LITABA - Liphetho tsa bohlokoa li kenyelletsa:
- Bareki ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba kenella ho cyberstalking ea balekane ba bona.
- Mefuta e phahameng ea thobalano e mabifi le e mosa e ne e amana le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
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Int J Environ Res Bophelo bo Botle ba Sechaba. 2021 Hlakola 23; 18 (4): 2181.
Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro 1 , Rosana Martínez-Román 1 , Patricia Alonso-Ruido 2 , Alba Adá-Lameiras 3 , María Victoria Carrera-Fernández 1
PMID: 33672240
inahaneloang
Ka morao: Maemong a ts'ebeliso e pharalletseng ea mahlale a lilemong tsa bocha, sepheo sa phuputso ena e ne e le ho khetholla baetsi ba cyberstalking ea molekane ea haufi-ufi (IPCS) ho bacha; ho sekaseka kamano lipakeng tsa IPCS le bong, lilemo, boits'oaro bo romellanang le litšoantšo tsa thobalano, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bong bo sa tloaelehang; le ho fuputsa tšusumetso ea mefuta-futa ea boithuto e le likhakanyo tsa IPCS le ho lekola karolo ea bona ea botsamaisi.
Mekhoa: Barupeluoa e ne e le baithuti ba Spain ba 993 ba Sekolo sa Sekondari, banana ba 535 le bashanyana ba 458 ba lilemo tse mahareng tsa 15.75 (SD = 1.47). Ho sampole eohle, 70.3% (n = 696) o ne a bile le molekane.
Liphetho: Bashemane ba etsa melaetsa e litšila ea thobalano, ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, hape ba na le maikutlo a bora le a mosa ho feta ba banana. Leha ho le joalo, banana ba hlohlelletsa IPCS ho feta bashanyana. Liphetho tsa khatello e mpe ea tatellano ea liketsahalo li bonts'a hore thobalano e mabifi ke selelekela sa IPCS, hammoho le litlamorao tse kopaneng tsa Gender × Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho kopanela liphate ka thuso ea thobalano.
Sephetho: ho bohlokoa ho kenya tšebetsong mananeo a thuto ea botona le botšehali likolong moo Technologies ea Boitsebiso le Puisano (ICT) e kenyellelitsoeng molemong oa hore bashanyana le banana ba tsebe likamano tsa bona, ka ntle le ka inthanete, ka tsela e lekanang le e se nang pefo.
Keywords: molekane ea haufi-ufi oa cyberstalking; ho kopanela liphate; sexting; Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; mocha; thuto ea thobalano
1. Selelekela
Phetoho ea mahlale e lebisitse ho ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea Theknoloji ea Boitsebiso le Puisano (ICT) ke bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha [1], ka hona ho theha mokhoa o mocha oa ho thabela botsoalle ka sebaka se hlakileng [2]. Ha e le hantle, bacha ba bang ba khetha ho buisana ka Inthanete ho e-na le ho buisana ba shebane mahlong [3]. Kahoo, ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, litaba tsa sechaba, le ho romellana melaetsa ke lisebelisoa tseo bashanyana le banana ba li sebelisang khafetsa likamanong tsa bona tsa lithaka le tsa ho ratana [4,5]. Kameho ea bona e ntseng e hola ho bacha e se e tšoenyehile haholo ho matichere le bafuputsi lilemong tsa morao tjena [6]. Ha bacha ba le mothating oa bohlokoa kholong maphelong a bona moo ho nang le mekhoa e mecha ea likamano le batho ba bang, joalo ka ho oela leratong, e nang le boiphihlelo, lithahasello le litlhoko tse ncha li hlaha, hammoho le likamano tsa pele, hape, likamano tsa pele tsa thobalano. [7].
Boithuto bo supile sebaka se hlakileng e le sebaka se secha se fetisang maemo a mangata a mabifi sehlopheng sa lithaka [8] le likamanong tsa ho laetsana [9]. Kahoo, ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea ICT ka ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, lipapali tsa video, jj., E lokela ho nkuoa e le molemo ho thibela pefo mme, haholo-holo, pefo ea balekane [10]. Kamora tlhahlobo e entsoeng ke Navarro-Pérez et al. [11] ho lisebelisoa tsa ho kenella tse thehiloeng ho ICT, tse latelang li totobetse ho thibela le ho kenella ha Tlhekefetso ea ho Ratana le Bacha (TDV): Lenaneo la Likhetho tsa Bacha [12]; DetectorAmor [13] le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa mohala tse nang le ts'ebetso e phahameng joalo ka Liad@s app [11,14], ea boithabiso le thuto, e ikemiselitseng ho thusa bacha ho ba le likamano tse leka-lekaneng le tse se nang chefo, mme e kenyelletsa ho ba le maikutlo a fokolang a bong, ho khetholla litšōmo ka lerato, le ho fokotsa maemo a merusu likamanong tsa bona.
1.1. Metsoalle e haufi-ufi Cyberstalking ho Bacha
Cyberstalking e simolohile tlhekefetsong ea setso kapa ho ts'oareng. E hlalosoa e le mofuta oa tloaelo ea dijithale eo mohatelli a busang holim'a lehlasipa kapa bahlaseluoa ka ho kenella bophelong ba bona bo haufi. Ho kenella hona hoa pheta-pheta, hoa sitisa ebile ho etsoa khahlano le thato ea phofu [15]. Tlhekefetso ena e kenyelletsa liqoso tsa bohata, leihlo, litšokelo, bosholu ba boitsebahatso, melaetsa e nyefolang, jj. Tse bakang tšabo ho bahlaseluoa [15]. Likarolo tsa pele tsa cyberstalking li etsahala pakeng tsa lilemo tse 12 le 17 [16]. Khopolo-taba ea cyberstalking ea molekane ea haufi-ufi (IPCS) e na le tšobotsi e khahlisang le / kapa ea thobalano [15], kaha ho ka etsahala hore e etsoe khahlano le molekane kapa ho ba leano la katamelo ho motho eo e neng e le molekane oa hae [17,18]. IPCS e nkuoa e le mofuta oa tlhekefetso ea bong ho bacha, hobane e kenyelletsa boits'oaro boo, ka mekhoa ea dijithale, bo ikemiselitseng ho hatella, khethollo, mme, qetellong, tšebeliso e mpe ea boemo ba matla moo stalker e nang le eona kapa e bileng le tšusumetso e itseng ho eona. le / kapa likamano tsa thobalano le motho ea hlorisoang [15]. Liphuputso tse tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho IPCS ho bacha li bonts'a hore boits'oaro bo atileng hangata ke taolo ea inthanete, ho lekola balekane ba inthaneteng kapa leihlo la inthaneteng [19,20], likhopolo ka linako tse ling li sebelisoa ka ho fapakaneng lithutong tse fapaneng [21,22]. Leha ho le joalo, taolo ea inthanete ke boits'oaro bo tebileng ho feta leihlo la inthanete kapa ho beha leihlo inthaneteng. Ho beha leihlo marang-rang kapa ho beha leihlo marang-rang ho ipapisitse le ho shebella kapa ho lekola ka hloko molekane kapa molekane oa mehleng ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ka lebaka la ho se tšepe le ho se sireletsehe23], (mohlala, "Ke fumana tlhaiso-leseling e ngata ka mesebetsi le setsoalle sa molekane oa ka ka ho sheba maqephe a hae a litaba tsa sechaba"), empa taolo ke ho ea pele, hobane sepheo ke ho busa le ho tsamaisa bophelo ba molekane kapa motho eo e neng e le molekane oa hau (mohl., "Ke kopile molekane oa ka ho tlosa kapa ho thibela batho ba itseng ho mabitso a bona [mohala kapa litaba tsa sechaba], hobane ke ne ke sa rate motho eo, kapa ke entse joalo ka bonna [ke tlositse / thibetse motho ”]) [24]. Molekane o lula a tseba taolo eo ba e utloang ke mohlankana kapa kharebe ea bona, ho fapana le leihlo, le hlokolosi haholo [24,25]. Kahoo, lithuto tsa machabeng li supa hore lipakeng tsa bacha ba 42 le 49.9% hangata ba lekola hore na molekane o teng inthaneteng mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba kapa li -apps tsa melaetsa e meng.26,27], lipakeng tsa 19.5 le 48.8% ea bacha ba romella melaetsa e sa fetoheng kapa e feteletsang ho tseba hore na molekane oa bona o kae, ba etsang, kapa hore na molekane oa bona o na le mang [27,28], le pakeng tsa 32.6 le 45% ea bacha ba laola hore na molekane oa bona o bua le mang le hore na ke metsoalle ea mang [26,28]. Boithuto ba boleng bo boetse bo bontša hore bacha ba amohela pepeneneng hore hangata ba lula ba sheba selefouno ea molekane oa bona [25,29], hore ba arolelane linotlolo tsa bona tsa marang-rang e le sesupo sa boitlamo le tšepo, le hore hangata ba theha litlaleho tse fosahetseng mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba ho laola balekane ba bona [19,30]. Boitšoaro bona ba taolo ea inthaneteng bo bonts'a hore bacha ba ba nka ba lokile kapa ba amoheleha, ke hore, boits'oaro bona ba IPCS bo tloaelehile mme bacha ba bile ba tloaetse ho li lokafatsa [19,25].
Mabapi le sekhahla sa keketseho ea tlhekefetso ea IPCS ho bacha, lithuto tsa machabeng li bonts'a phapang e kholo ho moetsi oa tlolo ea molao. Liphuputso tsa pele li supile bashanyana e le bona ba hlaselang khafetsa IPCS [31,32]. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa morao-rao li bonts'a hore bahatelli ba IPCS ke banana ba atisang ho laola le ho lekola balekane ba bona ba inthaneteng [25,27,30]. Ka kutloisiso ena, lithuto li pheha khang ea hore bashanyana ba tloaetse ho nka karolo e kholo ts'osetsong ea digital le ho hatella balekane ba bona, haholo ha ba batla ho etsa thobalano; athe banana ba nka karolo haholo ho laoleng boits'oaro ho fumana kamano e haufi le kamano e khethehileng likamanong tsa bona [2,30] kapa le ho boloka likamano tsa bona [31].
Spain, thuto ea IPCS ho bacha e ntse e le karolo ea lipatlisiso. Liphuputso tse 'maloa tse seng li ntse li le teng ha li supe moetsi oa molao oa IPCS. Ho na le phapang e kholo maemong a ho ata ha IPCS; lipakeng tsa 10% [33,34] le 83.5% [35,36] ea bacha ba lumela hore ba laola le ho beha leihlo balekane ba bona inthaneteng. Mabapi le makhetlo, ho latela thuto ea Donoso, Rubio, le Vilà [37], 27% ea bacha ba ipolela hore ka linako tse ling ba laola balekane ba bona, mme 14% ka linako tse ling ba lekola mobile ea molekane. Ebile, 12.9% ea bacha ba kopa balekane ba bona ho ba romella melaetsa ho tlaleha hore na ba hokae motsotso o mong le o mong [38]. Ka kutloisiso ena, thuto ea Rodríguez-Castro et al. [4] e bontša hore boits'oaro bo joalo ka "ho laola nako ea khokahano ea hoqetela" bo atile likamanong tsa balekane ba lilemong tsa bocha, ntle le ho supa boits'oaro bona e le bo fosahetseng. Ka hona, sepheo se seng sa thuto ena ke ho lekola sekhahla sa ho ata ha IPCS, ho khetholla motho ea hlekefetsang.
1.2. Cyberstalkxing ea Molekane oa Hau ho Bacha
Bakeng sa ho ntšetsa pele tsebo ea rona ea ketsahalo ea IPCS ho bacha, kamora ho lekola lingoliloeng tse seng li ntse li le teng, lipheo tse ling tsa boithuto bona e ne e le ho netefatsa kamano lipakeng tsa IPCS le mefuta e meng e kang bong bo sa tloaelehang, boits'oaro ba litšoantšo tse litšila, le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, le ho noha ke mefuta efe e hlalosang hantle IPCS.
1.2.1. Thobalano le IPCS
Re ipapisa le khopolo ea bong bo sa tloaelehang [39], e hlalosang thobalano e sa tloaelehang e le moaho o mahlakore a mabeli o entsoeng ka maikutlo a bora le a mosa. Bobeli ba bong bo sebetsa e le likhopolo tse tlatsanang hape e le mokhoa oa moputso le kotlo. Khethollo ea botona le botšehali, e nang le molumo o mobe, e nka basali ba le tlase ho banna. Thobalano e joalo e mabifi e sebelisoa e le kotlo ho basali ba sa phethang karolo ea moetlo ea mosali, mme le mohlokomeli [40] Ka lehlakoreng le leng, thobalano e mosa, e nang le maikutlo a matle, e nka basali ba fapane, ka hona, ho hlokahala ho ba hlokomela le ho ba sireletsa, ka hona basali ba moetlo ba putsoa ka botona le botšehali bo botle [41].
Joalo ka ha lithuto tsa machabeng le tsa naha li bonts'a, bacha ba hlahisa maikutlo a fapaneng a bong, ka bashemane ba nang le maikutlo a bora le a mosa ho feta ba banana [42,43]. Ntle le moo, bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bong bo fapaneng ba bonts'a maikutlo a matle ho tlhekefetso ea balekane ba haufi [44]. Ebile, liphuputso li bonts'a hore bobeli ba bong bo mabifi [45] le thobalano e mosa [46,47] thusa ho hlalosa tlhekefetso ea balekane ba haufi-ufi ho bacha le ho batho ba baholo [48,49].
Sebakeng sa marang-rang, bacha ba fumane mokhoa o mocha oa ho ikatisa le ho ntšetsa pele khethollo ea bong [50]. Leha re fumane lithuto tse fokolang tse amanang ka kotloloho le IPCS ho bacha le maikutlo a bong, re ka totobatsa phuputso ea haufinyane ea Cava et al. [33], e supileng thobalano e mabifi le pefo ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali e le likhakanyo tsa maano a taolo ea cyber ho bashanyana, athe litšōmo tsa lerato la baratani le pefo ea mantsoe likamanong e ne e le tsona tse ka sehloohong tsa taolo ea cyber ho banana.
1.2.2. Ho romela melaetsa ea selefouno le IPCS
Phapanyetsano ea litaba tsa thobalano le tsa thobalano le litaba tse haufi-ufi joalo ka melaetsa ea selefouno, linepe le / kapa livideo ka marang-rang a sechaba kapa lisebelisoa tse ling tsa elektroniki — ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano — ke ntho e tloaelehileng likamanong tsa bacha le Spain le kantle ho naha [4,27]. Kahoo, lipalo li supa mefuta e mengata ea boits'oaro bo litšila ba ho romela litšoantšo tse litšila ka selefouno lipakeng tsa 14.4 le 61% bakeng sa bacha, maemong a machabeng le a naha [51,52].
Boitšoaro ba ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ke karolo ea maano a tlhekefetso ea balekane ba haufi-ufi e etsoang ka thobalano [53]. Ketso ea thobalano e kenyelletsa ho senya motho maikutlo ka setšoantšo sa hae se haufi-ufi seo ba se arolelaneng Inthaneteng ka ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano. Sepheo sa bolotsana bona hangata ke ho hatella thato ea motho ea hlokofalitsoeng [53]. Ebile, boitšoaro bo litšila bo romelloang ka lebaka la ho qobelloa ke molekane e bile le leng la mabaka a mantlha a ho nka karolo ha bacha boitšoarong bona, haholo banana.6]. Liphuputso tsa morao-rao li supa kamano lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano ho bacha le pefo e haufi ea balekane [54] empa hape, haholo-holo, maano a ho laola marang-rang likamanong tsa balekane [55], Tloaelo e hlahisitsoeng hape lithutong tsa Sepanishe, tse bonts'ang hore na ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ho baratani ho amana joang le tlhekefetso ea marang-rang [56,57]. Kahoo, banana ba tloaetseng ho romellana melaetsa e litšila le balekane ba bona hangata ba kotsing ea ho hlekefetsoa ka tsela e itseng marang-rang kamanong ea bona [57].
1.2.3. Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa le IPCS
Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li fetohile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sechabeng bakeng sa ho ntšetsa pele tsamaiso ea bapatriareka hobane e thusa ho theha bong ba basali ho latela pono ea boithati ba banna. Ka eona, bolaoli ba bapatriareka boa ikatisa, bo tiisa hore ho fanoa ka sebopeho sa basali se khutsitseng le se khutsitseng, le sebopeho se sebetsang ho banna [58]. Ka phihlello ea bona ea mahala ho li-ICT, bacha ba rona ba fetohile bareki ba litaba tsa bootsoa. Lithuto tsa machabeng le tsa naha li theha ts'oaetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lipakeng tsa 27 le 70.3% [59,60,61,62], le bashanyana ba shebellang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta banana [63,64]. Lilemo tsa ho qala tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li pakeng tsa lilemo tse 12 le 17 [61,64], leha liphuputso tse ling li bontša hore bana ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba sa le banyenyane haholo, e leng se etsang hore ba li shebelle ka lilemo tse 8 [60].
Joaloka Cobo [58] e re, moko-taba oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro o lohellana thabo ea bonna, khatello le pefo. Bacha ba amohela hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li mabifi, 'me ba 54% ba bile ba lumela ho susumetsoa ke bona liphihlelong tsa bona tsa thobalano [61]. Ebile, ho fumanoe hore bashemane ba etsang boitšoaro bo qobelloang le tlhekefetso ea thobalano khahlano le balekane ba bona khafetsa ba sheba litaba tsa bootsoa [64]. Leha ho le joalo, ha re so fumane lithuto tse amanang ka kotloloho ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le IPCS.
Ha ho nahanoa ka maemo ana a macha ao bacha ba rona ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le botsoalle, sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le makhetlo a mararo: I. Ho khetholla baetsi ba IPCS ho bacha; II. Ho sekaseka likamano lipakeng tsa IPCS le bong, lilemo, boits'oaro bo litšila, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, le bong bo sa tloaelehang; le III. Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa tšusumetso ea mefuta-futa (bong, lilemo, boits'oaro bo litšila, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, le boits'oaro bo sa tloaelehang) joalo ka likhakanyo tsa IPCS ho bacha.
2. Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
2.1. Barupeluoa
Barupeluoa e ne e le baithuti ba Spain ba 993 ba Sekolo sa Sekondari; Basetsana ba 535 (53.9%) le bashemane ba 458 (46.1%). Lilemo tsa bankakarolo li ne li tloha ho 13 ho isa ho 19 lilemo, ka lilemo tse bolelang tsa lilemo tse 15.75 (SD = 1.47). Mokhoa o mong oa khetho oa thuto ena e ne e le ho ba le molekane hajoale kapa ho ba le eona nakong e fetileng bonyane likhoeli tse tšeletseng. Maemong ana, re fumane hore ho sampole eohle, 70.3% (n = 696) o ne a e-na le molekane ka nako ea ho tlatsoa ha lipotso kapa a neng a kile a ba le eena nakong e fetileng.
2.2. Liletsa
Ho sebelisitsoe lenane la lipotso tsa nakoana. Lenane la lipotso le ne le na le lintho le likala tse latelang:
2.2.1. Lipotso tsa palo ea batho
Barupeluoa ba bontšitse bong le lilemo tsa bona.
2.2.2. Boitšoaro ba ho romela melaetsa e litšila
Ho tseba boits'oaro ba ho romellana melaetsa le melaetsa ea thobalano, re kentse potso e latelang [65]: Na o kile oa romella linepe / livideo tse litšila kapa tsa thobalano tse litšila? (1 = che, 2 = e).
2.2.3. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro
Ho tseba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke bacha, re kenyelelitse potso e latelang: Na o kile oa batlisisa le / kapa oa sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng? (1 = che, 2 = e).
2.2.4. Lethathamo la ho kopanela liphate ho sa tloaelehang ho bacha (ISA)
ISA [66] (e thehiloe ho Scale of Ambivalent Sexism towards Women [40]) e na le lintho tse 20 tse lekanyang boemo ba bocha ba bong bo sa tloaelehang ba ho kopanela liphate: Lintho tse 10 li lekanya botona kapa botšehali bo mabifi le lintho tse 10 tse setseng li lekanya thobalano e mosa. Sekala sa karabelo ke sekala sa mofuta oa Likert ho tloha 1 (ke hana haholo) ho isa ho 6 (ke lumela ka matla). Lintlha tse phahameng li bonts'a maemo a phahameng a bora le thobalano. Alpha ea Cronbach e fumanoeng thutong ena ho subscale ea bora ba botona le botšehali e ne e le 0.86, mme ho Benevolent Sexism subscale, e ne e le 0.85.
2.2.5. Tekanyo ea Interior Partner Cyberstalking (IPCS-Scale)
Sekala sena se ntlafalitsoe "ho lekanya boits'oaro bo ikhethang ba cyberstalking ka hara kamano e haufi" (leq. 392) [24]. Mehlala ea lintho e kenyelletsa "Ke shebile nalane ea mohala / mohala oa molekane oa ka ho bona hore na ba ntse ba etsa eng", "Ke leka ho lekola boits'oaro ba molekane oa ka ka litaba tsa sechaba", hape "Ke sebelisitse kapa ke nahanne ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa mohala ho sala morao mesebetsi ea molekane oa ka ”. Sekala sena se na le lintho tse 21 tse lekantsoeng ka sebopeho sa karabelo ea mofuta oa Likert ho tloha 1 (ke hana haholo) ho isa ho 5 (ke lumela ka matla). Lintlha tse phahameng li bontša ho kenella ho hoholo boitšoarong ba IPCS. Alpha ea Cronbach e fumanoeng thutong ena e ne e le 0.91.
2.3. Litsela
Tumello ea boits'oaro e fumanoe ho Lenaneo la PhD la Komiti ea Boithuto le Boitšoaro ba Saense pele ho pokello ea lintlha. Ho tsoa litsing tse 20 tsa sechaba tsa thuto ea mahareng le tsa lefatše tsa profinse e ka leboea ho Spain, re ile ra khetha litsi tse 10 ho nka karolo thutong ena mme, kahare ho setsi ka seng, ra khetha litlelase tsa potoloho ea bobeli ea Compulsory Secondary Education le High School ( Thuto ea Sekondari e sa Qobelloeng). Ts'ebetso ea pokello ea lintlha e entsoe nakong ea sekolo sa 2/2018. Lipotso li ne li sebelisoa likolong ka linako tse tloaelehileng tsa sekolo. Nako ea tsamaiso e bolelang e ne e le 2019 min. Ho amohetsoe tumello e nang le tsebo ho fana ka lipotso, ke hore, tumello ea sechaba sa thuto (batsamaisi le bakoetlisi).
2.4. Ts'ebetso
Litlhahlobo tse latelang li entsoe ka lenaneo la IBM SPSS v. 21 (IBM Center, Madrid, Spain): pele, litlhahlobo tse hlalosang: moelelo (M) le ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng (SD) li baliloe le tsa Seithuti t-teko joalo ka ts'ebetso ea bong bakeng sa mefuta le sekala se ithutoang. Cohen's d e sebelisitsoe hape ho lekola matla a f2 boholo ba tšebetso, moo 0.02 e nkoang e le nyane, 0.15 e nkuoa e le tekano, 'me 0.35 e nkuoa e le kholo. Taba ea bobeli, li-coefficients tsa pearson bivariate ()r) lipakeng tsa litekanyo / liphallelo le mefuta-futa e baliloe. Taba ea boraro, Hierarchical Linear Regression e sebelisitsoe ho leka mofuta oa khatello le litlamorao tsa ts'ebelisano. Mofuta o fapaneng oa ponelopele e ne e le IPCS. Mefuta-futa ea bong, lilemo, boits'oaro bo litšila, le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li kentsoe mohato oa 1 oa mofuta oa khatello; Ka mor'a moo, thobalano e mabifi le botona le botšehali tse mosa li kentsoe mohato oa 2. Mantsoe a tšebelisano (Predictor x Predictor) a kentsoe mohato oa 3 oa mohlala ho leka litšebelisano lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea thuto. Li-coefficients tsa Beta (β) le tsa Baithuti t-teko e bonts'a karolo ea phello e ikhethang e kentsoeng ke phapano e ngoe le e ngoe ea selelekela. Coefficient ea boikemisetso (R2), coefficient e fetotsoeng (ΔR2ANOVA (F), Le p-Ke ne li sebelisoa ho lekola litlamorao tse kholo mokhoeng oa khatello.
3. Liphetho
Taba ea mantlha, re ile ra bapisa phapang pakeng tsa mekhoa ea IPCS, boits'oaro ba litšoantšo tse litšila, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, le thobalano e mabifi le e mosa joalo ka ts'ebetso ea bong. Joalokaha ho ka bonoa ho Lethathamo 1, ho bile le phapang e kholo litekanyong tsohle / mefuteng, ka boholo bo fapaneng ba phello. Bashemane ba ile ba etsa boits'oaro bo litšila ka ho fetisisa ba ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano (t = 8.07, p <0.001, d = 0.61), e sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (t = 11.19, p <0.001, d = 0.84), e ne e le batho ba mabifi ba hlekefetsang batho ka thobalano (t = 6.89, p <0.001, d = 0.52), hape e ne e le litsebi tsa thobalano tse mosa (t = 3.97, p <0.001, d = 0.30) ho feta bao ba kenang sekolo le bona ba basali. Leha ho le joalo, banana ba ne ba etsa IPCS ho feta bashanyana.
Tafole 1. Liphapang mokhoeng oa sekala / meputso ka bong.
Likhokahano tsohle tsa bivariate lipakeng tsa sekala le lihlapiso tsa boithuto (bona Lethathamo 2) li ne li bohlokoa. Bong bo fumanoe bo amana hantle le IPCS (r = 0.10, p <0.01) le hampe ho khethollo ea botona le botšehali (r = -0.2510, p <0.001), thobalano e mosa (r = -0.15, p <0.001), boits'oaro bo romellanang ka melaetsa ea selefouno (r = -0.29, p <0.001), le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (r = -0.38, p <0.001). Ka mantsoe a mang, banana ba ne ba etsa boitšoaro bo fetelletseng ba cyberstalking ho balekane ba bona, athe bashanyana e ne e le batho ba mabifi le ba mosa ka ho fetesisa ba neng ba romella batho ba bang melaetsa e litšila ea thobalano le ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro.
Tafole 2. Khokahano ea Pearson lipakeng tsa sekala / meputso e fapaneng.
Ho fumanoe hape hore IPCS e hokahane hantle le khethollo ea botona le botšehali (r = 0.32, p <0.01), thobalano e mosa (r = 0.39, p <0.01), boits'oaro bo romellanang ka melaetsa ea sexting (r = 0.32, p <0.01), le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (r = 0.33, p <0.01). Ka mantsoe a mang, batho ba nang le IPCS e phahameng ba ne ba ena le boemo bo phahameng ba lehloeo le mosa oa thobalano, ba ne ba tloaetse ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno ebile ba ne ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.
Ntle le moo, boits'oaro ba litšoantšo tse litšila le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li amana hantle le lilemo (r = 0.10, p <0.01; r = 0.11, p <0.01), khethollo ea botona le botšehali (r = 0.33, p <0.01; r = 0.36, p <0.01), thobalano e mosa (r = 0.32, p <0.01; r = 0.34, p <0.01), le IPCS (r = 0.32, p <0.01; r = 0.33, p <0.01) athe li amana hampe le bong (r = -0.29, p <0.001; r = -0.38, p <0.001). Ka mantsoe a mang, batho ba neng ba romella batho ba bang melaetsa e litšila ea thobalano ba bile ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ne ba tsofetse, e le batho ba ratang thobalano (ba lehloeo ebile ba mosa), hape ba ile ba etsa cyberstalking ka ho fetesisa ho molekane oa bona; hape, bashanyana ba ne ba tloaetse ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno 'me ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse ngata. Kopano e ntle le e matla e boetse e fumanoe lipakeng tsa ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (r = 0.64, p <0.01), kahoo ba shebileng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le bona ba ne ba le mafolofolo haholo litabeng tsa boitšoaro bo bobe.
Ka mor'a moo, mofuta oa khatello o ile oa lekoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa e mengata ea tatellano ea maemo ho bapisa matla a likhakanyo tsa ho bolela esale pele tsa mefuta-futa (bong ba barupeluoa, lilemo, ho romellana melaetsa ea sele le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) bakeng sa IPCS (bona Lethathamo 3). Mefuta e meraro e kengoe mohato oa 1 oa tlhahlobo, e ikarabellang bakeng sa phapang e kholo ea 20.3% ea IPCS.
Tafole 3. Hierarchical linear regression analysis e bolelang esale pele molekane ea haufi-ufi oa cyberstalking.
Mohato oa 2, mefuta e 'meli ea ho tseba esale pele (bong bo mabifi le bo mosa) e kentsoe tlhahlobisong ea khatello, e neng e ikarabella ho 29.5% ea phapang ea mofuta ka kakaretso. Ho eketsoa ha mefuta-futa ea selelekela e bakile 9.2% ea phapang e fapaneng ho IPCS, ΔR2 = 0.092, F (2, 674) = 46.90, p <0.001. Mofuteng oa hoqetela, botona le botšehali bo mabifi (β = 0.12, t = 2.83, p = 0.01)) e ne e le bohlokoa.
Mantsoe a mabeli a tšebelisano lipakeng tsa Tekano × Litšoantšo tsa Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa le Thobalano e Molemo × Litšoantšo tse romellanang ka selefouno, li kentsoe ka boikemelo mohato oa 3 oa mohlala o sebelisang phapano ea likamano (Predictor × Predictor). Lits'oants'o tse peli tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea Tekano × Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa (β = 0.34, t = 2.01, p = 0.001) le Thobalano e Molemo ea ho Kopanela Liphate × Ho romela melaetsa ea selefouno (β = 0.15, t = 1.69, p = 0.01) li ne li le bohlokoa. Metsoako eohle e meng ea likamano e ne e se ea bohlokoa.
Ho hlakisa moelelo oa litšebelisano tsena tse peli tsa bohlokoa tsa khatello ea maemo a phahameng, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo e qaqileng ea lintlha tse bolelang sekala sa IPCS se fumanoeng ke sehlopha ka seng sa litšebelisano. Tsena li bolela lintlha tsa sehlopha ka seng li hlahisoa ka Setšoantšo sa 1 'me Setšoantšo sa 2.
Setšoantšo sa 1. Phello e itekanetseng ea thobalano e mosa (BS) lipakeng tsa boits'oaro ba ho romela melaetsa ea thobalano le cyberstalking ea molekane ea haufi-ufi.
Setšoantšo sa 2. Phello e itekanetseng ea bong litabeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le cyberstalking ea molekane ea haufi.
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1, re bapisitse lipalo tse bolelang ka bobeli le t-teko. Litšoantšiso tsena li bontšitse hore baithuti ba nang le boemo bo phahameng ba bong bo botle ba ho etsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba IPCS ho feta ba nang le boemo bo tlase ba thobalano e mosa, bobeli ba ba neng ba sa tloaela ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano (t = -3.45, p <0.001) le ba tloaetseng ho romella melaetsa e litšila ea selefouno (t = -6.29, p <0.001). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, baithuti ba neng ba tloaetse ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano ba fumane lintlha tse holimo ho IPCS ho feta ba sa e etsang, ka bobeli ho ba nang le botona le botšehali bo botle haholo (t = -4.92, p <0.001) le ba nang le thobalano e mosa e tlase (t = -2.56, p <0.001). Ka hona, barutoana ba mosa ba bong bo fapaneng ba neng ba etsa litšoantšo tse litšila tsa thobalano ba ile ba fumana lintlha tse holimo ho IPCS ho feta lihlopha tse ling tsohle (tse neng li sa tloaela ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano). Ka hona, liphetho li supa hore kamano lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea IPCS e ne e lekantsoe ke boemo ba thobalano e mosa.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, re bapisitse lintlha tse bolelang re sebelisa tLiteko ho Setšoantšo sa 2. Rea hlokomela hore banana ba fumane lintlha tse phahameng ho feta IPCS ho feta bashanyana, ka bobeli ho ba sa sebeliseng litaba tsa bootsoa (t = -7.32, p <0.001) le ba e sebelisitseng (t = -5.77, p <0.001). Ntle le moo, baithuti ba jang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ekaba bashemane (t = -9.70, p <0.001) kapa banana (t = -9.80, p <0.001), o entse boits'oaro bo bongata ba IPCS ho feta ba sa sebeliseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho feta moo, banana ba jang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ile ba fumana lintlha tse holimo ho feta lihlopha tse ling tsohle tsa IPCS. Ka hona, liphetho li bonts'a hore kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le IPCS e ne e lekantsoe ke bong.
4. Puisano
Liphuputso tse ngata li bontšitse tšusumetso ea mefuta e ikhethileng joalo ka bong [24], litšobotsi tsa botho [18], khethollo ea botona le botšehali [67,68], litumelo ka lerato [68], ho romela melaetsa ya thobalano [57], kapa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [69] ka pefo kapa pefo ea cyber likamanong tsa banyalani, leha e le haholo ho batho ba baholo le baithuti ba univesithi. Ho tsebo ea rona, ha ho thuto e kopantseng mefuta ea thuto ena le ho hlakisa phello ea bona ea boiphihlelo ho bacha mabapi le IPCS.
Pele, thuto ena e ile ea sekaseka ho ata ha IPCS ho bacha ba ipapisitseng le bong. Le ha ho fumanoe mekhoa e tlase ho IPCS, banana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ipolela hore ba etsa boits'oaro bo eketsehileng ba marang-rang ho balekane ba bona hape ba boletse hore ba tla hlahisa mekhoa ena ea tlhekefetso ea inthanete haeba ba na le lipelaelo ka molekane oa bona. Liphetho tsena li tsamaellana le tsa machabeng [27,30] le naha [4,57] lithuto tse bonts'ang hore banana ba etsa taolo ea cyber ea balekane ba bona. Liphetho tsena li bonts'a phetoho ea boemo ba mohanyetsi oa taolo ea marang-rang ho banyalani ha ba bapisoa le pefo e tloaelehileng ea bong nakong ea bocha ha bashanyana e le bona bahatelli ba ka sehloohong [31,70]. Hona joale, banana ba mabifi ho feta bashanyana.
Liphetho tse ling tse khahlisang tsa thuto ena tumellanong le lithuto tsa machabeng le tsa naha ke hore bashanyana ba etsa boitšoaro bo litšila ba ho romela melaetsa e litšila ho feta banana.63,65,71] hape ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ha li bapisoa le banana [60,64]. Hape re fumane hore bashanyana le banana ba baholo lilemong ba sebelisa melaetsa e litšila ea thobalano [65] 'me u sebelise litaba tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng [60,61]. Joalokaha liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano li amana haholo, joalo ka hore ha bashanyana le banana ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ke bona ba etsang boitšoaro bo bobe. Leha lithuto tse fokolang li hlahlobile mokhatlo ona, boithuto ba Stanley et al. [64], e amang bacha ba tsoang linaheng tse hlano tsa Europe, le eona e bonts'a khokahano e matla ena. Patlisiso ea Romito le Beltramini [72] o ile a ba a nahana hore ho romela melaetsa e litšila e le mokhoa oo ka oona bacha ba neng ba hlahisa litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa tseo hamorao ba ileng ba li romella ba bang.
Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore bacha ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho hlahisa maikutlo a bong bo fapaneng. Bashemane le bona ba na le maemo a phahameng a bong bo sa tloaelehang (bo mabifi le bo mosa) ho feta banana. Leha ho le joalo, liphapang tse kholo ka ho fetesisa li ama bong bo mabifi ba bong. Liphetho tsena li tsamaellane le lithuto tse ngata [42,47]. Ho a khahlisa hape ho tseba hore, leha ho na le liphapang e le tšebetso ea bong, bashanyana le banana ba ekelitse boemo ba bona ba botona le botšehali bo botle (bo mosa), boo, ka lebaka la molumo oa bona o khahlisang, bo koahelang maemo a khethollo khahlano le basali, a baka bongata bacha ho sitoa ho e tseba. Hape re fumane hore botona le botšehali bo mabifi le bo mosa bo ne bo amana hantle le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro ba ho romela melaetsa ea thobalano. Kahoo, bashanyana le banana ba nang le maikutlo a mangata a ho kopanela liphate ba ne ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho etsa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.
Ha re lekola kamano lipakeng tsa IPCS le boits'oaro ba ho romellana melaetsa le melaetsa ea thobalano, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, le bong bo sa tloaelehang, re fumane hore IPCS e ne e amana hantle le e mong le e mong oa bona. Kahoo, bashanyana le banana ba neng ba sebelisa taolo e fetang ea balekane ba bona e ne e le batho ba ratang thobalano (ba lehloeo hape ba mosa), ba etsa boits'oaro bo bongata ba ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, hape ba ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Liphuputso tse fapaneng li nka bong ka thobalano, haholoholo e le bora, e le selelekela sa pefo kapa tlhekefetso ho cyber ho banyalani [33,73]. Lingoliloeng tsa machabeng li hokahanya litloaelo tsa ho romellana melaetsa e litšila le ho sebelisa marang-rang ka marang-rang [6], empa ena ke thuto ea pele e amanang le mefuta ena kaofela.
Kamora nako, sepheo sa rona e ne e le ho tseba tšusumetso ea bong, lilemo, boits'oaro ba litšoantšo tse litšila, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro bo sa tloaelehang ba botona le botšehali e le likhakanyo tsa IPCS le ho netefatsa boikarabello ba bona ho bacha. Ena ke thuto ea pele e lekolang ho kopana ha mefuta ena. Liphetho li fumanoe li khetholla ho kopanela liphate le ho sebelisana ho kopantseng litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea bong le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le phello ea thobalano e mosa le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno e le bahlahlobi ba IPCS. Ho netefalitsoe hape hore boemo ba khethollo ea botona le botšehali e fetohile ntho e ka sehloohong e bolelang esale pele taolo ea molekane ea inthaneteng. Ka hona, bacha ba nang le bora ba bong bo fapaneng ba na le monyetla oa ho etsa boits'oaro ba IPCS. Maemong ana, bong le boemo ba mohau oa thobalano bo etsisa boits'oaro ba cyberstalking ho banyalani. Ka hona, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore banana ba jang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro cyberstalked balekane ba bona ho feta. Ntle le moo, bashemane le banana ba mosa ba bong bo fapaneng ba neng ba etsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano ba ne ba tloaetse ho lekola molekane oa bona haholoanyane.
Liphetho tsena li re khothaletsa ho nka mohato o tsoelang pele mme re nahanisise hore na hobaneng bacha ba mosa ba ho kopanela liphate ba etsa melaetsa e litšila ea thobalano hape ba beha leihlo ho balekane ba bona ho feta, le hore na hobaneng banana — bareki ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro — ba kenella ho cyberstalking likamanong tsa bona ho feta bashanyana. Ho hlakile hore boemo ba dijithale e se e le sebaka se secha sa ho etsa pefo ka taolo ea inthanete le leihlo la molekane [2]. Le ha bashanyana le banana ba lumela ho laola balekane ba bona sebakeng se fumanehang, re fumane hore banana ba shebileng balekane ba bona le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Ka nako e ts'oanang, bacha le basali ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le maikutlo a sa lumellaneng (a mabifi le a mosa) -ka bashanyana ba ratang botona le botšehali le ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ea thobalano [65] —Cyber-monitor balekane ba bona.
Ha ho fanoa ka liphetho tsena, tlhaloso e utloisisehang e ho khethollo ea botsoalle. Bashemane le banana ba rutiloe ho ipapisitsoe le maikutlo a bong [74]. Kahoo, bashemane ba rutoa joalo ka "ba ikemetseng", ba hatella boipuso, matla le ho sekamela tlholisanong. Banana ba rutiloe ka melao ea boitšoaro ea tlhokomelo, maikutlo le ts'epahalo, mme ba ikaha boitsebahatso ba bona ho ipapisitsoe le "nna kamanong" le ba bang, boitlamo ho molekane, ho fa lerato sebaka sa mantlha bophelong ba bona [75,76]. Sena se etsa hore banana ba labalabele ho ba le balekane hobane ho ba fa kutloisiso ea polokeho le boemo, botumo sechabeng, le ts'ireletso hara sehlopha sa lithaka [77]. Kahoo, banana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba lemoha ka ho hlaka bohlokoa ba ho "ba kharebe ea motho e mong" mme ba tšaba ho lahleheloa ke "boemo ba kharebe" sehlopheng sa lithaka [77] (leq. 208). Sena se bontša hore likamano li ntse li behiloe ke bopatriareka le mohopolo oa thobalano e bontšang hore banana "ba se nang balekane" ba ka hlaseloa, ba lahloa kapa ba hlokomolohuoa ke sehlopha sa lithaka [77]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tšabo ea ho lahleheloa ke balekane ba bona e ka sutumetsa banana hore e be bareki ba litaba tsa bootsoa, molemong oa ho hlahisa boinehelo ba bona bo felletseng ho takatso ea monna litloaelong tsa bona tsa thobalano. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho its'etleha maikutlong ho molekane oa bona, ho kopane le mohono le ho se tšepane, ho baka pefo hore e be teng ka taolo ea bona ea cyber [4,19,30,53]. Ha e le hantle, bashanyana le banana ba nka hore ho sebelisa marang-rang ha ho kotsi, eseng mofuta oa pefo, ebile ba ka ho nka e le papali [25]. Kahoo, ba nka boitšoaro bo laolang e le mokhoa oa ho bontša lerato, tlhokomelo le lerato ho molekane oa bona hape e le sesebelisoa se "sebetsang" sa ho boloka likamano tsa bona tsa banyalani [24,31]. Ka hona, ho a hlokahala ho fa bacha ba rona lisebelisoa tse hlokahalang ho senola mekhoa ena ea boits'oaro eo ba e tloaetseng likamanong tsa bona.
Phokotso ea mantlha ea thuto ena e amana le sampole, e neng e na le baithuti ba Sekolo sa Sekondari ba tsoang litsing tsa sechaba le ho beha litsi tsa thuto, ba lahla baithuti ba boemo bo tšoanang ba thuto ba neng ba ngolisitsoe likolong tse ikemetseng le tsa bolumeli. Hape ho ka ba monate ho kenyelletsa mefuta e mecha e amanang le ho ba le ts'ebeliso ea mahlale le ho kenyelletsa sekala sa pefo ea cyber ho banyalani ba ka bonang boits'oaro bo itseng joalo ka taolo, poulelo ea inthaneteng le litšokelo, hara tse ling. Nakong e tlang, ho matlafatsa thuto ea ho sebelisa cyberstalking ea balekane ba haufi-ufi sechabeng sa bacha ho lokela ho rarolloa ho latela boemo ba boleng boo bashanyana le banana ba buisanang ka mantsoe a bona litumelo tsa bona, maikutlo le boits'oaro ka cyberstalking likamanong tsa bona.
5. Liphello
Mabapi le liphetho tse fumanoeng ke bacha ba hlahisang maikutlo a botona le botšehali, ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ba tloaetseng ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno, le ho etsa boits'oaro ba ho lekola molekane - ho totobatsa karolo e eketsehang ea banana ho kenelletseng mofuteng ona oa pefo - koetlisa bacha lilemong tsa thuto ea botona le botšehali. Spain, Molao oa hajoale oa Organic bakeng sa Ntlafatso ea Boleng ba Thuto [78] semmuso e boloka boleng ba tokoloho le mamello ho ntšetsa pele tlhompho le tekano, leha, maemong a teng, e ne e le tšitiso hobane e felisitse lithuto tsa thuto ho sebetsana le litaba tsa thuto ea thobalano [79].
Spain, mofuta o atileng haholo oa thuto ea thobalano o thehiloe mokhoeng oa boitšoaro / boits'oaro o bonts'ang thobalano le mofuta oa kotsi / thibelo o sebelisang ts'abo le mafu e le linotlolo tsa ho ithuta. Mefuta ena ka bobeli e hlahisa maikutlo a setso, a bong, le maikutlo a fapaneng a likamano tse amanang le thobalano [80]. Morero oa thuto ea thobalano e lokela ho ba ho etsa mohlala oa tokoloho, ho nyatsa le ho lokolla thobalano; ka sepheo sena, ho hlokahala hore ho be le koetliso e phethahetseng ea thobalano [81].
Joalokaha liphetho tsa phuputso ena li bontša, re ke ke ra lebala hore maemo ao bacha ba phelang ho ona a fetohile haholo [82]. Ka hona, ka ho kenyelletsoa ha li-ICT - marang-rang, marang-rang a sechaba, jj. - ka lehlakoreng le leng, sebaka se buletsoe menyetla e mecha ea ho phahamisa bophelo bo botle ba thobalano le thobalano, empa, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho hlaha liketsahalo tse ncha. (joalo ka ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, ho beha leihlo ka marang-rang, jj.) tse ka etsang hore bacha ba be tlokotsing [25,65]. Ka hona, li-ICT, tse khothalelitseng ho hasana ha tlhaiso-leseling, e se e le baetsi ba maikutlo a batho ba banyane ho fetisisa [83], le phetiso e matla ea melaetsa, boholo ba eona e fosahetse kapa e leeme, mabapi le thobalano, mme e shebile haholoholo hore na likamano tsa thobalano lipakeng tsa banna le basali li lokela ho ba joang [79]. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke sesebelisoa se ka sehloohong sa ho fetisa mohopolo oa thobalano e mabifi le e mabifi ho bacha.58]. Kameho e ntseng e eketseha ea ts'ebeliso ea eona e susumetsa likamano tsa bona, e tlisa maemo a itseng a pefo liketsong tsa thobalano le ho kopanya mohopolo oa bapatriareka oa ho se lekane lipakeng tsa banna le basali [60], ho beha thabo ea banna setsing, le ho theola thabo ea basali [58].
Ka bokhutšoanyane, ho bohlokoa ho kenya tšebetsong mananeo a thuto ea thobalano likolong a kenyelletsang li-ICT bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea tsona e bolokehileng le ka boikarabello [84]. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li lekile katleho e kholo ea lisebelisoa tsa ho ruta ka mofuta oa 4.0 (lisebelisoa tsa mamelo, lisebelisoa tsa mohala, jj.) Tse shebaneng le thibelo ea pefo e thehiloeng ho bong, e leng ts'ebeletso ea sechaba sa thuto (matichere, bo-mme / bo-ntate, le baithuti) [10[10,11]. Mananeo a thuto ea thobalano a lokela ho kenyeletsoa lenaneong la thuto maemong ohle a thuto e le taba e le 'ngoe feela [79], ho bua ka litaba tsa bohlokoa joalo ka: boits'oaetso ba 'mele, boits'oaro ba bong (bong, maikutlo a bong, maikutlo a thobalano, jj.), boitšepo le boits'oaro, maikutlo, likamano tse lekanang tsa botsoalle (lerato, ho nkeha maikutlo, setsoalle, jj. ), boitšoaro ba thobalano, le bophelo bo botle ba thobalano [85] le ho itšetleha ka lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa ICT tse kopanyang ho ithuta, tšusumetso le boithabiso [14]. Ke ka tsela ena feela moo sistimi ea hajoale ea thuto e tla khona ho arabela maemong ana a macha a sechaba a hlahisitsoeng ka marang-rang le kantle ho naha ho lumella bashanyana le banana ho phela le ho hlahisa likamano tsa bona le batho ba babeli ka tsela e lekanang le e se nang pefo.
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