Phihlelo ea "Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso": Tlhatlhobo ea boleng ba likoranta tsa ho ithiba sethaleng sa inthanete sa bootsoa (2021)

Tlhaloso: Pampiri e babatsehang e sekaseka liphihlelo tse fetang 100 tsa ho qala bocha le ho totobatsa seo batho ba se etsang liforumeng tsa ho hlaphoheloa. E hanyetsa mashano a mangata mabapi le liforamo tsa ho hlaphoheloa (joalo ka bosaoana hore kaofela ha bona ke balumeli, kapa ba fetelletseng ka ho boloka peo ea botona, joalo-joalo)

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Arch Sex Behav. 2021 Pherekhong 5.

David P Fernandez  1 Daria J Kuss  2 Mark D Griffiths  2

PMID: 33403533

DOI: 10.1007 / s10508-020-01858-w

inahaneloang

Palo e ntseng e hola ea batho ba sebelisang liforamo tsa inthanete ba leka ho qoba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (tse bitsoang "ho qala bocha") ka lebaka la mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Boithuto ba hajoale ba boleng bo hlahlobile boiphihlelo bo makatsang ba ho ithiba hara litho tsa foramo ea "ho qala bocha" inthaneteng. Kakaretso ea likoranta tse 104 tsa ho ithiba tse etsoang ke litho tsa liboka tsa banna li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka tatellano ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo e hlakileng. Kakaretso ea lihlooho tse 'ne (tse nang le lihloohoana tse robong) li hlahile boitsebisong: (1) ho ithiba ke tharollo ea mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, (2) ka linako tse ling ho ithiba ho bonahala ho le thata, (3) ho ithiba ho ka fumaneha ka lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng, le (4) ho ithiba hoa putsa haeba ho phehelloa ka. Mabaka a mantlha a litho a ho qala "ho qala bocha" a kenyelletsa ho lakatsa ho hlola ho lemalla ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le / kapa ho fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe tse bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​haholo mathata a thobalano. Ho atleha le ho boloka bohloeki ka nepo ho ne ho ba thata haholo ka lebaka la mekhoa e tloaetsoeng ea boits'oaro le / kapa litakatso tse bakiloeng ke bongata ba lits'oants'o tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​empa motsoako oa kahare (mohlala, maano a boits'oaro) le kantle (mohlala, sechaba support) lisebelisoa tse entseng hore litho tse ngata li khone ho ithiba. Melemo e mengata e hlahisoang ke ho ithiba ke litho e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ila litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e kanna ea ba thuso e ntle bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, leha lithuto tse lebelletsoeng nakong e tlang li hlokahala ho hlakola litlhaloso tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa litlamorao tsena le ho lekola ka matla ho ithiba e le ho kenella. . Liphuputso tsa hajoale li fana ka leseli la hore na boiphihlelo ba "ho qala bocha" bo joang ho latela maikutlo a litho mme bo fana ka leseli la ho ithiba e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Keywords: Ho ithiba; Bokhoba; PornHub; Ditshwantsho tse di hepisang; Ho se sebetse ka thobalano; "Ho qala bocha".

Selelekela

Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke ntho e tloaelehileng lefats'eng le tsoetseng pele, ka lipatlisiso tse emelang naha ka bophara tse bonts'a hore 76% ea banna le 41% ea basali ba Australia ba tlalehile ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa selemong se fetileng (Rissel et al., 2017), Le hore 47% ea banna le 16% ea basali ba US ba tlalehile ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa kapa khoeli le khoeli (Grubbs, Kraus & Perry, 2019a). PornHub (e 'ngoe ea liwebosaete tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) ba tlaleha tlhahlobisong ea bona ea selemo le selemo hore ba etetsoe ke limilione tse likete tse 42 ho 2019, ka karolelano ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea maeto a limilione tse 115 ka letsatsi (Pornhub.com, 2019).

Mathata a Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa

Ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​litlamorao tse mpe tse ka bang teng kelellong ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e bile taba ea ho eketsa tlhokomelo ea mahlale lilemong tsa morao tjena. Bopaki bo fumanehang ka kakaretso bo bontša hore leha bongata ba batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ka etsa joalo ntle le ho ba le litlamorao tse mpe, basebelisi ba bang ba ka ba le mathata a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics , 2020; Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2017).

Bothata bo bong bo ka sehloohong ba ho itseba bo amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo sebelisa lipontšo tse amanang le bokhoba ba tahi. Matšoao ana ka kakaretso a kenyelletsa ho holofala ha taolo, ho ba le mohopolo o feteletseng, ho lakatsa, ho sebelisoa e le mokhoa o sa sebetseng oa ho sebetsana le mathata, ho tlohela, mamello, khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le ts'ebeliso, ho senyeha ha tšebetso, le ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe (mohlala, B etthe et al., 2018; Kor et al., 2014). Ho sebelisa bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (PPU) hangata ho nahanoa hore lingoliloeng ke boitšoaro bo hlephileng leha "ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro" li sa nkuoe e le bothata (Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019). Leha ho le joalo, Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO) haufinyane o kenyellelitse ts'oaetso ea bokhoba ba boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate (CSBD) joalo ka bothata ba taolo ea tšusumetso molemong oa leshome le motso o mong oa Kemiso ea Machaba ea Maloetse (ICD-11; Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2019), e leng tlasa ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore lipatlisiso (Grubbs & Perry, 2019; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2019b) e bonts'itse hore maikutlo a hau a ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro a kanna a se ke a bontša mokhoa o hlephisang boitšoaro kapa oa ho qhekella oa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mohlala o hlalosang mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (Grubbs et al., 2019b) o khothalelitse hore leha batho ba bang ba ka ba le mofuta oa 'nete oa taolo e senyehileng kamanong le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​batho ba bang ba kanna ba inahana ba lemaletse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lebaka la boits'oaro bo hlephileng (ho se na mokhoa oa' nete oa taolo e senyehileng). Boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo etsahala ha motho a hana litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro leha ho le joalo a sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho fella ka ho se lumellane pakeng tsa boitšoaro le litekanyetso tsa bona (Grubbs & Perry, 2019). Ts'oaetso ena e kanna ea lebisa tlhokomelong ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa (Grubbs et al., 2019b). Leha ho le joalo, hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore mofuta ona ha o fane ka monyetla oa hore ho se ts'oanehe ha boitšoaro le taolo e senyehileng ea 'nete li ka ba teng ka nako e le ngoe (Grubbs et al., 2019b; Kraus le Sweeney, 2019).

Patlisiso e boetse e bonts'itse hore basebelisi ba bang ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ka fumana mathata a bona a sebelisa mathata ka lebaka la litlamorao tse mpe tse bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009). PPU e boetse e boletsoe lingoliloeng e le ts'ebeliso efe kapa efe ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse bakang mathata a batho ka bomong, a mosebetsi oa matsoho kapa a motho ka mong (Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015). Patlisiso mabapi le litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e bontšitse hore batho ba bang ba tlaleha hore ba na le khatello ea maikutlo, mathata a maikutlo, ho fokotsa tlhahiso, le likamano tse senyehileng ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Schneider, 2000). Le ha mekhatlo e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le likotsi tsa thobalano hangata e sa tsejoe (bona Dwulit & Rzymski, 2019b), Litlamorao tse mpe tse itlhahisang molemong oa ts'ebeliso ea thobalano le tsona li tlalehiloe ke basebelisi ba bang ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho kenyeletsoa mathata a erectile, ho fokotsa takatso ea thobalano e arohaneng, ho fokotsa khotsofalo ea thobalano, le ho its'etleha litabeng tsa bootsoa nakong ea thobalano le molekane (mohlala, Dwulit & Rzymski , 2019a; Kohut, Fisher, le Campbell, 2017; Sniewski le Farvid, 2020). Bafuputsi ba bang ba sebelisitse mantsoe a kang "ts'oaetso ea" porno "e bakileng" erectile "(PIED) le" litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro-li bakile libido e tlase ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang "ho hlalosa mathata a itseng a thobalano a bakoang ke tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Park et al., 2016).

Ho ithiba litabeng tsa bootsoa e le ho kenella mathateng a litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro

Mokhoa o mong o tloaelehileng oa ho sebetsana le PPU o kenyelletsa ho leka ho qoba ka botlalo ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Boholo ba lihlopha tsa mehato e 12 tse ikamahantsoeng le boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano li tloaetse ho buella mokhoa oa ho ithiba ho mofuta o itseng oa boitšoaro ba thobalano o leng bothata ho motho ka mong, ho kenyeletsoa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Efrati & Gola, 2018). Nakong ea lits'ebetso tsa bongaka tsa PPU, ho itlopa joala ho khethoa ke basebelisi ba bang ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le sepheo sa ho kenella e le mokhoa o mong oa phokotso / lipheo tsa ts'ebeliso (mohlala, Sniewski & Farvid, 2019; Tse pedi & Crosby, 2010).

Liphuputso tse ling tse fokolang tsa pejana li bontšitse hore ho ka ba le melemo ea ho qoba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Liphuputso tse tharo tse ileng tsa leka ho ithiba litšoantšong tsa bootsoa mecheng eo e seng ea bongaka li bontša hore ho ka ba le litlamorao tse ntle ho nako ea nakoana (libeke tse 2-3) ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Fernandez, Kuss, & Griffiths, 2020), Ho kenyelletsa boitlamo bo boholo ba kamano (Lambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, & Fincham, 2012), theolelo e liehang ho fokotseha (ke hore, ho bontša khetho ea meputso e menyenyane le e potlakileng ho fapana le ho fumana meputso e meholo empa hamorao; Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016), le temohisiso ea mekhoa e tlamang ea boitšoaro ba motho (Fernandez, Tee, & Fernandez, 2017). Hape ho bile le litlaleho tse 'maloa tsa bongaka moo basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba kopiloeng ho qoba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea thobalano e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho kenyelletsa le takatso e tlase ea thobalano nakong ea thobalano e arohaneng (Bronner & Ben-Zion, 2014), ho se sebetse ha erectile (Park et al., 2016; Porto, 2016), Le bothata ba ho fihlela mokhelo nakong ea thobalano e arohaneng (Porto, 2016). Maemong a mangata, ho ila litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho felletse ka phomolo ho tsoa ts'ebetsong ea thobalano. Ka kakaretso, liphuputso tsena li fana ka bopaki ba pele ba hore ho ithiba e ka ba thuso e ntle bakeng sa PPU.

Mokhatlo oa "Rebooting"

Haholo-holo, lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, ho bile le mokhatlo o ntseng o hola oa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba sebelisang liforamo tsa inthanete (mohlala, NoFap.com, r / NoFap, Reboot Nation) ho leka ho qoba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lebaka la mathata a bakoang ke tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Wilson, 2014, 2016).Mongolo oa sehlooho 1 "Ho qala bocha" ke polelo e sebelisoang haholo ke sechaba sena e bolelang mokhoa oa ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ka linako tse ling ho tsamaisana le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali kapa / kapa ho ba le monko o monate oa nakoana) molemong oa ho hlaphoheloa litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ( Khopolo, 2014b; NoFap.com, nd). Ts'ebetso ena e bitsoa "ho qala bocha" ho kopanya litšoantšo tsa boko bo khutliselitsoeng ho "li-setting" tsa pele tsa fektheri (ke hore, pele ho litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; 2014b; NoFap.com, nd). Liforamu tsa inthanete tse nehetsoeng ho "rebooting" li thehiloe khale ho 2011 (mohlala, r / NoFap, 2020) mme setho ho liforamo tsena se ntse se hola ka potlako ho tloha ka nako eo. Mohlala, e 'ngoe ea liforamo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa puo ea Senyesemane "rebooting", subreddit r / NoFap, e ne e na le litho tse ka bang 116,000 ka 2014 (Wilson, 2014), 'me palo ena e se e hola ho feta litho tse 500,000 ho tloha ka 2020 (r / NoFap, 2020). Leha ho le joalo, se sa ntseng se lokela ho rarolloa ka nepo ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa boqhekelli ke mathata a ikhethileng a khannang palo e ntseng e eketseha ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa liforomong tsena ho qoba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa qalong, le hore na boiphihlelo ba "ho qala" litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo joang ho batho bana .

Lithuto tsa pejana tse sebelisang mefuta e fapaneng ea mehlala li ka fana ka leseli la sepheo le boiphihlelo ba batho ba lekang ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le / kapa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. Mabapi le mabaka a ho ithiba, ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bonts'itsoe hore ho tsamaisoa ke takatso ea boits'oaro ba thobalano thutong ea boleng ba banna ba Bakreste (ke hore, Diefendorf, 2015), ha thuto ea boleng bo holimo ea banna ba Mataliana sethaleng sa ho hlaphoheloa sa "ho itšetleha ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro" e bontšitse hore ho ithiba litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ho susumetsoa ke maikutlo a ho lemalla joala le litlamorao tse mpe tse bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho kenyeletsoa ts'oaetso ea sechaba, mosebetsi le thobalano (Cavaglion , 2009). Mabapi le moelelo o amanang le ho ithiba, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea boleng ba lipale tsa ho hlaphoheloa ha bootsoa ba banna ba bolumeli e bontšitse hore ba sebelisitse bolumeli le mahlale ho utloisisa moelelo oa bona oa ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le hore ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bakeng sa banna bana ho ka ba teng e tolokoa e le ketso ea "bonna bo lopollang" (Burke & Haltom, 2020, leq. 26). Mabapi le maano a ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho ithiba litšoantšong tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, liphuputso tse tsoang lithutong tse tharo tsa boleng ba banna ba tsoang maemong a fapaneng a ho hlaphoheloa, litho tse boletsoeng pejana tsa inthanete tsa inthanete (Cavaglion, 2008), litho tsa lihlopha tsa mehato e 12 (Ševčíková, Blinka, & Soukalová, 2018), Le banna ba Bakreste (Perry, 2019), Bontša hore kantle le ho sebelisa maano a sebetsang, batho bana ba ne ba lemoha hore ho fana ka tšehetso ho ba bang kahare ho lihlopha tsa bona tsa ts'ehetso ho thusitse bokhoni ba bona ba ho lula ba sa itšepe. Phuputso ea haufinyane ea banna ba tsoang ho subreddit r / EveryManShouldKnow (Zimmer & Imhoff, 2020) o fumane hore ts'usumetso ea ho ithiba ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali e ile ea boleloa esale pele ke phello e lemohuoang sechabeng ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, maikutlo a ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho se na bophelo bo botle, ho fokotsa kutloisiso ea thobalano, le karolo e le 'ngoe ea boitšoaro ba bosodoma (ke hore, dyscontrol). Le ha e le bohlokoa, liphuputso tse tsoang liphuputsong tsena li na le moeli phetisong ea bona ho basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro kajeno e le karolo ea mokhatlo "oa ho qala bocha" hobane ba lilemo tse fetang leshome, pele mokhatlo o hlaha (ke hore, Cavalgion, 2008, 2009), hobane li ne li hlophisitsoe hantle kahare ho mehato e 12 ea ho hlaphoheloa (Ševčíková et al., 2018) kapa moelelo oa bolumeli (Burke & Haltom, 2020; Diefendorf, 2015; Perry, 2019), kapa hobane barupeluoa ba ile ba thaothisoa ho tsoa foramong e seng ea "ho qala bocha" (Zimmer & Imhoff, 2020; bona hape Imhoff & Zimmer, 2020; Osadchiy, Vanmali, Shahinyan, Mills, le Eleswarapu, 2020).

Ho bile le patlisiso e nyane ea tatellano ea boits'oaro le boiphihlelo har'a basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa liforomong tsa "ho qala bocha" inthaneteng, ntle le lithuto tse peli tsa morao tjena. Thuto ea pele (Vanmali, Osadchiy, Shahinyan, Mills, & Eleswarapu, 2020) o sebelisitse mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea puo ea tlhaho ho bapisa melaetsa ho r / NoFap subreddit (foramo ea "ho qala bocha") e neng e na le mongolo o amanang le PIED (n = 753) ho li-post tse sa (n = 21,966). Bangoli ba fumane hore leha lipuisano ka bobeli tsa PIED le tseo e seng tsa PIED li na le lihlooho tse amanang le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa likamano, kamano e haufi le tšusumetso, lipuisano tsa PIED feela li hatelletse lihlooho tsa matšoenyeho le libido. Hape, lipapatso tsa PIED li na le "mantsoe a sa lumellaneng" a fokolang, a fana ka maikutlo a "mokhoa oa ho ngola o tiisitsoeng haholoanyane" (Vanmali et al., 2020, leq. 1). Liphuputso tsa phuputso ena li fana ka maikutlo a hore matšoenyeho le matšoenyeho a batho ka bomong ba liforumong tsa "ho qala bocha" a ikhethile ho latela bothata bo ikhethileng bo amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le hore lipatlisiso tse ling li hlokahala ho utloisisa hamolemo mabaka a fapaneng a batho ba sebelisang liforamo tsena. . Ea bobeli, Taylor le Jackson (2018) o entse tlhahlobo ea boleng ba li-post ke litho tsa r / NoFap subreddit. Leha ho le joalo, sepheo sa thuto ea bona e ne e se ho shebana le boiphihlelo ba litho tsa boits'oaro, empa e ne e le ho sebelisa lense e hlokolosi ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea lipuo, ho bontša kamoo litho tse ling li sebelisitseng "lipuo tse loketseng tsa bonna ba tlhaho le tlhoko ea" thobalano ea 'nete "ho lokafatsa ho hanela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ”(Taylor & Jackson, 2018, leq. 621). Le ha litlhahlobo tse hlokolosi joalo li fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mehopolong ea litho tse ling tsa foramo, litlhahlobo tsa boiphihlelo tsa boiphihlelo ba litho tse "fanang ka lentsoe" liponong le moelelo oa tsona le tsona lia hlokahala (Braun & Clarke, 2013, leq. 20).

Thuto ea Hona joale

Ka hona, re ile ra batla ho tlatsa lekhalo lena ho lingoliloeng ka ho etsa tlhahlobo ea boleng bo botle ba boiphihlelo ba boits'oaro har'a litho tsa foramo ea "ho qala bocha" inthaneteng. Re ile ra sekaseka likoranta tsa 104 tsa boithaopo ke litho tsa banna ba foramo ea "ho qala bocha" re sebelisa tlhahlobo e hlakileng, re sebelisa lipotso tse tharo tse batsi tsa lipatlisiso ho tataisa tlhahlobo ea rona: (1) sepheo sa litho tsa ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke sefe? le (2) boiphihlelo ba ho ithiba bo joang ho litho? le (3) li utloahala joang ka maiphihlelo a bona? Lintho tse fumanoeng thutong ea hajoale li tla ba molemo ho bafuputsi le lingaka ho fumana kutloisiso e tebileng ea (1) mathata a ikhethileng a khannang palo e eketsehang ea litho ho liforamu tsa "ho qala bocha" ho qoba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tse ka tsebisang khopolo ea bongaka ea PPU; le (2) hore na boiphihlelo ba "ho qala bocha" bo joang ho litho, tse ka tataisang nts'etsopele ea kalafo e sebetsang bakeng sa PPU le ho tsebisa kutloisiso ea ho ithiba e le mokhoa oa PPU.

Method

Lihlooho

Re bokelitse data ho tsoa foramong ea "rebooting" ea inthanete, Reboot Nation (Reboot Nation, 2020). Reboot Nation e thehiloe ka 2014, mme ka nako ea pokello ea data (Phupu 2019), foramo e ne e na le litho tse fetang 15,000 tse ngolisitsoeng. Ho file ea Reboot Nation homepage, ho na le lihokela tsa livideo tsa tlhaiso-leseling le lingoloa tse hlalosang litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho hlaphoheloa litlamorao ka "ho qala bocha". Ho ba setho se ngolisitsoeng sa Reboot Nation foramo, motho ka mong o hloka ho theha lebitso la mosebelisi le phasewete mme a fane ka aterese e nepahetseng ea lengolo tsoibila. Litho tse ngolisitsoeng li ka qala hang-hang ho foramo. Sethala sena se fana ka sethala bakeng sa litho tsa ho hokahana le ho buisana ka ho hlaphoheloa mathateng a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, ho arolelana tlhaiso-leseling e thusang le maano a "ho qala bocha" kapa ho kopa tšehetso). Ho na le likarolo tse hlano foramong e arotsoeng ka sehlooho: "bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa," "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bakile ho se sebetse hantle ha erectile / ho lieha ho tsoa peo" lipale tsa katleho ”(moo batho ba atlehileng ho etsa thobalano ka nako e telele ba ka arolelanang leeto la bona ka morao), le" limakasine "(tse lumellang litho ho ngola liphihlelo tsa bona tsa" ho qala bocha "ba sebelisa likoranta ka nako ea nnete).

Mehato le Tsamaiso

Pele a qala ho bokella lintlha, sengoli sa pele se ile sa etsa tlhahlobo ea pele ea karolo ea "limakasine" ka ho bala lingoloa ho tloha halofong ea pele ea selemo 2019 ho tloaelana le sebopeho le litaba tsa likoranta tse teng foramong. Litho li qala likoranta ka ho theha khoele e ncha mme ka tloaelo ba sebelisa poso ea bona ea pele ho bua ka semelo sa bona le lipheo tsa ho ithiba. Khoele ena e fetoha koranta ea bona, eo litho tse ling li lokolohileng ho e sheba le ho fana ka maikutlo ho eona ho fana ka khothatso le ts'ehetso. Limakasine tsena ke mohloli oa litlaleho tse enneng le tse qaqileng tsa liphihlelo tsa litho tsa ho ithiba, le kamoo ba bonang le ho utloisisa liphihlelo tsa bona. Monyetla oa ho bokella lintlha ka tsela ena e sa bonahaleng (ke hore, ho sebelisa limakasine tse seng li ntse li le teng joalo ka ha ho fapana le ho atamela litho ka mafolofolo sehlopheng ho nka karolo phuputsong) ho lumelloa ho lekola liphihlelo tsa litho ka tlhaho, ntle le tšusumetso ea mofuputsi (Holtz, Kronberger, & Wagner, 2012). Ho qoba heterogeneity e fetelletseng sampoleng ea rona (Braun & Clarke, 2013), re khethile ho lekanyetsa tlhahlobo ea rona ho litho tsa liboka tsa banna ba lilemo li 18 ho ea holimo.Mongolo oa sehlooho 2 Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhaiso-leseling ea rona ea pele ea likoranta, re nkile mekhahlelo e 'meli ea kenyelletso bakeng sa likoranta tse tla khethoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo. Taba ea mantlha, litaba tsa koranta li tla hloka hore li be le leruo le lekaneng 'me li hlalosehe hore li ka hlahlojoa ka boleng. Likoranta tse hlalositseng ka sepheo sa ho qala ho ithiba le ho hlalosa ka ho qaqileng boiphihlelo ba bona (ke hore, mehopolo, maikutlo, maikutlo le boits'oaro) nakong ea boiteko ba ho ithiba bo phethile moelelo ona. Taba ea bobeli, nako ea boiteko ba ho ithiba bo hlalositsoeng koranteng e tla hloka ho nka bonyane matsatsi a supileng, empa e seng ho feta likhoeli tse 12. Re nkile qeto ea hore nakong ena re tla ikarabella bakeng sa boiphihlelo ba pele ba ho ithiba (<likhoeli tse 3; Fernandez et al., 2020) le liphihlelo tse latelang tsa nako e telele ea ho ithiba (> likhoeli tse 3).Mongolo oa sehlooho 3

Nakong ea pokello ea lintlha, ho ne ho na le likhoele tse 6939 ka kakaretso karolong ea koranta ea banna. Sethala sena se arola likoranta ka mefuta ea lilemo (ke hore, bacha, 20s, 30s, 40s, le kaholimo). Kaha sepheo sa rona sa mantlha e ne e le ho supa mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea boiphihlelo ba ho ithiba, ho sa tsotelehe lilemo tsa bona, re ile ra qala ho bokella likoranta tse tšoanang ho feta lihlopha tsa lilemo tse tharo (18-29 lilemo, 30-39 lilemo, le lilemo tse ≥ 40). Sengoli sa pele se ile sa khetha limakasine ho tloha lilemong tsa 2016–2018 ka mokhoa o sa reroang 'me sa bala litaba tsa koranta eo. Haeba e fihletse litekanyetso tse peli tsa kenyelletso, e khethiloe. Ho pholletsa le ts'ebetso ena ea khetho, ho ile ha netefatsoa hore ho lula ho na le palo e lekantsoeng ea likoranta tsa sehlopha ka seng. Nako le nako ha ho ne ho khethoa koranta ka bomong, e ne e baloa ka botlalo ke mongoli oa pele e le karolo ea ts'ebetso ea ho tseba lintlha (e hlalositsoeng hamorao karolong ea "tlhahlobo ea data"). Ts'ebetso ena e ile ea ntšetsoa pele ka tatellano ho fihlela ho fihlela hore ho fihletsoe data. Re qetile karolo ea pokello ea lintlha sebakeng sena sa ho tlala. Kakaretso ea likhoele tse 326 li ile tsa hlahlojoa 'me ha khethoa likoranta tse 104 tse fihletseng litekanyetso tsa kenyelletso (lilemo tse 18-29]N = 34], lilemo tse 30–39 [N = 35], le years lilemo tse 40 [N = 35]. Palo ea lipalo e kenang koranteng e ne e le 16.67 (SD = 12.67), 'me palo e bolelang ea likarabo koranteng e ne e le 9.50 (SD = 8.41). Tlhahisoleseling mabapi le palo ea batho le tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le litho (ke hore, boits'oaro ba boithati ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro kapa lintho tse ling / boits'oaro, mathata a thobalano le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello) li ntšitsoe likoranteng tsa bona kae kapa kae moo ho tlalehiloeng. Litšobotsi tsa mohlala li akaretsoe ho Lethathamo 1. Ehlile, litho tse 80 li tlalehile hore li lemaletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ha litho tse 49 li tlaleha hore li na le bothata ba thobalano. Palo ea litho tse 32 e tlalehile ba lemaletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ebile ba na le bothata ba thobalano.

Tafole ea 1 Litšobotsi tsa mohlala

Boitsebiso ba Lintlha

Re ile ra sekaseka tlhaiso-leseling re sebelisa tlhaiso-leseling e nang le tlhaiso-leseling e nang le tsebo (TA; Braun & Clarke, 2006, 2013). Tlhatlhobo ea Thematic ke mohopolo o feto-fetohang o lumellang bafuputsi ho etsa tlhaiso-leseling e enneng, e qaqileng ea moelelo oa paterone ho database. Ha re nahana ka mokhoa oa rona o makatsang oa ho sekaseka lintlha, sepheo sa rona e ne e le ho "fumana litlhaloso tse qaqileng tsa boiphihlelo joalo ka ha bo utloisisoa ke ba nang le boiphihlelo ba bona ho tseba moelelo oa ona" (Coyle, 2015, leq. 15) -maemong ana, boiphihlelo ba "ho qala bocha" joalo ka ha bo utloisisoa ke litho tsa foramo ea "rebooting". Re ile ra beha tlhaiso-leseling ea rona ka har'a moralo oa bohlokoa oa "epistemological", o "netefatsang boteng ba nnete ... empa ka nako e ts'oanang re amohela hore boemeli ba eona bo khetholloa ebile bo namelitsoe ke setso, puo, le lithahasello tsa lipolotiki tse thehiloeng linthong tse kang morabe, bong, kapa maemo a sechaba ”(Ussher, 1999, leq. 45). Sena se bolela hore re nkile liakhaonte tsa litho ka ho li shebella mme re li nka e le lipontšo tse nepahetseng ka botlalo tsa 'nete tsa boiphihlelo ba bona, ha re ntse re amohela litšusumetso tse ka bang teng tsa maemo a setso le setso ao li etsahalang ho ona. Ka hona, tlhahlobisong ea hajoale, re bontšitse lihlooho mohatong oa semantic (Braun & Clarke, 2006), ho bea ka pele meelelo le maikutlo a litho.

Re sebelisitse software ea NVivo 12 ho pholletsa le ts'ebetso eohle ea tlhaiso-leseling mme ra latela ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo ea lintlha e hlalositsoeng ho Braun le Clarke (2006). Pele, likoranta li ile tsa baloa ke mongoli oa pele kamora ho khethoa ebe li baloa hape bakeng sa ho tseba lintlha. Ka mor'a moo, dataset eohle e ne e ngotsoe ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng ke mongoli oa pele, ka ho buisana le bangoli ba bobeli le ba boraro. Likhoutu li ne li nkuoa ho sebelisoa ts'ebetso e tlase ho ea holimo, ho bolelang hore mekhahlelo ea likh'outu e neng e nahannoe esale pele ha ea fuoa. Lintlha li ne li ngolisitsoe ka mokhoa oa mantlha oa semantic (Braun & Clarke, 2013), e hlahisang likhoutu tse ikhethang tse tsoang ho data tse 890. Likhoutu tsena li ile tsa kopanngoa hang ha lipaterone li qala ho hlaha ho theha mekhahlelo e phahameng. Mohlala, likhoutu tsa mantlha "botšepehi bo lokolla" le "boikarabello bo etsa hore ho se khonehe" ho ile ha hlophisoa ka sehlopha se secha, "boikarabello le botšepehi," se ileng sa hlophisoa se le tlasa "maano a sebetsang a ho sebetsana ka katleho le lisebelisoa." Ntle le moo, tlhaiso-leseling e hlalosang e tsoang koranteng e ngoe le e ngoe e mabapi le boiteko ba ho ithiba ka kakaretso (ke hore, sepheo sa ho ithiba le nako e lekantsoeng ea boiteko ba ho ithiba) le eona e ile ea ntšoa ka tatellano. Hang ha tlhaiso-leseling kaofela e ngotsoe ka likhoutu, likhoutu li ile tsa hlahlojoa ebe li eketsoa kapa tsa fetoloa ha ho hlokahala ho netefatsa ho boloka likh'outu tse sa fetoheng hohle sethaleng sa data. Joale lihlooho tsa bakhethoa li ile tsa hlahisoa ho tsoa ho likhoutu ke mongoli oa pele, li tataisoa ke lipotso tsa lipatlisiso tsa boithuto. Lihlooho li ile tsa hloekisoa kamora hore li hlahlojoe ke bangoli ba bobeli le ba boraro mme tsa phetheloa hang ha tumellano e fihletsoe ke sehlopha sohle sa bafuputsi.

Litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro

Komiti ea boits'oaro ea yunivesithi ea sehlopha sa lipatlisiso e amohetse thuto. Ho latela pono ea boits'oaro, ho ne ho le bohlokoa ho nahana hore na lintlha li bokelletsoe sebakeng sa marang-rang se nkoang e le sebaka sa "sechaba" (Mokhatlo oa Boralitaba oa Borithane, 2017; Eysenbach & Ho fihlela, 2001; Whitehead, 2007). The Reboot Nation foramo e fumaneha habonolo ho sebelisoa li-enjini tsa ho phenyekolla, 'me lipehelo tsa foramo li fumaneha habonolo hore li ka bonoa ke mang kapa mang ntle le ho hloka ngoliso kapa setho. Ka hona, ho ile ha fihleloa qeto ea hore foramo e "ne e le ea" sechaba "ka tlhaho (Whitehead, 2007), mme tumello e nang le tsebo e tsoang ho litho ka bomong e ne e sa hlokehe (joalo ka komiti ea boits'oaro ea bangoli). Leha ho le joalo, ho tsoela pele ho sireletsa lekunutu le lekunutu la litho tsa forum, mabitso ohle a basebelisi a tlalehiloeng liphellong ha a tsejoe.

Results

Ho fana ka moelelo oa tlhahlobo ea rona, kakaretso ea likarolo tsa boiteko ba ho ithiba e fanoe Lethathamong 2. Mabapi le lipheo tsa ho ithiba, litho tse 43 li ne li ikemiselitse ho qoba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, le litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali, litho tse 47 li ne li ikemiselitse ho qoba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, 'me litho tse 14 li ne li ikemiselitse ho qoba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sena se bolela hore karolo e kholo ea sampole (bonyane 86.5%) e ne e ikemiselitse ho qoba ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho kenyelletsa le ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Leha ho le joalo, qalong ea boiteko ba bona ba ho ithiba, hoo e batlang e le litho tsohle ha lia ka tsa hlakisa nako e tobileng ea lipheo tsa bona tsa ho ithiba kapa ho bonts'a hore na ba ikemiselitse ho tlohela efe kapa efe ea boitšoaro bona ka ho sa feleng. Ka hona, re ne re sa khone ho netefatsa hore na litho li tloaetse ho tlohela nakoana kapa ho emisa boits'oaro ka ho sa feleng. Re fane ka nako e felletseng ea boiteko ba ho ithiba koranteng e ngoe le e ngoe ho ipapisitsoe le lipolelo tse hlakileng tsa litho (mohlala, "ka letsatsi la 49 la ho qala bocha"), kapa ha ho se na lipolelo tse hlakileng, ka ho theola ho ipapisitse le matsatsi a lipehelo tsa litho. Boholo ba nako e lekantsoeng ea boiteko ba ho ithiba bo ne bo le pakeng tsa matsatsi a supileng le a 30 (52.0%), mme nako e bohareng ea nako ea boiteko bohle ba ho ithiba e ne e le matsatsi a 36.5. Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore litho ha lia ka tsa emisa ho leka ho ikhula ho feta linako tsena - linako tsena li bontša feela bolelele ba teko ea boiteko ba ho ithiba bo tlalehiloeng koranteng. Litho li kanna tsa tsoela pele ka boiteko ba ho ithiba, empa ba emisa ho ngola limakasineng tsa bona.

Tafole ea 2 Litšobotsi tsa liteko tsa ho ithiba

Kakaretso ea meralo e mene e nang le lihloohoana tse robong e fumanoe ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea data (bona Tafole 3). Ha ho hlahlojoa, lipalo tsa makhetlo kapa mantsoe a bontšang makhetlo a mangata a tlalehiloe ka linako tse ling. Poleloana "ba bang" e bolela litho tse ka tlase ho 50%, "ba bangata" e supa lipakeng tsa 50% le 75% ea litho, mme "most" e supa ho feta 75% ea litho.Mongolo oa sehlooho 4 Joalo ka mohato oa tlatsetso, re sebelisitse ts'ebetso ea "crosstab" ho NVivo12 ho lekola hore na ho na le phapang e hlokomelehang khafetsa liphihlelong tsa boithaopo ho pholletsa le lilemo tse tharo. Tsena li ile tsa etsoa tlhatlhobo ea chi-square ho fumana hore na liphapang tsena li bohlokoa ho latela lipalo (bona Sehlomathiso A). Liphapang tse amanang le lilemo li totobatsoa tlasa sehlooho sa bona se tsamaellanang ka tlase.

Tafole ea 3 Litema li tsoa ho tlhaiso-leseling ea dataset

Ho hlakisa sehlooho se seng le se seng, ho fanoa ka likhetho tse bontšang lipapiso, tse nang le khoutu ea setho (001-104) le lilemo. Liphoso tse sa reng letho tsa mopeleto li lokisitsoe ho thusa ho bala likarolo tse ling. Bakeng sa ho utloisisa puo e sebelisoang ke litho, ho hlokahala tlhaloso e khuts'oane ea mantsoe a sebelisoang haholo. "PMO" (litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali) hangata e sebelisoa ke litho ho bua ka mokhoa oa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha o ntse o ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (Deem, 2014a). Litho hangata li bokella mekhoa ena e meraro hammoho ka lebaka la hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tseo ba li sebelisang li tsamaisana hangata le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. Ha ba bua ka boits'oaro bona ka thoko, litho li tloaetse ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le "P," ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali e le "M" le ho ba le "org" ea "O" Litlhaloso tsa likarolo tse ling tsa mekhoa ena li boetse li tloaelehile (mohlala, "PM" e bolela ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali empa eseng ho ea boemong ba botona kapa botšehali, 'me "MO" e bolela ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho fihlela boemong ba thobalano ntle le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa). Ka linako tse ling lipolelo tsena li sebelisoa e le leetsi (mohlala, "PMO-ing" kapa "MO-ing").

Ho ithiba ke tharollo ea mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro

Qeto ea pele ea litho ea ho leka ho "qala bocha" e thehiloe holima tumelo ea hore ho ithiba ke tharollo e utloahalang ea ho sebetsana le mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho ithiba ho qalile hobane ho ne ho na le tumelo ea hore ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e lebisa liphellong tse mpe bophelong ba bona-ka hona, ho tlosa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ka fokotsa litlamorao ka "ho pheta" boko. Ka lebaka la ts'oaetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, mokhoa oa phokotso / ts'ebeliso ea boits'oaro o ne o sa nkuoe e le leano le sebetsang la ho hlaphoheloa.

Ho ithiba ho tsosoa ke litlamorao tse mpe tse tlisoang ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Sebelisa

Liphetho tse tharo tsa mantlha tse bakoang ke ts'ebeliso e litšila ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li boletsoe ke litho e le lisosa tsa ho qala ho ithiba. Taba ea mantlha ke ea litho tse ngata (n = 73), ho ithiba ho ne ho susumetsoa ke takatso ea ho hlola mokhoa o nahanoang oa ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, "Hona joale ke lilemo li 43 'me ke lemaletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ke nahana hore nako ea ho baleha bokhoba bona bo tšabehang e fihlile" [098, lilemo tse 43]). Litlaleho tsa bokhoba ba tahi li ne li khetholloa ka boiphihlelo ba ho qobelloa le ho lahleheloa ke taolo (mohlala, "Ke leka ho emisa empa ho thata haholo ke utloa hore ho na le ho hong ho ntlhasimollang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa" [005, 18 lilemo]), ho hloka boithati le ho mamella litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha nako e ntse e tsamaea (mohlala, "Ha ke sa hlola ke utloa letho ha ke shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho bohloko hore esita le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fetohile tse sa thabiseng le tse makatsang" [045, lilemo tse 34]), le maikutlo a sithabetsang a ho ferekana le ho hloka matla ("Ke hloile hore ha ke na matla a HO EMA… Ke hloile hore ebe ha ke na matla khahlanong le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa 'me ke batla ho hlaphoheloa hape ho tiisa matla a ka" [087, lilemo tse 42].

Ea bobeli, bakeng sa litho tse ling (n = 44), ho ithiba ho ne ho susumetsoa ke takatso ea ho imolla mathata a bona a thobalano, ho ipapisitse le tumelo ea hore mathata ana (mathata a erectile [n = 39]; takatso e fokotsehileng ea thobalano e arohaneng [n = 8]) li ne li susumetsoa (mohlomong) ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litho tse ling li ne li lumela hore mathata a bona ka ts'ebeliso ea thobalano e bile ka lebaka la maemo a karabelo ea bona ea thobalano haholo-holo ho litaba le liketso tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, "Kea hlokomela hore ke haelloa ke cheseho bakeng sa 'mele oa e mong… ke ikemiselitse ho thabela thobalano le laptop" [Lilemo tse 083, 45]). Har'a litho tse 39 tse tlalehileng mathata a erectile e le lebaka la ho qala ho ithiba, 31 e ne e na le bonnete ba hore ba na le "ts'oaetso ea" porn "e bakileng" erectile "(PIED). Ba bang (n = 8) ba ne ba sa tsebe hantle hore na mathata a bona a "erectile" a bakoa ke eng "ka lebaka la ho batla ho hlakola litlhaloso tse ling tse ka bang teng (mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea matšoenyeho, mabaka a amanang le lilemo, jj.), Empa ba nkile qeto ea ho qala ho ithiba haeba ho ka etsahala ehlile ba ne ba amana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Ea boraro, bakeng sa litho tse ling (n = 31), ho ithiba ho ne ho susumetsoa ke takatso ea ho fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello le maikutlo tse bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litholoana tsena tse lemohuoang li ne li kenyelletsa ho tepella maikutlo ho eketsehileng, ho tšoenyeha le ho sithabela maikutlong, le ho fokotseha ha matla, tšusumetso, ho tsepamisa mohopolo, ho hlaka kelellong, tlhahiso, le bokhoni ba ho utloa monate (mohlala, "Kea tseba hore e na le litlamorao tse mpe tse kholo mohopolong oa ka, tšusumetso, boitšepo ba ka, boemo ba matla" [Lilemo tse 050, 33]. ” Litho tse ling li boetse li lemohile litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tšebelisong ea bona ea sechaba. Ba bang ba hlalositse maikutlo a ho fokotseha ha kamano le ba bang (mohlala, "(PMO)… e etsa hore ke se ke ka ba le thahasello le botsoalle ho batho, ke itšepe haholoanyane, e mphe matšoenyeho a sechaba mme e etsa hore ke se tsotelle letho, ntle le ho lula hae ke le mong le ho qhekella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ”[050, lilemo tse 33]), ha ba bang ba tlalehile ho senyeha ha likamano tse khethehileng le ba bang ba bohlokoa le litho tsa lelapa, haholo-holo balekane ba ratanang.

Haholo-holo, karolo e nyane ea litho (n = 11) ba tlaleha hore ba ne ba sa lumellane le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka tsela e itseng, empa ke tse 'maloa feela tsa tsena (n = 4) e hlalositse ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho se amohele boitšoaro e le lebaka la ho qala "ho qala bocha" (mohlala, "Ke tlohela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hobane manyala ana a manyala. Banana ba ntse ba betoa le ho hlokofatsoa le ho sebelisoa e le lintho tsa ho qhekella" [008, lilemo tse 18] ). Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa litho tsena, boits'oaro bo bobe ba boitšoaro bo ne bo sa thathamisoa e le lona lebaka feela la ho qala ho ithiba empa e ne e tsamaea le le leng la mabaka a mang a mararo a mantlha a ho ithiba (ke hore, ho lemalla ho lemalla, mathata a thobalano, kapa litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello).

Ho ithiba mabapi le ho "putsa" boko

Ho ithiba ho ile ha atameloa ke litho tse ling ho latela kutloisiso ea hore na tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka ba e amme likelello tsa bona hampe joang. Ho ithiba ho ne ho nkuoa e le tharollo e utloahalang ea ho khutlisa litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, joalo ka ts'ebetso e ka "ts'oarang" bokong (mohlala, "Kea tseba hore ke tlameha ho ithiba e le hore litsela tsa ka li fole le ho rarolla kelello ea ka" [095, Lilemong tse 40). Khopolo ea lefu la methapo ea pelo ka ho khetheha e ne e le mohloli oa tšepo le khothatso ho litho tse ling, tse entseng hore ba lumele hore litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka khutlisoa ka ho ithiba (mohlala, "Polasetiki ea boko ke ts'ebetso ea 'nete ea ho pholosa e tla ts'oenya kelello ea rona" [Lilemo tse 036, 36]). Litho tse ling li hlalositse ho ithuta ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le "ho qala bocha" ka lisebelisoa tsa tlhaiso-leseling ke batho ba nang le tšusumetso ba hlomphuoang ke sechaba sa "rebooting", haholo-holo Gary Wilson, moamoheli oa sebaka sa marang-rang. yourbrainonporn.com. Li-Wilson (2014) buka (mohlala, "Buka ea Boko ba Hao ka Litšoantšo ke Gary Wilson… e ile ea ntsebisa mohopolo oa ho qala bocha, foramo ena mme ka hlalosa hantle lintho tse ling tseo ke neng ke sa li tsebe" [lilemo tse 061, 31]) le puo ea 2012 TEDx (TEDx Lipuo, 2012; Mohlala, "Ke shebelletse TEKOLO E KHOLO EA PORN maobane, e khahlisang ebile e na le tsebo" [lilemo tse 104, 52] e ne e le lisebelisoa tse neng li lula li boleloa ke litho tse nang le tšusumetso e kholo ho bopeheng litumelo tsa bona ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bokong le "ho qala bocha. ”E le tharollo e nepahetseng ea ho khutlisa litlamorao.

Ho ithiba e le eona feela mokhoa o khonehang oa ho hlaphoheloa

Bakeng sa litho tse ling tse tlalehileng hore li lemaletse ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho ithiba ho ile ha bonoa e le eona feela tsela e ka khonehang ea ho hlaphoheloa, haholoholo ka lebaka la tumelo ea hore ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso nakong ea boithaopo ho kanna ha baka ho potoloha ho amanang le tahi bokong mme ho lebise ho lakatseng le ho khutleng. Ka hona, ho leka ho etsa lintho ka teka-tekano ho fapana le ho ithiba ka botlalo ho ne ho nkuoa e le leano le ke keng la qojoa:

Ke hloka ho tlohela ka ho felletseng ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ntho efe kapa efe e hlakileng bakeng sa taba eo hobane neng kapa neng ha ke shebella litaba tsa nsfw [tse sa bolokehang bakeng sa mosebetsi] tsela e thehiloe bokong ba ka mme ha ke fumana khothatso bokong ba ka bo nqobella ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka hona, ho tlohela p le m bata ke tsela feela ea ho hlaphoheloa boemong bona. ” (Lilemo tse 008, 18)

Ka linako tse ling ho ithiba ho bonahala ho sa khonehe

Sehlooho sa bobeli se bonts'a karolo e makatsang ka ho fetesisa ea liphihlelo tsa litho tsa "ho qala bocha" -ho ne ho le thata hakae ho atleha le ho boloka boitsoaro. Ka linako tse ling, ho ithiba ho ne ho nkuoa ho le thata hoo ho neng ho bonahala ho le thata ho ho fihlela, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke setho se le seng:

Ke khutletse Struggle St., kamora ho khutla hape ka bongata. Ha ke na bonnete ba hore na nka tlohela joang ka katleho, ka linako tse ling ho bonahala ho le thata. (040, 30s)

Ho bonahala lintho tse tharo tsa mantlha li tlatsetsa bothateng ba ho fihlella boithibo: ho ithuta ka thobalano nakong ea "ho qala bocha", ho bonahala eka ho ke ke ha qojoa litlhahiso tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le ts'ebetso ea ho khutlela morao e fumanoang e le mano le bolotsana.

Ho Tsamaea ka Thobalano Nakong ea "Reboot"

Qeto e thata eo litho li neng li tlameha ho e etsa qalong ea ts'ebetso ea ho ithiba e ne e le mabapi le thobalano e amohelehang nakong ea "ho qala": na ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ntle le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le / kapa ho ba le setotsoana ka thobalano e kopanetsoeng ho lumelloa nakong e khuts'oane? Bakeng sa litho tse ngata, sepheo sa nako e telele e ne e se ho felisa thobalano ka botlalo, empa e ne e le ho hlalosa bocha le ho ithuta "thobalano e phetseng hantle" (lilemo tse 033, 25) ntle le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sena se kanna sa bolela ho kenyelletsa thobalano e arohaneng (mohlala, "Seo re se batlang ke thobalano ea tlhaho e phetseng hantle le molekane oa rona, na ha ho joalo? ” [062, 37 years]) le / kapa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ntle le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, "Ke hantle ka MO ea khale. Ke nahana hore ho ka khonahala ho e laola ka tsela e phetseng hantle ntle le litlamorao tse mpe tsa bokhoba ba thobalano" [Lilemo tse 061, 31]). Leha ho le joalo, ho neng ho hlokahala hore ho nahanoe haholoanyane ke hore na ho lumella boits'oaro bona nakong e khuts'oane ho ka thusa kapa ho sitisa tsoelo-pele ka ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho lumella mesebetsi ena methating ea pele ea ho ithiba ho ile ha bonoa ke litho tse ling e le kotsi ea ho ithiba, haholo-holo ka lebaka la seo ba neng ba se bitsa "phello e mpe". "Kotsi" e bolela litakatso tse matla ho PMO tse hlahang kamora thobalano (Deem, 2014a). Ba bang ba tlalehile ho ba le phello ena kamora ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (mohlala, "Ke fumana ha ke le MO haholo ke e lakatsa le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" [050, 33 lilemo]) mme ke arolelane thobalano (mohlala, "Ke hlokometse hore kamora ho robala le mosali litakatso li matlafala kamora moo ”[043, lilemo tse 36]). Bakeng sa litho tsena, sena se felletse ka qeto ea ho qoba ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ka nakoana le / kapa thobalano e kopanetsoeng ka nakoana. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bakeng sa litho tse ling, ho qoba ho etsa thobalano ka botlalo ho tlalehiloe ho lebisa tlhokomelong ea takatso ea thobalano le litakatso tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka hona, bakeng sa litho tsena, ho ba le thobalano nakong ea "ho qala" ha hoa sitisa tsoelo-pele, empa ha e le hantle ho thusitse bokhoni ba bona ba ho ithiba litšoantšong tsa bootsoa (mohlala, "Ke fumana hore ha nka kokota ha ke ikutloa ke le horny haholo, Ha ke na monyetla oa ho qala ho iketsetsa mabaka a ho retelehela litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ”[061, 36 years]).

Hoa thahasellisa ho hlokomela hore ka mokhoa o makatsang, hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea litho e tlalehile hore ho fapana le ho ba le takatso e matla ea thobalano, ba ile ba fokotseha takatso ea thobalano nakong eo ba neng ba sa e etse, eo ba e bitsitseng "flatline". "Flatline" ke lentsoe leo litho li neng li sebelisa ho hlalosa phokotso e kholo kapa tahlehelo ea libido nakong ea ho ithiba (leha tse ling li bonahala li na le tlhaloso e pharalletseng ea sena ho kenyelletsa ho tsamaea le maikutlo a tlase le maikutlo a ho nyahama ka kakaretso: (mohlala, " Ke ikutloa eka mohlomong ke pepeneneng hona joale kaha takatso ea ho etsa thobalano e fe kapa e fe e batla e le sieo ”[056, 30s]) Ho se tsebe hantle hore na takatso ea thobalano e tla khutla neng ho ne ho ferekanya ba bang (mohlala, “Joale, haeba ke sa khone ho ba le setotsoana se tloaelehileng ha ke ikutloa eka, ho thusa'ng ho phela?” [089, lilemo tse 42]) Teko ea litho tsena e ne e le ho fetohela ho PMO ho "leka" hore na ba ntse ba ka etsa thobalano. nakong ea "flatline" (mohlala, "Ntho e mpe ke hore ke qala ho ipotsa hore na ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e ntse e sebetsa ka tsela eo e lokelang ho sebetsa ka borikhoe ba ka" [068, 35 years]).

Ho se qojoe ha lintlha tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Sebelisa

Se neng se boetse se etsa hore ho qoba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho be thata haholo ho litho tse ngata e ne e le ho bonahala ho ke ke ha qojoa ha maikutlo a ileng a baka mehopolo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le / kapa litakatso tsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Taba ea mantlha, ho ne ho bonahala eka ho na le lintlha tse kantle tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mohloli o hlahelletseng oa lisosa tsa kantle e ne e le mecha ea phatlalatso ea elektroniki (mohlala, "Liwebsaete tsa ho ratana, Instagram, Facebook, lifilimi / TV, YouTube, lipapatso tse fumanehang marang-rang kaofela li ka etsa hore ke khutlele morao" [050, 33 lilemo]). Ho se lebelloe ha litaba tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano tse hlahang lenaneong la thelevishene kapa phepelong ea litaba tsa sechaba ho ne ho bolela hore ho bala marang-rang ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang ho ka ba kotsi. Ho bona batho ba khahlehang ba ho kopanela liphate bophelong ba 'nete e ne e boetse e le sesosa sa litho tse ling (mohlala, "Ke boetse ke tlohetse boikoetliso boo ke neng ke ea ho bona kajeno kaha ho na le tsela e ngata haholo ea ho sheba moo ka mosali ea apereng borikhoe bo thata ba yoga" [072, 57 lilemo ]), ho bolelang hore ho shebella ntho efe kapa efe e tsosang takatso ea thobalano, ekaba inthaneteng kapa inthaneteng, e kanna ea ba tšusumetso. Hape, taba ea hore hangata litho li fumana litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha li le ka kamoreng ea bona ea ho robala e ne e bolela hore tikoloho eo ba neng ba le ho eona e ne e se e ntse e le sesupo sa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, "ho robala betheng ha ke tsoha ke sena letho ke sesosa se matla" [ 021, lilemo tse 24]).

Taba ea bobeli, ho ne ho boetse ho na le lintlha tse ngata tsa kahare tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (haholo-holo linaha tse mpe). Hobane litho tse neng li lula li ts'epa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa taolo e mpe, maikutlo a sa phutholohang a ne a bonahala e le mokhoa oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litho tse ling li tlalehile hore li bile le litlamorao tse mpe ka nako ea boithaopo. Ba bang ba ile ba toloka maemo ana a mabe nakong ea ho ithiba e le karolo ea ho tlohela. Maemo a fosahetseng kapa a 'mele a neng a hlalosoa e le (a ka khonehang) "matšoao a ho ikhula" a kenyelletsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho fetoha ha maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, "moholi oa boko," mokhathala, hlooho, ho hlobaela, ho hloka botsitso, bolutu, ho ferekana, ho teneha, khatello ea maikutlo le ho fokotsa tšusumetso. Litho tse ling ha lia ka tsa re tšusumetso e mpe e bakoa ke ho hula chelete empa li ikarabella bakeng sa lisosa tse ling tse ka bang teng tsa maikutlo a mabe, joalo ka liketsahalo tse mpe tsa bophelo (mohlala, “Ke iphumana ke teneha habonolo matsatsing ana a mararo a fetileng mme ha ke tsebe hore na ke mosebetsi ho tsieleha kapa ho hula ”[046, 30s]). Litho tse ling li ne li nahana hore hobane pejana ba ne ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho thethefatsa maikutlo a mabe, maikutlo ana a ne a utluoa ka matla nakong ea thobalano (mohlala, "Karolo ea ka ea ipotsa hore na maikutlo ana a matla hakana ka lebaka la ho qala bocha" [Lilemo tse 032, 28]). Haholo-holo, ba lilemong tsa lilemo tse 18-29 ba ne ba na le monyetla oa ho tlaleha tšusumetso e mpe nakong ea ho ithiba ha e bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling tse peli tsa lilemo, mme lilemo tse 40 le ho feta li ne li se na monyetla oa ho tlaleha matšoao a "khaotsang" nakong ea ho ithiba ha a bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling tsa lilemo tse peli. Ho sa tsotelehe mohloli oa maikutlo ana a mabe (ke hore, ho ikhula, liketsahalo tse mpe tsa bophelo, kapa maemo a maikutlo a seng a ntse a le teng), ho ne ho bonahala ho le thata haholo ho litho ho sebetsana ka katleho le litlamorao tse mpe nakong ea ho ithiba ntle le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho iphekola maikutlo ana a mabe. .

Bolotsana ba Ts'ebetso ea ho Khutla

Ho feta halofo ea sampole (n = 55) ba tlalehile bonyane ho felloa ke nako ha ba leka ho ithiba. Litho tse ngata sehlopheng sa lilemo tsa 18-29 li tlalehile bonyane ho khutla hanngoe (n = 27) ha e bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling tse peli tsa lilemo: 30-39 lilemo (n = 16) le lilemo tse 40 le ho feta (n = 12). Ho khutlela mokhoeng hangata ho ne ho tšoana le ts'ebetso e potelletseng eo hangata e neng e ts'oara litho ebe e ba siea ba sithabetse hang kamora moo. Ho ne ho bonahala ho na le mekhoa e 'meli eo liphoso li atisang ho etsahala ka eona. Ea pele e ne e le ha takatso ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e hlahisitsoe ka mabaka a fapaneng. Le ha ho lakatsa ka linako tse ling ho ne ho laoleha, ka linako tse ling takatso e ne e le matla hoo e bileng e nang le boiphihlelo bo boholo le bo sa laoleheng. Ha takatso e ne e le matla, litho tse ling li tlalehile hore ka linako tse ling e ne e tsamaea le mabaka a bolotsana a ho khutlela mokhoeng, joalo ka ha eka ba thetsoa ke "bokooa bo lemaletseng" ho khutlela mokhoeng ona:

Ke ile ka ba le litakatso tse matla tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​'me ka iphumana ke ngangisana le boko ba ka ke re: "ena ekaba lekhetlo la ho qetela…," "tloo, na u nahana hore leihlo le lenyane feela le ka ba mpe joalo" “Kajeno feela, 'me ho tloha hosane ke emisa hape,” “Ke tlameha ho emisa bohloko bona,' me ho na le tsela e le 'ngoe feela ea ho etsa joalo”… ha e le hantle, thapama ke ile ka khona ho sebetsa hanyane haholo, mme ka loana e khothaletsa khafetsa. (Lilemo tse 089, 42)

Tsela ea bobeli eo bolotsana ba ts'ebetso ea ho khutlela morao bo bontšitsoeng ka eona ke hore, leha ho ne ho se na litakatso tse matla, ho senyeha ka linako tse ling ho ne ho bonahala eka ho "etsahala" feela ho "autopilot," moo ka linako tse ling ho neng ho utloahala eka ho khutlela morao hoa etsahala ho bona (mohlala, "ho tšoana le ha ke le moofising oa boithaopo kapa somethin '. Ke ile ka ema moo ke ichebile kantle, joalo ka ha eka ke shoele, joalo ka ha ke se na taolo" [034, lilemo tse 22]). Boiketsetso bona le bona ka linako tse ling bo ne bo bonoa ha litho li iphumana li batlana le lintho tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano inthaneteng (mohlala, livideo tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano ho YouTube) e neng e sa tšoanelehe ho ba "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" (hangata li bitsoa ke litho "ba nkang sebaka sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa"). Ha re bala "bana" ba "bootsoa" hangata e ne e le tsela e kenang butle butle.

Ho ila thobalano ho ka fumaneha ka lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng

Leha ho le thata ho ithiba, litho tse ngata li fumane hore ho ithiba ho ka fumaneha ka lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng. Motsoako oa mehloli ea kantle le ea kahare e bonahala e le senotlolo ho thusa litho ho atleha le ho boloka bohloeki.

Lisebelisoa tsa kantle: Ts'ehetso ea Sechaba le Litšitiso tsa Phihlelo ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Ts'ehetso ea sechaba e ne e le sesebelisoa sa kantle sa mantlha bakeng sa litho tse ngata se neng se le bohlokoa ho bona bakeng sa ho ithiba. Litho li hlalositse ho fumana tšehetso e thusang ho tsoa mehloling e mengata e fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa ba lelapa, balekane, metsoalle, lihlopha tsa tšehetso (mohlala, lihlopha tsa mehato e 12), le litsebi. Leha ho le joalo, foramo ea inthanete ka boeona e ne e le mohloli o tšehelitsoeng ka ho fetisisa oa ts'ehetso ho litho. Ho bala limakasine tsa litho tse ling (haholo lipale tsa katleho) le ho fumana melaetsa e tšehetsang koranteng ea motho e ne e le mohloli oa mantlha oa tšusumetso le khothatso ho litho (mohlala, "Ho bona limakasine tse ling le tse ling tse ngotsoeng ho nkhothatsa le ho etsa hore ke utloe eka ha ke mong" [Lilemo tse 032, 28]). Litho tse ling li kopile ts'ehetso e tsoelang pele ka ho kopa setho se seng sa foramo hore e be molekane oa bona oa boikarabello, leha ho le joalo ho litho tse ling, ho boloka feela koranta ea foramo ho lekane ho ikutloa ba le boikarabello bo eketsehileng. Ho arolelana ka botshepehi le boikarabello ho hlalositsoe ke litho tse ling e le tsa bohlokoa ho bokhoni ba bona ba ho boloka sepheo sa ho lula ba sa itšepe (mohlala, "Kano ea sechaba le boitlamo ba sechaba ke se fapaneng joale. Ho ikarabella. Ke eona ntho e neng e le sieo lilemong tse 30 tse fetileng" [Lilemo tse 089, 42]).

Mohloli o mong o tloaelehileng o kantle o sebelisitsoeng ke litho nakong ea ho ithiba e ne e le litšitiso tse neng li sebetsa e le litšitiso tsa phihlello e bonolo ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litho tse ling li tlalehile ho kenya lits'ebetso lisebelisoa tsa bona tse thibelang litaba tsa bootsoa. Likopo tsena li ne li fumaneha li na le moeli hobane hangata ho ne ho e-na le mekhoa ea ho li qoba, empa li ne li thusa ho theha mokoallo o mong o ka kenang motsotsong oa tlokotsi (mohlala, "Ke batla ho kenya K9 web blocker hape. Nka e feta, empa e ntse e le khopotso" [Lilemo tse 100, tse 40]). Maano a mang a ne a kenyelletsa ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki feela maemong a sa etseng letho (mohlala, ho se sebelise laptop ea bona ka phapusing ea ho robala, ho sebelisa laptop ea bona feela mosebetsing), kapa ho thibela ts'ebeliso ea bona ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki ka botlalo (mohlala, ho tlohela smartphone ea bona ka nakoana le motsoalle, ba nehelana ka li-smartphone tsa bona bakeng sa mohala o seng oa smartphone). Ka kakaretso, lithibelo tse kantle li ile tsa bonoa ke litho hore li na le thuso empa ha li lekane bakeng sa ho ithiba hobane ho ne ho sa utloahale ho qoba phihlello efe kapa efe ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, hape hobane lisebelisoa tsa kahare le tsona li ne li hlokahala.

Lisebelisoa tsa kahare: Arsenal ea Maano a Temoho le Boitšoaro

Boholo ba litho li tlalehile ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa kahare (ke hore, maano a kutloisiso le / kapa boits'oaro) ho thusa ho ithiba. Mekhoa ea boits'oaro ea letsatsi le letsatsi (mohlala, ho ikoetlisa, ho thuisa, ho thabela botsoalle, ho lula u phathahane, ho tsoa khafetsa, le ho ba le mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho robala) li kentsoe e le karolo ea phetoho ea bophelo ka kakaretso ho fokotsa makhetlo a qholotsang maemo le takatso. Maano a kelello le / kapa boits'oaro a ile a bokelloa ke litho mabapi le boiteko ba ho ithiba, hangata ka liteko tsa liteko le phoso, ho laola maemo a maikutlo a ka fokotsang ho felloa ke matla (ke hore, litakatso tsa motsotsoana le litlamorao tse mpe). Mokhoa oa boits'oaro oa taolo ea maikutlo o kenyelletsa ho etsa ntho e ngoe e seng kotsi ho fapana le ho oela molekong oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litho tse ling li tlalehile hore ho hlapa ho bile le katleho e kholo ho loantseng litakatso (mohlala, "Bosiung bona ke ne ke ikutloa ke le horny haholo. Kahoo ke ile ka hlapa metsi a batang haholo ka hora ea leshome mantsiboea nakong ea leholimo le batang haholo." [008, lilemo tse 18]). Ho leka ho hatella mehopolo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e le leano le tloaelehileng le sebelisoang, empa litho tse ling li ile tsa elelloa ha nako e ntse e feta hore khatello ea mohopolo e ne e se na thuso (mohlala, "Ke nahana hore ke hloka ho fumana leano le fapaneng ho fapana le, 'o seke oa nahana ka PMO, o seke oa nahana ka PMO, o seke oa nahana ka PMO.' Seo se etsa hore ke hlanye 'me se etse hore ke nahane ka PMO" [099, lilemo tse 46]). Mekhoa e meng e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello e sebelisitsoeng ke litho e kenyelelitse mekhoa e amanang le kelello (mohlala, ho amohela le ho "palama" takatso kapa maikutlo a mabe) le ho nchafatsa mohopolo oa bona. Ho ngola limakasineng tsa bona joalo ka ha ba ne ba na le takatso kapa hang kamora ho felloa ke matla ho bonahala ho fana ka mokhoa o mong o thusang litho ho nka karolo ho susumelletseng lipuo tsa bona le ho hlahisa monahano o sa thuseng.

Ho Ile ho Tela Ho Putsa Haholo Haeba ho Tsitlelloa ho

Litho tse ileng tsa phehella ho ithiba hangata li ile tsa fumana e le boiphihlelo bo khotsofatsang, leha ho bile le mathata. Bohloko ba ho ithiba bo bonahala bo le bohlokoa ka lebaka la meputso ea eona, joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ke setho se le seng: "Haesale e le leeto le bonolo, empa ho bile molemo haholo" (Lilemo tse 061, 31). Melemo e ikhethileng e hlalositsoeng e kenyelletsa mohopolo o eketsehileng oa taolo, hammoho le ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello, sechaba le thobalano.

Ho Fumana Taolo hape

Molemo o moholo o hlokomeloang oa ho ithiba o hlalositsoeng ke litho tse ling e bile ho ba le taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le / kapa bophelo ba bona ka kakaretso. Kamora nako ea ho ithiba, litho tsena li ile tsa tlaleha ho fokotseha ha takatso, takatso le / kapa ho qobelloa mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Litakatso tsa ka tsa bootsoa li fokotsehile mme ho bonolo ho loants'a litakatso tsa ka. Ke fumana ke se ke sa nahane ho hang hona joale. Ke thabile haholo hore ebe ho qala bocha hona ho bile le phello ho nna eo ke neng ke e batla hampe. (Lilemo tse 061, 31)

Ho qoba ka katleho litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka nakoana ho ile ha boela ha tlalehoa hore ho fella ka boits'oaro bo eketsehileng mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. "Ho bonahala ke hlahisitse boits'oaro bo botle ho qoba lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa ”[004, 18 years]). Litho tse ling li na le maikutlo a hore ka lebaka la ho sebelisa boits'oaro ts'ebelisong ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​maikutlo ana a macha a boitšoaro a fetela le likarolong tse ling tsa bophelo ba bona.

Lethathamo la Melemo ea kelello, Sechaba le Thobalano

Litho tse ngata li tlalehile hore li na le litlamorao tse fapaneng tse amanang le ts'oaetso le / kapa 'mele tseo ba reng li bakoa ke ho ithiba. Litholoana tse atileng haholo tse amanang le ntlafatso ea tšebetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, ho kenyelletsa le maikutlo a ntlafetseng, matla a eketsehileng, ho hlaka kelellong, ho tsepamisa maikutlo, boits'epo, tšusumetso le tlhahiso (mohlala, "Ha ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ha ho na ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ebile ke ne ke e-na le matla a mangata, ho hlaka kelellong, thabo e eketsehileng, mokhathala o fokolang" [024, lilemo tse 21]). Litho tse ling li hlokometse hore ho ila litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bakile ho ikutloa ba fokola maikutlong le ho khona ho utloa maikutlo a bona ka matla (mohlala, "Ke mpa feela ke "ikutloa" boemong bo tebileng. ka mosebetsi, metsoalle, nakong e fetileng, ho bile le maikutlo a mangata, a matle le a mabe, empa ke ntho e ntle" [019, lilemo tse 26]). Bakeng sa ba bang, hona ho felletse ka liphihlelo tse ntlafalitsoeng le bokhoni bo eketsehileng ba ho ikutloa ba thabisoa ke liphihlelo tse tloaelehileng tsa letsatsi le letsatsi (mohlala, “Boko ba ka bo ka hlasimoloha haholo ka lintho tse nyane le lintho tseo e seng monyaka o hloekileng… joalo ka ho thabela botsoalle kapa ho ngola pampiri kapa ho bapala lipapali" [024, lilemo tse 21]). Ha e le hantle, litho tse ngata sehlopheng sa lilemo tse 18-29 li tlalehile liphello tse ntle nakong ea ho ithiba (n = 16) ha e bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling tse peli tsa lilemo, 30-39 (n = 7) le ≥ 40 (n = 2).

Litla-morao tse lemohuoeng tsa ho ithiba likamanong tsa sechaba le tsona li tlalehiloe. Boiketlo bo eketsehileng bo tlalehiloe ke litho tse ling, ha ba bang ba hlalosa boleng bo ntlafetseng ba kamano le mohopolo o eketsehileng oa khokahano le ba bang (mohlala, "Ke ikutloa ke le haufi le mosali oa ka ho feta ka nako e telele" [069, 30s]). Molemo o mong o tloaelehileng o bakoang ke ho ithiba o shebaneng le ntlafatso e bonoang ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Litho tse ling li tlalehile keketseho ea takatso ea thobalano e arohaneng, e neng e emela phetoho e amohelehang ho tloha feela ho thahaselleng ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho tsa bootsoa (mohlala, "Ke ne ke le horny haholo empa ntho e ntle ke hore ke ne ke le horny bakeng sa boiphihlelo ba thobalano le motho e mong. Ha ke thahaselle litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" [Lilemo tse 083, 45]). Keketseho ea kutlo ea thobalano le karabelo li tlalehiloe ke litho tse ling. Ho litho tse 42 tse tlalehileng mathata a erectile qalong ea teko ea ho ithiba, halofo (n = 21) e tlalehile bonyane lintlafatso tse ling tšebetsong ea erectile kamora ho qeta nako e telele. Litho tse ling li tlalehile karolo e khutšoane ea ts'ebetso ea erectile (mohlala, "E ne e ka ba karolo ea 60% feela, empa se neng se le bohlokoa ke hore e ne e le teng" [lilemo tse 076, 52]), ha ba bang ba tlaleha ho khutla ho phethahetseng ha mosebetsi oa erectile (mohlala. , "Ke ile ka robala le mosali oa ka ka Labohlano bosiu le maobane bosiu, 'me makhetlo ka bobeli e ne e le litokiso tsa 10/10 tse nkileng nako e telele haholo" [069, 30 years]). Litho tse ling li boetse tsa tlaleha hore thobalano e ne e le monate ebile e khotsofatsa ho feta pele (mohlala, "ke bile le makhetlo a mabeli (Moqebelo le Laboraro) thobalano e ntle ka ho fetisisa lilemong tse nne" [062, 37 years]).

Puisano

Boithuto ba hajoale ba boleng bo hlahlobile boiphihlelo bo makatsang ba ho ithiba hara litho tsa sethala sa inthanete sa "ho qala bocha". Tlhatlhobo ea Thematic ea likoranta tsa boithaopo sethaleng e hlahisitse lihlooho tse 'ne tsa sehlooho (tse nang le lihloohoana tse robong). le (1) ho ithiba hoa putsa haeba ho phehelloa ka. Tlatsetso ea mantlha ea tlhahlobo ena ke hore e fana ka leseli la hore na hobaneng litho tsa liforamo tsa "rebooting" li kenella "ho qala bocha" le hore na "boiphihlelo" bo joang ho litho ho latela maikutlo a bona.

Litlhahiso tsa "Rebooting"

Taba ea mantlha, tlhahlobo ea rona e fana ka leseli la hore na ke eng e susumelletsang batho ho qala "ho qala bocha" qalong. Ho ila litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ne ho nkuoa e le tharollo ea mathata a bona (Tema 1) hobane ho ne ho nahanoa hore ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tse litšila e bakile litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba bona. Mefuta e meraro ea litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e le mabaka a boletsoeng khafetsa a "ho qala bocha": (1) ho lemalla ho lemalla (n = 73), (2) mathata a thobalano a lumeloang hore a (mohlomong) le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (n = 44), le (3) litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello le sechaba tse bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (n = 31). Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore litšusumetso tsena li ne li sa tšoane ka bobeli. Mohlala, litho tse 32 li tlalehile ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bothata ba thobalano. Ka nako e ts'oanang, sena se ne se bolela hore ho na le karolo ea litho (n = 17) ho tlaleha mathata a amanang le thobalano ntle le ho tlaleha bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Litho li ne li lumela hore ho ila ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ile ha khona ho etsolla litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bokong, 'me tumelo ena e ne e thehiloe holima khopolo ea lithuto tsa methapo ea kutlo tse kang neuroplasticity. Le ha ts'ebeliso ea puo ea methapo ea kutlo ho utloisisa mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha e ikhethile, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe litlhahlobong tse fetileng tsa boleng ka mehlala ea bolumeli (Burke & Haltom, 2020; Perry, 2019), e kanna ea ba sebopeho sa sechaba sa "rebooting", se fuoeng moetlo oa "rebooting" o kanna oa hlaha ho tloha (mme o entsoe ke) keketseho ea hajoale ea libaka tsa marang-rang tse phatlalatsang tlhahisoleseling mabapi le litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bokong (Taylor , 2019, 2020) haholoholo ke batho ba nang le tšusumetso ba hlomphuoang ke sechaba sa "rebooting" (Hartmann, 2020). Ka hona, likhothaletso tsa litho tsa ho leka ho "qala bocha" e le pheko ea PPU hape li kanna tsa susumetsoa ke "ho qala bocha" setso le litloaelo tse tsoetseng pele ka lebaka la kutloisiso e kopaneng ea (le ba baholo) maiphihlelo le maikutlo a litho tse ling, le tšusumetso ea lipalo tse hlahelletseng tse amileng mokhatlo oa "ho qala bocha".

Ha e le hantle, boitšoaro bo sa tsitsang (Grubbs & Perry, 2019) e ne e le lebaka le sa qotsoang khafetsa la "ho qala bocha" ho sampole ena (n = 4), e fanang ka maikutlo a hore (ka kakaretso) litho tsa liforamo tsa "ho qala bocha" li kanna tsa ba le sepheo se fapaneng sa ho qoba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha li bapisoa le batho ba bolumeli ba etsang joalo haholoholo ka mabaka a boitšoaro (mohlala, Diefendorf, 2015). Leha ho le joalo, monyetla oa hore boits'oaro bo hlephileng bo ka susumetsa liqeto tsa ho qoba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo ke ke ba qheleloa ka thoko ntle le lipatlisiso tse latelang tse botsang litho ka kotloloho hore na li hana litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Hape, tlhahlobo ea hajoale e fana ka maikutlo a hore litho tse ling tsa liforamo tsa "ho qala bocha" li ka nka qeto ea ho ithiba ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (bapisa Imhoff & Zimmer, 2020) haholo-holo ka lebaka le utloahalang la ho ithusa hore ba lule ba sa sebelise litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro joalo ka boits'epo le matla a khoheli a thobalano), ao bafuputsi ba bang ba hlokometseng e le khubu ea mohopolo oa NoFap (Hartmann, 2020; Taylor le Jackson, 2018).

Phihlelo ea "Rebooting"

Taba ea bobeli ke hore tlhaiso-leseling ea rona e bonts'a hore na boiphihlelo ba "ho qala bocha" bo joang ho latela maikutlo a litho-ho atleha ho fihlela le ho boloka ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho thata haholo (Tema 2), empa e ka khonahala haeba motho a khona ho sebelisa motswako o nepahetseng ea lisebelisoa (Tema ea 3). Haeba ho phehelloa ho ithiba, ho ka putsa mme ha e-ba le boiteko (Tema 4)

Ho ne ho nahanoa hore ho le thata ho ithiba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lebaka la tšebelisano-mmoho ea maemo a tikoloho le tikoloho, le ponahatso ea lintho tse kang bokhoba ba tahi (ke hore, matšoao a kang a ho ikhula, takatso, le tahlehelo ea taolo / ho khutla hape) nakong ea boithaopo (Brand et al ., 2019; Fernandez et al., 2020). Ho feta halofo ea litho tse tlalehiloeng bonyane ho felloa ke nako nakong ea boiteko ba bona ba ho ithiba. Ho senyeha e ka ba ka lebaka la matla a tloaelo (mohlala, ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho "autopilot"), kapa ho ile ha sitisoa ke litakatso tse matla tse neng li ikutloa li le boima ebile ho le thata ho li hanela. Mabaka a mararo a mantlha a kentse letsoho khafetsa le matla a litakatso tseo litho li nang le tsona: (1) ho tsebahala ha lits'oants'o tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho sebelisoa (haholo-holo lits'oants'o tsa thobalano kapa maemo a kang ho ba mong ka phapusing ea motho), (2) lintlha tse kahare tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa sebelisa (haholo-holo tšusumetso e mpe, eo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li neng li kile tsa sebelisoa ho iphekola pele ho "reboot"), le (3) "chaser effect" - litakatso tse neng li le litholoana tsa thobalano efe kapa efe e ileng ea etsoa nakong ea bohlola. Litho tse ngata sehlopheng sa ba banyenyane ka ho fetesisa (lilemo tse 18-29) li tlalehile hore li na le litlamorao tse mpe mme bonyane e le 'ngoe e felloa ke nako nakong ea thobalano ha e bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling tse peli. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka fumanoang ke sena hobane libido e tloaetse ho ba holimo bakeng sa sehlopha sena sa lilemo ha e bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling tse peli tsa lilemo (Beutel, Stöbel ‐ Richter, & Brähler, 2008), ho ka ba thata le ho feta ho qoba ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le mokhoa oa thobalano. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka bang teng ke hore ho ithiba litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ho ba thata le ho feta ha motho a qala ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lebaka la ho its'etleha haholo ho boits'oaro bo ntseng bo hola. Tlhaloso ena e latela liphetho tsa morao-rao hore nako ea ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e amahanngoa haholo le boits'oaro ba boithati ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Dwulit & Rzymski, 2019b), leha lipatlisiso tse ling li hlokahala ho hlakisa kamano e teng pakeng tsa lilemo tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le PPU.

Habohlokoa, boiphihlelo ba litho bo bontšitse hore ho ithiba, leha ho le thata, ho ka fumaneha ka ho kopanya ho nepahetseng ha lisebelisoa tsa kahare le tsa kantle. Litho ka kakaretso li ne li e-na le boiphihlelo ba ho leka mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le lisebelisoa ho thibela ho khutlela morao. Boholo, litho li hahile mefuta e mengata ea lisebelisoa tsa kahare tse sebetsang hantle (ke hore, maano a boits'oaro ba boitšoaro) nakong ea ho ithiba. Molemo oa mokhoa ona oa liteko le liphoso ke hore litho li ile tsa khona ho iketsetsa, ka liteko le phoso, lenaneo la ho hlaphoheloa le neng le ba sebeletsa. Leha ho le joalo, phoso e le 'ngoe ea teko-le-phoso ke hore ka linako tse ling e ne e lebisa ho hiriloeng ha maano a sa sebetseng a thibelo. Mohlala, ho leka ho hatella mehopolo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e le leano le tloaelehileng la kahare le neng le sebelisoa ho sebetsana le menahano e kenelletseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litakatso tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho hatella monahano ho bonts'itsoe e le leano le sa sebetseng la taolo ea menahano hobane e lebisa liphellong tse eketsang, ke hore, keketseho ea menahano e hatelletsoeng (bona Efrati, 2019; Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & White, 1987). Taba ea hore ona e ne e le leano le tloaelehileng e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba bangata ba lekang ho qoba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, haholoholo kantle ho boemo ba kalafo ba litsebi, ba ka etsa maano a sa sebetseng joalo ka khatello ea mohopolo, mme ba ka una molemo thutong ea kelello mabapi le mokhoa oa ho laola litakatso ka nepo nakong ea ho ithiba. Mohlala ona o ikhethileng (le liqholotso tse fapaneng tse tobaneng le litho ha li ntse li "qala bocha") li bonts'a bohlokoa ba lits'ebetso tse tšehetsoeng ka matla tse ntlafatsoang, tse ntlafatsoang le ho phatlalatsoa ke lebala ho thusa batho ba nang le PPU ho laola tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lits'ebetso tse rutang tsebo ea ho beha kelello, mohlala, li bonahala li loketse ho rarolla mathata a mangata ao litho li nang le ona (Van Gordon, Shonin, & Griffiths, 2016). Ho ithuta ho se nke kahlolo ho amohela boiphihlelo ba ho lakatsa ka bohelehele ho fapana le ho bo hatella e ka ba mokhoa o atlehang oa ho sebetsana le takatso (Twohig & Crosby, 2010; Witkiewitz, Bowen, Douglas, le Hsu, 2013). Ho hlaolela ho nahanisisa ka maemo ho ka thusa ho fokotsa boits'oaro bo ikemetseng bo lebisang ho felloeng ke matla (Witkiewitz et al., 2014). Ho etsa thobalano e nang le kelello (Blycker & Potenza, 2018; Hall, 2019; Van Gordon et al., 2016) e ka lumella boemo ba karabelo ea thobalano ka n beyond'ane ho lintlha tse amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le hore thobalano e ka natefeloa ntle le ho itšetleha ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litoro tse amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (mohlala, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ntle le ho hloka mohopolo oa ho hopola litšoantšo tsa bootsoa).

Mabapi le lisebelisoa tsa kantle, ho kenya tšebetsong litšitiso tsa phihlello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​joalo ka ho thibela lits'ebetso, ho hlalositsoe ho le bohlokoa. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ehetso ea sechaba le boikarabello li bonahala e le lisebelisoa tsa kantle tse thusitseng haholo bokhoni ba litho ba ho boloka boits'oaro. Tlhahiso ena e tsamaellana le litlhahlobo tsa boleng bo fetileng tse nang le mehlala e fapaneng (Cavaglion, 2008, Perry, 2019; Ševčíková et al., 2018) tse totobalitseng karolo ea bohlokoa ea ts'ehetso ea sechaba ho thusa ho atleha ho ithiba. Seboka sa "rebooting" ka boeona e ne e le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoahali se sebelisitsoeng ke litho tse ba thusitseng ho atleha ho ithiba. Ho arolelana ka botšepehi liphihlelo tsa bona likoranteng tsa bona, ho bala limakasine tsa litho tse ling, le ho amohela melaetsa e khothatsang e tsoang ho litho tse ling ho bonahala ho fana ka maikutlo a matla a ts'ehetso ea sechaba le boikarabello leha ho se na tšebelisano ea lifahleho li talimane. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebelisano ea 'nete liforumong tsa inthanete e ka fana ka mokhoa o mong o ka bang molemo ka ho lekana ho lihlopha tsa ts'ehetso ea batho (mohlala, lihlopha tsa mehato e 12). Ho se tsejoe ho fanoeng ke liforamu tsena tsa inthanete ho kanna ha ba molemo hobane ho ka ba bonolo ho batho ba nang le mathata a khethollang kapa a hlabisang lihlong ho amohela mathata a bona le ho fumana tšehetso inthaneteng ho fapana le motho ka mong (Putnam & Maheu, 2000). Ho fumaneha habonolo ha foramo ho netefalitse hore litho li ka ngola limakasineng tsa tsona neng kapa neng ha tlhoko e hlaha. Ho makatsang ke hore litšobotsi (phihlello, ho se tsejoe, le theko e tlase; Tšebelisano, 1998) tse kentseng letsoho mathateng a litho tsa botona le botšehali tse sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e le litšobotsi tse tšoanang tse ekelitseng boleng ba kalafo ea seboka mme joale li thusa ho hlaphoheloa mathateng ana (Griffiths, 2005).

Litho tse ileng tsa phehella ho ithiba hangata li ile tsa fumana ho ithiba e le boiphihlelo bo khotsofatsang mme ba tlaleha melemo e mengata eo ba e bonang e amanang le ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litholoana tse lemohuoeng tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ithiba ho itšireletsa (Kraus, Rosenberg, Martino, Nich, & Potenza, 2017kapa kutloisiso e eketsehileng ea boitšoaro ka kakaretso (Muraven, 2010) li hlalositsoe ke litho tse ling kamora nako e atlehileng ea ho ithiba. Lintlafatso tse lemohuoeng ts'ebetsong ea kelello le sechaba (mohlala, maikutlo a ntlafetseng, tšusumetso e eketsehileng, likamano tse ntlafetseng) le ts'ebetso ea thobalano (mohlala, ho eketsa kutloisiso ea thobalano le ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea erectile) le tsona li hlalositsoe.

Ho ila thobalano e le mokhoa oa ho kenella mathateng a litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro

Litholoana tse ngata tse tlalehiloeng tse ntle tsa ho ithiba ke litho li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka ba thuso e ntle bakeng sa PPU. Leha ho le joalo, hore na e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea melemo ena e hlahisitsoeng ka kotloloho ke ho tlosoa ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka itlhahisa ka kotloloho ntle le lithuto tse latelang tse sebelisang meralo ea nako e telele le liteko. Mohlala, lintlha tse ling tse kenellang nakong ea ho itlopa joala joalo ka ho etsa liphetoho tse ntle bophelong, ho fumana ts'ehetso foromong, kapa ho itaea ka kakaretso li ka tlatsetsa liphellong tse ntle tsa kelello. Kapa, ​​liphetoho liphetohong tsa kelello (mohlala, phokotso ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo) le / kapa liphetoho liketsong tsa thobalano (mohlala, phokotso ea makhetlo a ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali) nakong ea boithaopo e ka be e kentse letsoho ntlafatsong ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang tse laoloang ka nako e telele tse arolang litlamorao tsa ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Fernandez et al., 2020;; Wilson, 2016Haholo-holo ho hlokahala ho netefatsa hore na e 'ngoe ea melemo ena e ikhethang e ka hlahisoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ke ho tlosoa ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho sebelisoa ka kotloloho, le ho qhelela ka thoko litlhaloso tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa melemo ena e nahanoang. Hape, moralo oa hajoale oa boithuto o lumelletsoe haholo-holo bakeng sa ho bona litlamorao tse ntle tsa ho ithiba, mme ha ho joalo bakeng sa litlamorao tse mpe tse lemohuoang. Lebaka ke hore ho ka etsahala hore sampole e fetisetse litho tse fumaneng ho itlopa joala le tšebelisano ea liboka tsa inthanete hore li be molemo, ka hona e kanna ea ba monyetla oa ho phehella ho ithiba le ho tsoelapele ho ngola likoranteng tsa bona. Litho tse fumaneng ho ithiba le / kapa puisano ea liboka tsa inthanete li sa thuse e kanna eaba li emisitse ho ngola limakasineng tsa tsona ho fapana le ho hlahisa liphihlelo le maikutlo a bona a mabe, ka hona e kanna ea se hlahisoe tlhahlobisong ea rona. Bakeng sa ho ithiba (le "ho qala bocha") ho hlahlojoa ka nepo e le ho kenella ha PPU, ho bohlokoa ho qala ho hlahloba hore na ho na le litlamorao tse ka bang teng tse mpe kapa tse hlahisang litholoana tsa ho ithiba e le sepheo sa ho kenella le / kapa ho atamela sepheo sa ho ithiba ka tsela e itseng . Mohlala, ho tšoareha haholo ka sepheo sa ho qoba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (kapa eng kapa eng e ka bakang mehopolo le / kapa litakatso tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) ka mokhoa o makatsang ho ka eketsa ho ameha haholo ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Moss, Erskine, Albery, Allen, le Georgiou, 2015; Perry, 2019; Moferefere, 1994), Kapa ho leka ho ithiba ntle le ho ithuta tsebo e sebetsang ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho ikhula, ho lakatsa kapa ho felloa ke matla, ho ka baka kotsi ho feta botle (Fernandez et al., 2020). Patlisiso e tlang ea ho batlisisa ho ithiba e le mokhoa oa PPU e lokela ho ikarabella bakeng sa litlamorao tse ka bang teng ntle le litlamorao tse ka bang teng.

Kamora nako, taba ea hore ho ithiba ho ne ho nkoa e le thata hakana e hlahisa potso ea bohlokoa ho bafuputsi le lingaka hore ba e nahane — na ho lula ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho hlokahala kamehla ho sebetsana le PPU? Hoa hlokomeleha hore ho bonahala ho na le maikutlo a fokolang har'a litho bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho fokotsa / ho sebelisa tšebeliso ea ho hlaphoheloa mathateng a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (sebakeng sa mokhoa oa ho ithiba) ka lebaka la tumelo ea hore ts'ebeliso e laoloang e ke ke ea etsahala ka lebaka la ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa -E hopotsang mokhoa oa mehato e 12 ea tšebeliso e mpe ea makhoba a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Efrati & Gola, 2018). Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore nakong ea litšebelisano tsa bongaka bakeng sa PPU, lipheo tsa phokotso / ts'ebeliso e laoloang li bonoe e le mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho tlohela litakatso (mohlala, Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Bafuputsi ba bang ba sa tsoa hlahisa ngongoreho ea hore ho ithiba e kanna ea se be sepheo sa mantlha sa ho kenella ho batho ba nang le PPU, ka lebaka la mosebetsi o boima o ka nkoang e le ona, mme ba etsa tlhahiso ea ho beha lipheo tsa mantlha tse kang ho ikamohela le ho amohela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro sebelisa ho feta ho ithiba (bona Sniewski & Farvid, 2019). Liphuputso tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho batho ba nang le tšusumetso e matla ea ho tlohela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho ithiba, leha ho le thata, ho ka ba molemo haeba ba phehella. Ho feta moo, ho amohela le ho ithiba ha ho hlokehe hore e be lipheo tse lumellanang - motho ea sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro a ka ithuta ho ikamohela le ho amohela boemo ba bona ha a ntse a lakatsa ho lula a ithibile haeba bophelo bo se nang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo ananeloa (Twohig & Crosby, 2010). Leha ho le joalo, haeba ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka fihlelleha mme e khona ho hlahisa litholoana tse tšoanang tsa ho ithiba, ho ka 'na ha se hlokahale maemong ohle. Patlisiso ea bokamoso e bapisang ho ithiba khahlanong le phokotso / lipheo tsa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e ea hlokahala ho hlakisa melemo le / kapa likotsi tsa mokhoa o mong le o mong oa ho hlaphoheloa ho tsoa ho PPU, mme ke maemong afe moo motho a ka bang molemo ho feta e mong (mohlala, ho ithiba ho ka baka molemo liphetho tsa linyeoe tse matla tsa PPU).

Matla le Boithuto ba ho Ithuta

Matla a thuto ea hajoale a kenyelelitse: (1) pokello ea lintlha tse sa bonahaleng e felisang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso; (2) tlhahlobo ea likoranta ho fapana le litlaleho tsa boits'oaro tse fokotsang leeme la ho hopola; le (3) litekanyetso tse pharalletseng tsa kenyelletso ho kenyelletsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lilemo, boiteko ba ho ithiba, le lipheo tsa ho ithiba tse lumellang ho etsa 'mapa oa lintho tse tloaelehileng tsa boiphihlelo ho mefuta ena. Leha ho le joalo, thuto e boetse e na le likhaello tsa tumello ea tumello. Taba ea mantlha, pokello ea lintlha tse sa bonahaleng e ne e bolela hore re ke ke ra botsa litho lipotso ka boiphihlelo ba bona; ka hona, tlhahlobo ea rona e ne e lekantsoe le litaba tseo litho li khethileng ho ngola ka tsona likoranteng tsa tsona. Taba ea bobeli, tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro ea matšoao ntle le ts'ebeliso ea mehato e lekanyelitsoeng e fokotsa ts'epahalo ea litlaleho tsa litho. Mohlala, lipatlisiso li bontšitse hore likarabo tsa potso e reng "Na u nahana hore u na le ho se sebetse ha erectile?" ha se kamehla se lumellanang le Index ea Machabeng ea Erectile Function (IIEF-5; Rosen, Cappelleri, Smith, Lipsky, & Pena, 1999lintlha (Wu et al., 2007).

fihlela qeto e

Phuputso ea hajoale e fana ka leseli liphihlelong tse makatsang tsa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le karolo ea "ho qala bocha" mokhatlo o lekang ho qoba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lebaka la mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lintho tse fumanoeng thutong ea hajoale li bohlokoa ho bafuputsi le lingaka ho fumana kutloisiso e tebileng ea (1) mathata a ikhethileng a etsang hore palo e ntseng e eketseha ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba qobe ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, e leng se ka tsebisang khopolo ea bongaka ea PPU, le (2) eng boiphihlelo ba "ho qala bocha" bo joalo, bo ka tataisang nts'etsopele ea mehato e sebetsang bakeng sa PPU le ho tsebisa kutloisiso ea ho ithiba e le mokhoa oa PPU. Leha ho le joalo, liqeto life kapa life tse tsoang tlhahlobisong ea rona li lokela ho etsoa ka hloko ka lebaka la likhaello tsa tlhaho mokhoeng oa ho ithuta (ke hore, tlhahlobo ea boleng ba mehloli ea bobeli). Liphuputso tse latelang tse kenyang litho tsa sechaba sa "ho qala bocha" le ho sebelisa lipotso tse hlophisitsoeng tsa lipatlisiso / lipuisano lia hlokahala ho netefatsa sephetho sa tlhahlobo ena le ho araba lipotso tse khethehileng tsa lipatlisiso ka boiphihlelo ba ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le mokhoa oa ho hlaphoheloa ho tsoa PPU.

Notes

  1. 1.

    Liforamu tse nang le "r /" prefix li tsejoa e le "subreddits," sechaba sa marang-rang webosaeteng ea litaba tsa sechaba Reddit e nehetsoeng sehloohong se itseng.

  2. 2.

    Leha ho na le karolo e inehetseng foramong ea litho tsa liboka tsa basali, boholo ba likoranta li ne li etsoa ke litho tsa liboka tsa banna. Ho se lekane hona ka karolelano ea likoranta tsa banna le tsa basali ke liipone tsa nakong e fetileng tse bontšang hore banna ba tlaleha litheko tse phahameng haholo tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, Hald, 2006; Kvalem et al., 2014; Regnerus et al., 2016), PPU (mohlala, Grubbs et al., 2019a; Kor et al., 2014), le ho batla kalafo bakeng sa PPU (Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017) bapisoa le basali. Ho fanoe ka lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng tse tlalehiloeng ka liphapang tse amanang le tekano ea ho batla kalafo bakeng sa PPU (mohlala, bongata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa le bolumeli e ne e le litlhahiso tsa bohlokoa tsa ho batla kalafo bakeng sa basali, empa eseng bakeng sa banna-Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Lewczuk et al., 2017), ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho ka ba le phapang ea bohlokoa litabeng tsa boits'oaro le boiphihlelo lipakeng tsa banna le basali ho liforamo tsa "ho qala bocha".

  3. 3.

    Re khethile ntlha ea khaolo ea likhoeli tse 12 kaha ho ka lebelloa ka nepo hore litlamorao tse ngata tse lemohuoang tsa "ho qala bocha" li ka bonoa selemong sa pele sa boiteko ba ho ithiba. Limakasine tse hlalosang boiteko ba nako e telele ba ho ithiba (> likhoeli tse 12), ka lebaka la hore na li telele hakae ebile li na le lintlha tse qaqileng, ho tla hloka lipatlisiso tse arohaneng ho sekaseka palo e nyane ea likoranta, ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa mokhoa oa tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling.

  4. 4.

    Ho bohlokoa ho hopola hore hobane litho li ne li sa arabe lethathamong le hlophisitsoeng la lipotso, ho ke ke ha khonahala ho fumana hore na sampole e setseng e arolelane (kapa ha ea arolelana) boiphihlelo bo tšoanang haeba ba sa ka ba e tlaleha. Ka hona, moo lipalo kapa mantsoe a supang maqhubu a tlalehiloeng, a utloisisoa hantle e le palo e tlase ea litho tsa sampole tse tlalehileng boiphihlelo, empa palo ea batho ba nang le boiphihlelo e kanna ea ba kholo ho feta.

References

  1. Beutel, ME, Stöbel-Richter, Y., & Brähler, E. (2008). Takatso ea thobalano le thobalano ea banna le basali ho pholletsa le nako ea bona ea bophelo: Litholoana tsa patlisiso ea sechaba sa Jeremane. BJU Machabeng, 101(1), 76-82.

    E fetotsoe  Google Setsebi

  2. Blycker, GR, & Potenza, MN (2018). Mohlala o nahanang oa bophelo bo botle ba botona le botšehali: Tlhatlhobo le moelelo oa mofuta oa kalafo ea batho ba nang le bothata ba boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano. Litaba tsa Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro, 7(4), 917-929.

    E fetotsoe  E Bakiloe Bohareng  Sehlooho se  Google Setsebi

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Boitsebiso ba Mongoli

Litšebelisano

Ngollano ho David P. Fernandez.

Liphatlalatso tsa boitšoaro

Khohlano ea thahasello

Bangoli ba bolela hore ha ba na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

Tsebiso e lumelisitsoeng

Ha boithuto bona bo sebelisa lintlha tse sa tsejoeng, tse fumanehang phatlalatsa, ho ile ha nkuoa e le tokollo tumellong e fanoeng ke tsebo ke komiti ea boits'oaro ea lipatlisiso ea Univesithi ea Nottingham Trent.

Boemo bo amohelehang

Lits'ebetso tsohle tse entsoeng liphuputsong tse amang bankakarolo ba batho li ne li latela litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro ba komiti ea setheo le / kapa ea naha ea lipatlisiso le ka Phatlalatso ea 1964 ea Helsinki le liphetoho tsa eona tsa morao-rao kapa litekanyetso tse tšoanang tsa boitšoaro.

boitsebiso bo eketsehileng

Moqolo oa Mohoeletsi

Boemo ba Motsoako bo lula bo sa jele paate mabapi le litlaleho tsa molao ka limepi tse hatisitsoeng le mekhatlo ea lihlopha.

sehlomathiso

Sheba Letlapa 4.

Tafole ea 4 Liphapang tse hlokomelehang ho maqhubu a liphihlelo tse tlalehiloeng lilemong tsohle tsa lilemo

Litokelo le tumello

Open Access Sengoloa sena se na le laesense tlasa laesense ea Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ea Machabeng, e lumellang ts'ebeliso, ho arolelana, ho ikamahanya le maemo, ho e aba le ho e hlahisa ka mokhoa o fe kapa o fe, ha feela o fana ka mokitlane o nepahetseng ho sengoli kapa mohloli oa mantlha, fana ka hokela ho laesense ea Creative Commons, 'me u bonts'e haeba ho entsoe liphetoho. Litšoantšo kapa lintho tse ling tsa motho oa boraro sengolong sena li kenyelelitsoe ho laesense ea sengoloa sa Creative Commons, ntle le haeba ho bonts'itsoe ka tsela e 'ngoe moleng oa mokoloto oa thepa eo. Haeba thepa e sa kenyelelitsoe ho laesense ea sengoloa sa Creative Commons mme ts'ebeliso eo u e rerileng e sa lumelloe ke melaoana kapa e feta ts'ebeliso e lumelletsoeng, o tla hloka ho fumana tumello ka kotloloho ho mong'a tokelo ea litokelo. Ho bona kopi ea laesense ena, etela http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.