Ukuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana njengoba kuhlobene nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga - Ucwaningo olubhalisiwe olususelwa kusampula emele izwe lonke ePoland (2022)
abstract
Background
Imodeli yokulutha ye-Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga (PPU) ibikezela ukuba khona kwezimpawu zokuhoxa kanye nokwanda kokubekezelela izisusa zocansi ku-disorder phenotype. Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi obucacile obusekela lesi simangalo buyantuleka kakhulu.
izindlela
Ocwaningweni olubhalisiwe, olumele izwe lonke (n = 1,541, 51.2% abesifazane, iminyaka: M = 42.99, SD = 14.38), siphenye indima yezimpawu zokuhoxa ezibikwayo kanye nokubekezelelana ngokuphathelene nokuqina kwe-CSBD ne-PPU.
Imiphumela
Kokubili ukuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nobunzima be-CSBD (β = 0.34; P <0.001 futhi β = 0.38; P < 0.001, ngokulandelanayo) kanye ne-PPU (β = 0.24; P <0.001 futhi β = 0.27; P <0.001, ngokulandelana). Ezinhlotsheni zezimpawu zokuhoxiswa ze-21 eziphenyiwe, izimpawu ezivame ukubikwa kwakuyimicabango yocansi njalo okunzima ukuyiyeka (kubahlanganyeli abane-CSBD: 65.2% kanye ne-PPU: 43.3%), ukwanda kokuvuka okuphelele (37.9%; 29.2%), okunzima ukulawula izinga lesifiso socansi (57.6%; 31.0%), ukucasuka (37.9%; 25.4%), ukushintsha kwemizwelo njalo (33.3%; 22.6%), nezinkinga zokulala (36.4%; 24.5%).
iziphetho
Izinguquko ezihlobene nemizwa kanye nokuvuka okujwayelekile okuphawulwe ocwaningweni lwamanje kwakufana neqoqo lezimpawu ku-syndrome yokuhoxiswa ehlongozwayo yokuphazamiseka kokugembula kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi ku-DSM-5. Ucwaningo lunikeza ubufakazi bokuqala esihlokweni esingafundiswanga kahle, futhi okutholwe okwamanje kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuqondeni i-etiology nokuhlukaniswa kwe-CSBD ne-PPU. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwenza iziphetho ngokubaluleka komtholampilo, usizo lokuxilonga kanye nezici ezinemininingwane zezimpawu zokuhoxa nokubekezelelana njengengxenye ye-CSBD ne-PPU, kanye nezinye izilutha zokuziphatha, kudinga eminye imizamo yocwaningo.
Isingeniso
I-Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) njengoba yethulwe ku-International Classification of Diseases, ukubuyekezwa kwe-11 (ICD-11; I-World Health Organisation [WHO], 2020) ithuthukiswa futhi iqhutshekwe yiphethini ewumnyombo yobunzima bokulawula ukuziphatha komuntu, imicabango, imizwelo namathonya endaweni yocansi, okudala imiphumela engemihle ehlobene nokusebenza kabi kwezinye izici zokuphila. Ngokwesiko, abacwaningi bachaza ukuziphatha okufana ne-CSBD mayelana nezibonelo zokuluthwa ngokocansi ("ukulutha kokuziphatha"), ukuphoqeleka ngokocansi kanye nokuthatheka ngokocansi, kanti imodeli yokulutha iyona endala futhi ngokungangabazeki okuxoxwa ngayo kabanzi ezincwadini (ukubuyekeza amamodeli ayabona: IBancroft neVukadinovic, 2004; I-Kafka, i-2010; UWalton, uCantor, uBhullar, noLykins, 2017). Nakuba i-CSBD ifakwe ku-ICD-11 njenge-disorder control disorder, ababhali baye bahlongoza ukuthi ingase ibekwe kangcono njengomlutha, efana nenkinga yokugembula, eyayifakwe njengokulutha kokuziphatha / okungezona izidakamizwa ku-DSM-5 kanye ne-ICD. -11 (I-American Psychological Association [APA], i-2013; Potenza, Gola, Voon, Kor, & Kraus, 2017; I-WHO, 2020). Ukuhlukaniswa kabusha okungenzeka kwe-CSBD ezinguqulweni ezizayo ze-ICD kanye nezigaba ze-DSM kusengaphansi kwengxoxo esebenzayo (UBrand et al., 2020; UGola et al., 2020; I-Sassover & Weinstein, 2020). Imodeli yokulutha ingaba, futhi imvamisa, isetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuyinkinga (PPU), evame ukuchazwa njengokubhekana nokulawula okungalungile, ukucindezeleka kanye / noma imiphumela emibi ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (de Alarcón, de la Iglesia, Casado, & Montejo, 2019; IKraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016).
Imodeli yokulutha ye-CSBD ne-PPU
Imodeli yokulutha ye-CSBD ibeka ukuthi lesi sifo sihambisana nezici "zokulutha kokuziphatha" (UPotenza et al., 2017). Uhlaka lokulutha kokuziphatha luphakamisa ukuthi ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuthile, njengokugembula, kungase kukhiqize ukwaneliseka futhi ngenxa yalokho kukhuthaze ukuthambekela okuqinile kokuzibandakanya okuphindaphindiwe, ekugcineni kuholele ekuziphatheni okuqhubekayo naphezu kwemiphumela emibi. Ukuziphatha kungase kuphindwe kaningi ngenxa yokubekezelelana nokuzibandakanya kokuziphatha okuvimbela izimpawu zokuhoxa, kube nokulawulwa okungalungile kokuziphatha (isb. IKraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; UPotenza et al., 2017). Idatha esekela i-CSBD njengokuphazamiseka kokulutha ivela ezizindeni eziningi ezihlanganisa izifundo ze-neuroimaging ezibonisa ukufana kobuchopho kanye/noma okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-CSBD kanye nezidakamizwa nokuziphatha.IGola & Draps, 2018; UKowalewska et al., 2018; IKraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016; I-Stark, i-Klucken, i-Potenza, i-Brand, ne-Strahler, i-2018). Kodwa-ke, izifundo zangaphambili azikanikezi ubufakazi obuqinile bokusekela ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo ukuba kube khona (isb, Umvukuzi, uRaymond, uMueller, uLloyd, noLim, ngo-2009; I-Sassover & Weinstein, 2020). Ngakho-ke, imizamo eyengeziwe kufanele iphenye izibikezelo zemodeli yokulutha, kuhlanganise nezimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana (IKraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016).
Izimpawu zokuhoxiswa
Izimpawu zokuhoxa (okubuye zibizwe ngokuthi ukuhoxa) zihlanganisa isethi yemizwa engemihle noma izimpendulo zomzimba ezenzeka lapho uzithiba noma ukhawulela ukuzibandakanya ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa noma ekuziphatheni okuluthayo okulandela ukuzibandakanya kwesikhathi eside, okuvamile noma okujwayelekile. Izimpawu zokuhoxa zingabonakala kwabaningi uma kungezona zonke izinto ezihlukumezayo (isb, Bayard, McIntyre, Hill, & Woodside, 2004; U-Kosten no-O'Connor, ngo-2003; Vandrey, Budney, Hughes, & Liguori, 2008) kodwa futhi nezidakamizwa zokuziphatha (isb, ukuphazamiseka kokugembula kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi) (Blaszczynski, Walker, Sharpe, & Nower, 2008; Griffiths & Smeaton, 2002; IKaptsis, iNkosi, iDelfabbro, neGradisar, 2016; INkosi, iKaptsis, iDelfabbro, neGradisar, 2016; U-Lee, u-Tse, u-Blaszczynski, no-Tsang, ngo-2020; URosenthal noLesieur, ngo-1992). Ngokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi nezinye izidakamizwa zokuziphatha, ukuhoxiswa kwesifo kungase kuhlanganise ukucasuka, isimo se-dysphoric, ukungasebenzi kahle kwengqondo nokugxila, ukungahlaliseki kanye namazinga aphezulu okufisa okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuzithiba ngokushesha noma ekuqaleni (2016). Eqinisweni, izimpawu zokuhoxiswa ziboniswa kumbandela osemthethweni wokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi (I-APA, i-2013). Ngokusho kwe-DSM-5, ukuhoxiswa kwe-syndrome kungabonakala ngokuthi: "Izimpawu zokuhoxiswa lapho kuthathwa imidlalo ye-inthanethi (lezi zimpawu zivame ukuchazwa njengokucasuka, ukukhathazeka, noma ukudabuka, kodwa azikho izimpawu ezingokomzimba zokuhoxiswa kwemithi." (I-APA, 2013)). Ngokufanayo, izimpawu zokuhoxa zichazwa ngaphakathi kwenqubo esemthethweni yokuphazamiseka kokugembula. Ngokuvumelana nale ncazelo, izimpawu zokuhoxa zihlanganisa ukungahlaliseki noma ukucasuka lapho uzama ukuyeka noma ukunciphisa ukugembula (I-APA, i-2013). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zombili lezi zincazelo zikhomba isethi efanayo yezinguquko ezithintekayo (hhayi izimpawu zomzimba). Ku-ICD-11's (I-WHO, 2020) ukuqanjwa komqondo wegeyimu nokuphazamiseka kokugembula (kokubili okungokwesigaba “Sokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha okuluthayo”) izimpawu zokuhoxa azibonwa njengemibandela esemthethweni.
Ngokwazi kwethu konke, ucwaningo olulodwa kuphela oluhlole izimpawu zokuhoxa ngokuziphatha okufana ne-CSBD (1997). Ngesikhathi senhlolokhono yokuxilonga, ababambiqhaza abangama-52 kwabangu-53 (98%) abanomlutha wocansi babike izinhlobo ezintathu noma ngaphezulu zezimpawu ezitholwe ngenxa yokuhoxa ezenzweni zocansi, nezinhlobo zezimpawu ezivame kakhulu ukucindezeleka, intukuthelo, ukukhathazeka, ukuqwasha nokukhathala. Muva nje, U-Fernandez, u-Kuss, no-Griffiths (2021) yenze ukuhlaziya kwekhwalithi yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemibiko yokuzithiba ukushaya indlwabu ethathwe esithangamini se-inthanethi esinikezwe lesi sihloko. Isethi engaphansi yemibiko ehlaziyiwe ikhulume ngokuvela kwezimo ezingezinhle ezingokomzwelo nezengqondo, ezingabalelwa emiphumeleni yokuhoxa; Kodwa-ke, ezinye izindlela zingase zidlale (isb, ukubhekana nesimo esibi kakhulu lapho ukuziphatha kocansi kungeke kusetshenziswe njengendlela yokubhekana nayo (UFernandez et al., 2021)).
Izimpawu zokuhoxa zihlala zingahlolwa kahle ezifundweni eziningi ezihlola i-PPU ne-CSBD kumasampula omtholampilo nangewona omtholampilo futhi amathuluzi amaningi ajwayelekile awahloli lesi simo. Kodwa-ke, I-Problematic Pornography Scale (UBőthe et al., 2018) iqukethe izinto eziningana ezihlobene nezimpawu zokuhoxiswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ezibhekwa njengezingxenye ze-PPU, futhi, ngokusekelwe ekuthembekeni nasekuqinisekiseni izinkomba, lezi zinto zibonakala ziyingxenye ehambisanayo futhi ebalulekile yokwakhiwa okuhlolwe yi-questionnaire (UBőthe et al., 2018). Uhlu lwemibuzo lusebenza ukuhoxiswa njengokuthi (1) ukuyaluza, (2) ukucindezela, kanye (3) nokulahlekelwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lapho umuntu engakwazi ukuzibuka. Nakuba kubalulekile, ukuhlaziywa okubanzi nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimpawu zokuhoxiswa kuntuleka kakhulu ezincwadini. Ngokwazi kwethu, asikho esinye isilinganiso esimisiwe se-PPU/CSBD esihlanganisa izinto ezihlola ngokuqondile ukuhoxa.
Ukubekezelelana
Ukubekezelela kubonisa ukuzwela okunciphayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi entweni ethile noma ekuziphatheni, okuholela esidingweni sokuthatha imithamo ephezulu kakhulu yento ethile (noma ukuzibandakanya kaningi ekuziphatheni noma ezinhlotsheni zakho ezeqisayo) ukuze kuzuzwe izinga elifanayo lokuphendula (noma ukuthi izinga elifanayo lokuzibandakanya liholela ekuphenduleni okubuthakathaka). Ngokufana nokuba khona kwezimpawu zokuhoxa, ukubekezelelana okwandayo phakathi nenkathi yokulutha kuboniswe ezintweni eziningi zokuhlukumeza (isb, U-Colizzi no-Bhattacharyya, 2018; I-Perkins, i-2002). Kodwa-ke, idatha emayelana nokubekezelelana kanye ne-CSBD inomkhawulo futhi ayiqondile isb, umlando omude wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ohlobene nezimpendulo eziphansi ze-putaminal kwesokunxele ezithombeni ezivusa inkanuko (UKühn noGallinat, 2014). Uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka okungenzeka kokubekezelela ukuhlukaniswa kwe-CSBD njengokuphazamiseka kokulutha, le nkinga idinga imizamo eyengeziwe yocwaningo. Ngokuhambisana nemodeli yokulutha ye-CSBD, ukubekezelelana kungabonakala okungenani ngezindlela ezimbili: (1) imvamisa ephezulu noma isikhathi esengeziwe esinikelwe ekuziphatheni kocansi ukuze kuzuzwe izinga elifanayo lokuvuka inkanuko, kanye (2) nokudla izinto ezingcolile ezivusa inkanuko, ukuhlanganyela izinhlobo ezintsha zokuziphatha kocansi, njengoba umuntu ephelelwa amandla futhi efuna ezinye izisusa ezivusa inkanuko ukuze afinyelele izinga elifanayo lokuvukwa inkanuko yocansi. Njengoba kuphawulwe ngu Iwayini (1997), Abantu abangama-39 kwabangama-53 abanomlutha wocansi oluzazisa bona (74%) babike ukuthi bazibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuluthayo kaningi ukuze bathole impendulo efanayo. Ngakho-ke, ocwaningweni, ukubekezelelana kubikwe kaningi kunezimpawu zokuhoxa (74% vs 98% yesampula). Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, i-46% yabafundi abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile babike ukushintshela ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi i-32% yaleli qembu ibike isidingo sokubuka izithombe zocansi ezidlulele (isb., ezinodlame) (I-Dwulit & Rzymski, 2019). Nakuba izinguquko ezinjalo zingase zibonise ukubekezelela izinkanuko zocansi, udaba ludinga uphenyo olwengeziwe kumasampuli amakhulu omtholampilo nangekho emtholampilo.
Nakuba iningi lamathuluzi ahlola i-PPU ne-CSBD lingafaki ukuhlolwa kokubekezelelana, I-Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale eshiwo ngaphambilini iveza umqondo futhi ihlola ukubekezelela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengengxenye eyinhloko ye-PPU (UBőthe et al., 2018). Ngokufanayo nezimpawu zokuhoxa, ukubekezelelana nakho kuyingxenye yenqubo esemthethweni yokuphazamiseka kokugembula eyethulwa ku-DSM-5 (I-APA, i-2013). Ngokuhambisana nalokhu kucatshangwa, ukubekezelelana kubonakala esidingweni sokugembula ngemali ekhuphukayo ukuze kuzuzwe isasasa elifiswayo (I-APA, i-2013). Ukubekezelelana, nokho, akufakiwe njengesimo esisemthethweni kumqondo we-ICD-11 wokugembula kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo (I-WHO, 2020).
Ukuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana njengezingxenye zokulutha kokuziphatha: umbono obalulekile
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi indawo nokuqina kwezimpawu zokuhoxa kanye nokubekezelelana ngohlaka lokuxilonga lokulutha kokuziphatha kusalokhu kungalungisiwe. Okokuqala, njengoba abanye abacwaningi bokulutha bephikisana, ukubekezelelana nokuhoxa kungase kungabi ingxenye eyinhloko yezidakamizwa eziningi, ngakho-ke akufanele kudingeke njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuhlukaniswa kwezimpawu zokulutha kokuziphatha (I-Starcevic, i-2016). Okuhlobene nalokhu, ezinye izifundo - ezigxile kakhulu ekuphazamisekeni kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi - zibonisa ukuthi ukubekezelelana kanye nezimpawu zokuhoxa kungase kungabi usizo kakhulu ukuhlukanisa abasebenzisi abanenkinga kubasebenzisi abangenazinkinga (isb. Billieux, Flayelle, Rumpf, & Stein, 2019; U-Castro-Calvo et al., 2021). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwemvamisa yokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuthile okungaba umlutha (okuhlanganisa ukwenza ucansi noma ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile) kungase kungabonisi amazinga akhulayo okubekezelelana. Esikhundleni salokho, isikhathi esengeziwe esinikelwe emisebenzini yocansi kanye/noma ukuzibandakanya ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zalokhu kuziphatha kungabangelwa ezinye izisusa, okuhlanganisa ilukuluku lokwazi ucansi nezisusa zokuhlola noma ukugcwalisa isidingo sokusondelana ngokwengqondo ngokuziphatha kocansi (bona: UBillieux, uSchimmenti, uKhazaal, uMaurage, noHeeren, 2015; Blaszczynski et al., 2008; I-Starcevic, i-2016). Okufanayo kungaba yiqiniso ngezimpawu zokuhoxa, njengoba isipiliyoni esinjengokuhoxa singase sibonise ukusabela okungokwengqondo okungalungile endleleni yomuntu yokudambisa ingcindezi yocansi kanye nokuba nenjabulo, kanye nokusondelana ngokocansi nokungokomzwelo kuyabambezeleka (bona: UGrant, Potenza, Weinstein, & Gorelick, 2010; Kapsis et al., 2016). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi impikiswano yamanje isuselwe kakhulu kudatha ethile ezifundweni zokudlala kwe-inthanethi nokuphazamiseka kokugembula (isb, Blaszczynski et al., 2008; U-Castro-Calvo et al., 2021); ngakho-ke, iziphetho ezithathwe ezifundweni ezinjalo zingase zingadluliseleki ku-CSBD ne-PPU (kanye nezinye izilutha zokuziphatha), ngakho-ke umsebenzi owengeziwe uyadingeka ukuze kuphenywe indima yokuhoxa nokubekezelelana ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuxilonga lwe-PPU ne-CSBD.
Isifundo samanje
Uma kubhekwa isimo samanje solwazi nezincwadi ezitholakalayo ezibuyekezwe ngenhla, siklame futhi sabhalisa kusengaphambili ucwaningo oluphenya i-CSBD ne-PPU kanye nokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana. Ngokuvumelana nemibono okuxoxwe ngayo phambilini, ocwaningweni lwamanje, sichaze ukuhoxa maqondana nomsebenzi wocansi njengesethi yezinguquko ezimbi engqondweni, ezingokomzwelo kanye/noma zomzimba ezenzeka njengomphumela oqondile wokudeda noma ukukhawulela ukuzibandakanya ngendlela obekujwayele ukuyijwayela ngayo ngaphambilini. ukuziphatha kocansi, okwenzeka ngenxa yokuncika kwengqondo nokwengqondo kulo msebenzi. Ukubekezelelana maqondana nomsebenzi wocansi kuchazwa njengokuncipha kokuzwela ekuziphatheni kocansi kanye nezisusa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuholela esidingweni sokuzibandakanya ezinhlotsheni ezivuselelayo/ezijulile zokuziphatha noma ukwandisa imvamisa yokuziphatha, ukufeza izinga elifanayo lokugqugquzela ( ukuze uthole izincazelo ezihlobene, bheka, isib. UBőthe et al., 2018; Kapsis et al., 2016; IKing et al., 2016, 2017). Ocwaningweni lwamanje, sifune ukuqoqa ulwazi ngezici ezithile zokuhoxa kanye nezici zokubekezelelana, okuhlanganisa ukuvama kwazo namandla kubantu abane-CSBD kanye ne-PPU nabangenayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici ezibalulekile zenhlalo yabantu ezihlanganisa iminyaka nobulili zibonakala zihlobene kakhulu nokuziphatha kocansi okunezinkinga (Kowalewska, Gola, Kraus, & Lew-Starowicz, 2020; U-Kürbitz no-Briken, 2021; ILewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017; Studer, Marmet, Wicki, & Gmel, 2019), ngalokho siphinde sahlela ukufaka lezi zinkomba njengezici ezilungisiwe ekuhlaziyeni kwethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luphinde lwabonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha ocansini okunezinkinga kungathinteka kakhulu ngokuba sebudlelwaneni obuseduze (Kumar et al., 2021; U-Lewczuk, Wizła, & Gola, 2022), kanye nemvamisa ephezulu yokuziphatha kocansi, okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuxhunywe kubukhulu bezimpawu ze-PPU kanye ne-CSBD (Chen et al., 2022; IGola, iLeccukuk, neSkorko, 2016; I-Lewczuk, Glica, Nowakowska, Gola, & Grubbs, 2020; I-Lewczuk, Lesniak, Lew-Starowicz, & Gola, 2021; bona futhi: I-Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2020), siphinde safaka lezi zici ezengeziwe ekuhlaziyeni kwethu. Lokhu kusivumele ukuthi siphenye ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpawu zokuhoxa nokubekezelelana kolunye uhlangothi, kanye nezimpawu ze-CSBD kanye ne-PPU ngakolunye, azibalwa ngobudlelwano izimpawu zokuziphatha zocansi eziyinkinga ezinalezi zici. Isibonelo, ukunweba ukuhlaziya kwethu ngale ndlela kusenze sakwazi ukuhlola ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kokubekezelelana nezimpawu ze-PPU abugcizelelwa yini ubudlelwano i-PPU engaba nabo nemvamisa eyisisekelo kanye nobude besikhathi sokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili (njengoba imikhuba yokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile ingase ixhunywe kubo. kokubili ukubekezelelana kanye ne-PPU). Ngenxa yalokhu, sifake iminyaka yobudala, ubulili, isimo sobudlelwano kanye nemvamisa kanye nobude besikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili njengokuguquguquka okulungisiwe ekuhlaziyeni kwethu. Njengoba isampula yethu imele abantu abadala abavamile basePoland, siphinde safuna ukuphenya ukusabalala kwe-CSBD ne-PPU.
Izibikezelo eziyinhloko: Njengoba kushiwo efomini lokubhalisa ngaphambilini (https://osf.io/5jd94), sibikezele ukuthi izimpawu zokuhoxa nokubekezelelana kuzoba ukubikezela okubalulekile kwezibalo kwe-CSBD nokuqina kwe-PPU, nalapho silungisela izici zenhlalo yabantu (isb, ubulili, iminyaka), amaphethini okusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile (imvamisa nobude besikhathi sokusetshenziswa), kanye nesimo sobudlelwano. Siphinde sacabanga ukuthi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile izoba nobudlelwane obuqinile ne-CSBD ne-PPU. Njengoba izifundo ezedlule ziphakamisile (I-Grubbs, i-Perry, i-Wilt, ne-Reid, i-2019; Lewczuk, Glica, et al., 2020; ILewczuk, iNowakowska, iLandandowska, iPotenza, neGola, i-2021), sacatshangelwa ukuthi ubulili besilisa, iminyaka encane (ngobudala besilindele ubuhlobo obubuthakathaka kuphela), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili okuphezulu (kokubili ubude nobuningi) kuzohlotshaniswa nokuqina kwezimpawu ze-CSBD ne-PPU.
izindlela
Inqubo kanye nesampula
Idatha yocwaningo yaqoqwa ngenkundla yocwaningo lwe-inthanethi, i-Pollster (https://pollster.pl/). Abahlanganyeli (n = 1,541) baqashwa ukuthi bamele umphakathi wasePoland, abantu abadala, abaneminyaka eyi-18-69. Ukumela kwakuqondiswe ngokuvumelana nezinkambiso ezisemthethweni ezinikezwe i-Statistics Poland (imithetho ka-2018 yobulili nobudala; izinkambiso zika-2017 zezemfundo, isifunda sezwe, usayizi wendawo yokuhlala). Lezo zinkambiso phambilini bezisetshenziswa ithimba lethu labacwaningi ngezinhloso ezifanayo (Lewczuk et al., 2022).
Si-ode usayizi wesampula we n = 1,500 evela ku-Pollster, njengoba kushiwo embikweni wokubhalisa ngaphambilini. Nokho, i-Pollster iqoqe abahlanganyeli abengeziwe abangu-41 futhi asibonanga sizathu sokubakhipha ekuhlaziyweni - ngaleyo ndlela isampula yokugcina iqukethe abantu abayi-1,541.
Isampula yakhiwe ngabesifazane abangu-51.2% (n = 789) kanye nama-48.8% amadoda (n = 752) abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-18 no-69 (M age= 42.99; SD = 14.38). Izici zesampula, izilinganiso ezisetshenzisiwe, nezinhloso kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlaziya kwamanje zibhaliswe ngaphambili nge-Open Science Framework https://osf.io/5jd94. Idatha okusekelwe kuyo ukuhlaziya kwamanje itholakala kokuthi https://osf.io/bdskw/ futhi ivulekele ukusetshenziswa abanye abacwaningi. Ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nemfundo yabahlanganyeli kanye nobukhulu bendawo yokuhlala kunikezwa isithasiselo.
Izindlela
Ukulandela ezinye izifundo (isb, IGrubbs, iKraus, nePerry, 2019), ekuqaleni kwenhlolovo, kwanikezwa incazelo yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (“noma imaphi amafilimu, iziqeshana zevidiyo noma izithombe ezibonisa izitho zangasese ezihloselwe ukuvusa inkanuko yobulili obuki [lokhu kungase kubonakale ku-inthanethi, kumagazini, incwadi, noma kumabonakude]”).
Okuguquguqukayo okuphenywayo ekuhlaziyeni kwamanje, kanye nokusebenza kwazo kungokulandelayo:
Ukucindezeleka kokuziphatha ngokocansi okucindezelayo ukuqina kukalwa ngesikali se-CSBD-19 (Bőthe, Potenza, et al., 2020). Izinketho zezimpendulo beziphakathi koku-1 (abavumelani ngokuphelele) ne-4 (vuma ngokuphelele). Uhlu lwemibuzo lube nezinqubo ezijwayelekile zokuhumusha nokuhumusha emuva, futhi inguqulo yokugcina yagunyazwa umlobi oyinhloko wethuluzi lokuqala. Ekuhlaziyeni, sisebenzise amaphuzu ajwayelekile atholwe nge-CSBD-19 (izinto eziyi-19; α = 0.93) kanye nemiphumela yokuxilonga yamaphoyinti angu-50 ahlongozwayo enguqulweni yokuqala (Bőthe, Potenza, et al., 2020).
Ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinenkinga kukalwa kusetshenziswa izinto ezi-5 (α = 0.84) Isikrini Esifushane Sezithombe Zocansi (UKraus et al., 2020). Izinketho zokuphendula: 0 (ungalokothi) 1 (ngezinye izikhathi) 2 (njalo). Ekuhlaziyeni, sisebenzise umphumela wokuxilonga wamaphuzu amane (UKraus et al., 2020).
Izimpawu zokuhoxa ekuziphatheni kocansi zahlolwa ngezethu, i-inventory esanda kwakhiwa yezimpawu zokuhoxiswa okungenzeka, ngokusekelwe ezinyathelweni ezisetshenziswe ngaphambilini ukuhlola ukuhoxiswa kwe-syndrome kwezinye izidakamizwa zokuziphatha, kanye nokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi. Ukwakha uhlu lwemibuzo, siphinde sahlanganisa izinhlobo zezimpawu zokuhoxa ezibikwe ezifundweni ezedlule mayelana nokulutha kokuziphatha (Blaszczynski et al., 2008; Griffiths & Smeaton, 2002; Kapsis et al., 2016; IKing et al., 2016; U-Lee et al., 2020; URosenthal noLesieur, ngo-1992), kuhlanganisa nezimpawu zokuhoxa ezibikwa ngabantu abanomlutha wocansi abazibikayo (Iwayini, 1997) kanye nezimpinda ezikhishiwe noma izinto ezihlobene kakhulu. Uhlu lwemibuzo oluwumphumela (α = 0.94) isilinganiso esibanzi esihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-21 zezimpawu zokuhoxa ezingase zibe khona futhi sihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-syndrome yokuhoxiswa okungenzeka ezizindeni zengqondo, imizwa, nezomzimba (izinto eziyisampula ezihambisana nezimpawu zokuhoxa ezithile zifaka phakathi "Imicabango yocansi evame kakhulu okunzima ukuyiyeka. ”, “Ukucasuka” noma “Ukushintsha kwemizwa njalo”). Izinketho zezimpendulo zifakiwe 1 (ungalokothi) 2 (ngezinye izikhathi) 3 (ngokuvamile), ne-4 (ngokujwayelekile).
Ukubekezelelana yahlolwa kusetshenziswa olwethu, olusanda kwakhiwa lwemibuzo yezinto ezi-5 (α = 0.80) ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni ezijwayelekile zokubekezelelana ezisetshenziswe ezifundweni zangaphambilini ze-PPU (UBőthe et al., 2018) kanye nokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi zocwaningo ngokubekezelelana kwezinye izidakamizwa zokuziphatha (isb, Blaszczynski et al., 2008; IKing, Herd, & Delfabbro, 2017). Izinto ezinhlanu (isikali sempendulo: 1 - nakanjani cha, 5 - nakanjani yebo) ibonise izindlela ezinhlanu okungenzeka ukuthi ukubekezelela izinkanuko zobulili kungase kubonakale ngazo (into eyisampula: “Ngibuka izinhlobo zezithombe ezingcolile ezeqisayo nezihlukene kunangaphambili ngoba zivusa inkanuko”).
Okuqukethwe okugcwele kwesikali kwabhaliswa ngaphambili futhi, kanye nemiyalelo efanele, kunikezwa isithasiselo (zonke izinto zifakiwe futhi Amathebula 3 futhi 4).
Ukuvama kokuziphatha kocansi Ukulandela izifundo ezedlule (IGrubbs, iKraus, nePerry, 2019; Lewczuk, Glica, et al., 2020; Lewczuk, Nowakowska, et al., 2021), sihlole imvamisa yezenzo zocansi ngokubuza ababambiqhaza ukuthi (1) babuke kangaki izithombe zocansi, (2) bashaya indlwabu, futhi (3) babe nocansi nozakwethu phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-12 ezedlule (isilinganiso samaphuzu angu-8 esisukela phakathi ungalokothi futhi kanye ngosuku noma ngaphezulu).
Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi Ukulandela izifundo ezedlule (IGrubbs, iKraus, nePerry, 2019; Lewczuk, Glica, et al., 2020; Lewczuk, Nowakowska, et al., 2021) njengencazelo eyengeziwe yamaphethini okusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, sibuze abahlanganyeli ukuthi mangaki amaminithi ababebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokwesilinganiso, masonto onke.
Izici zokuhlalisana kwabantu kufaka phakathi iminyaka (eminyakeni), ubulili (0 - owesifazane; 1 - indoda), imfundo, ubukhulu bendawo yokuhlala, isifunda sezwe kanye nemali engenayo (bona Inqubo kanye nesampula izici zesigatshana) zahlolwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukumelela kwesampula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iminyaka, ubulili, kanye Isimo sobudlelwane (I-1 - ebuhlotsheni bothando [okusemthethweni noma okungakahleleki], i-2 - eyodwa) yabhaliswa ngaphambili futhi yasetshenziswa njengokuguquguquka okulungisiwe okubikezela izimpawu ze-CSBD ne-PPU ekuhlaziyeni.
Ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende
Esinyathelweni sokuqala, sihlaziye ukuhlobana kwe-bivariate phakathi kwazo zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo ezihlaziyiwe. Okwesibili, siphenye ukusabalala kophawu ngalunye oluthile lokuhoxa kusampula yonke futhi saqhathanisa phakathi kwamaqembu angenhla uma kuqhathaniswa nangaphansi komkhawulo wokuxilonga we-CSBD ne-PPU. Ukuhlaziywa okuhambisanayo kuye kwaphindwa ezintweni ezibonisa ukubekezelelana. Ngokuqhathanisa okushiwo kokuvama, sisebenzise a χ2 (chi-square) ukuhlolwa, ne-Cramer ehambisanayo V isilinganiso sosayizi womphumela. Ngokuvumelana nezifundo zangaphambilini, sicabangela amanani we V = 0.10 njengosayizi omncane womphumela, 0.30 njengomaphakathi, no-0.50 njengosayizi womphumela omkhulu (Cohen, 1988). Ukwengeza, ukuqhathanisa amaqembu ngenhla vs. ngezansi komkhawulo wokuxilonga we-CSBD ne-PPU siphinde senza i-Mann-Whitney U test. Sikhethe lokhu kuhlola ngoba sithole amazinga aphakeme we-kurtosis (2.33 [Iphutha Elijwayelekile = 0.137]) kanye nokutsheka okuphakeme kancane (1.33 [0.068]) (isb, Izinwele et al., 2021) ngezimpawu zokuhoxa. Kanye nemiphumela yeMann-Whitney U ukuhlolwa, siphinde sabika i-Cohen's d isilinganiso sosayizi womphumela. Njengoba kuchazwe ngu I-Cohen (1988), inani le- d = 0.2 ingathathwa njengosayizi omncane womphumela, d = 0.5 usayizi womphumela ophakathi kanye d = 0.8 usayizi womphumela omkhulu. Esinyathelweni sokugcina sokuhlaziya, senze ukuhlehla okulandelanayo lapho izimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana (kanye neziguquko ezilawulwayo: ubulili, ubudala, isimo sobudlelwane) kubhekwe njengezibikezelo zezibalo (ezisebenza njengokuguquguquka okuzimele) kobunzima be-CSBD ne-PPU (okuguquguqukayo okuncike) . Njengoba sihlele embikweni wokubhalisa ngaphambilini, ubunzima bezimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana kwaphenywa kuphela phakathi kwabantu ababike ukuthi benza umsebenzi wocansi (ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukushaya indlwabu kanye/noma ubulili obuyindida) njalo ngenyanga noma kaningi (n = 1,277 kubantu abayi-1,541). Asibonanga isizathu esiqinile sokuphenya ukuhoxa okungenzeka phakathi kwabantu abenza umsebenzi wocansi izikhathi ezingaphansi kwenyanga. Konke ukuhlaziya kwenziwa ku-R statistical environment (Ithimba le-R Core, i-2013).
Ethics
Izinqubo zocwaningo zenziwa ngokuhambisana neSimemezelo sase-Helsinki. Ibhodi Lokubukeza Isikhungo likaKhadinali Stefan Wyszyński University eWarsaw ligunyaze lolu cwaningo. Zonke izifundo zaziswe mayelana nocwaningo futhi zonke zanikeza imvume enolwazi.
Imiphumela
Esinyathelweni sokuqala, sethula ukuhlobana kwe-bivariate phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo ezihlaziywe (Ithebula 1). Ubukhulu bezimpawu zokuhoxiswa okubikiwe kwakuhlobene kahle kokubili ubunzima be-CSBD obulinganiswa yi-CSBD-19 (r = I-0.50; P <0.001) kanye nobunzima be-PPU buhlolwe yi-BPS (r = I-0.41; P <0.001). Ukubekezelelana kwakuhlobene kahle nakho kokubili i-CSBD (r = I-0.53; P <0.001) kanye nobunzima be-PPU (r = I-0.46; P <0.001). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kokubili ukuhoxiswa (r = I-0.22; P <0.001) nokubekezelelana (r = I-0.34; P <0.001) zazihlotshaniswa kahle nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1.
Izibalo ezichazayo nezinkomba zokuhlobana (Pearson's r) ukulinganisa amandla obudlelwano phakathi kokuguquguqukayo
| M (SD) | Ibanga | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| I-1. Ubudala | 42.99 (14.38) | 18.00-69.00 | - | ||||||
| 2. Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi | 3.42 (2.34) | 1.00-8.00 | -0.20** | - | |||||
| 3. Ubude besikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (imizuzu/iviki) | 45.56 (141.41) | 0.00-2790.00 | -0.08* | 0.31** | - | ||||
| 4. Ukuqina kwe-CSBD (CSBD-19 General Score) | 32.71 (9.59) | 19.00-76.00 | -0.07* | 0.32** | 0.15** | - | |||
| 5. Ukuqina kwe-PPU (Isikolo Esijwayelekile se-BPS) | 1.81 (2.38) | 0.00-10.00 | -0.12** | 0.49** | 0.26** | 0.50** | - | ||
| 6. Izimpawu zokuhoxa | 30.93 (9.37) | 21.0-84.00 | -0.14** | 0.22** | 0.14** | 0.50** | 0.41** | - | |
| I-7. Ukubekezelela | 10.91 (4.56) | 5.00-25.00 | 0.01 | 0.34** | 0.15** | 0.53** | 0.46** | 0.37** | - |
* P <0.05; ** P <0.001.
Izilinganiso zokuvama kwe-CSBD zazingu-4.67% kubo bonke ababambiqhaza (n = I-72 ye n = 1,541), kuhlanganise no-6.25% wamadoda (n = I-47 ye n = 752) kanye no-3.17% wabesifazane (n = I-25 ye n = 789). Izilinganiso zokuvama kwe-PPU zazingama-22.84% kubo bonke ababambiqhaza (n = I-352 ye n = 1,541), 33.24% emadodeni (n = I-250 ye n = 752) kanye no-12.93% kwabesifazane (n = I-102 ye n = 789).
Phakathi kwabantu ababike ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile (abahlanganyeli ababike ukuthi basebenzise izithombe ezingcolile okungenani kanye ngonyaka odlule, n = 1,014 kuphume n = 1,541) ukusabalala kwe-CSBD kwakungama-5.62% (6.40% kwabesilisa kanye nama-4.37% kwabesifazane). Ukusabalala kwe-PPU bekungama-32.35% (38.24% kwabesilisa kanye nama-22.88% kwabesifazane) eqenjini elifanayo.
Okulandelayo, sethula izindlela nokuphambuka okujwayelekile kokuguquguqukayo okuhlaziyiwe: ukuhoxiswa, ukubekezelelana, imvamisa kanye nobude besikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili kusampula yonke, futhi kuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu angezansi nangaphezulu kwemingcele ye-CSBD ne-PPU (Ithebula 2). Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-Intergroup kubonise ukuthi ababambiqhaza abathole amaphuzu angaphezu komkhawulo we-CSBD babe namazinga aphezulu okuhoxiswa (M ngenhla= 43.36; SD ngenhla = 12.83; M ngezansi= 30.26; SD ngezansi= 8.65, U = 8.49; P <0.001; d = 1.20) nokubekezelelana (M ngenhla= 16.24; SD ngenhla = 4.95; M ngezansi= 11.10; SD ngezansi= 4.43, U = 7.89; P <0.001; d = 1.10) kunalabo abathole amaphuzu angaphansi komkhawulo. Ngokufanayo, ababambiqhaza abathole amaphuzu angaphezu komkhawulo we-PPU nabo babe namazinga aphezulu ezimpawu zokuhoxa (M ngenhla= 36.80; SD ngenhla = 9.76; M ngezansi= 28.98; SD ngezansi= 8.36, U = 13.37; P <0.001; d = 0.86) nokubekezelelana (M ngenhla= 14.37; SD ngenhla = 4.63; M ngezansi= 10.36; SD ngezansi= 4.13, U = 14.20; P <0.001; d = 0.91; bheka Ithebula 2).
Ithebula 2.
Kusho (ukuchezuka okujwayelekile) nokuqhathanisa kwamaqembu (kusetshenziswa iMann-Whitney U test, inani elimisiwe, elihambisana nosayizi womphumela we-Cohen's d) kumaqembu ane-CSBD nangenayo ne-PPU
| CSBD | UMann-Whitney U | I-Cohen's d | I-PPU | UMann-Whitney U | I-Cohen's d | |||
| Ngaphezu komkhawulo (n = 66) | Ngaphansi komkhawulo (n = 1,211) | Ngaphezu komkhawulo (n = 319) | Ngaphansi komkhawulo (n = 958) | |||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
| Ukuhoxiswa | 43.36 (12.83) | 30.26 (8.65) | 8.49** | 1.20 | 36.80 (9.76) | 28.98 (8.36) | 13.37** | 0.86 |
| Ukubekezelelana | 16.24 (4.95) | 11.10 (4.43) | 7.89** | 1.10 | 14.37 (4.63) | 10.36 (4.13) | 14.20** | 0.91 |
| Ukuvama kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziswa | 5.12 (2.52) | 3.75 (2.32) | 4.74** | 0.57 | 5.45 (1.82) | 3.28 (2.25) | 15.63** | 1.06 |
** P <0.001.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sethula amaphuzu atholiwe ngayinye kwezingu-21 ezifundwe izimpawu zokuhoxa ezingase zibe khona. Ithebula 3 yethula izindlela nokuchezuka okujwayelekile kwesigaba ngasinye sezimpawu kanye namaphesenti abantu ababikayo behlangabezana nophawu ngalunye (kusampula yonke, kanye nangaphansi nangaphezulu komkhawulo we-CSBD ne-PPU). Iphesenti lezinkomba ezivezwe ngo Ithebula 3 bonisa amaphuzu ahlanganisiwe ezimpendulo “ezivamile” kanye “nezimpendulo eziningi kakhulu” ezisekela ukuba khona kophawu oluthile. Kuso sonke isampula, i-56.9% yabahlanganyeli ayizange ibike ukuthi ihlangabezana nanoma yiziphi izimpawu zokuhoxiswa, i-15.7% ibike ukuba khona kwezimpawu ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu futhi i-4.6% ibike izimpawu ezingu-10 noma ngaphezulu. Izimpawu ezibikwa njalo kwakuyimicabango yocansi evamisile obekunzima ukuyimisa (kubahlanganyeli abathole amaphuzu angaphezu komkhawulo we-CSBD: CSBDQAPHELA = 65.2%; nangaphezulu komkhawulo we-PPU: i-PPUQAPHELA = 43.3%), ukwanda kokuvusa inkanuko (CSBDQAPHELA = 37.9%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 29.2%), kunzima ukulawula izinga lesifiso socansi (CSBDQAPHELA = 57.6%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 31.0%), ukucasuka (CSBDQAPHELA = 37.9%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 25.4%), ukushintsha kwemizwa njalo (CSBDQAPHELA = 33.3%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 22.6%), kanye nezinkinga zokulala (CSBDQAPHELA = 36.4%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 24.5%). Izimpawu ezingokomzimba zazibikwa kaningi: isicanucanu (CSBDQAPHELA = 6.1%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 3.1%), isisu esibuhlungu (CSBDQAPHELA = 13.6%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 6.0%), ubuhlungu bemisipha (CSBDQAPHELA = 16.7%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 7.5%), ubuhlungu kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba (CSBDQAPHELA = 18.2%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 8.2%), nezinye izimpawu (CSBDQAPHELA = 4.5%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 3.1%) (Ithebula 3).
Ithebula 3.
Amaphesenti, izindlela (ukuchezuka okujwayelekile) kwezimpawu zokuhoxa ezihlaziywe ezihlaziywe kuwo wonke amasampula ahlaziywe, kanye namaqembu ane-CSBD ne-PPU nangenayo, kanye nokuqhathanisa kweqembu (kusetshenziswa iMann-Whitney U Ukuhlola, inani elilinganiselwe, kanye χ 2 isivivinyo esinezilinganiso zosayizi womphumela ofanayo: Cohen's d kanye neCramér's V)
| CSBD | UMann-Whitney U | I-Cohen's d | χ 2| I-Cramér's V | I-PPU | UMann-Whitney U | I-Cohen's d | χ 2| I-Cramér's V | ||||
| Konke (n = 1,277) | Ngaphezu komkhawulo (n = 66) | Ngaphansi komkhawulo (n = 1,211) | Ngaphezu komkhawulo (n = 319) | Ngaphansi komkhawulo (n = 958) | |||||
| % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | |||||
| Imicabango eminingi yocansi okunzima ukuyiyeka | 19.4% | 1.83 (0.86) | 65.2% | 2.79 (0.87) | 16.9% | 1.77 (0.82) | 8.56** | 1.20 | 93.01** | 0.27 | 43.3% | 2.39 (0.93) | 11.5% | 1.64 (0.74) | 13.01** | 0.90 | 154.43** | 0.35 |
| Ukwenyuka kwenkanuko | 17.6% | 1.81 (0.77) | 37.9% | 2.29 (0.91) | 16.5% | 1.79 (0.76) | 4.54** | 0.60 | 19.68** | 0.12 | 29.2% | 2.14 (0.77) | 13.8% | 1.70 (0.74) | 8.91** | 0.58 | 38.97** | 0.18 |
| Ukuthukuthela | 14.4% | 1.71 (0.77) | 37.9% | 2.30 (0.93) | 13.1% | 1.68 (0.75) | 5.63** | 0.74 | 31.09** | 0.16 | 25.4% | 2.04 (0.79) | 10.8% | 1.61 (0.74) | 9.12** | 0.57 | 41.59** | 0.18 |
| Ukushintsha kwemizwa njalo | 13.2% | 1.66 (0.75) | 33.3% | 2.27 (0.87) | 12.1% | 1.63 (0.73) | 6.21** | 0.80 | 24.80** | 0.14 | 22.6% | 1.98 (0.76) | 10.0% | 1.56 (0.72) | 9.34** | 0.58 | 32.99** | 0.16 |
| Kunzima ukulawula izinga lesifiso socansi | 13.0% | 1.61 (0.79) | 57.6% | 2.73 (0.90) | 10.6% | 1.55 (0.74) | 10.10** | 1.43 | 122.28** | 0.31 | 31.0% | 2.12 (0.91) | 7.0% | 1.44 (0.67) | 12.84** | 0.85 | 122.30** | 0.31 |
| Ukucindezeleka okwandisiwe | 12.0% | 1.61 (0.75) | 39.4% | 2.27 (0.97) | 10.5% | 1.57 (0.72) | 6.27** | 0.82 | 49.59** | 0.20 | 23.5% | 1.92 (0.85) | 8.1% | 1.51 (0.68) | 8.05** | 0.53 | 53.60** | 0.21 |
| Izinkinga zokulala | 11.8% | 1.57 (0.77) | 36.4% | 2.15 (1.03) | 10.5% | 1.54 (0.74) | 5.30** | 0.69 | 40.20** | 0.18 | 24.5% | 1.95 (0.89) | 7.6% | 1.44 (0.68) | 9.96** | 0.64 | 65.02** | 0.23 |
| Ukuphumula | 9.5% | 1.66 (0.68) | 36.4% | 2.33 (0.88) | 8.0% | 1.63 (0.65) | 6.74** | 0.91 | 58.66** | 0.21 | 18.2% | 1.99 (0.71) | 6.6% | 1.56 (0.64) | 9.76** | 0.64 | 37.58** | 0.17 |
| Ukulala | 8.2% | 1.43 (0.71) | 30.3% | 2.06 (0.99) | 7.0% | 1.39 (0.67) | 6.60** | 0.79 | 44.97** | 0.19 | 17.9% | 1.76 (0.86) | 5.0% | 1.32 (0.61) | 9.75** | 0.60 | 52.43** | 0.20 |
| Izinkinga ngokugxila | 8.1% | 1.51 (0.70) | 37.9% | 2.24 (0.95) | 6.5% | 1.47 (0.66) | 7.40** | 0.95 | 82.26** | 0.25 | 16.9% | 1.85 (0.78) | 5.2% | 1.39 (0.63) | 10.38** | 0.64 | 43.86** | 0.19 |
| Isimo sokucindezeleka | 7.7% | 1.45 (0.68) | 27.3% | 2.06 (0.93) | 6.6% | 1.41 (0.65) | 6.66** | 0.81 | 37.73** | 0.17 | 15.4% | 1.74 (0.79) | 5.1% | 1.35 (0.61) | 8.99** | 0.55 | I-35.46 | 0.17** |
| Icala noma ukuphoxeka | 7.6% | 1.41 (0.67) | 31.8% | 2.12 (0.97) | 6.3% | 1.37 (0.63) | 7.52** | 0.91 | 58.18** | 0.21 | 17.6% | 1.72 (0.84) | 4.3% | 1.31 (0.57) | 8.73** | 0.56 | 60.09** | 0.22 |
| Kunzima ukwenza izinqumo | 6.9% | 1.42 (0.66) | 33.3% | 2.18 (0.94) | 5.5% | 1.37 (0.62) | 8.26** | 1.02 | 75.84** | 0.24 | 14.7% | 1.71 (0.77) | 4.3% | 1.32 (0.59) | 9.56** | 0.58 | 40.76** | 0.18 |
| bekhanda | 6.5% | 1.38 (0.66) | 27.3% | 1.94 (0.99) | 5.4% | 1.35 (0.62) | 5.91** | 0.72 | 49.42** | 0.20 | 12.5% | 1.56 (0.77) | 4.5% | 1.31 (0.60) | 5.80** | 0.36 | 25.52** | 0.14 |
| Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuqinile | 5.2% | 1.36 (0.61) | 19.7% | 1.88 (0.90) | 4.5% | 1.33 (0.58) | 6.18** | 0.73 | 29.23** | 0.15 | 10.0% | 1.58 (0.71) | 3.7% | 1.28 (0.55) | 7.73** | 0.46 | 19.58** | 0.12 |
| Ubunzima bokuxazulula imisebenzi nezinkinga | 4.6% | 1.39 (0.62) | 25.8% | 2.00 (0.91) | 3.5% | 1.36 (0.58) | 6.86** | 0.84 | 70.56** | 0.24 | 9.4% | 1.69 (0.70) | 3.0% | 1.29 (0.55) | 10.75** | 0.64 | 22.09** | 0.13 |
| Ubuhlungu bemisipha, ukuqina, noma ama-muscle spasms | 4.5% | 1.36 (0.61) | 16.7% | 1.79 (0.97) | 3.8% | 1.34 (0.58) | 4.36** | 0.56 | 24.30** | 0.14 | 7.5% | 1.50 (0.72) | 3.4% | 1.32 (0.57) | 4.20** | 0.27 | 9.34* | 0.09 |
| Ubuhlungu kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba (isb., izingalo, imilenze, isifuba, umhlane) | 4.0% | 1.29 (0.58) | 18.2% | 1.67 (0.85) | 3.2% | 1.27 (0.55) | 4.78** | 0.56 | 36.54** | 0.17 | 8.2% | 1.43 (0.71) | 2.6% | 1.24 (0.52) | 4.88** | 0.31 | 19.16** | 0.12 |
| Isisu esibuhlungu | 3.8% | 1.29 (0.57) | 13.6% | 1.61 (0.88) | 3.2% | 1.27 (0.54) | 3.60** | 0.46 | 18.77** | 0.12 | 6.0% | 1.40 (0.65) | 3.0% | 1.25 (0.53) | 4.13** | 0.25 | 5.68** | 0.07 |
| I-nausea | 1.6% | 1.13 (0.41) | 6.1% | 1.45 (0.75) | 1.4% | 1.11 (0.38) | 6.53** | 0.58 | 8.39* | 0.08 | 3.1% | 1.21 (0.50) | 1.1% | 1.10 (0.38) | 4.36** | 0.24 | 5.84* | 0.07 |
| Ezinye izimpawu | 1.6% | 1.07 (0.36) | 4.5% | 1.23 (0.63) | 1.5% | 1.06 (0.34) | 4.05** | 0.32 | I-3.62 | 0.05 | 3.1% | 1.13 (0.48) | 1.1% | 1.05 (0.31) | 3.87** | 0.20 | 5.84* | 0.07 |
* P <0.05; ** P <0.001.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinga okungeziwe kweqembu le-intergroup (Mann-Whitney U test) phakathi kwamaqembu angaphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhawulo engenhla ye-CSBD ne-PPU ibonise ukuthi kuzo zonke izigaba zezimpawu kanye kokubili i-CSBD ne-PPU, iqembu elithola amaphuzu ngaphezu komkhawulo wokuxilonga liphinde labika imiphumela ephakeme yophawu ngalunye lokuhoxiswa (P < 0.001; bona Ithebula 3). Kuzimpawu zokuhoxa eziyi-16 kwezingu-21, sisho okungenani izilinganiso zosayizi womphumela omaphakathi (Cohen's d >0.5) kulokhu kuqhathaniswa kwakho kokubili i-CSBD ne-PPU (Ithebula 3). Okokugcina, kuyahambisana χ 2ukuhlolwa okwenziwa emaqenjini angaphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhawulo engenhla yokuxilonga ye-CSBD ne-PPU nakho kuveze imiphumela ebalulekile yazo zonke izimpawu, ngaphandle kweqembu "Ezinye izimpawu" - amasayizi omthelela amancane kuya kwamaphakathi atholwe kulokhu kuqhathaniswa (i-Cramer's V phakathi kuka-0.05 no-0.35; bona Ithebula 4).
Ithebula 4.
Amaphesenti, izindlela (ukuchezuka okujwayelekile) kwezinto zokubekezelela ezihlaziywe kulo lonke isampula elihlaziyiwe, kanye namaqembu ane-CSBD ne-PPU nangenayo, kanye nokuqhathanisa kweqembu (kusetshenziswa iMann-Whitney U test, value standard, kanye χ 2 isivivinyo esinezilinganiso zosayizi womphumela ofanayo: Cohen's d kanye neCramér's V)
| CSBD | UMann-Whitney U | I-Cohen's d | χ 2| I-Cramér's V | I-PPU | UMann-Whitney U | I-Cohen's d | χ 2| I-Cramér's V | ||||
| Konke (n = 1,277) | Ngaphezu komkhawulo (n = 66) | Ngaphansi komkhawulo (n = 1,211) | Ngaphezu komkhawulo (n = 319) | Ngaphansi komkhawulo (n = 958) | |||||
| % |M(SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | |||||
| (1) Okwamanje ngidinga izenzo zocansi ukuze zingikhuthaze ukuze ngifinyelele izinga elifanayo lokuvuka inkanuko njengakudala. | 30.5% | 2.69 (1.31) | 50.0% | 3.47 (1.23) | 29.5% | 2.65 (1.31) | 4.81** | 0.65 | 12.42** | 0.10 | 45.8% | 3.21 (1.23) | 25.5% | 2.52 (1.30) | 8.26** | 0.55 | 46.48** | 0.19 |
| (2) Ngibuka izinhlobo zezithombe ezingcolile ezeqisayo nezihlukene kunangaphambili ngoba zivusa inkanuko. | 15.8% | 2.00 (1.26) | 40.9% | 3.12 (1.45) | 14.5% | 1.94 (1.22) | 6.69** | 0.88 | 32.90** | 0.16 | 34.5% | 2.86 (1.35) | 9.6% | 1.72 (1.09) | 14.11** | 0.93 | 111.24** | 0.30 |
| (3) Ngichitha isikhathi esiningi ngihlanganyela ubulili kunangesikhathi esidlule. | 11.3% | 2.05 (1.12) | 45.5% | 3.26 (1.29) | 9.4% | 1.99 (1.08) | 7.67** | 1.07 | 81.26** | 0.25 | 21.0% | 2.56 (1.19) | 8.0% | 1.88 (1.05) | 9.37** | 0.61 | 40.21** | 0.18 |
| (4) Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngiye ngabona ukuthi ngidinga ukuhlanganyela ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezintsha zokuziphatha kocansi ukuze ngizwe inkanuko yobulili efanayo noma ngifinyelele i-orgasm. | 17.2% | 2.19 (1.19) | 42.4% | 3.24 (1.30) | 15.9% | 2.13 (1.16) | 6.64** | 0.91 | 30.98** | 0.16 | 21.7% | 2.80 (1.22) | 12.4% | 1.98 (1.10) | 10.54** | 0.71 | 62.12** | 0.22 |
| (5) Ngokuvamile, ukuya ocansini ngokuvamile akunganelisi kangako njengoba kwakunjalo esikhathini esidlule. | 22.7% | 2.43 (1.26) | 40.9% | 3.15 (1.30) | 21.7% | 2.39 (1.25) | 4.50** | 0.59 | 13.13** | 0.10 | 33.2% | 2.93 (1.21) | 19.2% | 2.27 (1.24) | 8.27** | 0.54 | 26.81** | 0.14 |
** P <0.001.
Okulandelayo, sihlaziye into ngayinye ebonisa ukubekezelelana kusampula yonke kanye nasemaqenjini angaphezu komkhawulo wokuxilonga we-CSBD noma i-PPU (bona Ithebula 4). Amanani ethulwe ku Ithebula 4 bamele amaphesenti abahlanganyeli isitatimende ngasinye esimakwe njengesiyiqiniso.
Isidingo sokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni kocansi okuvusa inkanuko ukuze ufinyelele izinga elifanayo lokuvuka inkanuko kwakuyisitatimende esisekelwa njalo (CSBD)QAPHELA = 50.0%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 45.8%). Abahlanganyeli futhi bavame ukubika isikhathi esikhulayo esichithwa emisebenzini yocansi (CSBDQAPHELA = 45.5%; I-PPUQAPHELA = 21.0%). Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-42.4% wabahlanganyeli abasengozini enkulu ye-CSBD kanye ne-21.7% ye-PPU babike ukuthi badinga ukuhlanganyela ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezenzo zocansi ukuze bafinyelele izinga elifanayo lokuvuka noma ukufinyelela i-orgasm. Umsebenzi wocansi awusenelisi kangako kunangaphambili ku-40.9% wabaphenduli abathole amaphuzu angaphezu komkhawulo wokuxilonga we-CSBD kanye no-33.3% we-PPU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-34.5% wabaphenduli abasengozini ye-PPU kanye no-40.9% wabaphenduli abasengozini ye-CSBD babike ukuthi bazibandakanya ezinhlotsheni ezidlulele nezihlukile zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngoba zivuselela kakhulu. Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinga okungeziwe (Mann-Whitney U test) phakathi kwamaqembu angaphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nama-threshold angaphezulu kwe-CSBD ne-PPU kubonise ukuthi kuhlangothi ngalunye kwezinhlanu zokubekezelelana, iqembu elithola amaphuzu ngaphezu komkhawulo wokuxilonga libike imiphumela ephezulu kakhulu (konke Ama-P < 0.001, izilinganiso zosayizi womphumela omaphakathi kuya omkhulu, bona Ithebula 4). Okokugcina, χ 2ukuhlolwa okwenzelwa amaqembu afanayo nakho kuholele emiphumeleni ebalulekile yengxenye ngayinye yokubekezelelana, enobukhulu obukhulu bemiphumela emincane (i-Cramer's V phakathi kuka-0.10 no-0.30; Ithebula 4).
Esinyathelweni sokugcina sokuhlaziya, sicabangele izimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana njengezibikezelo zezibalo ze-CSBD ne-PPU yokuqina, ukulungisa ubulili, ubudala, isimo sobudlelwane, imvamisa kanye nobude bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Ithebula 5). Zombili izimpawu zokuhoxa (β = 0.34; P <0.001) nokubekezelelana (β = 0.38; P <0.001) zazihlobene kahle nobunzima be-CSBD. Kwakunjalo nangobunzima be-PPU (ukuhoxa: β = 0.24; P < 0.001; ukubekezelela: β = 0.27; P <0.001). Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nayo yayihlotshaniswa kahle ne-PPU (β = 0.26; P <0.001) kanye nokuqina kophawu lwe-CSBD. Amandla okuhlangana phakathi kwe-CSBD nokuhoxiswa, kanye nokubekezelelana, kubonakala sengathi kubuthakathaka kune-CSBD kanye nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (β = 0.06; P <0.001). Isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile sasihlobene kahle ne-PPU (β = 0.09; P <0.001), kodwa hhayi i-CSBD. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa babenobunzima obuphakeme bazo zombili i-CSBD (β = 0.11; P <0.001) kanye ne-PPU (β = 0.14; P <0.001). Ubudala abuzange buhlotshaniswe kakhulu nobunzima be-CSBD futhi bunobudlelwano obubalulekile, obubi nezimpawu ze-PPU (β = −0.05; P = 0.043). Amamodeli ethu achaze ingxenye ebalulekile yokwehluka kokuqina kwe-CSBD (40%) kanye ne-PPU (41%, njengoba kukalwa ngokuthi R 2adj) (Ithebula 5).
Ithebula 5.
Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla lapho izimpawu zokuhoxa, ukubekezelelana kanye neziguquko ezilungisiwe zibikezela ngokwezibalo ukuqina kwe-CSBD ne-PPU
| CSBD | I-PPU | |
| β (P) | β (P) | |
| Ukuhoxiswa | 0.34 (<0.001) | 0.24 (<0.001) |
| Ukubekezelelana | 0.38 (<0.001) | 0.27 (<0.001) |
| Ukuvama kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziswa | 0.06 (<0.001) | 0.26 (<0.001) |
| Ubude besikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi (min./week) | 0.01 (0.764) | 0.09 (<0.001) |
| Sex | 0.11 (<0.001) | 0.14 (<0.001) |
| Ubudala | -0.03 (0.288) | -0.05 (0.043) |
| Isimo sobudlelwane | -0.00 (0.879) | -0.03 (0.209) |
| F | 124.09 (<0.001) | 128.52 (<0.001) |
| R 2adj | 0.403 | 0.412 |
Inothi. Ubulili (0 - owesifazane, 1 - owesilisa); Isimo sobudlelwano (0 - hhayi kubudlelwano; 1 - ebuhlotsheni)
Ingxoxo
Ucwaningo lwamanje luphenye izimpawu zokuhoxa kanye nokubekezelela izisusa zocansi ku-CSBD ne-PPU kanye nezilinganiso zokuvama kwe-CSBD ne-PPU kusampula elimele izwe lonke lasePoland. Ukubaluleka kocwaningo lwamanje olugxile ku-(1) ukunikeza ubufakazi bokuqala bokuba khona kanye nezici zezimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana okuhlobene nokuziphatha kocansi kanye nezisusa, (2) ukuqoqa idatha mayelana nobudlelwane babo obubalulekile nobukhulu bezimpawu ze-CSBD ne-PPU, kanye ngenxa yalokho (3) isekela isiphetho esinembile ngokwesayensi mayelana nokuba semthethweni kwemodeli yokulutha ye-CSBD ne-PPU.
Ngezansi, sifingqa okutholakele futhi sixoxe ngemithelela yako ekusebenzeni komtholampilo kanye nezifundo zocwaningo zesikhathi esizayo.
Ukuhoxiswa kwe-syndrome nokubekezelelana ne-CSBD ne-PPU
Ukuqina kwezimpawu zokuhoxiswa kwakuhlotshaniswa kahle nakho kokubili ubunzima be-CSBD ne-PPU; okutholakele okufanayo kwaqashelwa ukubekezelelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhambisana nemibono yethu, kokubili ukuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana kwakuhlotshaniswa nokuqina kwe-CSBD ne-PPU, lapho kulungiswa izici ze-sociodemographic kanye nemvamisa kanye nobude besikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqhathanisa okumaphakathi kubonise ukuthi ukuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana bekuphezulu emaqenjini ahlanganayo emikhawulweni enqunywe ngaphambilini ye-CSBD ne-PPU. Nakuba izifundo ezengeziwe kufanele ziqhubeke ziphenye futhi zandise lokhu okutholakele, imiphumela yalolu cwaningo olubhaliswe kusengaphambili nokuhlaziya inikeza ubufakazi bokuthi kokubili izimpawu zokuhoxa nokubekezelelana kuhlobene ne-CSBD kulesi sampula esimele abantu abadala basePoland. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe kufanele luphenye izimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana ekuthuthukisweni nasekugcinweni kwe-CSBD kumasampula omtholampilo nasekelwe emphakathini.
Ngokusekelwe ekutholweni kwangaphambili, sacabanga ukuthi imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile izoba nobuhlobo obuqinile ngokukhethekile nokuqina kwe-CSBD, okuhlobene nezimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana. Lokhu, ngokuthakazelisayo, akuzange kubonakale kunjalo, njengoba kokubili izimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana kwakunobudlelwane obuqinile ngokwezinombolo kunobuningi obunobunzima be-PPU futhi ikakhulukazi i-CSBD. Ukubaluleka kwalokhu okutholakele kuxoxwa ngakho ngezansi.
Ukuvama kwezinhlobo ezithile zezimpawu zokuhoxa kanye nezingxenye zokubekezelela
Izimpawu ezibikwa kaningi ezixhunywe ekuhoxeni kwakuyimicabango yocansi evamisile obekunzima ukuyimisa, yanda ukuvukwa kwenkanuko yobulili kanye nokuba nzima ukulawula isifiso socansi. Lokhu akumangazi njengoba lezi zinguquko zingase, okungenani ngezinga elithile, zibonise impendulo yemvelo, nakuba kungenzeka iphakeme, ebunzimeni bokukhulula ingcindezi yobulili (nhlobo, noma imvamisa efanayo umuntu ayijwayele). Nakuba i-conceptualization yamanje ye-ICD-11 ye-CSBD ingabandakanyi ngokuqondile izimpawu zokuhoxiswa, kungenzeka ukuthi ubunzima bokulawula imvamisa ekhulayo yemicabango yocansi noma isifiso socansi esiphezulu ngesikhathi sokuhoxiswa kungase kuhlotshaniswe nengxenye ye-CSBD "yemizamo eminingi engaphumeleli. ukulawula noma ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuziphatha kocansi okuphindaphindayo” (UKraus et al., 2018, p. 109). Ngamanye amazwi, ubunzima bokulawula ukuziphatha kocansi, okuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-CSBD njengoba kuhlongozwa ku-ICD-11 (I-WHO, 2020), ingase iphakame ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezimpawu zokuhoxa lapho umuntu ezama ukumisa noma ukunciphisa ukuziphatha kwabo ngokobulili. Izehlakalo ezinjalo zingase zizizwe zingaphezu kwamandla, zingalawuleki futhi zingajwayelekile, ezingashabalala ngokubuyela ekuziphatheni kocansi.
Futhi, izimpawu zokuhoxa zingase zivezwe kakhulu ku-CSBD kunezinye izidakamizwa zokuziphatha, lapho ubukhona bokuhoxiswa okwamanje kuxoxwa ngakho/kuphikiswana ngakho, njengomdlalo (isb. Kapsis et al., 2016), njengoba ukuhoxa ku-CSBD kungase kuqhutshekiselwe phambili ukushukunyiswa kocansi okunganqamuki okungase kumelele isidingo somzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkanuko zocansi ezingaqediwe zingase zenze izici zomzimba zokuthuthuka okungenzeka kwezimpawu eziningi zokuhoxa. Isibonelo, ukuba nezinga eliphezulu lesifiso socansi kungase kuholele ekwandiseni imvamisa yemicabango yocansi, okungase kudale izinkinga zokugxilisa ingqondo, kube kubi kakhulu ukusebenza kwengqondo futhi kuholele ebunzimeni bokwenza izinqumo, okungase kukhulise eminye imizwa engemihle nemizwa yokucindezeleka okucatshangwayo. .
Ukwenyuka kwenkanuko okuvamile, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, nakho kwakuvame ukubikwa lapho uhoxa emsebenzini wocansi futhi kungase kubonise ukwanda kokuvuka kwenkanuko yocansi. Ngokuvamile, izinkinga ezihlobene ne-hyperarousal (ukucasuka, ukuvuswa okujwayelekile okuphezulu noma isifiso socansi) zibikwe kaningi kunezinkinga ze-hypoarousal (njengokozela). Kodwa-ke, ukuvusa inkanuko evamile kungase kudalwe ngokukhawulela isikhathi esinikelwe ekuziphatheni kocansi kanye nokunikela isikhathi esengeziwe kweminye imisebenzi. Amalungu amaqembu e-“NoFap” (Sproten, 2016) (labo abaye bayeka ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokushaya indlwabu) ngezinye izikhathi babika amazinga aphezulu amandla, umsebenzi kanye nokuthola umsebenzi owengeziwe owenziwe ngemva kwesikhathi sokuzithiba okuqhubekayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi le miphumela ingase yenzeke kusethi encane yabantu lapho imijikelezo yokuziphatha kocansi eyimpoqo iyekwa. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo ezibandakanya amasampula omtholampilo kanye nezinyathelo ze-longitudinal ziyadingeka ukuze kuphenywe umphumela wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye/noma ukuzithiba ukushaya indlwabu ngokuqhubekayo.
Ukucasuka, ukushintsha kwemizwelo kaningi, ukucindezeleka okwandayo kanye nezinkinga zokulala nakho kwakubikwa njalo. Izimpawu ezinjalo zivela zihlobene nalezo ezibikwe ngokuphazamiseka kokugembula kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi ku-DSM-5 (ukungahlaliseki nokucasuka kokuphazamiseka kokugembula; ukucasuka, ukukhathazeka noma ukudabuka ngokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi, (I-APA, i-2013)). Omunye angase aphikise ngokuthi uma izimpawu ezinjalo zenza umbandela obalulekile wokuxilonga walezi zinkinga, izimpawu ezifanayo kufanele zicatshangelwe ezimongweni ze-CSBD ne-PPU.
Imiphumela yamanje ibuye ihambisane nocwaningo lukaWines (1997) lapho abantu abanomlutha wocansi babike khona izimpawu zokuhoxa ezifana nokudangala, intukuthelo, ukukhathazeka, ukuqwasha nokukhathala njalo. Kodwa-ke, ocwaningweni lwamanje, ukusabalala kwezimpawu zokuhoxa enqubweni yokuhlangana kweqembu ye-CSBD bekuphansi kunocwaningo lweWines (lapho ababambiqhaza abangama-52 kwabangu-53 babike okungenani uphawu olulodwa lokuhoxa). Lokhu akumangazi, njengoba ucwaningo lukaWines lwalubandakanya iqembu leziguli, okungenzeka kakhulu, zathola izimpawu ezinzima kakhulu zokuziphatha kocansi okuphoqelekile kunabahlanganyeli bethu ababuthwe emphakathini jikelele. Ngenxa yesimo salo esikhulu, esingezona ezokwelashwa, ucwaningo lwethu luhlinzeka ngedatha eyandulelayo ehambisanayo, okufanele iphindwe futhi inwetshwe emitholampilo, emaqenjini afuna ukwelashwa wonke ahlolwe ngokusemthethweni futhi kwatholakala ukuthi ane-CSBD.
Ngokuvumelana nezifundo zangaphambilini zokulutheka kokuziphatha, izimpawu ezingokomzimba zabikwa ngezinga elincane kuhlanganise nekhanda elibuhlungu, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okunamandla, isisu esibuhlungu, ubuhlungu bemisipha, nobuhlungu kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Izimpawu ezingokomzimba zokuhoxa ziwuphawu lwezinkinga zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa (Bayard et al., 2004; U-Kosten no-O'Connor, ngo-2003), kodwa kuncane kakhulu emiluthweni yokuziphatha njengokugembula kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi (I-APA, i-2013). Ucwaningo lwamanje lunikeza ukwesekwa kokuqala kwezimpawu zokuhoxiswa ku-CSBD ne-PPU, futhi lezi zici zomtholampilo kufanele zihlolwe ngokuqhubekayo kumasampula omtholampilo amakhulu, ahlukene ngokwamasiko.
Ngokubekezelelana, isici ngasinye kweziyisihlanu eziphenyiwe sisekelwe ngokuqinile kubahlanganyeli abane-CSBD kanye nalabo abane-PPU kunalabo ababambiqhaza abangazifezi lezi zindlela zokunquma. Isidingo sokuthi izenzo zocansi zivuse kakhudlwana ukuze kufinyelele izinga elifanayo lokuvuka inkanuko njengasesikhathini esidlule sasekelwa kakhulu kuwo womabili amaqembu anokuziphatha kocansi okuyinkinga. Kodwa-ke, lesi sitatimende siphinde sasekelwa kakhulu kwabanye ababambiqhaza abaya ocansini. Kodwa-ke, izici zokubekezelelana ezibonisa imizamo esebenzayo yokulwa nemiphumela yako zibonakala zicace kakhulu kubantu abaphezulu kuzimpawu ze-CSBD ne-PPU. Lokhu kufaka phakathi - ku-CSBD - ukwandisa isikhathi esinikelwe emisebenzini yocansi, kanye nokuzibandakanya ezinhlotsheni zamanoveli zokuziphatha kocansi ukuze uthole izinga elifanayo lokuvusa inkanuko yocansi noma ukufinyelela i-orgasm. Ku-PPU - ukubuka izinto zocansi ezeqisayo nezihlukahlukene kunangaphambili, ngoba le nto ivuselela kakhulu. Le phethini yemiphumela iyaqondakala, njengoba eyokuqala yezingxenye ezihlaziywe (isidingo sokuthi izenzo zocansi zivuse kakhudlwana ukuze kufinyelelwe ezingeni elifanayo lokuvuka inkanuko njengasesikhathini esedlule) ingase ihlobane nezinye izici, isb, ubudala, kanye nobudala. -okuhlobene kuncipha ekuvukeni kocansi kanye nokushayela. Ngakho, le ngxenye ingase icace kubahlanganyeli abane-PPU kanye/noma i-CSBD. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi ukulinganisa hhayi kuphela ukubekezelelana okwandayo okuhlangenwe nakho kwesisusa socansi, kodwa ikakhulukazi imizamo esebenzayo (futhi kwezinye izimo ephoqelelayo) yokulwa nomphumela onjalo ingase ibaluleke ekucabangeni ukubekezelelana ku-CSBD ne-PPU.
Ukuhlangana phakathi kwezici ze-sociodemographic, isimo sobudlelwane kanye nezithombe zocansi zisebenzisa imikhuba ne-CSBD ne-PPU
Njengoba kucatshangelwa, ukuhlaziywa kokunciphisa kubonise ukuthi labo abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngemvamisa ephezulu babenobunzima obukhulu be-PPU. Nakuba ukuhlobana kwe-bivariate phakathi kwemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili kanye ne-CSBD kwakunokulinganisela, okuhle futhi okuphawulekayo, lapho kulungiswa ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo kumamodeli okubuyisela emuva, umthelela wemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuzimpawu ze-CSBD wawuncane, nakuba usabalulekile. Amandla okuhlotshaniswa kwemvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile zocansi ku-CSBD lapho kulungiswa ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo abebuthakathaka ngokwezinombolo kunalawo okuhoxiswa nokubekezelela, ngokuphambene nokubikezela kwethu embikweni wokubhalisa ngaphambilini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubude besikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bubonakala bunikela ebumnyameni be-CSBD kancane kancane kunemvamisa yokusetshenziswa. Ngokucacile, ubude besikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi bekuyisici esibalulekile kuphela sokuqina kwe-PPU, kodwa hhayi kubucayi be-CSBD lapho ezinye izinkomba zifakiwe kumodeli. Iphethini etholiwe yemiphumela iyahambisana naleyo evela ezifundweni zethu zangaphambilini, kanye nezifundo ezimbalwa ezenziwa abanye abacwaningi (IGrubbs, iKraus, nePerry, 2019; Lewczuk, Glica, et al., 2020). Isimo sobudlelwano asihlobene nokuqina kwe-PPU noma kwe-CSBD. Iminyaka yobudala yayinobudlelwane obubalulekile, nakuba bubuthakathaka, obuphambene nokuqina kwe-PPU, okuhambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini (Lewczuk, Nowakowska, et al., 2021), kodwa iminyaka yayingahlobene nokuqina kwe-CSBD. Okokugcina, njengoba kusekelwa izincwadi zangaphambili, ubulili besilisa babuhlobene nokusetshenziswa okuningi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (IGrubbs, iKraus, nePerry, 2019; I-Lewczuk, Wójcik, & Gola, 2022) kanye nobunzima obukhulu be-CSBD ne-PPU (de Alarcón et al., 2019; I-Kafka, i-2010; I-Lewczuk et al., 2017). Sekukonke, amamodeli okuhlehla achaze u-40% wokwehluka ku-CSBD kanye no-41% ku-PPU, okungamanani aphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi injongo eyinhloko yokuhlaziya kwethu kwakuwukuphenya izibikezelo ezithile, ezibhaliswe ngaphambili futhi hhayi ukukhulisa inani lokubikezela amamodeli.
Ukuvama kwe-CSBD ne-PPU
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusampula elimele izwe lonke, isampula yabantu abadala, ukuvama kwe-CSBD kubo bonke ababambiqhaza bekungu-4.67% (6.25% emadodeni, 3.17% kwabesifazane), kanti ukusabalala kwe-PPU bekungama-22.84% (33.24% kwabesilisa, 12.92% phakathi abesifazane). Phakathi kwabantu ababika ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ukusabalala kwe-CSBD kulinganiselwa ku-5.62% (6.40% phakathi kwamadoda, i-4.37% phakathi kwabesifazane), kanti ukusabalala kwe-PPU kwakungu-32.35% (38.24% kwabesilisa, i-22.88% yabesifazane). Umehluko phakathi kwezilinganiso ezisuselwe kuhlu lwemibuzo omabili ungase uvele ngokwengxenye kusukela ekuqineni kwemingcele kumathuluzi okuhlola. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini olwenziwe ithimba lethu futhi lisebenzisa i-BPS ukulinganisa i-PPU luphinde lwakhiqiza izilinganiso eziphezulu, u-17.8% ocwaningweni olwenziwa kusampula yabameleli ngo-2019 (n = 1,036; I-pre-covid, U-Lewczuk, Wizła, & Gola, 2022), kanye nama-22.92% kusampula esilula eqashwe ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ngo-2020 (ngesikhathi sodlame lwe-COVID-19) (U-Wizła et al., 2022). Udaba lwemikhawulo ebandakanya kakhulu yezinyathelo ze-PPU, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokwanda kwe-pathologization yezenzo zocansi ezingezona ze-pathologic, kuxoxiwe futhi kwaphikiswana ngakho (Kohut et al., 2020; U-Lewczuk, Wizła, & Gola, 2022; UWalton et al., 2017). Ucwaningo olubandakanya ababambiqhaza abafuna ukwelashwa kwe-CSBD ne-PPU kufanele lwenziwe ukuze kuqoqwe idatha eyengeziwe ehambisana nemibandela yokuxilonga kanye nemikhawulo ye-CSBD ne-PPU kanye nezilinganiso zakho.
Ucwaningo lwamanje lwenziwe ngesikhathi sobhadane lwe-COVID-19 (Januwari 2021), okungenzeka lube nomthelela kulokho okutholakele. Ezinye izifundo zibike ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye ne-PPU kungenzeka ukuthi yenyukile phakathi nalolu bhubhane (I-Döring, 2020; Zattoni et al., 2020), okungaba incazelo eyodwa engenzeka yezilinganiso zokuvama kwe-PPU ezibonwa ocwaningweni lwamanje. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye izifundo azizange zithole ukwanda okukhulu kwesikhathi eside kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zokusetshenziswa kwemvamisa noma ukuqina kophawu lwe-PPU phakathi nobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 (UBőthe et al., 2022; Grubbs, Perry, Grant Weinandy, & Kraus, 2022).
Ukuxilonga kanye nemithelela yomtholampilo
Okutholakele kwamanje, nakuba kungokokuqala, kunemiphumela engaba khona yokuxilonga kanye neyomtholampilo - noma kunjalo, kufanele kuqinisekiswe futhi kwandiswe ngocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo, futhi ngokusekelwe kumasampula omtholampilo, ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe iziphetho eziqinile. Ukuba khona kwezimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana esithombeni sezimpawu ze-CSBD kungase kubonise ukuthi lezi zenzakalo kufanele zihlolwe njengengxenye yenqubo yokuxilonga yalesi sifo. Lokhu kuzobonisa isidingo esingaba khona sokushintsha amathuluzi amanje okuhlola e-CSBD ukuze aphinde afake izingxenye zokubekezelela nokuhoxiswa, ngokufanayo ne-Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale Scale assessing PPU (UBőthe et al., 2018). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwelapha kwe-CSBD ne-PPU kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela efanele futhi kucatshangelwe ukuvela okungenzeka kwezimpawu zokuhoxa phakathi nenqubo yokwelapha (okungukuthi, lezi zimpawu zingase zenzeke lapho iklayenti likhawulela noma lizigwema ezinhlotsheni eziyinkinga zokuziphatha kocansi ngenkathi zelashwa). Okokugcina, ukuba khona kokubekezelelana kanye nezimpawu zokuhoxa ku-CSBD kuqinisekisa imodeli yokulutheka yalesi sifo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ucwaningo lwezokwelashwa lwesikhathi esizayo lungazuza ekuhloleni ukuphumelela kwezindlela zokwelapha eziphumelelayo ekwelapheni okunye ukulutheka. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukubekezelelana nokuhoxa ku-CSBD kanye nokulutha kokuziphatha kabanzi kuseyimiqondo okuxoxwa ngayo kakhulu enobufakazi bokuqala kuphela obuqoqwe kuze kube manje (U-Castro-Calvo et al., 2021; I-Starcevic, i-2016), ukufaneleka kwale mithelela kuncike emiphumeleni yokuphindaphinda okudingekayo esikhathini esizayo kusetshenziswa izindlela zocwaningo eziqinile ezinabantu abahlukahlukene (Griffin, Way, & Kraus, 2021).
Ukulinganiselwa nokucwaninga kwesikhathi esizayo
Idizayini yesigaba esiphambanayo yocwaningo lwamanje ayilungile uma kucwaningwa imibono eqondile. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo ezisebenzisa imiklamo ye-longitudinal ziyadingeka ukuhlola izimpawu zokuhoxa nokubekezelelana ku-CSBD kanye/noma i-PPU. Ucwaningo lwamanje aluzange luphenye izici zesikhashana zezimpawu zokuhoxiswa ngakunye (ukubukeka nokuhlakazeka kungase kuhluke phakathi kwazo) noma imithelela yazo engaba khona ekusebenzeni. Izindlela ezihlinzeka ngokuhlolwa okuhle kakhulu (isb., ukuhlola kwesikhashana kwezemvelo [EMA]) kungase kusetshenziselwe ukuphenya lezi zinkinga (isb., ukulandelela ukubukeka okungenzeka kwezimpawu zokuhoxa nsuku zonke, ngendlela yemvelo nethembekile; I-Lewczuk, Gorowska, Li, & Gola, 2020). Ocwaningweni lwethu, asizange futhi siqoqe imininingwane yokuthi ababambiqhaza babesesikhathini sokuzithiba ocansini noma balawule/banqunyelwe ukuziphatha kwabo kwezocansi ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo, okungaba isengezo esiwusizo emiphumeleni ethulwayo. Izinto eziningi ezingaba khona (isb., ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe okunganele, ukuqonda okulinganiselwe kwabahlanganyeli) kungase kuthonye okutholiwe okubikwe ocwaningweni lwamanje uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlola okubandakanya ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo abanolwazi. Isinyathelo esibalulekile sesikhathi esizayo sokuhlolwa okuthembekile kwezici ezibikezelwe imodeli yokulutha ye-CSBD ukuphenya ubukhona bezimpawu zokuhoxa nokubekezelelana emaqenjini omtholampilo, ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni okulawulwa odokotela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba siphenye izimpawu eziningi zokuhoxa okungenzeka (uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundo zangaphambilini zokulutha ukuziphatha), kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo ezibalulekile zezimpawu zokuhoxiswa azizange zifakwe ocwaningweni. Isakhiwo esinembayo nezici zezimpawu zokuhoxa ku-CSBD ne-PPU kufanele kubhekwe kabanzi, kubandakanye emaqenjini okugxilwe kuwo ahlanganisa amakhasimende afuna ukwelashwa nge-CSBD ne-PPU. Njengoba kuchazwe kabanzi esigabeni seNgxoxo, ukukalwa kwe-PPU ocwaningweni lwamanje (kusetshenziswa isikrini esifushane se-Pornography Screen) kuholele ekuxilongweni okungenzeka kwalezi zimpawu kubantu abacwaningwayo - lokhu kufanele kubhekwe njengomkhawulo wocwaningo, futhi imiphumela yamanje kufanele ibe iphindwaphindwa kusetshenziswa isilinganiso esilondoloza kakhulu se-PPU. Njengoba ucwaningo lwenziwa ngesikhathi sodlame lwe-COVID-19, izifundo ezengeziwe ezilandela ubhubhane ziyadingeka. Ukuhlaziya kwethu bekusekelwe kubahlanganyeli basePoland kuphela. Njengoba umehluko ekuziphatheni kocansi ungase uhlobane namasiko, uhlanga, ubuzwe, inkolo nezinye izici (I-Agocha, Asencio, & Decena, 2013; AmaGrubbs noPerry, 2019; Perry & Schleifer, 2019), ukugcwaliseka kwemiphumela yamanje kufanele kuphenywe kwezinye izindawo zamasiko nezindawo, ikakhulukazi umsebenzi oqhubekayo kufanele uhlole umehluko ongaba khona ngenxa yobunikazi bobulili, ubuhlanga/ubuhlanga, inkolo, kanye nobulili. Okokugcina, izici ezengeziwe, ezibalulekile ezingase zibe nomthelela ebudlelwaneni be-CSBD/PPU ekuhoxisweni kwezimpawu nokubekezelelana okungeyona ingxenye yokuhlaziywa kwamanje (okuhlanganisa inkanuko yobulili, impilo yezocansi kanye nokungasebenzi kahle) kufanele kuphenywe emsebenzini wesikhathi esizayo.
iziphetho
Umsebenzi wamanje unikeza ubufakazi bokuqala bokuba khona okungenzeka kwezimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana esizindeni somsebenzi wezocansi, kanye nokuhlobana kwayo okubalulekile nezimpawu ze-CSBD ne-PPU. Izimpawu ezibikwa njalo azihileli kuphela isizinda socansi (imicabango evame kakhulu yocansi obekunzima ukuyiyeka, ubunzima bokulawula isifiso socansi), kodwa futhi nemizwelo (ukucasuka, ukuguquguquka kwemizwelo) kanye nokusebenza kahle (inkinga yokulala). Ngakho-ke, izimpawu zokuhoxiswa kocansi zabelane ngokufana nalezo ezibhekwe emiluthweni yokuziphatha njengokugembula kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemidlalo ye-inthanethi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ucwaningo lwamanje lunikeza ubufakazi bokuqala kuphela futhi ukulinganiselwa kwalo okuvezwe esigabeni Sengxoxo akufanele kuthathwe kancane lapho kuchazwa okutholwe ocwaningweni. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi olubandakanya amasampula omtholampilo kanye nokuxilonga okuhlolwe ngudokotela, kanye nemiklamo yobude, kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuphenywe izici ezinemininingwane, ukubaluleka okuphelele (indima ebucayi uma iqhathaniswa nengxenye eyodwa kuphela esithombeni sezimpawu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuphazamiseka) kanye. njengendlela yokuxilonga kanye neyomtholampilo yezimpawu zokuhoxiswa nokubekezelelana ku-CSBD ne-PPU.
Imithombo yokuxhasa ngezimali
Ukulungiswa kwalo mbhalo wesandla kwasekelwa uxhaso lweSonatina olunikezwe iNational Science Center, ePoland kuKarol Lewczuk, inombolo yesibonelelo: 2020/36/C/HS6/00005. Ukwesekwa kuka-Shane W. Kraus kwanikezwa yi-Kindbridge Research Institute.
Umlobi wababhali
I-Conceptualization: KL, MW, AG; Indlela yokwenza: KL, MW, AG; Uphenyo: KL, MW, AG; Ukuhlaziywa Okusemthethweni: KL, MW, AG; Ukubhala - okusalungiswa kwangempela: KL, MW, AG, MP, MLS, SK; Ukubhala - buyekeza futhi uhlele: KL, MW, AG, MP, MLS, SK.
Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo
Ababhali bamemezela ukuthi abanazo izintshisekelo zezezimali eziqhudelanayo noma ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu obebungabonakala bunomthelela emsebenzini obikwe kuleli phepha. UMarc N. Potenza ungumhleli ohlangene we-Journal of Behavioral Addictions.
Ukuze uthole ezinye izifundo vakashela i- ikhasi eliyinhloko locwaningo.
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