C. Bulota,, , B. Leurentb, , F. Collierc,
Buka ea 24, Khatiso ea 4, October-December 2015, Maqephe e78-e83
Summary
Selelekela
Indasteri ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke tšusumetso e atileng ho bacha, hoo e ka bang kaofela ha bona ba pepesetsoang marang-rang ka ho rata kapa ka boithatelo ebile ba sa le banyane lilemong kapa pele ho nako. Na ho na le setsoalle pakeng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le mefuta e meng ea boitšoaro bo kotsing?
Method
Baithuti ba Lille ba makholo a robeli le leshome le metso e 'meli ba arabile ka mokhoa o sa tsejoeng pampiring ea lipotso eo ba e fuoeng ka nako ea puisano setsing sa bophelo bo botle. Mehopolo ea mabaka le ea mela e ile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lipalo.
Liphello
Hoo e batlang e le banna bohle le 80% ea basali ba kile ba pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Karolelano ea lilemo tsa ponahatso ea pele e ne e le lilemo tsa 15.2.
Ho pepeseha bongoaneng pele ho nako ho amana le liketso tsa thobalano o sa le monyane haholo mme o na le tšekamelo e kholo ea ho batla balekane ba tloaetsoeng le ho sebelisa li-cannabis khafetsa. Lilemo tsa ho pepeseha ha li bonahale li na le ts'usumetso ho palo ea balekane ba thobalano, tloaelo ea ho kenella kahare, ho joala kapa ho tsuba, ts'ebeliso ea lithibela-mafu le ho beha likotsi maemong a tšoaetso ea thobalano.
Ho shebella khafetsa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho amana le liketso tsa thobalano o sa le monyane lilemong, palo e kholo ea balekane ba thobalano, tšekamelo ea ho batla balekane ba tloaetseng ho phela, tloaelo ea ho kenella kahare, boemo bo tlase ba thibelo ea tšoaetso ea thobalano le ho ima ho sa batleheng mme qetellong , tšebeliso e ngata ea joala le cannabis. Qetellong, lintlha tsena li lokela ho tsotelloa, 'me li lokela ho lebisa ba amehang ho tsa bophelo bo botle ba thobalano le thuto ea thobalano ho eketsa tlhahisoleseling eo ba e fang bacha.
Keywords
- Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa;
- Baithuti;
- Boitšoaro ba thobalano;
- Boitšoaro ba kotsi;
- Boloetse bo tšoaelitsoeng ka thobalano (STI)
Litemana tse ithutoang:
“Karolo ea mashome a robeli a metso e tšeletseng ea baithuti e pepeselitsoe li-IPN, haholo inthaneteng. Makhetlo a pepesitsoeng a maholo ho banna ho feta basali (98.7% vs 78.8%), empa banna le bona ba pepesetsoa lilemong tsa pele: lilemo tse tloaelehileng tseo banna ba qalang ho pepesetsoa ka tsona ke 14.5, athe ho basali ke 15.8. Hoo e ka bang moithuti a le mong ho ba babeli o re ba ile ba pepesetsoa li-IPN ba sa rate. Kotara ea pono ea baithuti ea libaka tsa bootsoa makhetlo a 1 ho isa ho a 4 ka khoeli mme 9% ea bona e sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata hanngoe ka beke. Makhetlo a ho pepeseha a fapana haholo lipakeng tsa banna le basali. Sena se hlaka haholoanyane ha ho tluoa ho '' bareki ba tloaelehileng '', e leng ketsahalo e amang banna ba 18.4%, empa ke basali ba 1.6% feela. ”
"Kameho ea khafetsa ea ho pepesehela li-IPN e ile ea ithutoa har'a" 'bareki ba tloaelehileng "(hangata hanngoe ka khoeli) le" "bareki ba tloaetseng" "(ho feta hang ka beke). Ho na le khokahano ea bohlokoa le lilemo boiphihlelo ba motho ba pele ba thobalano. Sena se fokotsoa ka likhoeli tse 3 ho isa ho tse 4 moo ho sebelisoang khafetsa li-IPN. Sena se boetse se amahanngoa le palo e kholo ea balekane ba thobalano, le tšekamelo ea ho batla balekane ba itlosang bolutu, ho se sebelise likhohlopo leha ho sa hlahlojoe, ho kenella ka morao, 'me qetellong ke ho sebelisa mekhoa ea thibelo ea bokhachane khafetsa. ”
Puisano
Boithuto bona bo entsoe tikolohong ea univesithi eo ha e le hantle e entsoeng ke likolo tse ikemetseng, tseo ho tsona ho etsoang ka boithatelo 'me li boloketsoe baithuti ba malapa a tsoang maemong a moruo a moruo. Ho na le ka hona, ketsahalong ena, mohlomong ho na le khethollo. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tse fumanoeng e le sephetho sa mosebetsi ona li tsamaisana haholo le lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa boitšoaro ba batho ba baholo ba bacha (Beltzer le Bajos, 2008; Beltzer et al., 2010; ESCAPAD, 2011; Beck et al., 2013).
Mosebetsi ohle o entsoeng sebakeng sena ha o lumellane ho fihlela qeto ea hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke tšusumetso e atileng ho batho ba bacha mme banna ba e sebelisa ba sa le banyenyane mme hangata ho feta basali (Bajos le Bozon, 2008; Bajos et al., 2008; Brown le L'Engle, 2009; Haggstrom-Nordin, 2005; Wallmyr le Welin, 2006; Ybarra le Mitchell, 2005; Haldet al., 2013; Morgan, 2011).
Sena se boetse se tiisoa ke lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke lefapha la lipatlisiso (IFOP, 2009, 2013).
Kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšoaro ba thobalano
Ho bonahala eka ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke bacha kapa batho ba baholo ho susumetsa boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano.
Bareki ba bacha ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ka kakaretso, ba na le balekane ba bangata (Braun-Courville le Rojas, 2009; Morgan, 2011; Kraus le Russell, 2008), likamano tsa thobalano ba sa le banyenyane (Odeyemi et al., 2009; Morgan, 2011; Kraus le Russell, 2008), litloaelo tse fapaneng tsa thobalano, tse nang le tloaelo e atisang ho kenella ea ho kenella ka popelong (Haggstrom-Nordin, 2005; Brown le L'Engle, 2009; Braun-Courville le Rojas, 2009).
Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea tsena e utloang e etella pele bophelong ba ho hola ke thobalano. Ebile, thuto ea Amerika ea baithuti ba 800 e bonts'a hore khafetsa ts'ebeliso ea li-IPN e amahangoa le boemo bo tlase ba khotsofalo ea thobalano (Morgan, 2011).
Mosebetsing o mong oa Amerika, boithuto bo ne bo shebile lilemo tsa pele ho nako tsa ho pepesetsoa bacha. Ho bashanyana ho pepesetsoa lilemong tse joalo pele ho nako ho lebisa litekanyetsong tse lumellehang tsa thobalano le keketseho ea tloaelo ea ho etsa thobalano le molomo. Ho banana, ho fapana le hoo, ho ka ba le tšusumetso molemong oa bona oa thobalano ka ho etsa hore ba se lumelloe haholo (Brownand L 'Engle, 2009).
Kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boitšoaro bo kotsing
Tlhahlobo ena e bonahala e tiisa kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro bo itseng ba kotsi, empa ha e khone ho hlakisa tataiso le mofuta oa khokahano ena lipakeng tsa sesosa le phello. Mesebetsi e mengata e tiisa khokahano ena. Phuputso ea Amerika ea 2005 e bonts'a hore bacha ba shebang lifilimi tsa bootsoa ka boithatelo ba kenella boitshwarong bo bobe le ho ja lintho tse ngata tsa kelello (Ybarra le Mitchell, 2005).
Ho 2011, phuputso ea Sweden e boetse e bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea khafetsa ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke batho ba baholo ba batona e hokahane le tšebeliso ea joala khafetsa (Svedin et al., 2011).
Basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ba na le baratuoa ba bangata ba thobalano (Braun-Courville le Rojas, 2009; Morgan, 2011; Kraus le Russell, 2008).
Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se tšoane le tsela e kholo ea ts'ireletso khahlanong le mafu a likobo ka tšebeliso ea likhohlopo. Kahoo, kamano e lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho nka likotsi ha ho tluoa ho mafu a likobo ho bonts'itsoe, bonyane ho fihlela banna ba amehile (Tydén and Rogala, 2004; Luder et al., 2011). Sena se hanyetsoa ha ho tluoa ho basali (Peter le Valkenburg, 2011).
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe kaholimo, ha ho tluoa 'neteng ea hore likhohlopo li ka khafetsa maemong ana, thobalano e kenyeletsang thobalano ea anal e ka nkuoa e le boitšoaro bo kotsing. Phuputso ea Sweden e entsoeng ho bacha ba lilemo li 18 e bonts'itse ntlha ea hore '' bareki ba baholo '' ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ne ba e-na le likamano tse ngata tse kenyeletsang thobalano ea anal mme ba sa sireletseha hantle (ke 39% feela e sebelisang khohlopo) (Haggstrom-Nordin, 2005 ).
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