Ukwakhiwa kobuchopho nokuxhumana okusebenzayo Okuhlangene Nezingcolile Ukusetshenziswa: I-Brain on Porn (2014)

Ukubaluleka  Njengoba izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zivele kuyi-intanethi, ukutholakala, ukutholakala, nokungaziwa kokudla izinto ezibukwayo zobulili kuye kwanda futhi kudonsela izigidi zabasebenzisi. Ngokusekelwe ekucatshangweni ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobulili bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kufana nokuziphatha okufuna umvuzo, ukuziphatha okufuna ukwenza izinto ezintsha, nokuziphatha okuluthayo, sithinte ukuguqulwa kwenethiwekhi ye-frontostriatal kubasebenzisi abaningi.

I-Object.sci-hub.orgive  Ukunquma ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa nenethiwekhi ye-frontostriatal.

Ukuklama, ukubeka, kanye nabahlanganyeli  Abantu abaneminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nane abanezempilo abanesisindo esikhulu sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile eMax Planck Institute for Human Development eBerlin, eJalimane, babike amahora amaningi okusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngeviki. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuhlotshaniswa nesakhiwo se-neural, ukuqaliswa okuhlobene nomsebenzi, nokuxhumeka komsebenzi wokuphumula.

Imiphumela emikhulu kanye Nezinyathelo  Okumhlophe kunomqondo wobuchopho obulinganiselwe nge-voxel-based based morphometry nokuphumula kokusebenza kombuso okulinganiselwe kwalinganiselwe ku-3-T magantic imaging scans scans.

Imiphumela  Sithole ubudlelwane obubi obuphakathi kwamahora wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezibikiwe ngeviki kanye nomthamo wegrey umthamo we-caudate esifanele (P  <.001, ilungisiwe ngokuqhathanisa okuningi) kanye nomsebenzi osebenzayo ngesikhathi sokubuka ngokocansi-ukuphinda usebenzise ipharadigm ku-putamen yesobunxele (P <.001). Ukuxhuma okusebenzayo kwe-caudate efanele kwesobunxele be-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex kwakuhlotshaniswa kabi namahora wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi.

Iziphetho nokuBheka Ukuhlangana okungalungile kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile ngevolatum (caudate) ivolumu efanele, ukusebenza kwe-striatum (putamen) ekusebenzeni ngesikhathi sokucubungula, futhi ukuxhumana okuphansi kokusebenza kwe-caudate engakwesokunxele kwe-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex kungabonisa ukuguqulwa kwipulasitiki ye-neural njengendlela umphumela wokuvuselela okukhulu kwesistimu yokuvuza, kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-top-down okuphansi kwezindawo ze-prefrontal cortical. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kungaba yisimiso esenza ukuba izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zizuze ngokwengeziwe.

Amanani kulesi Sihloko

Ukuvezwa kokuqukethwe kocansi kumafilimu, amavidiyo womculo, ne-Inthanethi kuye kwanda eminyakeni yamuva.¹ Ngenxa yokuthi i-intanethi ayihambisani nemigomo, ivele iyimoto yokusakaza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Izithombe ze-Pornographic zitholakalayo ukuze zisebenzise kubumfihlo bendlu yakho nge-Intanethi kunokuba kubhukimabhuku ezindala zomphakathi noma kumabhayisikobho e-movie. Ngakho-ke, ukufinyeleleka, ukukhokhela, nokungaziwa² uye wakhanga izilaleli eziningi. Ucwaningo e-United States lubonise ukuthi amadoda angu-66% no-41% wabesifazane badla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njalo ngenyanga.³ Ukulinganiswa kwe-50% yawo yonke inethiwekhi ye-intanethi ihlobene nocansi.⁴ Lezi zephesenti zibonisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuyona inkinga yabantu abambalwa kodwa isenzakalo esiyinkimbinkimbi esithonya umphakathi wethu. Ngokuthakazelisayo, lo mkhuba awugcini kuphela kubantu; Ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwathola ukuthi izinkawu zamadoda ezinama-macaque zanikeza umvuzo wamanzi ukuze zibuke izithombe zezinkabi zezinyanekazi.⁵

Ukuphindaphindiwe kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuye kwaboniswa ukubikezela izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ezingalungile ezithinta abantu. Umfundi waseSweden ocwaninga ngamantombazane asetsheni uye wabonisa ukuthi abafana abasebenzisa nsuku zonke babonisa isithakazelo esengeziwe ezinhlobonhlobo ezingcolile ezingekho emthethweni zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe babika ukuthi bafisa ukufeza lokho okwakubonakala empilweni yangempela.^1,6- 8 Ngokubambisana, ukwehlisa ukwaneliseka ngokocansi kanye nokuthambekela kokuthola izikripthi zobulili ezingcolile ziye zahlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezivamile ze-intanethi.⁹ Ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside olulandela abasebenzisi be-intanethi lithole ukuthi ukuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyi-predictive of compulsive usetyenziso lwekhompyutha emva kwe-1 ngonyaka.¹⁰ Kuthathwa ndawonye, ​​ukutholakala okukhulunywe ngenhla kuxhasa ukucabanga ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinethonya ekuziphatheni nasekuqondeni komphakathi wabathengi bayo. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ngisho nasesimweni esingavunyelwe, kungase kube nomthelela ekwakheni kobuchopho nasemisebenzini. Noma kunjalo, kolwazi lwethu, ubuchopho obuhlobene nokuhambisana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili akukaphenywa kuze kube manje.

Ngokufanayo nemibono ethathwe ekucwaningweni kokulutha izidakamizwa, kuye kwacatshangwa ezincwadini zesayensi ezithandwayo ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zithathwa njengama-prewired, ukukhushulwa ngokwemvelo futhi ukuthi amazinga aphezulu okuvezwa angabangela ukuhlaselwa noma ukujwayela kwempendulo ye-neural kwinethiwekhi yomvuzo. Lokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi kusebenze izinqubo zokuguquguquka lapho ubuchopho buqotshwa khona, bengabe besabela kancane ezintweni ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile.¹¹ Kukhona isivumelwano esivamile sokuthi izidakamizwa ze-neural zomshuwalense zihlanganisa izindawo zobuchopho eziyingxenye yenethiwekhi yomvuzo njenge-midbrain dopamine neurons, i-striatum, ne-prefrontal cortex.^12,13 I-striatum icatshangwa ukuba ihileleke ekubunzeni imikhuba lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kuqhubeka nokuziphatha okuphoqelekile.¹⁴ I-striral striatum ngokukhethekile iboniswe ukuthi ihileleke ekucubunguleni ukucutshungulwa kwezidakamizwa ezihlukahlukene zokuhlukunyezwa¹⁵ kodwa futhi ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezintsha.¹⁶ Umsebenzi ophathelene ne-prefrontal cortex uyingxenye yezinguquko ezinkulu ze-neurobiological ezixoxwa ocwaningweni mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa kwezidakamizwa ezivamile kubantu nasezilwaneni.¹⁷ Ezicwaningweni zokulutha kwezidakamizwa kubantu, ukuguqulwa kokuziphendulela kuye kwaboniswa ku-striatum ne-prefrontal cortex.^18- 20

Esikhathini sesifundo samanje, saqala ukuphenya ama-coralates e-neural ahlobene njalo-hhayi ngempela umlutha-izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziselwa abantu abanempilo ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe lokhu kuziphatha okuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nesakhiwo nokusebenza kwezifunda ezithile zobuchopho.

Abahlanganyeli

Abathintekayo besilisa abangamashumi ayisithupha nane abane (iminyaka eyi-[SD] yobudala, iminyaka engu-28.9 [6.62], ububanzi be-21-45 iminyaka) babhaliswa. Esikhangisweni, ukugxila kwethu ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akukhulunywanga; esikhundleni salokho, sibheke abahlanganyeli abanempilo abanesithakazelo ekuhlanganyeleni ocwaningweni lwesayensi kuhlanganise nezilinganiso zemifanekiso ye-resonance imaging (MRI). Sivimbela isampula sethu kubesilisa ngoba amadoda athola izithombe ezingcolile ezinganeni ezincane, adle izithombe ezingcolile ezingcolile,²¹ futhi kungenzeka ukuthi bazobhekana nezinkinga uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane.²² Ngokusho kokuxoxisana komuntu siqu (Ingxoxo ye-Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview²³) abahlanganyeli babengenayo izifo zengqondo. Okunye ukuphazamiseka kwezokwelapha neyezinzwa kwakungekho. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto kwakuhlolwe ngokucophelela. Inqubo yokungabikho bonke abantu yayingavamile eMRI. Ucwaningo luvunyiwe yikomiti yokuziphatha yasekhaya e-Charité University Clinic eBerlin, eJalimane. Ngemuva kwencazelo ephelele yocwaningo, sithole imvume ebhaliwe evela kubahlanganyeli.

Inqubo Yokuskena

Imifanekiso yesakhiwo iqoqwe ku-scanner ye-3-T (Siemens) enekhoyili yekhanda ye-12 esebenzisa ukulandelana kwe-gradient-echo ehambisana ne-T1 (isikhathi sokuphindaphinda = ama-millisecond angu-2500; isikhathi se-echo = ama-millisecond angu-4.77; isikhathi se-inversion = i-1100 millisecond , i-matrix yokuthola = 256 × 256 × 176; i-flip angle = 7 °; 1 × 1 × 1 mm³ usayizi we-voxel).

Izithombe zokusebenza zokuphumula zomsebenzi ziqoqwe ngokusebenzisa ukulandelana kwe-imaging echoplanar ehambisana ne-T2 * (isikhathi sokuphindaphinda = ama-millisecond angu-2000, isikhathi se-echo = ama-millisecond angu-30, isithombe se-matrix = 64 × 64, indawo yokubukwa = 216 mm, i-flip angle = 80 °, ubukhulu besigaba = 3.0 mm, ibanga = = 20%, usayizi we-voxel we-3 × 3 × 3 mm³, Ama-36 axial tincetu, imizuzu ye-5). Abahlanganyeli babeyalwe ukuba bavale amehlo futhi baphumule. Ukulandelana okufanayo kwasetshenziselwa ukuthola izithombe ezihlobene nomsebenzi.

Umbuzo

Sasiqhuba imibuzo elandelayo ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile: "Uchitha amahora angaki amahora amahora ukubukela izinto zobulili ezingcolile phakathi nosuku lweviki? " futhi "Uchitha isikhathi esingakanani amahora wokubuka izinto zobulili ezingcolile phakathi nempelasonto?" Kusukela kulokhu, silinganise amahora ngama-average asetshenzisiwe ngezindaba zobulili ezingcolile phakathi nesonto (amahora angcolile zobulili [PH]). Ngoba ukusatshalaliswa kwe-PHs ezibikiwe kwakunqatshelwe futhi kungavamile ukusatshalaliswa (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Z = 1.54; P <.05), siguqule ukuguquguquka ngokusebenzisa impande eyisikwele (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Z = 0.77; P = .59). Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwazo kwamanje, sabuza nabahlanganyeli ukuthi bangakanani iminyaka abayidlile izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, sasebenzisa i- Ukuhlola ucansi nge-inthanethi Ubufakazit²⁴ (ekuhumusheni kwayo kweJalimane), into ye-25-self-rating instrument eyenzelwe ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kobulili komuntu nge-Inthanethi, futhi umfushane omfushane we-Sexual Addiction Screening test²⁵ (ngesihumusho sayo sesiJalimane) esenzelwe ukuhlola izimpawu zokulutha ngokobulili. Ukulawula imiphumela yemilutha ye-intanethi, sisebenzise Ukulutha kwe-intanethi test²⁶ (in version yayo yesiJalimane; bheka futhi isifundo sikaBarke et al²⁷) equkethe izinto ze-20. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola izimpawu zesifo sengqondo, okungukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokucindezeleka, sinikeze Utshwala Lokusetshenziswa Kokungaxilongwa Kwe-Disorder test²⁸ futhi Beck Ukucindezeleka Inventory.²⁹

Umsebenzi we-Cue-Reactivity

Sisebenzise Izithombe ze-60 ezicacile zobulili ezivela kuwebhusayithi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye ne-60 izithombe ezingafani, efaniswa nenombolo nobuntu bomuntu ezithombeni zobulili, phakathi nemisebenzi engavamile, okuwukuzivocavoca umzimba. Izithombe zihanjiswe emabhuloki e-6 anezithombe ze-10 ngayinye yezimo zobulili nezingaxhumano. Isithombe ngasinye siboniswe nge-530 millisecond ukugwema ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kokuqukethwe kwesithombe. Izikhathi zangaphakathi zihlukene ezinyathelweni ze-500 millisecond phakathi kwe-5 ne-6.5 imizuzwana. Amabhulogi afakwe ngaphakathi ngezikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili zokulungiswa kwe-60.

Ukuhlaziya Data

I-Voxel-Based Based Morphometry

Idatha yesakhiwo yakhiwe nge-voxel-based morphometry (VBM8, http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de.sci-hub.org/vbm.html) kanye ne-statistical parametric mapping (SPM8, kusetshenziswa amapharamitha amisiwe. Ukulungiswa okuchemayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwezicubu, nokubhaliswa kwe-affine kuyabandakanyeka ku-VBM8. Izingxenye ezimpunga ezibhalisiwe (GM) kanye ne-white matter (WM) zasetshenziselwa ukwakha i-diffeomorphic anatomical eyenziwe ngokwezifiso. ukubhaliswa ngesifanekiso se-algebra esicashile. Amasegimenti e-GM ne-WM asontekile adaliwe. Ukushintshashintshashintsha ngezinqumo ze-Jacobian kwasetshenziswa ukuze kulondolozwe ivolumu yethishu ethile ngaphakathi kwe-voxel eholela esilinganisweni sevolumu ye-GM. Izithombe zenziwe bushelelezi ngobubanzi obugcwele kokuthi uhhafu we-kernel enkulu engu-8 mm. Ukuhlobana kwengqondo yonke kwevolumu ye-GM ne-WM kanye nama-PH abikiwe kwenziwa ikhompuyutha. Ubudala nevolumu yobuchopho obuphelele kufakwe njengama-covariate angenantshisekelo. Amamephu angumphumela anqunyelwe P <.001 nomkhawulo wobubanzi bezibalo usetshenziselwe ukulungisa ukuqhathanisa okuningi kuhlanganiswe nokulungiswa okushelelayo okungahambisani nesisekelo okususelwa kwimvume.³⁰

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Cue-Reactivity Ukusebenza kwe-MRI

Ukuqalwa kabusha kwedatha esebenzayo ye-MRI yenziwa nge-SPM8 futhi iqukethe ukulungiswa kwesikhashana, ukuguqulwa kwendawo emvuthweni wokuqala, nokuphikisana okungeyona inkinobho ku-Space Montreal Neurological Institute. Izithombe zabe sezihlanjululwa nge-gaernan kernel ye-8 mm egcwele ububanzi phakathi kwesigamu esiphezulu. I-block ngayinye (ubulili, abesilisa nabesilisa nabesifazane, nokulungiswa) kwahlanjululwa futhi kwahunyushwa nge-response hemodynamic function. Imingcele ye-Movement ifakiwe kumatrix wokuklama. Sasiba nesithakazelo ekuqhathaniseni ukuqhathanisa izici zocansi ngokumelene nokulungiswa kanye nesimo sokulawula abantu ababili. Senze ukuhlaziywa kwezinga lesibili ukuxhumanisa ama-PH ngokuhlukumeza ngokobulili nokulungiswa. Umkhawulo wokuphakama P Kusetshenziswe i- <.001 nokulungiswa kosayizi weqoqo ngekulingisa kweMonte Carlo. Amamephu avelile avinjelwa njengoba kuchaziwe nje (iqoqo landisa umkhawulo = 24).

Ukuhlaziywa kobudlelwane

Ukuze uphenye ubuhlobo phakathi kokuthola okuhlobene nomsebenzi nokusebenza, izibonakaliso ezivela kumaqoqo amakhulu ekuhlaziyweni okuyinhloko zifakwe ekuhlaziyweni okuqinisekisayo kokunciphisa, ukuhlola ukuthi i-covariance phakathi kwezinguquko ze-2 (X futhi Y) ingachazwa yi-third variable variable (M). Umlamuleli ophawulekayo yilowo ohlanganiswayo obathinta kakhulu ubudlelwane phakathi X futhi Y. Sihlolisise ukuthi umphumela womthamo we-GM oguquguqukayo ovela emithonjeni ye-striatum efanelekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okungafani nomphumela, wawuhanjiswe ukusebenza kwe-striatum kwesokunxele ngesikhathi sesethulo socansi. Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ikhodi ye-MATLAB https://web.archive.org/web/20150702042221/http://wagerlab.colorado.edu.sci-hub.org/ ngokususelwa kumodeli yendlela eguquguqukayo engu-3 enesivinini esisheshayo ukuhlolwa kwe-bootstrap okulungiswe ngokweqile kokubaluleka kwezibalo. Lezi zindlela ezilandelayo zahlolwa: indlela eqondile a (umlamuleli womthombo); indlela engaqondile b (umphumela womlamuleli); kanye nomphumela wokunciphisa ab, umkhiqizo we a futhi b, echazwe njengokunciphisa ubuhlobo phakathi komthombo nomphumela (ubuhlobo obuphelele, c) ngokubandakanya umlamuleli abe yi-model (indlela eqondile, c ').

Ukuhlaziywa kokuxhumana okusebenzayo

Imiqulu yokuqala ye-5 yalahlwa. Idatha yokulungiselela kuqala, kufaka phakathi isikhathi sokuhlukanisa, ukulungiswa kwekhanda lokuhamba, nokujwayelekile kwendawo ye-Montreal Neurological Institute ithemplate eyenziwe kusetshenziswa i-SPM8 kanye noMsizi Wokucubungula Data for Resting-State functional MRI.³¹ Isihlungi sendawo ye-4 mm egcwele ububanzi engxenyeni yesiphezulu sisetshenzisiwe. Izitayela ezinqamule zisusiwe ngemuva kokuqala ukusebenza futhi isihlungi se-band-pass pass (0.01-0.08 Hz) sisetshenzisiwe.³² Ngaphezu kwalokho, sisuse imiphumela ye-covariates eyinkimbinkimbi kubandakanya isignali yomhlaba jikelele, imingcele ye-6, isignali kusuka ku-cerebrospinal fluid, naku-WM.³³ Senze amabalazwe wokuxhumana okusebenza ngokuhlola okusebenzayo okusetshenziselwa ukuhlola amabalazwe ngendawo yesithombo ehlanganisa iqoqo ekuhloleni. Ukuthola amabalazwe okusebenzisana okusebenzayo kuhlotshaniswa nama-PH ukukhomba izifunda zobuchopho ezenziwe ngokuhlanganyela ngokucutshungulwa kwesokudla ngokulinganiswa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Amabalazwe avinjelwe njengoba kuchazwe ngaphambilini (iqoqo landa umgqa = 39).

Ngokwesilinganiso, abahlanganyeli babike ama-PHN ama-4.09 (I-SD, i-3.9; ububanzi, i-0-19.5; hhayi isikwele esinqunyiwe). Ngokusho kwe-Test Internet Testing Testing, abahlanganyeli be-21 babekwa engozini yokubheja ngokobulili kwi-intanethi kepha hhayi njengomlutha. Tyena wonke amaphuzu Wokuhlolwa kocansi e-Inthanethi ahlotshaniswa kahle nama-PHs abikiwe (r₆₄ = 0.389, P  <.01). Esivivinyweni Sokuhlolwa Komlutha Wezocansi, ababambiqhaza bathole i-1.35 ngokwesilinganiso (i-SD, i-2.03). Ukubambisana okuhle kwaqashelwa phakathi kwe-PHs kanye nePhuzu lokuThola ukuThola ukuLawulwa kweziDakamizwa (r₆₄ = 0.250, P <.05) kanye ne-Beck Depression Inventory score (r₆₄ = 0.295, P <.05).

Lapho kuqondana ama-PHs (impande yesikwele) ngezigaba ze-GM, sithole ubudlelwane obubi obubalulekile ku-striatum efanele, okuyi-nucleus ye-caudate (ngokusekelwe ku-atlas yokubhala i-label yokuzenzakalela³⁴; phumela i-voxel: x = 11, y = 5, z = 3; P <.001; ilungisiwe ngokuqhathanisa okuningi) (Umdwebo 1A). Lapho sisebenzisa umkhawulo ophansi we P <.005, iqoqo elengeziwe ku-caudate yangakwesobunxele lifinyelele ekubalulekeni (x = −6, y = 0, z  = 6), kukhombisa ukuthi umphumela awucaciswanga ngokucacile. Sibiza iqoqo njenge-striatum; kodwa-ke, engxoxweni elandelayo, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iqoqo ligqagqana ngomklomelo wokucubungula indawo esekwe ematheni enesithakazelo se-ventral striatum, eyenziwe ngesoftware yangaphakathi³⁵ (ikakhulukazi umsebenzi wokubambezeleka wokunciphisa imali, bheka i-AAppendix ku Supplement ukuze uthole imininingwane).

Izindinganiso ze-GM ezikhishwe kwi-cluster ku-caudate efanele zihlotshaniswa kabi nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zobulili, ezibalwe ngokusekelwe kuma-PHs okwamanje abikiwe kanye nokulinganiswa kweminyaka ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakusezingeni elifanayo (r₆₄ = −0.329, P  <.01); tukuqinisekisile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okunamandla kanye nemali eqoqiwe ngaphezu kwesikhathi sokuphila kwakuhlotshaniswa namagugu aphansi e-GM ku-striatum. Asikho isifunda esibonise ukulungiswa okuphawulekayo phakathi kwevolumu ye-GM ne-PH futhi akukho ukuxhumana okuphawulekayo okutholakala ku-WM.

Ngoba ama-PH ahlotshaniswa kahle ne-Inthanethi yokulutha nokuhlukunyezwa kobulili (Isivivinyo sokwengezwa kwe-Intanethi, r₆₄ = 0.489, P <.001; Ukuhlolwa Kokulutha Umlutha Wocansi, r₆₄ = 0.352, P  <.01) sibale ukuhlobana phakathi kwama-PHs (impande eyisikwele) ne-GM ku-caudate efanele ngenkathi ukulawula izilinganiso zokuhlola izidakamizwa ze-Inthanethi nokuhlolwa koMlutha Wokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ukuze kungabikho ithonya lezinto eziphazamisayo zokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi njalo nokulutha ngokobulili. Ngisho noma ukulawula ukulutha kwe-intanethi, sithole ubudlelwane obubi phakathi kwe-PH kanye nevolumu ye-GM caudate (r₆₁ = −0.336, P <.01); Ngokufanayo, inhlangano yayisabalulekile lapho ilawula ukulutha kocansi (r₆₁ = −0.364, P <.01).

Ikanye ne-cue-reactivity paradigm lapho sikhulume izithombe ezicacile zobulili eziqoqwe kumawebhusayithi e-pornography, sithole ubudlelwane obubi phakathi kwesilinganiso esisezingeni le-oxygenation-level dependant-level (BOLD) signal (i-voxel enkulu: x = −24, y = 2, z = 4; I-putamen) (Figure 1B) ngokuhlukumezeka ngokobulili nokuhlelwa kanye nama-PH abikiwe. Uma usebenzisa umthamo ophansi we P <.005, iqoqo elengeziwe ku-putamen yangakwesokudla lifinyelele ekubalulekeni (x = 25, y = −2, z  = 10).

Awekho amaqoqo aqakathekileko ahlonishwako lapho kuhlanganiswa ama-PH ne-signal ye-cue ukuhlukumezana ngokulingana nokulungiswa usebenzisa umthamo ofanayo. Lapho ukhipha izinguquko zesiginali sephesenti kuqoqo le-putamen lesobunxele phakathi nesimo socansi kanye namabhuloki angasese, sithole umsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu ngesikhathi sokwabelana ngokocansi uma kuqhathaniswa neziqephu ezingavamile (t₆₃ = 2.82, P <.01). Ngaphezu kwalokho, sithole umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezingxoxo zocansi nokulungisan (t₆₃ = 4.07, P <.001) futhi akukho umahluko phakathi kwamazwi angasondelene nokulungiswa (t₆₃ = 1.30, P = .20).

Ukuvimbela ubuhlobo phakathi kokutholakala kwe-BOLD okuhlobene nomsebenzi kanye nokutholakala kwesakhiwo ku-striatum, senze ukuhlaziywa kokuhlaziywa kwemibono ukuthi ngabe ukutholakala komsebenzi kuhlanganisa ubudlelwane obucatshangelwayo phakathi kokutholakala kwezakhiwo nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Ukuhlangana phakathi kweGM ku-caudate efanele (X) kanye nama-PHs (Y) kuphawuleka ukuthi ngabe umlamuleli oqukethe ukusebenza kwe-BOLD okuhlobene nomsebenzi ku-putamen kwesokunxele (M) kufakiwe (c ' = −11.97, P <.001) ekuhlaziyweni noma cha (c = −14.40, P <.001). I-coefficient yendlela phakathi kwe- X futhi M (a = 4.78, P <.05) kanye naphakathi M futhi Y (b = −0.50, P <.05) zibalulekile (Umfanekiso we-2).

Ukuze uphenye izindawo eziphathelene nobuchopho ezihambisana nendawo esifundeni esifanele se-striatum ehlobene nama-PH, silinganisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kwalesi sigaba. Amabalazwe okuphumela ekuxhumaneni ayehambisana nama-PHs (impande yesikwele). Sithole ukuthi isifunda ngaphakathi kwe-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (x = −36, y = 33, z = 48) (Umdwebo 1C) yahlotshaniswa kabi nama-PH, efakazela ukuthi ababambiqhaza abasebenzisa izinto eziningi ezingcolile babenokuxhumana okuncane phakathi kwe-caudate efanele ne-DLPFC kwesokunxele. Imiphumela ayizange ishintshe lapho isignali yomhlaba wonke isho ukuthi ayizange igxilwe.³⁶

Ngaphakathi kobucwaningo besimanje, siphumelele ama-correlates ezakhiwe ngendlela ehlelekile futhi esebenzayo ehlobene nama-PH abikwa ngabantu. Ukuthola kwethu kubonise ukuthi ivolumu ye-GM ye-caudate efanele ye-striatum incane kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kocansi okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuselelwa kokusebenza okuhlobene nomsebenzi we-putamen yangakwesokunxele ye-striatum kwatholakala ukuthi iphansi nama-PH aphezulu lapho izinto ezicacile zobulili zinikezwa. Ukuguqulwa kwesignali ngesikhathi sezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunesikhathi esifanelana neziqephu ezingavamile, okubonisa ukuthi i-putamen yesokunxele ibandakanyekile ekucubunguleni ucansit.

Senze ukuhlaziywa kokunciphisa ukuhlukumeza ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwe-PH kanye nokutholakala kwesakhiwo sokuncipha kwevolumu ye-GM ku-striatum efanele (i-caudate) kanye ne-BOLD yehliswa kwesigcawu sokudla kwesokunxele (i-putamen) ngama-PH aphezulu ngenkathi ibheka izinto ezicacile zobulili. Ngenxa yempikiswano yokunciphisa kakhulu, sibheka imiphumela esebenzayo nezihlelekile njengezici ezichazayo zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Okokugcina, sibheke uxhumano olusebenzayo kusuka kuqoqo lezinhlaka ku-caudate elungile futhi sathola ukuthi ukuxhumana ku-DLPFC kwesokunxele kwakungaphansi kwama-PH amaningi.

Ucwaningo olubanzi lubonisa ukubaluleka kwe-striatum ekucubunguleni umvuzo.^{37, I-38} I-Neurons ku-nonhuman primate striatum iye yaboniswa ukuthi iphendule ukulethwa³⁹ nokulindela⁴⁰ yomvuzo. Ikhodi ye-neurons ye-Striatal ibuyiselwe ubukhulu nobukhulu bokugqugquzela, kanye nomlilo ngokuzikhandla ngemiklomelo ekhethwayo.⁴¹ I-cluster ehlonishweyo ye-GM ku-striatum esitholile ingaphakathi kwezindawo eziye zaboniswa ekucubunguleni umvuzo.

Imiphumela yethu yesikhangiso socansi-i-reactivity paradigm ibonisa ukulungiswa okungalungile phakathi kwe-PH kanye nokusebenziselwa kwesokunxele kwe-putamen ngesikhathi sezincansi uma kuqhathaniswa nokulungiswa. Lokhu kuvumelana ne-hypothesis ukuthi ukuvezwa okukhulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubangela ukwehliswa kwempendulo yemvelo ye-neural kuya kwisimo socansi.¹¹ Ukubandakanyeka kwe-striatum ekuvusweni ngokobulili kuboniswe ngaphambilini ezincwadini. Ucwaningo oluthile lokuhlola ukucubungula ukuphendulela ekuphenduleni isenzo socansi kanye nokuvuswa kocansi kuye kwabika umsebenzi othuthukisiwe ku-striatum uma kuqhathaniswa nesenzo sokulawula.^42- 46 Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta yakamuva okufaka phakathi izifundo eziveza isenzo sobulili kubonisa ukubandakanyeka okuqhubekayo kwe-striatum.^{47, I-48}

Imiphumela ekhonjwe ngokuhlaziywa kokusebenza-ukuxhuma ifana ne-anatomical inhlangano yobuchopho. I-nucleus ye-caudate, ikakhulukazi isici sayo se-lateral, ithola uxhumano kusuka ku-DLPFC.^{49, I-50} I-prefrontal cortex ibilokhu ihileleke ekulawulweni kwengqondo⁵¹ kanye nokuvimbela ukuphendula, ukuguquguquka kokuziphatha, ukunakekelwa, nokuhlelwa kwesikhathi esizayo. I-DLPFC, ngokuyinhloko, ixhunyaniswe kahle nezinye izingxenye ze-prefrontal cortex futhi imelela izinhlobo eziningi zolwazi, ifinyelela kusuka kolwazi lwento kuya kwimpendulo nemiphumela yomvuzo kanye namasu okusebenza.⁵¹ Ngakho-ke, i-DLPFC ibhekwa njengendawo eyinhloko yokuhlanganiswa kolwazi lokuzwa ngezinhloso zokuziphatha, imithetho, kanye nemivuzo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kolwazi kucatshangelwa ukuthi kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwesenzo esifanele kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ukulawulwa kwengqondo ngokuziphatha kwezimoto.⁵² Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi inethiwekhi ye-frontostriatal ihileleke kulokhu kuziphatha. Ukuxhumana okuhlangene okuvela e-basal ganglia kudlulisa ulwazi mayelana ne-valence kanye ne-saliency kwi-prefrontal cortex ephethe ukumelwa kwangaphakathi kwemigomo kanye nezindlela zokuzifeza.^{51, I-53} Ukungasebenzi kwalesi sigaba kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokukhetha okungalungile kokuziphatha, njengokufuna izidakamizwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungaba nomphumela omubi ongenakho.⁵⁴

Izifunda zobuchopho ezitholakala kulolu uphenyo lwanamuhla zihlotshaniswa njalo, kodwa hhayi ngencazelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezingcolile zobulili. I-striatum ne-DLPFC ihambelana nezifunda zobuchopho ezibandakanya ukulutha kwe-inthanethi ngamaphenyo adlule. Ucwaningo lwangaphambili lokulutha kwe-intanethi lubike ukuthi luyehla ekubunjeni kwe-prefrontal cortical;⁵⁵ kunciphisa ukusebenza,⁵⁶ kanye nezakhiwo, Ukuxhumana⁵⁷ inethiwekhi ye-frontostriatal; futhi kunciphisa amazinga okuthutha ama-dopamine transporter ku-striatum kulinganiswa nokukhishwa kwesinye se-photon-i-computed tomography. Lokhu kuhambisana kahle nokuthola okwamanje okungahambi kahle kwe-GM ku-caudate efanele, ikakhulukazi ekuxhumaneni okusebenza okuphansi phakathi kwe-caudate efanele kanye ne-lateral prefrontal cortex, nokunciphisa umsebenzi we-BOLD ohlobene nomsebenzi ekufakweni kwe-leftamen kwesokunxele. Imiphumela yamanje ibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ama-correlates ahleliwe ahlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuyona nje isenzo somuntu ohambisana nomlutha we-inthanethi ngoba ukulungiswa okuyingxenye yevolumu ye-GM ku-caudate kanye ne-PHs, kuyilapho ukulawula ithonya lokulutha kwe-intanethi, kubalulekile.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungezwani kokuzenzekelayo ku-striatum sekuye kwahlotshaniswa nokulutha izidakamizwa kuzo zonke izidakamizwa zemithi ezifana ne-cocaine,⁵⁸ i-metamphetamine, no-alcohol.⁵⁹ Kodwa-ke, ukuqondiswa kwemiphumela ebikiwe emithini yezokwelapha kungenalutho; Ucwaningo oluthile lubike ukukhushulwa okuhlobene nokulimala kanti abanye baye babika ukunciphisa umthamo wokuhlaselwa ongase ube ngenxa yemiphumela ye-drug abusive.⁵⁹ Uma imiphumela ebulalayo ekhonjiswe ekutadisheni kwamanje imphumela yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, isifundo sayo singase sibe nesethuba elihle lokuhlola izinguquko zesakhiwo ekulutha umuthi ngokungabi khona kwezinto ezihambisana neurotoxic for izifundo zesikhathi esizayo, okufana nokugembula ukuziphatha⁶⁰ noma ukudlala ividiyo.^{61, I-62} Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo luyadingeka ukuze luvimbe ubudlelwane be-causal emkhatsini wemiphumela esebenzayo kanye nezakhi kanye nokusetshenziswa kocansi.

Sakhetha ukugwema izigaba zokuxilonga noma ukucabanga okujwayelekile futhi esikhundleni sokuphenya imiphumela emihle yezilingo ze-PH kusampula enempilo. Esikhathini samanje socwaningi, izitatimende ezijwayelekile zithi akufanelekile ngoba incazelo yemitholampilo yokulutha izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ayivunyelwanga ngokungazelelwe kuze kube manje. Ukubambisana okuhle phakathi kwama-PH nokucindezeleka, kanye nokusetshenziswa kotshwala, kusikisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kufanele kuhlolwe ngokwengeziwe esimweni sokucwaninga ngengqondo. Uphenyo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luqhathanise amaqembu abantu abathintekayo njengokuthi banomlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nabantu abangenalo umlutha wokuthola ukuthi ngabe izifunda ezifanayo zihilelekile yini. Silindele lolu chungechunge lokucwaninga luzoveza ulwazi olubalulekile embuzweni wokuthi ukubheja kobulili ezingcolile kuqhubeka nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezivamile noma kufanele kuthathwe njengesigaba esihlukile.

Ukunciphisa okungahle kwenzeke kulolu cwaningo kwakuwukuthi kwakudingeka sithembele kuma-PH abikezelayo nokuthi isihloko singase sizwele kwabanye abahlanganyeli. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi kuxoxwa ngocingo ngaphambi kokubamba iqhaza, abantu ngabanye batshelwe ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza kwakuzohlanganisa ukugcwalisa imibhalo ephathelene nokuziphatha ngokocansi nokusetshenziswa kocansi futhi sasingenayo i-dropout kulesi sigaba. Njengesixwayiso ngokumelene nokubikwa phansi, senza abahlanganyeli bagcwalise lemibuzo ekhompyutheni ukuvimbela ukukhathazeka okungenzeka ukuthi u-experimenter angaxhuma izimpendulo kumuntu ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazama ukuzama ukugcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe izinqubo zokugcina izimfihlo kanye nezindlela zokubhala. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungacabangela ukusebenzisa idatha yomgomo kusuka kumlando womuntu ngamunye wokusesha kwi-intanethi.

Iqoqo elibulalayo elibikiwe alinalo kuphela i-GM kepha lifinyelela ku-WM eliseduze phakathi kwe-caudate ne-putamen. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokhu kunenjongo noma inkinga yokujwayelekile ayikwazi ukuxazululwa esigabeni samanje. Noma kunjalo, kungase kube okuthakazelisayo ukuhlola izinhlangano phakathi kokucatshangelwa kwezinto zokuxuba nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Ukuhlanganiswa, umuntu angalingeka ukuba acabange ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kobuchopho njalo obangelwa ukuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungabangela ukugqoka nokwehliswa kwesakhiwo sobuchopho obuseduze, kanye nokusebenza, kanye nesidingo esiphakeme sokuvuselela kwangaphandle kwesistimu yokuvuza kanye nokuthambekela sesha inoveli nokunye okuningi okuphathelene nobulili. Le nqubo yokuzicabangela yokuzicabangela ingahunyushwa ngokulandela izindlela ezihlongozwayo zokulutha izidakamizwa lapho abantu abane-receptor ukutholakala kwamathambo aphansi okucatshangelwayo bacatshangwa ukuze baphilise ngokwabo nezidakamizwa.⁶³ Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganiswa kokuziqhenya kwe-volumetric ne-PH ku-striatum kungase kube yisimo esinqunyiwe kunokuba kulandelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile. Abantu abanomthamo we-striatum ophansi bangadinga ukugqugquzelwa kwangaphandle ukuze bathole injabulo futhi ngaleyo ndlela bangabhekana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengokwengeziwe, okungaholela ekutheni kube nama-PH aphakeme. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele luphenye imiphumela yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokweqile noma ziveze izitho ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile futhi ziphenye imiphumela ye-causal ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze inikeze ubufakazi obengeziwe mayelana nendlela ehlongozwayo yokwehliswa okukhulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okuholela ekunciphiseni uhlelo lokuvuza.