inahaneloang
Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano e fumanehang marang-rang (OSAs) e ka baka leano la ho se sebetse hantle la ts'ebetso le bonts'ang ts'ebeliso e tlamang ea inthanete. Leha ho le joalo, mabaka a itseng a kotsi-a lipatlisiso tse ngata lefapheng la ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka bophara-a fumaneha ha ho sa le bonolo ho ithutoa ka maemo a OSA. Kahoo sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho leka mofuta oa maikutlo ao ho itšepa, ho jeoa ke bolutu le matšoenyeho sechabeng ho khethollang mofuta oa li-OSA tse ratoang le tšebeliso ea tsona e ka ba lekhoba la tsona. Ho fihlela sena, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea inthanete molemong oa banna ba ikhethileng ba neng ba sebelisa li-OSAs khafetsa (N = 209). Liphetho li bontšitse hore boitšepo bo tlase bo amahanngoa le ho jeoa ke bolutu le ho tšoenyeha ho hoholo sechabeng, tse neng li amana hantle le ho kenya letsoho li-OSA tse peli tse ikhethang: ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le ho batla mabitso a amanang le thobalano marang-rang. Ho nka karolo e phahameng mesebetsing ena ea OSA ho ne ho amana le matšoao a tšebeliso e mpe. Liphumano tsena li hatisa bohlokoa ba ho kenella molemong oa kelello ho nka tlhokomelo OSA e ikhethileng ho ntlafatsa seriti le ho fokotsa ho jeoa ke bolutu le matšoao a matšoenyeho a sechaba.
1 SELELEKELA
Ho tloha li-2000 tsa pele, inthanete e se e le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bophelong ba boinotšing le ba botsebi. E 'ngoe ea mesebetsi e amanang haholo le inthanete e amanang le ho etsa thobalano inthaneteng (mohlala, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (livideo le / kapa litšoantšo), ho batla tlhaiso-leseling e amanang le boits'oaro ba thobalano, ho bapala lipapali tsa video tsa thobalano, libaka tsa thobalano le thobalano. li-webcam (Ballester ‐ Arnal, Castro ‐ Calvo, Gil ‐ Llario le Giménez ‐ García 2014; Ross, Månsson, le Daneback, 2012; Wéry le Billieux, 2016). Ho batho ba bangata, ts'ebeliso ea li-OSAs ha e na mathata. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa sehlotšoana sa batho, ho nka karolo ho OSA ho ka fetella mme ho amana le tahlehelo ea taolo le ho senyeha hoa tšebetsong (Albright, 2008; Ballester ‐ Arnal et al., 2014; Grov, Gillespie, Royce, le Lever, 2011).
Kahoo ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hore na hobaneng, ho sehlotšoana sa batho, ts'ebeliso ea li-OSA e ba mathata. Liphuputso tse ngata li bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso e thata ea li-OSA e ka ba leano le sa sebetseng la ho sebetsana ka katleho (Chawla & Ostafin, 2007; Ley, Prause, & Finn, 2014; Moser, 2011, 2013). Maemong a joalo, ho nka karolo ho li-OSA ho kanna ha bontša leano la ho qoba boiphihlelo ba ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho arohana le mehopolo e sa mamelleheng, maikutlo a 'mele le maikutlo a maikutlo (Chawla & Ostafin, 2007). Boithuto bo bong bo bontšitse hore lipakeng tsa 85 le 100% ea batho ba tlalehang boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba thobalano ba na le bonyane lefu le le leng la mafu a kelello le kopaneng (Kafka & Hennen, 2002; Raymond, Coleman, le Miner, 2003; Wéry, Vogelaere, le al., 2016). Ntle le moo, liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore mabaka a mantlha a ho kenella ho li-OSA tse thata ke mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le mathata (ka ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo le boitlhompho), joalo ka tšitiso, kapa e le mokhoa oa ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo (Castro-Calvo, Giménez ‐ García, Gil ‐ Llario, le Ballester ‐ Arnal, 2018; Cooper, Galbreath le Becker,2004; Ross le al., 2012; Wéry le Billieux, 2016).
Liphuputso tsena li tsamaellana le Kardefelt ‐ Winther's (2014a) Tlhahiso ea mathata a amanang le marang-rang a amanang le marang-rang (joalo ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea li-OSA) ka sebopeho sa “puseletso”. Ho ea ka khopolo ena, ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e ka thusa ho fokotsa maemo a nang le mathata le ho etsa lintho tseo u sa li hlokeng bophelong ba 'nete. Le ha ho le joalo, leano lena le ka hlahisa litholoana tse fapaneng tse fapaneng (mohlala, boikoetliso, boiketlo ba motho, bophelo bo amanang le bophelo bo botle) mme ka hona e hlahisa boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho sebetsana le mathata. Ho latela Kardefelt ‐ Winther (2014a), lipatlisiso tse matla tse entsoeng lefapheng la boits'oaro bo fetelletseng ba marang-rang li shebile haholo linthong tse ikhethileng (mohlala, lintho tse feto-fetohang le kelello) ka hona a hloleha ho leka mefuta e felletseng, ho kenyelletsa litlamorao tsa motsamaisi le mokena-lipakeng. Tloaelo e joalo e lebisitse ho khahlolong ea lintlha tse ikhethileng le ho nyenyefatsa lintho tse ling tse ka bang loketseng. Mohlala, thutong e neng e shebane haholo le lipapali tsa inthanete tse ngata, Kardefelt ‐ Winther (2014b) e bonts'itse hore litloaelano tsa bolutu le matšoenyeho a sechaba ka lipapali tsa marang-rang tse feteletseng ha li na thuso ha khatello ea kelello e laoloa bakeng sa. Ho nka mohopolo lipuisanong le / kapa lipuisano lipakeng tsa lintho tse fapaneng ho bohlokoa ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea tšebeliso ea mathata ea li-OSA.
Ho bonahala ho le bohlokoa, ka hona, ho shebisisa lintlha tse ikhethang tsa kotsi (haholo-holo tse amanang le taolo ea maikutlo le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho sebetsana le mathata) tse ka amehang ntlafatsong ea tšebeliso ea mathata ea li-OSA. Haholo-holo, karolo ea boitšepo, bolutu, le matšoenyeho sechabeng — tse tsejoang hore lia sebelisana (bona ka tlase) mme li ithutoe haholo maemong a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e fumanehang hona joale - ha e so fumanehe hajoale. o ithutetse lefapheng la ts'ebeliso ea OSAs (kapa o ithutile ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, joalo ka ha ho khothalelitsoe tlhorong e entsoeng ke Kardefelt ‐ Winther (2014a, 2014b)).
Boithuto bo 'maloa, leha ho le joalo, bo batlisitse lintlha tse tharo tse boletsoeng kaholimo maemong a mathata a boits'oaro ba inthaneteng. Lithuto tsena tsa pejana li bontšitse boitlhompho bo tlase (Aydin & San, 2011; Bozoglan, Demirer, & Sahin, 2013; Kim le Davis, 2009), boemo bo phahameng ba ho jeoa ke bolutu (Bozoglan et al., 2013; Kim, LaRose, le Peng, 2009; Morahan ‐ Martin & Schumacher, 2003; Odaci le Kalkan,2010), le matšoenyeho a sechaba (Caplan, 2007; Kim le Davis, 2009) li amana hantle le tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang ka kakaretso le mathata (lithuto tsena li ne li sa tsepamise maikutlo mesebetsing e meng ea inthanete). Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho batho ba khethiloeng ke bolutu, ho tšoenyeha ka sechaba, le ho se itšepe, khetho ea ho sebelisana le marang-rang e tsoela pele, e tšehetsoa ke litumelo tsa hore inthanete ke sebaka se bolokehileng le se matlafatsang ho feta lefats'e la kantle ho naha, se ka etsahalang. ho kenya letsoho ho feteletseng le ho sa laoleheng (Caplan, 2007; Kim et al., 2009; Morahan ‐ Martin & Schumacher, 2003; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004). Kaplan (2007) e tsepamisitse maikutlo karolong ea bolutu le matšoenyehong a sechaba ka khetho ea marang-rang (ho fapana le sefahleho sa sefahleho) mme e bonts'a hore khetho ena e hlalosoa ke matšoenyeho a sechaba, empa eseng ho jeoa ke bolutu.
Maemong a li-OSA, liphuputso tse 'maloa li sekasekile lihokelo pakeng tsa ho jeoa ke bolutu le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mohlala, Yoder, Virden le Amin (2005) e fumane hore ha motho a qeta nako e ngata a sebelisa Inthanete a sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, o ikutloa a le bolutu le ho feta. Bangoli ba bang ba boetse ba bonts'itse hore basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba nang le bothata ba bolutu ho feta basebelisi ba boithabiso (Bőthe et al., 2018; Butler, Pereyra, Draper, Leonhardt, & Skinner, 2018). Efrati le Gola (2018) e fumane hore bacha ba bonts'ang boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano le bona ba na le bolutu bo phahameng le mesebetsi e amanang le thobalano e fetang e amanang le thobalano. Phuputso ea morao-rao e boetse e bontšitse hore maikutlo a ho jeoa ke bolutu a tsamaisana le khafetsa ea ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa botona le botšehali tsa inthanete har'a banna (Weber et al., 2018). Liphuputso tse ling li tlalehile khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšepo bo fokolang, mme ba 'maloa ba khothalelitse hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e amana hantle le maemo a tlase a boitšepo (Barrada, Ruiz ‐ Gomez, Correa, & Castro, 2019; Sootho, Durtschi, Carroll, & Willoughby, 2017; Kor et al., 2014) le boitlhompho ba thobalano (Noor, Rosser, & Erickson, 2014). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Borgogna, McDermott, Berry le Browning (2020) e bonts'itse hore banna ba itšepahalang ba ne ba khahloa haholo ke litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso (joalo ka tsela ea ho lumellana le ho etsa litšobotsi tsa monna) mme ba na le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Qetellong, leha lithuto tse 'maloa li tlalehile tekanyo e phahameng ea matšoenyeho a sechaba ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo matla (eseng haholo marang-rang; Raymond et al., 2003; Wéry, Vogelaere, et al., 2016), ho entsoe lithuto tse fokolang tse ikhethileng mabapi le OSAs. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ling li bontšitse ho ba teng ha matšoao a matšoenyeho a sechaba ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba nang le bothata (Kor et al., 2014; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, le Grant, 2015). Ho feta moo, liphuputso tse 'maloa li ile tsa fuputsa karolo ea matšoenyeho a sechaba sechabeng se itseng: Batloli ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba inthaneteng. Liphuputso tsena li tlalehile hore matšoenyeho a sechaba a phahame ho bafosi ba inthaneteng ho feta ho batlōli ba bang ba thobalano (Armstrong & Mellor, 2016; Likoloi le Metcalf, 2007; Middleton, Elliott, Mandeville ‐ Norden, & Beech, 2006), e bontšang hore matšoenyeho a sechaba a ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho khopiseng marang-rang (mohlala, Marang-rang a fanang ka mokhoa oa ho lekola thobalano ho ba nang le bothata ba ho sebelisana le batho; Quayle & Taylor, 2003).
Tekanyetso ea bohlokoa ea lithuto tse seng li ntse li le teng, ke hore li batla li shebane feela le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang, athe li-OSA tse fapaneng li teng (joalo ka marang-rang a thobalano, lipapali tsa thobalano tsa 3D, ho batla puisano ka thobalano marang-rang / ntle le marang-rang, kapa ho batla tlhaiso-leseling ka thobalano) tseo lintlha tsena tse tharo tsa kelello li ka 'nang tsa se amehe ka tsela e tšoanang. Mohlala, ho ka nahanoa hore motho ea nang le matšoenyeho a phahameng sechabeng a ka phutholoha haholoanyane ho batla balekane ba thobalano marang-rang (mohlala, ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse ikhethang). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na monyetla hore mefuta eohle ea li-OSA e be le monyetla oa ho ba likhopiso tse mpe, hangata e le ketsahalo e kang ho batla tlhahisoleseling. Kahoo, ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko taba ea heterogeneity ea OSA ha ho tluoa lintlha tsa kelello tse sebelisang mathata.
Thibelo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea lithuto tse seng li le teng ke hore ha ba nahane ka likamano tse rarahaneng lipakeng tsa bolutu, matšoenyeho a sechaba le boitlhompho. Taba ea mantlha, bangoli ba bang ba fumane hore batho ba itšepileng ba na le boits'epo bo tlase mme ha ba phutholohe litšebelisanong tsa sechaba, tse amanang (mme mohlomong tse khothalletsang) bolutu (Çivitci & Çivitci, 2009; Likhopiso, Scholte, Engels, Prinstein, & Wiers, 2012; Kong & Uena, 2013; Olmstead, Guy, O'Malley, le Bentler, 1991; Vanhalst, Goossens, Luyckx, Scholte, & Engels, 2013). Taba ea bobeli, lithuto tse fetileng li bontšitse hore ho itšepa ho tlase ho baka kotsi ea khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng (de Jong, Sportel, De Hullu, & Nauta, 2012; Kim le Davis, 2009; Obeid, Buchholz, Boerner, Henderson, le Norris, 2013). Taba ea boraro, lithuto tse ling li hatelletse khokahano lipakeng tsa matšoenyeho a sechaba le bolutu (Anderson & Harvey, 1988; Johnson, LaVoie, Spenceri, le Mahoney ‐ Wernli, 2001; Lim, Rodebaugh, Zyphur, le Gleeson, 2016). Qetellong lithuto tse ling li khothalelitse hore (1) boitšepo le ho jeoa ke bolutu li profete matšoenyeho a sechaba (Subasi, 2007), (2) boitšepo (empa eseng matšoenyeho a sechaba) e bolela esale pele bolutu (Panayiotou, Panteli, & Theodorou, 2016), le (3) likamano lipakeng tsa boitlhompho le bolutu li hokahantsoe ke matšoenyeho a sechaba (Ma, Liang, Zeng, Jiang, & Liu, 2014). Kahoo, leha mefuta ena e bonahala e amana haufi ebile e teng ka lipuisano tse rarahaneng, ha e e-so be le mohla e kileng ea hlahlojoa ka kopanelo molemong oa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea li-OSA.
Boithuto ba hona joale bo reretsoe ho tlatsa lekhalo ho lingoliloeng ka ho leka mohlala (bona setšoantšo 1) e hokahanyang boitšepo bo tlase, ho tšoenyeha ka sechaba, le ho jeoa ke bolutu ho se ratoang ke OSA (ke hore, mofuta oa OSA o etsoang) mme qetellong o bonts'a matšoao a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tlhekefetso. Re khothalelitse hore (1) boitlhompho bo tlase bo amahanngoa hantle le matšoenyeho a sechaba le bolutu, (2) matšoenyeho a sechaba a amana hantle le ho jeoa ke bolutu (ho nka karolo karolo ea matšoenyeho a sechaba kamanong e lipakeng tsa boitšepo le ho jeoa ke bolutu), (3) lintho tsena li amana hantle le likhetho tsa OSA le ts'ebeliso ea lona ea mathata.
2 TS'EPISO
2.1 Barupeluoa le ts'ebetso
Barupeluoa ba ile ba hapuoa ka liphatlalatso tse rometsoeng ho ts'ebeletso ea melaetsa ea univesithi, liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona le likamano tsa botona le botšehali. Boithuto bona bo ne bo felletsoe feela ho barupeluoa ba banna, kaha banna ba fumanoe ba le makhetlo a 3 ho isa ho a 5 hangata ba sebelisang mathata a ts'ebeliso ea li-OSAs ho feta basali (Ballester ‐ Arnal et al., 2014; Ballester ‐ Arnal, Castro ‐ Calvo, Gil ‐ Llario, & Gil ‐ Julia, 2017; Ross le al., 2012; Wéry le Billieux, 2017). Tlhahlobo e ne e fumaneha inthaneteng ka webosaete ea Qualtrics. Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba fumana leseli mabapi le thuto mme ba fana ka tumello ea bona inthaneteng pele ba qala tlhahlobo. Ho tsebisoa ha karolo ho ne ho netefalitsoe (ha ho na tlhaiso-leseling ea botho kapa aterese ea Protocol ea Inthanete e bokelitsoeng). Ha ho na puseletso e fanoeng bakeng sa ho nka karolo thutong. Protocol eo ea ho ithuta e amohetsoe ke komiti ea boitšoaro ea Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Saense ea Psychological (Université Catholique de Louvain).
Mekgwa ya kenyelletso e ne e le e motona, dilemo tse fetang 18, hape e le sebui sa Sefora sa letsoalloa kapa se phollatsi, hape joalo ka ha ba sebelisitse li-OSA bonyane hang likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng. Phuputso e ithutile litšobotsi tsa sechaba, mokhoa oa ho ja oa li-OSA, matšoao a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea li-OSA, ho jeoa ke bolutu, ho ikhala, le ho tšoenyeha ka sechaba (bona karolo ea Mehato).
Ka kakaretso, barupeluoa ba 209 ba qetile mehato eohle e sebelisitsoeng thutong ea hajoale. Lilemo tsa sampole ea ho qetela e ne e le lilemo tse 18 ho isa ho tse 70 (M = 30.18, SD = 10.65; 77% ea lilemo tse 18 ho isa ho tse 35). Barupeluoa ba tlaetse hore na ba na le lengolo la univesithi ka 55.5%, le hore na ba kamanong (48.3%) mme ba ratana (73.7%; bona Lethathamo) 1).
| litsobotsi | M (SD) kapa% |
|---|---|
| Age | 30.18 (10.6) |
| Education | |
| Ha ho diploma | 1.9 |
| Sekolo sa mathomo | 0 |
| Sekolo se phahameng | 24.9 |
| College | 17.7 |
| University | 55.5 |
| Kamano ea | |
| O masoha (ntle le molekane oa thobalano ea nako le nako) | 27.8 |
| O masoha (le balekane ba bang ba thobalano nako le nako) | 22.5 |
| Kamanong e lulang ka thoko | 31.6 |
| Kamanong e lulang hammoho | 16.7 |
| Other | 1.4 |
| Boikutlo ba thobalano | |
| Heterosexual | 73.7 |
| Ho ratana le ba bong bo tšoanang | 10.5 |
| dikamano tsa | 12 |
| Hake tsebe | 3.8 |
Mehato ea 2.2
Lipampiri tse kenyellelitsoeng phuputsong ea inthaneteng li ile tsa khethoa hore li etelle pele lisebelisoa tse netefalitsoeng le tseo liphetolelo tse hatisitsoeng li leng teng ka Sefora.
Tlhahisoleseling ea litaba tsa sechaba le sechaba e ile ea hlahlojoa mabapi le lilemo, tekanyo ea thuto, boemo ba kamano, le maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate.
Teko ea bokhoba ba marang-rang e khutšoane e sebelisoang liketsong tsa thobalano marang-rang (s ‐ IAT- thobalano; Wéry, Burnay, et al., 2016). Sekala sena se lekanya tšebeliso e thata ea li-OSA. Thobalano ea s-IAT is ke sekala sa lintho tse 12 se lekolang mokhoa oa ts'ebeliso oa ts'ebeliso, ka lintho tse tšeletseng tse lekolang tahlehelo ea taolo le taolo ea nako le lintho tse ling tse tšeletseng tse lekanyang takatso le mathata a sechaba. Lintho tsohle li filoe sekala sa lintlha tse 5 tsa Likert ho tloha "ha ho mohla" ho fihlela "kamehla." Lintlha tse phahameng li supa maemo a phahameng a ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata. Tšepahala kahare (alpha ea Cronbach) ea s-IAT-thobalano sampong ea hajoale e ne e le 0.85 (95% CI = 0.82-0.88).
Sekala sa Matšoenyeho a Sechaba sa Liebowitz (LSAS; Heeren et al., 2012). Sekala sena se lekola tšabo le ho qoba maemo a sechaba le ts'ebetso. LSAS ke sekala sa lintlha tse 24 se fumanoeng sekaleng sa Likert tse 4 ho tloha "ha ho letho" ho ea ho "matla" bakeng sa tšabo e matla, le ho tloha "ha ho mohla" ho isa "hangata" bakeng sa ho qoba maemo. Lintlha tse phahameng li bontša maemo a phahameng a tšabo le ho qoba. Ho tšepahala kahare (alpha ea Cronbach) ea LSAS sampoleng ea hajoale e ne e le 0.96 (95% CI = 0.95-0.97).
Sekhahla sa Rosenberg (RSE; Vallières le Vallerand, 1990). Sekala sena sa lintlha tse 10 se lekanyetsa boitšepo ba hau litekanyetsong tse 4 tsa Likert ho tloha "ke hana haholo" ho "lumela haholo" Lintlha tse phahameng li bontša boits'epo bo phahameng. Re nkile qeto ea ho khutlisa lintho molemong oa ho hlaka ha mohlala. Kahoo, lintlha tse phahameng li supa maemo a tlase a boitšepo. Ho tšepahala kahare (alpha ea Cronbach) ea RSE sampoleng ea hajoale e ne e le 0.89 (95% CI = 0.87-0.91).
UCLA Monyetla oa ho Jeoa ke Bolutu (De Grâce, Joshi, le Pelletier, 1993). Tekanyo ena ea lintho tse 20 e lekanya maikutlo a bolutu le ho itšehla thajana. Lintho tsohle li filoe sekhahla sa likoto tse 4 tsa Likert ho tloha "ha ho mohla" ho isa "khafetsa." Lintlha tse phahameng li supa boemo bo phahameng ba bolutu bo nang le boiphihlelo bophelong. Tšepahala kahare (alpha ea Cronbach) ea UCLA Monyetla oa ho Jeoa ke Bolutu mohlala oa hona joale e ne e le 0.91 (95% CI = 0.89-0.93).
2.3 Leano la ho sekaseka data
Sehlopha sa R (Sehlopha sa Core, 2013Sephutheloana sa Lavaan (Rosseel, 2012) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho kopanya mohlala le ho hakanya paramethara. Moetso oa ho qetela oa moralo o ile oa khethoa ka mokhoa oa mohato ka mohato. Boemong ba pele, mekhatlo e ikhethileng ea OSA e ngoe le ts'ebeliso ea mathata ea li-OSA e ile ea nkuoa e le ho bona hore na ke mesebetsi efe e amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea li-OSA mme ka hona e ile ea khetha likhetho bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ho leka mofuta oa poso. Sebopeho sa mekhatlo e boletsoeng ke mofuta o khothalelitsoeng (Setšoantšo 1) e ile ea hlahlojoa ka tlhahlobo ea tsela ka ho sebelisa lintlha tse le 'ngoe tse hlokometsoeng molemong oa mofuta o mong le o mong o hlahlojoang mohlaleng. Litekanyetso tse lekantsoeng li hakantsoe ka ho sebelisa mokhoa o phahameng oa menyetla 1988). Ho lekola molemo o latelang oa mohlala, re nahane ka R2 ya mofuta o mong le o mong o fapaneng oa tlhaho le boikemisetso bo felletseng ba boikemisetso (TCD; Bollen, 1989; Joreskog le Sorbom, 1996). TCD e bonts'a phello e akaretsang ea mefuta e ikemetseng ea lintho tse fapaneng tse itšetlehileng ka eona, ka TCD e phahameng e bonts'a phapang e hlalositsoeng ke mohlala o boletsoeng (bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea pele ea TCD, bona Kanale et al., 2016, 2019).
3 LITLHAKISO
3.1 Tlhahlobo e hlalosang ea pele
E tlalehiloe ka Lethathamo 2 ke lipalo tse mpe, SDs, skewness, le kurtosis ea s ‐ IAT ‐ thobalano (ho hlahloba matšoao a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea li-OSAs), LSAS (e lekola tšabo le thibelo maemong a boiketlo ba sechaba le ts'ebetso), RSE (ho itlhahloba ho itšepa) Sekala (maikutlo a ho lekola bolutu le ho itšehla thajana).
| Lipotso | M (SD; mefuta) | Skewness | Kurtosis |
|---|---|---|---|
| s ‐ IAT ‐ thobalano | 2.02 (0.70; 1-5) | 0.90 | 0.45 |
| LSAS | 1.89 (0.54; 1-4) | 0.73 | 0.12 |
| CSR | 1.91 (0.63; 1-4) | 0.67 | -0.18 |
| UCLA bolutu tekanyo | 2.09 (0.58; 1-4) | 0.76 | -0.11 |
- Maelefatso: LSAS, Liebowitz Social Anxcare Scale; RSE, Rosenberg Self ‐ tekanyo ea tlhonamo; s ‐ IAT ‐ thobalano, tlhahlobo e khutšoane ea tšebeliso ea inthanete e lekantsoeng liketsong tsa thobalano tse fumanehang marang-rang.
Barupeluoa ba ile ba tlatsa lintho tse amanang le mofuta oa li-OSA tse sebelisitsoeng (bona setšoantšo 2). Litefiso tsa bokhachane li ile tsa beoa motheong oa li-OSA moo morupeluoa a neng a kentse letsoho bonyane hanngoe likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng. OSA e makatsang ka ho fetisisa e ne e le "shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" (96.7%) e lateloa ke "batla likeletso tsa thobalano marang-rang" (59.3%) le "batla tlhahisoleseling ka thobalano" (56.5%).
3.2 Mohato oa 1: Li-OSA li amanang le tšebeliso e mpe ea li-OSA
Ha ho na litaba tsa multicollinearity tse fumanoeng tlhahlobisong ea khatello ea li-multivariate. Mefuta eohle e ikemetseng e na le litekanyetso tsa mamello ea bonyane 0.54 le phapang ea inflation factor (VIF) e ka tlase ho 2.27. Litekanyetso tsa mamello tse fetang 0.02 le tlasa 2.5 bakeng sa li-VIF hangata li nkuoa e le lintlha tse tšepahalang tsa cutoff bakeng sa ho ba sieo ha multicollinearity (Craney & Surles, 2002). Re boetse re its'etlehile ka sebaka sa Cook ho lekola tšusumetso ea maikutlo a motho ka mong ho mofuta oa khatello bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e thata ea li-OSA. Sebaka sa Cook se ne se le tlase ho 1 (Cook & Weisberg, 1982), ka hona ha ho le ea mong oa bankakarolo ea phethisitseng litekanyetso tsa kantle ho naha joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ke sebaka sa Cook. Liphetho li bonts'itse ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (beta = 0.21, p = .002) le ho batla khafetsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse fumanehang marang-rang (beta = 0.24, p = .01) li ne li amana hantle le ho teba ha OSA. Ha ho fanoa ka liphetho tsena, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho batla likamano tsa thobalano marang-rang li ile tsa bolokoa e le likhetho tse lokelang ho kengoa tšebetsong.
3.3 Mohato oa Bobeli: Ho etsa mohlala oa tlhahlobo ea maikutlo
Liphapang tsohle tsa bivariate har'a mefuta e fapaneng ea mohlala li ne li le tseleng e lebelletsoeng (bona Letlapa la S1). Liphetho tse fumanoeng tseleng e sekaseka mofuta oa hypothesized. Boikhohomoso bo tlase bo ne bo amahanngoa le maemo a phahameng a bolutu le matšoenyeho a phahameng sechabeng. Boemo bo holimo ba matšoenyeho a sechaba bo ne bo amahanngoa le maemo a phahameng a ho jeoa ke bolutu, ao ka lehlakoreng le leng a neng a hokahanngoa le ho nka karolo haholoanyane ho li-OSA tse peli tse nahanoang (litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho batla likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa inthanete). Bophahamo bo phahameng ba li-OSA tsena bo ne bo amana le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea li-OSAs, tseo le tsona li neng li hokahane le boits'oaro bo tlase. Liphapang tse kopaneng tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore mohlala o hlahisa karolo ea bohlokoa ea phapano ea ho ithuta, ke hore, 18% ea phapang ea matšoenyeho a sechaba, 45% ho jeoa ke bolutu, 3% litšoantšong tsa bootsoa, 4% ho batla likamano tsa thobalano marang-rang. , le 24% ts'ebetsong ea li-OSA ka mathata. Phapang e felletseng ea kakaretso e hlalositsoeng ke mohlala (TCD = 0.36) e bonts'a ho lekana ha data e hlokometsoeng. Mabapi le boholo ba phello, TCD = 0.36 e tsamaellana le khokahano ea r = .60. Ho latela Cohen's (1988) Litekanyetso tsa moetlo, sena ke boholo bo boholo bo boholo. Ntle le litlamorao tse tobileng tse bontsitsoeng ho Setšoantšo 2, ho itšepa ho boetse ho ne ho e-na le kamano e sa tobang le ho jeoa ke bolutu ka phello ea eona matšoenyehong a sechaba (beta = 0.19, p <.001). Mofuta oa bobeli oa mofuta ona o ile oa hlahlojoa ho lekola boemo ba kamano (bona Setšoantšo sa S1). Mohlaleng ona, phello ea maemo a likamano ho ho batla likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa marang-rang e ile ea nkuoa hloko, hobane ho na le phapang ho latela ho batla likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa marang-rang lipakeng tsa lihlopha (single vs. Kamanong; bona Letlapa la S1).
4 KHOTSO
Kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea mabaka a kelello a amehang ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka ts'ebeliso ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea li-OSA lia hlokahala, ha ho nahanoa ka tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea li-OSA ho bongata ka kakaretso. Leha ho bile le boiteko bo entsoeng ntlheng ena le lithuto tse ngata tse entsoeng lilemong tsa morao tjena, lingoliloeng tse teng lefapheng lena li fane ka meeli ea bohlokoa. Ka hona, sepheo sa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho leka mofuta o kopanyang boitšepo, ho tšoenyeha ka sechaba, le ho jeoa ke bolutu ho mofuta oa li-OSA le matšoao a tšebeliso e mpe ea li-OSA.
Ho ts'ehetsa maikutlo a rona a morao-rao, liphumano tsa hona joale li fane ka bopaki ba sebopeho sa boits'oaro se ikhahamisang se amanang le ho jeoa ke bolutu le ho tšoenyeha ho hoholo sechabeng, moo kamano e lipakeng tsa boitšepo le bolutu e neng e kopantsoe ke matšoenyeho a sechaba. Lintlha tsena li tsamaisana le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le ho batla mabitso a thobalano marang-rang, hammoho le matšoao a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea mathata. Liphumano tsena li lumellana le tsa lithuto tsa pejana tse bonts'itseng hore boitšepo bo tlase bo amahanngoa le ho jeoa ke bolutu (Panayiotou et al., 2016) le ka matšoenyeho a phahameng sechabeng (de Jong, 2002; Obeid et al., 2013), hore likamano lipakeng tsa ho itšepa le ho jeoa ke bolutu li kenngoe ke matšoenyeho a sechaba (Ma et al., 2014), le hore tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e amahanngoa le boitlhompho bo tlase (Barrada et al., 2019;; Brown et al., 2017; Kor et al., 2014), bolutu (Belthe et al., 2018; Butler le al., 2018; Yoder et al., 2005), le matšoao a ho tšoenyeha ka sechaba (Kor et al., 2014;; Kraus et al., 2015). Ho fihla joale, lintlha tsena li ithutoe haholo ka thoko le ka seoelo maemong a OSA. Liphetho tsa boithuto ba hona joale li fana ka kutlwisiso e ntle ea likamano tse rarahaneng lipakeng tsa lintho tsena tse fapaneng. Seo re se fumaneng, leha e le sa nakoana feela, se lumellana le maikutlo a hore boitšepo bo tlase bo ka baka sesosa sa ho tšoenyeha ho hoholo sechabeng le bolutu. Tlas'a maemo a joalo, le ho latela ts'ebetso e tlamang ea sebopeho sa inthanete (Kardefelt ‐ Winther, 2014a), batho ka bomong ba na le monyetla oa ho bonts'a khetho ea botona le botšehali inthaneteng le tšebeliso ea litlolo.
Ntle le moo, har'a li-OSA tse lekiloeng thutong ea hona joale, ke tse peli feela tse ileng tsa amana le tšebeliso ea mathata: ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho batla likamano tsa thobalano marang-rang. Liphetho tsena li ipapisitse le tsa lithuto tsa pejana tse bonts'itseng hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke tsona tse nang le bothata ho feta OSA ho banna (Ross et al., 2012; Wéry le Billieux, 2016). Ho feta moo, lithuto tse 'maloa tse fetileng li ile tsa hatisa hore thobalano inthaneteng le basebelisi ba bang le eona ke ketso e etsahalang khafetsa ho banna le hore OSA ena e na le monyetla oa ho ba mathata le ho baka litlamorao tse mpe tse totobetseng (Daneback, Cooper, & Månsson, 2005; Döring, Daneback, Shaughnessy, Grov, le Byers,2017; Molemo, McCormick, & Evans, 2001; Wéry le Billieux, 2016). Ho feta moo, sephetho sa hona joale se fana ka maikutlo a hore boemo ba likamano bo bapala karolo ea mofuta oa ts'ebeliso ea OSA. Boemo ba likamano ha boa ka ba fumanoa bo ama tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa empa bo hlahile bo ama ho batla ha likamano tsa botona le botšehali marang-rang, bo lumellanang le sephetho se fumanoeng thutong e fetileng ke Ballester ‐ Arnal et al. (2014). Sephetho sena se kanna sa bakoa ke taba ea hore li-OSA tse ling — hangata li batla balekane ba thobalano marang-rang li nkuoa e le bopaki ba ho se tšepahale 'me kahoo li sa etsoe ke batho ba kamanong ea lerato (Ballester ‐ Arnal et al., 2014; E tšoeu, 2003). Seo re se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang bakeng sa thobalano e ikemiselitsoe ka bongata mme ho bohlokoa hore lipatlisiso tse ling li hlophisehe ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho latela likamano tse amanang le thobalano tse etselitsoeng inthaneteng (bakeng sa mabaka a tšoanang, bona le Barrada et al. 2019; Boikhohomoso, Fudge, & Byers, 2017). Liphetho tsa hona joale li totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le li-OSA tse fapaneng ntle le ho nahana feela ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang, joalo ka ha ho le joalo lefapheng lena la lipatlisiso.
Haholo-holo, mesebetsi ena e 'meli e bolokiloe mehlala ea rona (ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho batla likamano tsa thobalano inthaneteng) e ts'ehetsa maikutlo a hore litšobotsi tsa li-OSA li bohlokoa ho hlaloseng tšebeliso ea tsona e ka bang le mathata. Ehlile, ho se tsejoe ho fanoeng ke inthanete ho e etsa sebaka se ikhethileng sa ho lekola thobalano kantle ho kahlolo ea sechaba (Cooper, Scherer, Boies, & Gordon, 1999). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, liphetho tsa rona li ka hlalosoa ketsahalo ea inthanete ea disinhibition, ke hore, ho fokotseha ha matšoenyeho mabapi le ho itlhahisa le kahlolo ea ba bang (Suler, 2004). Ka kakaretso, botebo ba 'mele le ho se tsejoe tse fanoang ke inthanete li hlahisa mohopolo oa tšireletseho o eketsang matšeliso nakong ea likamano tse ntle le balekane ba ka bang teng (Daneback, 2006). Ho joalo, liphuputso tse 'maloa li tlalehile hore batho ba nang le litšobotsi tsena ba khetha ho khetha marang-rang ho fapana le ho sebelisana ntle le marang-rang (Caplan, 2007; Lee & Cheung, 2014; Steinfield, Ellisonthose, & Lampe, 2008; Valkenburg le Peter, 2007). Liphetho tsena tse fetileng li tsamaisana le matšeliso a sechaba (Kardefelt ‐ Winther, 2014a), e fanang ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nang le boiphihlelo bo bobe ba ho phela sechabeng ba tloaetse ho etsa khetho ea litšebelisano tsa inthanete; boithuto ba hajoale bo fana ka maikutlo a hore sena se ka sebetsa le litabeng tsa thobalano. Ho a khonahala ho hakanya hore mekhahlelo ea pele, ts'ebeliso ea li-OSA e tla eketsa boitšepo ka mokhoa o phethahetseng mme e fokotse matšoenyeho a sechaba le bolutu. Phello e joalo, mohlala, e hlahisitsoe ke Shaw le Gant (2002), ea fumaneng hore ho nka karolo moqoqong oa inthanete ho lebisa ho fokotseha hoa bolutu le matšoao a nyahamisang le ho eketseha hoa boitšepo le ho lemoha tšehetso ea sechaba. Leha ho le joalo, ka nako le ts'ebetso e lokisang boits'oaro, ho a khonahala ho lebella hore ts'ebeliso ea li-OSA e ka ba ea bohlokoa le ho baka litlamorao tse mpe (Caplan, 2007), e fella ka ho itšepa seriti le ho eketsa ho itšehla thajana le matšoenyeho a sechaba. Ka boomo, ho tsoelapele ho sebelisa marang-rang bakeng sa boitšoaro ba thobalano ho bolela ho qoba maemo a nnete a bophelo bo botle, a ka eketsang le ho feta taba ea thobalano.
Boithuto ba hona joale bo hlahisa meeli. Taba ea pele, mohlala o ne o le mosesane 'me o ikhethile,' me sebopeho sa ona le boemeli ba oona li beha litholoana tse akaretsang. Le ha ho le joalo, boholo ba sampole (N = 209) e ka nkuoa e lekane bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa tsela e sebelisitsoeng mona, ho netefatsa matla a lipalo a khotsofatsang (Bentler & Chou, 1987; Kline, 2005; Quintana le Maxwell, 1999). Taba ea bobeli, ha rea kenyelletsa mehato ea boits'oaro ba thobalano bo fumanehang kantle ho naha, e leng se bolelang hore tlhaloso ea liphetho tsa rona e ipapisitse le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'oaetso ea inthaneteng e lula e le likhopolo-taba. Taba ea boraro, thuto ea hajoale e ne e khannoa feela ho banna, ha ho hlokahala ho fumana lithuto tsa nako e tlang tse amanang le basali. Ho joalo, lithuto tsa pejana li hatelletse phapang ea bong ho li-OSA li sebelisa likhetho (mohlala, basali ba tloaetse ho khetha li-OSA tse kenang tse kang puisano ea thobalano athe banna ba rata ho khetha li-OSA ho kenyeletsoa litaba tsa pono tse kang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, bona Green, Carnes, Carnes, & Weinman, 2012; Cooper et al., 2003; Schneider, 2000). Liphuputso tsa nako e tlang tse amanang le bong ka bobeli lia hlokahala ho holisa liphetho tsa hajoale. Ea bone, e kanna eaba litlhaloso tse ling tse sa buuoang pampiring ea hajoale li hlalositse mekhoa ea mokhatlo e fumanoeng. Mohlala, khopolo ea boits'oaro ea boits'oaro (Grubbs & Perry, 2019) e fana ka maikutlo a hore basebelisi ba bang ba nahana hore li-OSA li fosahetse (mohlala, maemong a bolumeli kapa a boitšoaro), empa li li etse ka tsela efe kapa efe, eo qetellong e khothalletsang matšoao a maikutlo le ho nyenyefatsa boitlhompho. Kahoo ho tla etsoa lithuto tsa nako e tlang bakeng sa ho leka mekhoa ena e meng ea theoretical. Ya bohlano, thuto ea rona e ne e ipapisitse le mehato e itirileng ea ho itlhahisa 'me e ka fokotsoa ke karabelo le ho hopola leeme. Kamora nako, thuto e sebelisitse moralo oa sefapano se neng se sa re lumelle hore re leke mohlala ka nako. Ntlha ena ea morao-rao e bohlokoa hobane e kanna ea ba e ka nahanoang haholo ho leka tšebeliso ea maikutlo eo Li-OSA tse sebelisang e bolela esale pele ka ho jeoa ke bolutu le ho itšepa. Ka hona lithuto tsa nako e telele li hlokahala ho netefatsa lintlha tse thehiloeng lipuisanong tsa rona le ho netefatsa karolo ea lintlha tsa thuto ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka ts'ebeliso ea mathata ea li-OSA.
Leha e na le meeli, thuto ena e kenya letsoho tsebong mabapi le likamano lipakeng tsa boitšepo, bolutu, le matšoenyeho a sechaba ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea li-OSAs ho banna. Mabapi le liphetho tsena, boitšepo bo ntlafalitsoeng le matšoao a fokotsehileng a ho jeoa ke bolutu e tla ba litefiso tse hlakileng tsa ho kena lipakeng maikutlong ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa ba batlang mabitso a amanang le thobalano marang-rang.
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