke itšepisitse hore nke ke ka pheta boitšoaro ba thobalano, ke iphumana ke khutlela ho bona khafetsa. |
| HBI | Boiteko ba ka ba ho fetola boitšoaro ba ka ba thobalano bo hloleha. | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na u se u lekile ho tlohela mofuta oa thobalano mme oa hloleha? | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na u lekile ho emisa likarolo tse ling tsa thobalano? | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na u kile ua utloa ho hlokahala hore u tlohele mofuta o itseng oa thobalano? | ||
| Ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele leha ho na le tšitiso | ICD-11: Ho tsoela pele ka boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano ho sa natsoe litlamorao kapa ho fumana khotsofalo e nyane kapa ho hang DSM-5: Ho etsa boits'oaro khafetsa ha o ntse o hlokomoloha kotsi ea ho intša kotsi 'meleng kapa maikutlong ho uena kapa ho ba bang. | HBI | Ke etsa thobalano eo ke tsebang hore hamorao ke tla ikoahlaela eona. |
| HBI | Ke etsa lintho tsa thobalano tse khahlano le melao le litumelo tsa ka. | ||
| HBI | Leha boitšoaro ba ka ba thobalano bo sa tsotelle kapa bo sa tsotelle, ke thatafalloa ho bo tlohela. | ||
| SCS | Menahano ea ka ea thobalano le boits'oaro li baka mathata bophelong ba ka. | ||
| SCS | Litakatso tsa ka tsa thobalano li sitisitse bophelo ba ka ba letsatsi le letsatsi. | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na o kile oa ikutloa o hlabisoa lihlong ke boitšoaro ba hau ba thobalano? | ||
| TS'ELISO | Ha u etsa thobalano, na u ikutloa u sithabetse kamora moo? | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na ho na le motho ea utloisitsoeng bohloko moeeng ka lebaka la boitšoaro ba hao ba thobalano? | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na boitšoaro ba hau ba thobalano bo kile ba baka mathata ho uena kapa ho ba lelapa la hau? | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na thobalano ea hau e sitisitse bophelo ba lelapa la hau? | ||
| Ho sebetsana le ona | DSM-5 (moelelo oa A2): Ho pheta-pheta likhopolo-taba tsa thobalano, litakatso kapa boits'oaro bo arabelang maemo a maikutlo a bobe (mohlala, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo, ho teneha, ho teneha kapele). DSM-5 (moelelo oa A3): Ho pheta-pheta maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate, litakatso kapa boits'oaro ho arabela liketsahalong tse boima tsa bophelo. | HBI | Ke sebelisa thobalano ho lebala ka matšoenyeho a bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi. |
| HBI | Ho etsa thobalano ho nthusa hore ke se ke ka jeoa ke bolutu. | ||
| HBI | Ke fetohela liketsong tsa thobalano ha ke ba le maikutlo a sa thabiseng (mohlala, ho ferekana, ho hlonama, bohale). | ||
| HBI | Ha ke ikutloa ke se na phomolo, ke ea thobalanong molemong oa ho ikhatholla. | ||
| HBI | Ho etsa thobalano ho nthusa ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo. | ||
| HBI | Thobalano e fana ka tsela ea ho sebetsana le bohloko ba maikutlo boo ke bo utloang. | ||
| HBI | Ke sebelisa thobalano e le mokhoa oa ho leka ho nthusa ho sebetsana le mathata a ka | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na thobalano e bile mokhoa oa ho baleha mathata a hau? | ||
| Ho ameha haholo ka botona le botšehali, le mathata a boithati a thobalano | Bokhoni: "Ha ketsahalo e itseng [thobalano] e fetoha ketso ea bohlokoahali bophelong ba motho mme e laola mohopolo oa hae (litsebo le khopama ea maikutlo), maikutlo (litakatso) le boits'oaro (ho senyeha hoa boits'oaro)" (Griffiths, 2005, leq. 193). | HBI | Ke ikutloa eka boitšoaro ba ka ba thobalano bo nkisa nqa eo ke sa batleng ho ea ho eona. |
| SCS | Ke iphumana ke nahana ka thobalano ha ke le mosebetsing. | ||
| SCS | Ke nahana ka thobalano ho feta kamoo nka ratang. | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na khafetsa u iphumana u phathahane ka menahano ea thobalano? | ||
| TS'ELISO | U utloa eka boitšoaro ba hau ba thobalano ha se ntho e tloaelehileng? | ||
| TS'ELISO | Na u ee u ikutloe u le mobe ka boitšoaro ba hau ba thobalano? |
| Item | Ntlha ea 1 (Tahlehelo ea taolo) | Ntlha ea 2 (Ho hlokomoloha) | Ntlha ea 3 (Ha e khone ho emisa) | Ntlha ea 4 (Ho ntšetsa pele boitlamo) | Ntlha ea 5 (Ho sebetsana ka katleho) | Ntlha ea 6 (Ho tšoenyeha) | |
| Lintlha tse hlophisitsoeng ka bongata (ntlha ea 1) | Boitšoaro ba ka ba botona le botšehali bo laola bophelo ba ka. | 0.56 (0.56) | |||||
| Litakatso tsa ka tsa thobalano le litakatso tsa ka li ikutloa li le matla ho feta boitsoaro ba ka. | 0.68 (0.82) | ||||||
| Ka linako tse ling ke ba le horny hoo ke neng ke lahleheloa ke taolo. | 0.68 (0.81) | ||||||
| Ke ikutloa hore menahano le maikutlo a thobalano a matla ho mpheta. | 0.75 (0.79) | ||||||
| Ke tlameha ho sokola ho laola menahano le boits'oaro ba ka ba thobalano. | 0.74 (0.83) | ||||||
| Na u na le bothata ba ho emisa boitšoaro ba hau ba thobalano empa u tseba hore ha boa lokela? | 0.56 (0.64) | ||||||
| Na u ikutloa u laoloa ke takatso ea hau ea thobalano? | 0.48 (0.58) | ||||||
| Na o kile oa nahana hore takatso ea hau ea thobalano e matla ho u feta? | 0.59 (0.67) | ||||||
| Lintlha tse hlophisitsoeng ka bongata (ntlha ea 2) | Ke tela lintho tseo ke li batlang bophelong e le hore ke be thobalano. | 0.59 (0.69) | |||||
| Menahano ea ka ea thobalano le litoro tsa ka li ntšitisa ho etsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa. | 0.64 (0.68) | ||||||
| Liketso tsa ka tsa thobalano li kena-kenana le likarolo tsa bophelo ba ka, joalo ka mosebetsi kapa sekolo. | 0.71 (0.75) | ||||||
| Ka linako tse ling ke hloleha ho fihlela boitlamo le boikarabello ba ka ka lebaka la boits'oaro ba ka ba thobalano. | 0.75 (0.80) | ||||||
| Lintlha tse hlophisitsoeng ka bongata (ntlha ea 3) | Le ha ke itšepisitse hore nke ke ka pheta boitšoaro ba thobalano, ke iphumana ke khutlela ho bona khafetsa. | 0.71 (0.74) | |||||
| Boiteko ba ka ba ho fetola boitšoaro ba ka ba thobalano bo hloleha. | 0.68 (0.79) | ||||||
| Na u se u lekile ho tlohela mofuta oa thobalano mme oa hloleha? | 0.69 (0.74) | ||||||
| Na u lekile ho emisa likarolo tse ling tsa thobalano? | 0.70 (0.76) | ||||||
| Na u kile ua utloa ho hlokahala hore u tlohele mofuta o itseng oa thobalano? | 0.63 (0.70) | ||||||
| Lintlha tse hlophisitsoeng ka bongata (ntlha ea 4) | Ke etsa thobalano eo ke tsebang hore hamorao ke tla ikoahlaela eona. | 0.60 (0.76) | |||||
| Ke etsa lintho tsa thobalano tse khahlano le melao le litumelo tsa ka. | 0.65 (0.75) | ||||||
| Leha boitšoaro ba ka ba thobalano bo sa tsotelle kapa bo sa tsotelle, ke thatafalloa ho bo tlohela. | 0.55 (0.67) | ||||||
| Menahano ea ka ea thobalano le boits'oaro li baka mathata bophelong ba ka. | 0.56 (0.53) | ||||||
| Litakatso tsa ka tsa thobalano li sitisitse bophelo ba ka ba letsatsi le letsatsi. | 0.64 (0.70) | ||||||
| Na o kile oa ikutloa o hlabisoa lihlong ke boitšoaro ba hau ba thobalano? | 0.75 (0.64) | ||||||
| Ha u etsa thobalano, na u ikutloa u sithabetse kamora moo? | 0.61 (0.50) | ||||||
| Na ho na le motho ea utloisitsoeng bohloko moeeng ka lebaka la boitšoaro ba hao ba thobalano? | 0.61 (0.52) | ||||||
| Na boitšoaro ba hau ba thobalano bo kile ba baka mathata ho uena kapa ho ba lelapa la hau? | 0.54 (0.48) | ||||||
| Na thobalano ea hau e sitisitse bophelo ba lelapa la hau? | 0.56 (0.46) | ||||||
| Lintlha tse hlophisitsoeng ka bongata (ntlha ea 5) | Ke sebelisa thobalano ho lebala ka matšoenyeho a bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi. | 0.66 (0.69) | |||||
| Ho etsa thobalano ho nthusa hore ke se ke ka jeoa ke bolutu. | 0.60 (0.66) | ||||||
| Ke fetohela liketsong tsa thobalano ha ke ba le maikutlo a sa thabiseng (mohlala, ho ferekana, ho hlonama, bohale). | 0.71 (0.79) | ||||||
| Ha ke ikutloa ke se na phomolo, ke ea thobalanong molemong oa ho ikhatholla. | 0.73 (0.77) | ||||||
| Ho etsa thobalano ho nthusa ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo. | 0.67 (0.73) | ||||||
| Thobalano e fana ka tsela ea ho sebetsana le bohloko ba maikutlo boo ke bo utloang. | 0.81 (0.84) | ||||||
| Ke sebelisa thobalano e le mokhoa oa ho leka ho nthusa ho sebetsana le mathata a ka | 0.77 (0.82) | ||||||
| Na thobalano e bile mokhoa oa ho baleha mathata a hau? | 0.63 (0.58) | ||||||
| Lintlha tse hlophisitsoeng ka bongata (ntlha ea 6) | Ke ikutloa eka boitšoaro ba ka ba thobalano bo nkisa nqa eo ke sa batleng ho ea ho eona. | 0.61 (0.58) | |||||
| Ke iphumana ke nahana ka thobalano ha ke le mosebetsing. | 0.60 (0.63) | ||||||
| Ke nahana ka thobalano ho feta kamoo nka ratang. | 0.66 (0.78) | ||||||
| Na khafetsa u iphumana u phathahane ka menahano ea thobalano? | 0.56 (0.58) | ||||||
| U utloa eka boitšoaro ba hau ba thobalano ha se ntho e tloaelehileng? | 0.49 (0.52) | ||||||
| Na u ee u ikutloe u le mobe ka boitšoaro ba hau ba thobalano? | 0.58 (0.67) | ||||||
| Likamano lipakeng tsa lintlha | Ntlha ea 1 (Tahlehelo ea taolo) | ||||||
| Ntlha ea 2 (Ho hlokomoloha) | 0.85 * (0.87 *) | ||||||
| Ntlha ea 3 (Ha e khone ho emisa) | 0.65 * (0.81 *) | 0.72 * (0.75 *) | |||||
| Ntlha ea 4 (Ho ntšetsa pele boitlamo) | 0.90 * (0.87 *) | 0.92 * (0.90 *) | 0.74 * (0.85 *) | ||||
| Ntlha ea 5 (Ho sebetsana ka katleho) | 0.78 * (0.68 *) | 0.60 * (0.69 *) | 0.50 * (0.65 *) | 0.62 * (0.70 *) | |||
| Ntlha ea 6 (Ho tšoenyeha) | 0.94 * (0.94 *) | 0.91 * (0.87 *) | 0.68 * (0.88 *) | 0.90 * (0.95 *) | 0.82 * (0.72 *) |
Hlokomela. Lipalo tsa pele ka seleng ka 'ngoe li tsamaisana le sephetho sa sampole ea 1, athe liphetho tsa sampole ea 2 li masakaneng; *P <0.001.
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