Zvinonyadzisira uye Adolescents zvidzidzo zvakanyorwa pazasi peichi sumo. An (L) pamberi pechiratidziro inoratidza chinyorwa, kazhinji nezvechidzidzo. Izvi zvinyorwa zvinoenderana & mavhidhiyo neYBOP anogona kunge achifadza:
- Sei Asingafaniri Johnny Watch Porn Kana Akafarira?
- Kutanga Kuita Zvepabonde: Kungofanana neScience Please
- Vechiduku Vanoshushikana Vanoshanda Vanoda Nguva Yakakura Kuti Vapezve Mojo yavo
- Video: Ubongo Hwokuyaruka Runosangana neIndaneti Yakakurumidza Kubata Porn (2013)
Ongororo yezvinyorwa & meta-ongororo (nezuva rekuburitswa):
The Impact of Internet Pornography on Marriage and Family: Review of the Research (2006) - Excerpts:
Kuongorora maitiro ekunyadzisira kweIndaneti, zvisinei, iyo inenge isina ruzivo rwunharaunda uye mutumbi wekutsvakurudza-kurongedza kunongopera. Kuongororwa kwekutsvakurudza kunovapo kwakagadzirwa uye dzakawanda mafungiro asina kunaka akazarurwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvakawanda zvisingazivikanwi nezvehuwandu hwezvinonyadzisira zvepaIndaneti pamhuri nemhuri, iyo inowanika inopa ruzivo rwekutanga rwevanhu vanoita mitemo, vadzidzisi, vanachiremba, nevatsvakurudzi.
Kutaura Kwakaitwa Nevana Nevana Vachiri Kuyaruka Chiitiko chinotevera chinonzi chinonyanya kukosha kuvana nevechiri kuyaruka vanoshandisa kana kuti vanosangana zvinonyadzisira ivo pachavo:
1. Pasinei nezvisiri pamutemo, vechidiki vane nyore kuwana zvinonyadzisira uye izvi zvinogona kunge zvichitambudza, zvinokanganisa, zvinoshungurudza, uye / kana zvinodhaka.
2. Vechidiki vanowanzokurudzirwa, kunyengedzwa, kunyengerwa, kana "musungo wakabatwa" pakuona zvepabonde zviri pachena paIndaneti.
3. Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti kufanana nekuona zvinonyadzisira kunogona kuita kuti vanhu vaduku vaonekwe uye kuti izvi zvinowanzotaurwa zvinoshandiswa kushandisa manzwiro akadai sokunyangadza, kutya, kunyara, kutsamwa, kutya, uye kusuruvara.
4. Kushandiswa kweIndaneti zvinonyadzisira uye / kana kubatanidzwa mune zvekutaura zvepabonde kunogona kukuvadza hutano hwehutano uye hwepabonde hwehutano nekuderedza kubudirira kwavo mune hukama huchauya.
5. Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa muhuduku zvakabatanidzwa nekutanga kwepabonde, pamwe nekuwedzera mikana yekuita zvepabonde zvepabonde uye zvepabonde nevanhu vasiri ivo vanoita zvepabonde.
Mass Mhedzisiro Mhedzisiro paVechidiki Bonde Kuverengera Kuferefeta Kwenyaya (2011) - Excerpts:
Zvidzidzo zvekukanganisika kwenzvimbo huru dzenhau panhau dzevechidiki dzepabonde zvadzinonoka kuunganidzwa kunyangwe zvichiratidza humbowo kwenguva refu hwehukama hwepamhepo munhau. Nhau dzezvepabonde dzinogadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura, zvisinei, sevatsvaguri vekubva kumasangano mazhinji vakapindura kufona kuti vagadzirise nzvimbo yakakosha iyi yekudzidza nezvepabonde. Chinangwa chechitsauko ichi ndechokuongorora pasi pezvidzidzo zvakaunganidzwa pamhedzisiro yezvekuita bonde kuti uone kana iri boka rebasa richikonesa mhedzisiro. Izvo zviyero zve causal infence zvakatsanangurwa naCook uye Campbell (1979) zvinoshandiswa basa kuita ichi chinangwa. Zvinogumiswa kuti kutsvagurudza kusvika parizvino kunopfuudza chikamu chewakawedzereredzwa uye kuti nhepfenyuro yevatengi inonyatsoita maitiro ehupombwe muUnited States 'pwere.
Mhinduro yeIndaneti Zvinonyadzisira Pamakore Ari Kuyaruka: Ongororo yeKutsvakurudza (2012) - Kubva pamhedziso:
Kuwedzera kuwanikwa kweInternet nevechiri kuyaruka kwagadzira mikana isingaenzaniswi yedzidzo yepabonde, kudzidza uye kukura. Ukuwo njodzi yekukuvara inoonekwa muzvinyorwa yakatungamira vaongorori kuti vaongorore kuratidzika kwevachiri kuyaruka paInternet zvinonyadzisira kuti vajekesere hukama uhwu. Pamwe chete, izvi zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti wechidiki anoshandisa zvinonyadzisira anogona kukudziridza maitiro asiri echokwadi ezvepabonde uye zvavanotenda. Pakati pezvakawanikwa, yakakwirira mikana yekubvumidza zvepabonde maitiro, kusangana pabonde, uye yekutanga bonde kuyedzwa kwakabatana nekuwedzeredza kunwa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira .... Zvakangodaro, zvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa zvakabatanidza kushandiswa kwevechidiki nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoratidza chisimba nemawedzero ehupombwe anowedzera.
Mabhuku aya anoratidza kumwe kuwirirana pakati pekushandiswa kwevechidiki nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira uye kuzvifunga. Vasikana vanoti vanonzwa kunge vakaderera pane vakadzi vavanoona muzvinhu zvinonyadzisira, nepo vakomana vachitya kuti vangave vasina hutachiona kana kugona kuita sevarume venhau idzi. Vechidiki vanotaurawo kuti kushandisa kwavo zvinonyadzisira kwakadzikira sekuzvivimba kwavo nekusimudzira magariro evanhu kuri kuwedzera. Pamusoro pezvo, tsvagudzo inoratidza kuti vachiri kuyaruka vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira, kunyanya izvo zvinowanikwa paInternet, vane yakaderera madhivhari yekubatana munharaunda, vanowedzera mumatambudziko emufambiro, huwandu hwepamusoro hwehunhu hwekunyengedza, zviitiko zvepamusoro zvezviratidzo zvinoshungurudza, uye kuderedza kubatana kwepfungwa nevanochengeta.
Chizvarwa chitsva chekuita zvepabonde (2013) - Kunyange hazvo isiri tekinoroji kuongororwa, yaive imwe yemapepa ekutanga kusiyanisa vechidiki vanomanikidza vanoita zvinonyadzisira kubva kune "yekirasi" CSB zvinyorwa. Mhedziso:
Izvo zvinokurudzirwa kuti kupindwa muropa kwepabonde kunogona kusiyaniswa nemaviri etiologies akasarudzika. Iyo "yemazuva ano" muropa inokurudzirwa kuve yakasarudzika mukutanga uye kusingaperi kuratidzwa kune yakajeka mifananidzo yepabonde pahunhu hwakanyanya mune zvebonde zvinotyaidzira kumanikidza, asi iyo "yakasarudzika" muropa inotungamirwa nekushungurudzika, kushungurudzwa, kusabatana kwakabatana, kusagadzikana kwekudzora kwekukanganisa, nyadzi. -based cognitions, uye kusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Kunyange vese vari vaviri vanogona kugovana mharidzo dzakafanana (kuita zvekumanikidza, kusagadzikana kwemanzwiro, kukanganisika kwehukama), etiology uye mamwe marapirwo anogona kunge akasiyana.
"Kukurukurirana" zvepabonde, nekukakavara kukuru, kwakagamuchirwa zvikuru mukutsvakurudza, munharaunda yevashandi, uye mune tsika yakakurumbira. Kurapa, asi zvisati zvapararira, zvakasiyana uye zvinowanikwa, kunyange kusvika pamwero unozivikanwa wehutano hwepabonde hwehutano hwehutano huri kuitwa kuUnited States, zvichibvumira vashandi vezvehutano hwepfungwa kuti vagamuchire zvakakosha pakuita basa ne "classic" zvekuita zvepabonde.
"Chazvino" kupindwa muropa nezvepabonde, zvisinei, chiitiko chisina kuongororwa, kunyanya nevana nevachiri kuyaruka. Kutsvagisa uye zvinyorwa zviri zvishoma uye, zvinofadza, zvinowanzoburitswa kubva kune dzimwe nyika dziri kunze kweUnited States (He, Li, Guo, & Jiang, 2010; Yen et al., 2007). Kutsvagirwa kwevakadzi vechidiki uye kupindwa muropa nepabonde kunenge kusipo. Kurapa kwakasarudzika nemwana nevechiri kuyaruka varapi vakadzidziswa kupindwa muropa nepabonde zvakajairika. Zvakadaro huwandu hwakakura hwevana, vachiri kuyaruka, uye vechidiki vechidiki vari kuda kurapwa kwakadaro, uye nharaunda yehunyanzvi yakanonoka kupindura. Kutsvagurana, kutaurirana, uye dzidzo zvinodiwa nechimbi chimbi kuitira kuzadzisa zvakakodzera zvido zvevadiki pakati pevagari vedu vari kunetsekana nehunhu hwekumanikidza.
Pane zvekuita zvepabonde mune zvinyorwa zvitsva zvakabatana nehutano hwepabonde kune vechidiki here? Kuongorora kwakarongeka uye meta-analysis (2016) - Kubva pane zvinyorwa:
Results: Zvidzidzo gumi nemana, ese ari muchinjika-muchikamu mukugadzira, akasangana nematanho ekubatanidza. Zvidzidzo zvitanhatu (10 352 vatori vechikamu) vakaongorora kuratidzirwa kwevechidiki kune SEWs uye sere (10 429 vatori vechikamu) vakaongorora kutumira mameseji. Paive nekushanduka kwakakura kwakapfuura kune ese zvidzidzo mukuratidzwa uye kutsanangurwa kwemhedzisiro. Meta-inoongorora yakawana kuti SEW kuburitswa kwakabatana nehukadzi hwepabonde kusangana pabonde; kutumira mameseji kutumira mameseji zvakabatana nokugara uchiita zvepabonde, kuita zvepabonde nguva pfupi yapfuura, doro uye zvimwe zvinwiwa zvinodhaka vasati vaita zvepabonde, uye vakawanda vakazoita zvepabonde. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvaive nekashoma kugadzirisa kwezvakakosha zvinokanganisa.
mhedziso: Zvidzidzo zvechinjika zvinoratidza kushamwaridzana kwakasimba pakati pekuzvizivisa kuratidzwa kwezvepabonde mune midhiya nyowani nemaitiro ezvepabonde muvadiki. Longitudinal zvidzidzo zvaizopa mukana wakakura wekugadzirisa pakuvhiringidza, uye nzwisiso iri nani munzira dzepasirese pasi pesangano rinoonekwa.
Mamiriyoni uye Zvepabonde: Hurongwa hweHupuriro Hwekutanga, 1995-2015 (2016) - Kubva pane zvinotevera:
Chinangwa chekuongororwa uku ndechekugadzira hutsva hwekutsvaga kuongororwa kwekutsvaga kwehuwandu hwepabonde. Chinangwa chakanga chiri chekutsvakurudza kwakabudiswa mune peer-reviewed, mabhuku emutauro weChirungu pakati pe1995 ne2015. Zvose zveZ109 zvinyorwa zvine zvidzidzo zve135 zvakaongororwa. Zvakawanikwa zvinopa uchapupu hunogara huripo hwokuti zvose mabharatori anoonekwa uye nguva dzose, kusvibiswa kwezuva nezuva kwehuwandu hunobatanidzwa zvakananga nemigumisiro yakawanda yemigumisiro, kusanganisira mazinga akawandisa ekugutsikana kwemuviri, kuzvikudza kwakanyanya, rubatsiro rukuru rwekuita zvepabonde nekutenda kwepabonde, uye kunyanya kushivirira zvechisimba zvepabonde kune vakadzi. Uyezve, kujekesa kwezviri kuitika kune izvi zvinotungamirira vakadzi nevarume kuti vave nepfungwa shoma yevakadzi vane unyanzvi, tsika, uye hukama.
Vechiduku uye Zvinonyadzisira: Ongororo yeC20 Makore Okutsvakurudza (2016) - Kubva pane zvinotevera:
Chinangwa chekuongorora uku ndechekugadzirisa hurongwa hwekushambadzira hwakaburitswa mumagazini echirungu-pakati pe1995 ne2015 pane kuwanda, kufungidzira, uye zvazvinoreva mukushandisa kwevachiri kuyaruka kuona zvinonyadzisira. Tsvagiridzo iyi yakaratidza kuti vayaruka vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira, asi huwandu hwehuwandu hwekuwanda hwakasiyana zvakanyanya. Vechidiki avo vaishandisa zvinonyadzisira kazhinji kazhinji vaive vanhurume, panzvimbo yakanyanyisa kufambira nzvimbo, vanotsvagira pfungwa, uye vaine hukama husina simba kana hwemhuri. Kuita zvinonyadzisira kwaisanganiswa nehumwe hunobvumidza bonde uye hunhu hwakave hwakabatana nezvakasimba zvechikadzi- stereotypical zvepabonde zvitendero. Zvairatidzawo kunge zvine chekuita nekuitika kwekusangana pabonde, chiitiko chikuru nehunhu hwepabonde, uye hukasha hwepabonde, zvese maererano nekuparara uye kubatwa.
Ongororo iyi yakaongorora ongororo dzechinyakare dzinoongorora mhedzisiro yezvinhu zvepabonde pazviitikiro zvevadiki, zvavanotenda uye maitiro.
Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive kupa rondedzero yeongororo yezvidzidzo zvehurefu zvinotarisa pamhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwepamhepo kwezvinhu zvinoonekwa pane vechidiki. Huwandu hwesonganiro hwakananga pakati pezvinhu zvinonyadzisira zvepabonde nemafungiro evachiri kuyaruka, zvavanotenda uye maitiro zvakataurwa muzvidzidzo. Zvepamhepo zvinoratidzwa zvinoita kunge zvichikanganisa hukama hwakawanda hwepabonde, zvitendero zvinoenderana nehukama, mukana wekuita zvepabonde uye kuita zvechisimba.
Dzidzo dzakadzokororwa dzakawana kuti kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinoburitsa zvepabonde kunogona kukanganisa huwandu hwevechidiki mafungiro uye zvitendero, senge kubata bonde (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008b), kusava nechokwadi pabonde (Peter & Valkenburg, 2010a; van Oosten, 2015), iyo kushorwa pabonde kwevakadzi (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009a), kugutsikana pabonde (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009b), kutandara uye kubvumidza bonde maitiro (Baams et al., 2014; Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2010b), egalitarian gender role attitude (Brown & L'Engle, 2009) uye kuongorora muviri (Doornwaard et al., 2014).
Kufambidzana zvechisimba (DV) uye mhirizhonga yebonde (SV) matambudziko akapararira pakati pevachiri kuyaruka uye vakuru vari kubuda. Mumuviri uri kukura wemabhuku unoratidza kuti kuratidzwa kwemhirizhonga pabonde media (SEM) nemhirizhonga mune zvepabonde (SVM) zvinogona kuve nenjodzi dzeDV uye SV. Chinangwa chechinyorwa ichi ndechekupa yakarongedzeka uye yakazara mabhuku eongororo yemhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweSEM uye SVM paDV neSV maitiro uye maitiro.
Ongororo yakakwana makumi mana neshanu ichishandisa sampu dzevachiri kuyaruka nekuongororwa kwevanhu vakuru yakaongororwa, uye pamwe chete zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti (1) kuratidzwa kweSEM uye SVM zvine hukama chaizvo neDV uye SV ngano uye nekugamuchira mafungiro pamusoro peDV neSV; (2) kuratidzwa kweSEM uye SVM zvine hukama chaizvo neicho chaicho uye chinotarisirwa DV uye SV kushungurudzwa, kuitirwa zvakaipa, uye neanomira asingapindire; (3) SEM uye SVM zvinonyanya kukanganisa maDV evarume uye maSV maitiro nehunhu kupfuura vakadzi veDV uye SV maitiro nemaitiro; uye (4) preexisting mafungiro ane hukama neDV uye SV uye nhepfenyuro inofarira kuenzanisa hukama pakati peSEM neSVM kuratidzwa uye DV uye SV maitiro nemaitiro.
Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinofanirwa kushandira kushandisa marefu uye ekuyedza dhizaini, kunyatsoongorora mamiririri uye mamodheru ekuratidzira kweSEM uye SVM pane zvabuda muDV neSV, tarisa pane zvinokonzereswa neSEM neSVM zvinowedzera kupfuura mashandisiro evarume echisimba evakadzi, uye ongorora iyo huwandu hwekuti mapurogiramu enhau ekuverenga nekunyora anogona kushandiswa zvakazvimiririra kana pamwe chete nezviripo zvirongwa zveDV uye SV zvekudzivirira kusimudzira kushanda kweaya mapurogiramu ekuedza.
Vechiduku Vanoona Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa: Kurongeka Kwemabhuku Akarongeka Emagariro Okutsvakurudza 2000-2017. (2018) -Zvinongedzo kubva kune zvikamu zvine chekuita nezve porn zvinokonzeresa mushandisi:
Chinangwa chekuongororwa kwezvekuongorora mabhuku ndechekuisa mapurisa ekutsvakurudza mundima uye kuongorora kana migumisiro yakakosha yakawanikwa kubva munzvimbo dzekutsvaga kutsvaga.
Maonero Ekuita Bonde - Pakazere, 21 zvidzidzo zvakaongorora mafungiro evachiri kuyaruka uye maitiro ekuita zvepabonde zvine hukama nePU. Hazvishamise kuti, zvinangwa zvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya nemafungiro akafungidzirwa achifunga nezvePU uye kukanganisa kwakakura kumafungiro evanoyaruka nekekuita zvepabonde.
Development - Kutarisana, kuona zvinonyadzisira kwakawanikwa kuchikanganisa kukura kwetsika, uye kunyanya izvo zvakanangana nechitendero panguva yekuyaruka. Hazvishamisi kuti kuona zvinonyadzisira kwakaratidzirwa kuve nemhedzisiro yenyika, kudzikisira kushamwaridzana kwevechidiki nekufamba kwenguva, kwakazvimirira kwevakadzi.
Kukundwa - Kuratidzira zvinonyadzisira / zvinonyadzisira zvinoratidzika kunge zvakajairika pakati pevechiri kuyaruka, zvakabatana nemaitiro panjodzi, uye, kune vakadzi kunyanya, inoenderana nenhoroondo yekubatwa. Zvakangodaro, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakagumisa kuti kuratidzwa kwezvinonyadzisira hakuna kushamwaridzana nehunhu hwepabonde hwune ngozi uye kuti kuda kuratidzwa kwezvinonyadzisira hakuna kuratidzika kunge kuchinetsa maitiro ane hutano hwepabonde pakati pevachiri kuyaruka. Zvisinei nezvakadai, zvimwe zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti kuvepa kwePU kwakabatana nezvinetso zvepamusoro pakati pevechiri kuyaruka, kushungurudzwa kwepamhepo kwepamhepo uye kushambadzira zvepabonde pamhepo nekukanganisa kwevakomana nezvekumanikidza kwepabonde uye kushungurudzwa kuchinyanyobatanidzwa nekuona zvinonyadzisira.
Mental Health Utano - Kupedzisa, uye kunyangwe zvimwe zvidzidzo zvisinga simbisa kusangana pakati pevarombo nepfungwa dzehutano nePU, huwandu hwakawanda hwezvakawanikwa zvinoshandura pane iyo yepamusoro PU panguva yekuyaruka inowanzoenderana nekukwira kwepamoyo (somuenzaniso. kushungurudzika) nematambudziko ehunhu. Mumutsara uyo, Luder and said. yakaratidza kusiyana-siyana kwehutano muchikwata pakati pePU nekuratidzwa kunorwadza nevarume vanouya nehuwandu hwehutano. Izvi zvaive mukubvumirana nekuongorora kwenguva refu kuzarura kuti hurombo hwepfungwa dzehutano hwakabatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kushandiswa kwechisimba chekushandisa zvepabonde paIndaneti pakati pevakomana vechidiki.
Zvisungo Zvemagariro Pakazara, zvinoita sekunge paine kubvumirana kwekuti vashandisi vezera rekushandisa veInternet zvinonyadzisira vanowanzosiyana mumagariro akawanda kubva kune vayaruka vanoshandisa iyo Internet kuwana ruzivo, kutaurirana munharaunda uye varaidzo.
Paunenge Uchishandisa Unhu - Mamiriro ekushandiswa kwepamhepo akaongororwa mu15 kunze kweye 57 zvidzidzo zvinosanganisirwa muongororo yazvino. Izvi zvinopa pfungwa kuti zvinozivikanwa zvevachiri kuyaruka vanoratidzwa nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira pamhepo uye kukumbira kubatwa zvepabonde zvinosanganisira yakakwirira yekushandiswa kwemitambo yepamhepo, maitiro ehunhu hwepamhepo, kushungurudzika uye kuratidzwa kweinternet, uye kuzviratidza pachena kuita zvepabonde pamhepo.
Vechidiki vevacheche 'Behaviors - Vechidiki zvekuita zvepabonde maererano nePU zvakatsvakurudzwa mune zvidzidzo zve 11, pamwe neongororo dzose dzinoburitsa migumisiro yakawanda. Chidzidzo chakaitwa naDoornward, and said. yakawana kuti vakomana vari kuyaruka 'neanomanikidza maitiro ekuita zvepabonde, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakajeka zvepa internet, zvakataurwa zvakaderera zvekuzvitarisira pasi, huwandu hwekushungurudzika uye huwandu hwakanyanya hwekuda zvepabonde zvakanyanya. Muchirevo ichocho, kumwe kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti vakomana vakawanikwa vachiita basa rekurara nevanhu vanoita zvebonde uye vatambi vehukama vakagamuchira mvumo yevezera uye vakataura chiitiko chikuru vachifunga nezvekuita kwavo zvepabonde. Zvakare, vakomana vairatidzira kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira vaiwanzoda kuita bonde vachiri vadiki uye kuita zvepabonde kusangana kwakawanda.
Kushandiswa kwekutengesa zvido zvekutengesa zvepabonde nemigumisiro yehutano hwevana vaduku: huchapupu hunobva mumabhuku (2019) - Kubva pane zvinyorwa:
Kutsvakurudza mabhuku kwakaitwa paPubMed uye ScienceDirect muna March 2018 nemubvunzo "(Zvinonyadzisira KANA ZVINOTAURA zvepabonde zvinhu zvinobudisa pachena zvepabonde) NE ((muyaruka kana mwana kana ANA muduku) NA (CHINHU kana KUTENDA kana utano)". Mhinduro dzakabudiswa pakati pe2013 ne2018 dzakaongororwa uye dzinofananidzwa nehupupuriro hwakapfuura.
Maererano nezvidzidzo zvakasarudzwa (n = 19), kusangana kuri pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira zvepamhepo uye maitiro akati wandei, psychophysical uye zvabuda munharaunda - yekutanga zvepabonde kusangana, kuita nevakawanda uye / kana pamwe nevehukama, kutevedzera zvine ngozi tsika dzepabonde, kuita zvisizvo zvisarudzo zvevakadzi, kusashanda kuona kwemuviri, kushusha, kunetseka kana zviratidzo zvinoshungurudza, zvinomanikidza kushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira - zvinosimbiswa.
Izvo zvinoshandiswa paIndaneti zvinonyadzisira pahutano hwevana vaduku zvinenge zvichikosha. Nyaya yacho haigoni kuregererwa uye inofanira kutarisirwa nehutano hwepasi pose uye huzhinji. Kupa vabereki simba, vadzidzisi uye vashandi vehutano vachishandisa zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa zvinotarisa nyaya iyi zvichavabvumira kubatsira vana vaduku mukudzidzira unyanzvi hwekufunga pamusoro pezvinonyadzisira, kuderedza kushandiswa kwayo nekuwana dzidzo yehutano uye yepabonde inonyanya kukodzera kudiwa kwavo kubudirira.
Kuona zvinonyadzisira kuburikidza nekodzero dzevana lens (2019) - Zvishoma Mashomani:
Izvo zvakashata zvinoratidzwa zvakabatanidzwa, asi hazvina kuganhurirwa kune: (1) maitiro ekudzora pamusoro pevakadzi (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2007; Peter & Valkenburg, 2009; Häggstrom-Nordin, et al., 2006) ; (2) hutsinye hwepabonde mune vamwe vanhu vemo (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005; Malamuth & Huppin, 2005; Alexy, et al., 2009); (3) kusarongeka kwenzanga (Mesch, 2009; Tsitsika, 2009); (4) kubata pabonde (Peter & Valkenburg, 2008a); uye (5) kumanikidza (Delmonico naGriffin, 2008; Lam, Peng, Mai, uye Jing, 2009; Rimington naGast, 2007; van den Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, van Rooij, uye Engels, 2010; Mesch, 2009).
Kumwe kutsvagurudza kunoratidza kuti zvinonyadzisira zviri kushandiswa kushambadza nekukwezva vana muhukama hwekusangana pabonde (Carr, 2003; "Kushambidzika online, nd, 2015; United Nations Hofisi yeZvinodhaka uye Mhosva, 2015). Bvunzurudzo dzevanoenda kumberi vanopa rubatsiro avo vanoshanda pamwe nekushungurudzwa kwepabonde kwevana vakaitiswa muna Chivabvu 2018 gwaro iro vanopa rubatsiro vari kupupurira izvo zvinoita sekuwedzera kwezviitiko zvekushungurudzwa kwevezera rako pakati pevana uye kuti mupari wemhosva aiwanzo kuve nekuratidzwa kune zvinonyadzisira mune dzakawanda zvezviitiko izvi. (Binford, Dimitropoulos, Wilson, Zug, Cullen, & Rieff, isina kunyorwa).
Kunze kwemabhuku ayo anotarisa zvakanyanya pamhedzisiro inokonzeresa vana kuona zvinonyadzisira, kune yakawandisa mabhuku einofunga nezvekukanganiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kune vakuru, kusanganisira vechidiki. Kufanana nekutsvagisa kunotarisana nekuvhenekwa kwevana kuona zvinonyadzisira, izvi zvidzidzo zvakare zvinopa hukama pakati pekuratidzwa zvinonyadzisira uye kusarongeka kwemagariro, kusanganisira kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, kusazvibata, kushungurudzika, kuzviuraya, uye kudzikisira kwedzidzo (Tsitsika, 2009; Bloom et al., 2015; Campbell, 2018).
Zvidzidzo zvekuratidzwa kwevasikana kune zvinonyadzisira sevana zvinoratidza kuti zvine zvazvinoita pakuvaka kwavo pachavo (Brown & L'Engle, 2009).
Vakomana vanoonekwa vachiona zvinonyadzisira sevana vanoratidza zvakafanana. Vanotumira kunetseka nezvekuita uye kusagutsikana kwemuviri ("Yekuchengetedzwa Kwevana Pamhepo," 2016; Jones, 2018).
Ikoko kunoratidzika kuve kuwirirana pakati pekutsvaga zvinonyadzisira uye maonero evanhukadzi kune vakadzi (Hald, Kuyper, Adam, & de Wit, 2013; Hald, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010).
Vana vevanhukadzi kana vanhukadzi vanooneswa zvinonyadzisira vanowanzo tenda kuti zviito zvavanoona, senge pabonde nekumashure kunobuda nako tsvina nekuita zvepabonde neboka, zvakajairika pakati pevezera ravo (Livingstone & Mason, 2015) Vachiri kuyaruka vevanhukadzi nevanhurume avo vanoratidzwa zvinonyadzisira vanowanzoita zvepabonde pakutanga (Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Owens, et al. 2012), vane vakawanda vavanoshanda navo (Wright & Randall, 2012; Mafashama, 2009, p. 389), uye vanoita bonde rinobhadharwa (Svedin Akerman, & Priebe, 2011; Wright & Randall, 2012).
Izvo zvikamu zvehutano hwevechiri kuyaruka uye hukuru hwahwo hunoshamisa kune zvepabonde zvakajeka (2019) - Zvishoma Zvinyorwa:
Iwo maparadigms akasarudzika ehuropi hwevechiri kuyaruka anosanganisira anotevera: 1) Anenge asina kusarudzika preortal cortex uye anopfuura-anoteerera limbic uye maseketi anouraya (Dumontheil, 2016; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Somerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011; Van Leijenhorst et al. , 2010; Vigil et al., 2011); 2) Yakawedzera nguva yeuroplasticity (McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Schulz & Sisk, 2006; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011); 3) Inodarika dopamine system (Andersen, Rutstein, Benzo, Hostetter, & Teicher, 1997; Ernst et al., 2005; Luciana, Wahlstrom, & White, 2010; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Wahlstrom, White, & Luciana, 2010 ; 4) Yakatumidzwa HPA axis (Dahl & Gunnar, 2009; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Romeo, Lee, Chhua, McPherson, & McEwan, 2004; Walker, Sabuwalla, & Huot, 2004); 5)
Kuwedzera mazinga e testosterone (Dorn et al., 2003; Vogel, 2008; Mayo Clinic / Mayo Medical Laboratories, 2017); uye 6) Iyo yakasarudzika mhedzisiro yesteroid mahormone (cortisol uye testosterone) pane kukura kwehuropi panguva yesangano hwindo rekuyaruka (Brown & Spencer, 2013; Peper, Hulshoff Pol, Crone, Van Honk, 2011; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011).
Blakemore uye vashandi pamwe chete vakaendesa mberi muhutano hwekuyaruka huri kuyaruka uye vakaratidza kuti makore evechiri kuyaruka anofanirwa kufungidzirwa nguva yakaoma nekuda kwehukuru hunofananidzwa zvakare huri kuitwa (Blakemore, 2012). Nzvimbo dzehuropi dzinoshandurwa zvikuru mukuyaruka dzinosanganisira kutarisa mukati, maitiro akawanda uye kuronga (Blakemore, 2012).
Blakemore naRobbins (2012) vakabatanidza kuyaruka kune njodzi yekuita sarudzo uye vakati hunhu uhwu kuzvibatanidza pakati peinononoka, yemutsara kukudziridza kwekutonga kwekutonga uye mhinduro mukati mevachiri kuyaruka kusiyana neiyo nonlinear kukura kweiyo mubairo system, iyo inowanzo kuve inopokana. mibayiro mukuyaruka ..…
Zvese zvisingawanzo kuitika uye zvinowanzo shandiswa zvekuona zvinonyadzisira mawebhusaiti zvakabatana zvakanyanya nekusagadzikana kwenzanga pakati pevechidiki vechiGiriki (Tsitsika et al., 2009). Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvakakonzera kunonoka kudzikisira, kana tsika yemunhu yekudzikisira mhedzisiro mune ramangwana achida mibairo yepakarepo (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Negash nevamwe vake vakashandisa muyenzaniso uyo waive neavhareji zera ramakore gumi nemapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri, izvo zvakaratidzwa nemunyori zvichiri kutariswa sevachiri kuyaruka.… ..
Tinokurudzira kushandiswa kwemuenzaniso wekushanda, tichifunga nezvemaparadhemu akasiyana ehupfungwa hwechiri kuyaruka uye unhu hwezvinhu zvepabonde zvakajeka. Kuwirirana kwezvikamu zvinokosha zvinosangana nehupi hwehutano hunenge huchiri kuyaruka uye zvinhu zvepabonde zvakajeka zvinokosha.
Pakunowonekwa nezvezvinhu zvinonyadzisira zvepabonde, kukurudzira kweamygdala uye HPA axis kwaizonatsiridzwa mukuyaruka, zvichienzaniswa neye mukuru. Izvi zvaizotungamira pakutaurwa kwakanyanya kwekutanga kwepamberi uye nekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ebalal ganglia mukuyaruka. Iyi mamiriro, saka, yaizokanganisa Executive basa, inosanganisira inhibition uye kuzvidzora, uye inowedzera kukurudzira. Nekuti uropi hwechiri kuyaruka huchiri kukura, huri hwakakodzera kune neuroplasticity. Chikamu chepamberi chekutanga chinoenda “kure-mutsara,” sekutaura, chinotungamira kuvanziridza kusinganzwisisiki kunofambisa kukura kwepasiroseti.
Kana iyo neuroplasticity kusaenzana ichiramba ichienderera mberi kwenguva, izvi zvinogona kuguma isina kusimba cortical dunhu mukutenda kwakanyanya subcortical redunhu, izvo zvinogona kufungidzira achiri kuyaruka kuti arambe achizvifarira uye kusakendenga. Iyo nhubu yekuyaruka inounganidza, kana nzvimbo inofadza yeuropi, ichave nekuwedzera kukurudzira kana ichienzaniswa neye mukuru. Iwo akawedzera mazinga e dopamine anoshandura kune yakasimbisa manzwiro akabatana ne dopamine, sekufara uye kuchiva (Berridge, 2006; Volkow, 2006)….
Nekuda kweiyo hwindo rehurongwa hwekuvandudza panguva yekuyaruka, cortisol uye testosterone zvaizove nehunhu hwakasarudzika pakurongeka kwehuropi kana kugona kwehunhu hwenzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzenzara. Mhedzisiro iyi yaisazowanikwa mumunhu mukuru nekuti iri chairo hwindo resangano rakavharwa. Kugara uchionekwa necortisol kune mukana, panguva yekuronga kwevechiri kuyaruka, kutyaira neuroplasticity inoguma nekukanganisa kugona kwekuziva uye kushushikana kusimba kunyangwe kuburikidza nekukura (McEwen, 2004; Tsoory & Richter-Levin, 2006; Tsoory, 2008; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; 2010).
Iko kusimba kweamygdala post kuyaruka, zvirinani muchikamu, kunoenderana nekukura kwekuratidzwa kwe testosterone panguva yekukura kwevechiri kuyaruka kukura hwindo (De Lorme, Schulz, Salas-Ramirez, & Sisk, 2012; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013; Neufang et al., 2009; Sarkey, Azcoitia, Garcia- Segura, Garcia-Ovejero, & DonCarlos, 2008). A robust amygdala yakabatana neakakwidziridzwa mazinga emanzwiro uye kukanganisa kuzvidzora (Amaral, 2003; Lorberbaum et al., 2004; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013)… ..
Makumi emakore ekutsvakurudza akaongorora kusvibiswa kwekutsvaga kune zvisizvo zvisingaoneki zvehupombwe mune zvinyorwa. Pane imwe chete meta-tsanangudzo panyaya iyi, iyo inoratidza kuti kuisa kune "mhizha yemasikirwo" haina zvishoma pamigumisiro yepabonde. Pane huwandu hwekukanganisa kune meta-analysis yakakosha, uye chinangwa chechirongwa chekuongorora meta ndechekuongorora masangano pakati pekutsvaga mune zvepabonde nemafungiro evanoshandisa uye zvepabonde.
Tsvakurudzo yakazara yekushandisa mabhuku yakaitwa kuti iwane zvinyorwa zvakakodzera. Chidzidzo chega chega chakanga chakanyorwa kune masangano pakati pekutsvaga mune zvekuita zvepabonde uye chimwe chezvikamu zvitanhatu zvinosanganisira zvepabonde (mafungiro ekudzivirira, tsika dzezera, uye zvekuita zvepabonde (tsika dzepabonde dzakawanda, nguva yekuita zvepabonde, nekuita zvepabonde zvinokuvadza).
Pakazara, iyi meta-kuongororwa inoratidza kusawirirana uye kwakasimba hukama pakati pekuratidzwa kwenhau uye hunhu hwepabonde uye maitiro anotora yakawanda mhedzisiro matanho uye akawanda midhiya. Media inoratidza tsika dzepabonde seyakaipisisa, yekuvaraidza, uye isina njodzi [3], uye ongororo yedu inoratidza kuti sarudzo yemunhu anoona nezvepabonde angave akaumbwa, muchikamu, nekuona aya marudzi ezviratidziro. Zvatinowana zvinopesana zvakadzama neyemeta-ongororo, iyo yakaratidza kuti mhedzisiro yemabatiro ezvepabonde maitiro aive asina musoro kana asipo [4]. Iyo yekutanga meta-ongororo yakashandisa 38 athari saizi uye yakawana kuti "sexy" midhiya yakanga isina kusimba uye zvine hukama nehunhu hwepabonde (r = .08), nepo iko zvino metaanalysis yakashandisa kudarika 10 nguva iyo huwandu hwemhedzisiro yesayizi (n = 394) uye yakawana mhedzisiro inoda kuwedzera kaviri saizi (r = .14).
Chokutanga, takawana hukama hwakanaka pakati pekutsvaga kune zvekuita zvepabonde uye vechidiki 'uye vechidiki' kutendera zvepabonde mafungiro uye pfungwa dzevezera ravo zvepabonde.
Chechipiri, kutarisana nehutano hwezvepabonde kwaibatanidza nekugamuchirwa kukuru kwezvakawanda zvekubata chibharo.
Pakupedzisira, kuparidzirwa kwezvepabonde kwakawanikwa kufanotaura maitiro ekuita zvepabonde kusanganisira makore ekudzidzira zvepabonde, ruzivo rwese rwepabonde, nekuita zvepabonde kune ngozi. Izvi zvinogadziriswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye kupa rubatsiro rwekutaura kuti vhidhiyo inobatsira pakuona zvepabonde kune vechidiki vanoona.
Kunyangwe iyo meta-kuongororwa yakaratidza kwakakosha mhedzisiro yekuburitsa midhiya yehukama nezvehunhu hwepabonde uye maitiro kune ese akasiyana siyana ekufarira, izvi mhedzisiro zvakagadziriswa nezvimwe zvishoma zvinochinja. Kunyanya kusakosha, akakosha mhedzisiro yemazera ese aive pachena; zvisinei, mhedzisiro yacho yakanga yakawedzera zvakapetwa nekaviri kune vechidiki vachiri kuyaruka, zvimwe zvichiratidza chokwadi chekuti vatori vechikuru vanogona kuve neruzivo rwekuenzanisa, ruzivo rwepasirese rwekutevera pane vadiki vatori vechikamu [36, 37]. Pamusoro pezvo, mhedzisiro iyi yanga yakasimba kuvanhurume kana ichienzaniswa neechikadzi, pamwe nekuti kuyedzwa kwepabonde kunokodzera gumbo rechirume [18] uye nekuti mavara echirume anorangwa zvisingawanzo kupfuura mavara echikadzi kwekutanga zvepabonde [38].
Izvi zvakawanikwa zvine zvakakosha pakuratidzira kwevechiri kuyaruka uye nekukura kwevakuru hutano hwepanyama uye hwepfungwa. Kuona yakakwira mwero yevezera rako zvekuita bonde uye kubvumidzwa kwepabonde kunogona kuwedzera manzwiro ekumanikidzwa kwemukati kuyedza zvepabonde [39]. Mune kumwe kuongorora, kuratidzwa kune zvemukati mezvepabonde zvemukati mevekutanga kuyaruka kwakaonekwa kufambisa kutanga kwepabonde nemwedzi 9e17 [40]; uyezve, kuyedza kwekutanga kunogona kuwedzera njodzi dzehutano hwepfungwa nemuviri [37].
Maitiro akawanikwa pano akafanana nemamwe emamwe magwaro ekuongorora mashandisirwo emasitoriki akaita sevanoshandiswa nevhidhiyo pamhirizhonga [41], maitiro ehutano [42], uye mumuviri wemifananidzo [43]. Mune imwe neimwe yezviitiko izvi, kunyange zvazvo vhidhiyo kushandiswa kwemabhuku kune chikamu chimwe chete chekusiyana kwakasiyana mumigumisiro yezvakada, vhidhiyo vanoita basa rinokosha. Izvi kuenzanisira zvinoratidza kuti zvigadzirwa zvepabonde zvepabonde zviduku, asi zvinokonzerwa pakuvandudza mafungiro epabonde nemafambiro ekuyaruka uye vanhu vakuru vanobudirira.
Mwana uye Wevechidiki Zvinonyadzisira Zvinoratidzwa (2020) - Iwo maviri matafura makuru achipfupisa ongororo iyi:
Vechidiki, Zvepabonde uye Zera Rezvinonyadzisira (2020) - Excerpts:
Munguva pfupi yapfuura kufarira zvakakonzeresa nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira pavana nekuvandudzwa kwevechidiki pabonde zvakawedzera zvichikonzera kuwedzera zvidzidzo munzvimbo iyi, mitemo iri kushandurwa uye kunetseka kweruzhinji kuri kuwedzera. Iri pepa rinotarisira kudzokorora izvi zvakawanikwa kusanganisira zvimwe zvichangobva kuitwa zvidzidzo muUK. Izvo zvinyorwa zvinoratidzira kubatana pakati pekuona zvinonyadzisira uye zvinhu zvinoratidzwa zvepabonde uye maitiro evechidiki nemaitiro. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvepwere dzevechidiki vanoita zvepabonde zvinokanganiswa nemafungiro ezvepabonde uye izvi zvinokanganisa vana nevechidiki maitiro evepabonde nemaitiro. Mhedzisiro iyi inoenderana neyechidiki rutsigiro network, kudzidza munharaunda uye zvimwe zvehuwandu, zvisingaite hukadzi hunowonekwa hwakawanda. Ongororo dzichangobva kuitika dzakawana shanduko mune zveupombwe zvevechidiki izvo zvinokonzerwa nekuona zvinonyadzisira sekuwedzera kwehutano hwepabonde nemafungiro akashata ekuti ubvumire. Zvinongedzo pakati pekushandiswa zvinonyadzisira uye zvekumanikidzira zvepabonde zvakawanikwawo. Vana uye vechidiki vanobatwa sei nemifananidzo yakadai uye nenzira dzipi-uye izvo zvingaitwe kudzikisa kukanganisika pane vechidiki zvinotsanangurwa mukujekerwa kwezvinowanikwa muzvinyorwa uye nyaya nezvinyorwa zviripo. Kupfuurirazve kudikanwa kwekudzidza kunokurukurwa.
Imwe yenyaya dzinonetsa zvikuru yakabva kune ino nyowani nyika yepamhepo kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira nevechidiki. Chinangwa chekuongororwa kwemabhuku uku kukwezva mhedzisiro uye kukanganisika kwepfungwa kunobva mukushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira muvechidiki, pamwe nehunhu hwehunyanzvi hweichi chiitiko, pakati payo paraphilias, kuita zvakaipa, nekushungurudzwa pabonde, uye kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro matsva e online online kushungurudzwa pabonde. Zvakawanikwa zvikuru zvinoratidza kuti kusangana kwekutanga ne porn kunotanga pazera remakore masere, iine hunhu hwakakosha hwekuita uye hwepfungwa, senge hypersexualization, kushungurudzika kwepfungwa, nekusimudzira kusaenzana kwevakadzi. Uyezve, zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa nevechidiki zvakabatanidzwa nekuwedzera kweparaphilias, kuwedzera kwechisimba chekuita zvepabonde nekushungurudzwa, uye, pakupedzisira, zvakabatanidzwa nekuwedzera kwekushungurudzwa kwepabonde paIndaneti.
Zvinhu zvinosanganiswa nezvinonyadzisira zvevechiri kuyaruka zvinoshandisa rondedzero yekurondedzera (2022) - Abstract:
Chinangwa: Chinyorwa chiripo chine chinangwa chekuongorora huwandu huripo hwehuwandu hwakanangana nekuongorora zvinhu zvine chekuita nezvinonyadzisira kushandiswa mukuyaruka. Nzira: Zvidzidzo zvakaburitswa muChirungu mumakore gumi nemashanu apfuura zvakatsvaga muPubMed neGoogle Scholar. Zvidzidzo zvakawanikwa pakushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kwevechiri kuyaruka zvakarongerwa muzvikamu zvinotevera: (15) maitiro epabonde; (1) kuita zvepabonde kune ngozi; (2) kubvuma kuita zvepabonde; (3) maonero ezvepabonde uye mabasa echikadzi; (4) hasha, chisimba, kushungurudzwa, kumanikidzwa kuita zvepabonde, uye kushungurudzwa; (5) kushandisa zvinodhaka; (6) psychopathology (kusanganisira dambudziko rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira); uye (7) ukama nevabereki/mhuri uye vezera. Migumisiro uye Mhedziso: Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakawanikwa, zvinokonzerwa nekliniki uye kukakavara zvinokurukurwa.
Vabereki veUS Vanorerutsa Kushandisa uye Kudzidza Kwevana Vavo Zvinonyadzisira (2022) - Abstract:
Tsvagiridzo paruzivo rwevabereki uye kugadzirisa kwakanaka kwevechiri kuyaruka kunoratidza kuti mamwe mazinga akanyanya ekare anowedzera mukana wevekupedzisira. Kunyangwe paine huwandu hwakakosha hwemabhuku anoenderana nekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kwevechiri kuyaruka nekugadziriswa kwakashata kwevechiri kuyaruka, zvisinei, zvishoma zvidzidzo zvakaenzanisa zvinotendwa nevabereki nezvekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kwevana vavo nemishumo yevechiri kuyaruka uye zvishoma zveizvi zvakaitwa muUS. ongororo yazvino yakashandisa data yezvingangoita yenyika yakaunganidzwa kubva ku614 vabereki nevechiri kuyaruka dyads muUS seimwe nhanho yekusimbisa iyi yakakosha nzvimbo yetsvakiridzo yevabereki nemwana. Vabereki vaiva nemakore 44.78 paavhareji (SD = 7.76). Vanaamai vaisanganisira 55.80% yevabereki (vanababa vaive 44.20%). Vana vaiva nemakore 15.97 paavhareji (SD = 1.38). Vanasikana vaisanganisira 50.20% yevana (vanakomana vaiva 49.80%). Vakomana ndivo vainyanya kushuma kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye kudzidza kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhando dzezvinonyadzisira uye nzvimbo dzepabonde. Vabereki vakafungidzira nemazvo gwara remisiyano iyi yevarume nevakadzi, asi vakaramba vachitarisira pasi kuratidzwa kwevanakomana nevanasikana uye kushamwaridzana kubva pazvinonyadzisira.. Sezvineiwo, kunyange zvazvo vabereki vaiwanzodavira kuti vanakomana kupfuura vanasikana vakanga vaona uye vakadzidza kubva mukuona zvinonyadzisira, mwero wavo wokusazvitarisira wakakura kuvanakomana. Zvinotendwa naAmai nanababa zvaigara zvisingasiyaniseki padanho guru rekuita uye zvaipindirana nehukadzi hwemwana muchiitiko chimwe chete. Mhedzisiro inokurukurwa maererano nekutya kwetsika uye kusatarisirwa kwengozi maonero kune vechidiki uye nenhau.
Zvinonyadzisira uye Kukanganisa Kwazvo paKusangana Kwevachiri Kuyaruka / Vechidiki (2023)
Iyi mini-ongororo inovhara nyaya dzine chekuita nemhedzisiro yezvinonyadzisira maererano nekuita zvepabonde kwevechiri kuyaruka.
Mutsamba iri pasi apa (L) rinoratidza chirevo chekuisa pamusoro pekudzidza.
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