IINKCUKACHA: Eli nqaku libekwe ikakhulu kuphando "Ukutsalwa kwabangaziwayo". Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba into entsha inokubangela ukuba i-dopamine ingabalulekanga nokuba ithathwa ngokuba "ilungile" okanye "imbi", okanye inomvuzo okanye ayikho. I-intanethi ye-intanethi ingagcina amanqanaba e-dopamine ukuxhuma ngenxa yokuba into enoveli ihlala ijikeleze ikona. Ihlala ikhona into onokuyibukela ukuze uhambe okanye ugqithise ngaphezulu kwendalo. Ukongeza, ubutsha buqinisa ukufunda kunye nokulutha "kukufunda ngaphezulu".
Ngaba ubuchopho buthanda izinto ezinje?
Iingcali ze-neurobiologists ziye zazi ukuba indawo engumnqweno iyabangela ukuhlola nokufunda, kodwa kuncinci kakhulu kwaziwa malunga nokuba ingqondo ikhetha ngokwenene. Endaweni yoko, eyona ndawo iphambili yengqondo ebizwa ngokuba yi-substantia nigra / ventral tegmental ndawo (SN / VTA) -inokusebenza ngokungalindelekanga kwesishukumisi, ukuvusa imvakalelo okubangela, okanye isidingo sokuphendula ngokuziphatha. I-SN / VTA inefuthe elikhulu ekufundeni kuba isebenza ngokunxibelelene nayo zombini ihippocampus, eliliziko lokufunda ngengqondo, kunye neamygdala, iziko lokuqhubekeka ngolwazi lweemvakalelo.
Ngoku, abaphandi uNico Bunzeck no-Emrah Düzel ukunika ingxelo ngeengxelo zabantu kubonisa ukuba i-SN / VTA iyayiphendula into enje kwaye le nto ishukumisela ingqondo ukuba ihlolisise, ifune umvuzo. Abaphandi beYunivesithi yaseLondon kunye neYunivesithi yakwa-Otto von Guericke babika iziphumo zabo ngo-Agasti 3, 2006, umcimbi we-Neuron, opapashwe yi-Cell Press.
fMRI
Kuvavanyo lwabo, uBunzeck noDüzel basebenzise into eyaziwa ngokuba yi "oddball" yokulinga iparadigm yokufunda indlela imifanekiso yenoveli evuselela ngayo i-SN / VTA yeengqondo zezifundo zamavolontiya. Kule ndlela – njengoko iingqondo zezifundo zaziskeniwe kusetyenziswa imaging esebenzayo yemagneti- baboniswa uthotho lwemifanekiso yobuso obufanayo okanye indawo yangaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi baxubana ngokulandelelana kolu luhlu iintlobo ezine ezahlukeneyo, okanye "ezingaqhelekanga," ubuso okanye izigcawu. Omnye oddball yayingumfanekiso owahlukileyo ongathathi hlangothi, omnye wawungumfanekiso owahlukileyo owawufuna ukuba abaphandi bacinezele iqhosha, omnye wawungumfanekiso weemvakalelo, kwaye omnye wawungumfanekiso wenoveli ocacileyo. Kwi-fMRI, imiqondiso kanomathotholo engenabungozi kunye neendawo zemagnethi zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwegazi kwimimandla yobuchopho, ebonisa imisebenzi kuloo mimandla.
Ngoyilo lokulinga, abaphandi banokuthelekisa impendulo yezifundo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemifanekiso ye-oddball ukwahlula indlela abasabela ngayo ubuchwephesha obusulungekileyo ngokwabo nakweminye imithombo enokubakho yokusebenza kwengqondo, njengokuvuswa kweemvakalelo.
Kwiseti yesibini yolingo lwe-oddball, abaphandi bafuna ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba i-SN / VTA ifaka ubungakanani benoveli. Kolo vavanyo, abaphandi balinganisa ukwenziwa kwalo mmandla ngemifanekiso yamanqanaba ohlukeneyo okuziqhelanisa okanye nezinto ezintsha. Kwaye nakwezinye izifundo, abaphandi bavavanya ukuba imemori yezifundo zemifanekiso eqhelekileyo yayingcono xa iboniswa kunye nemifanekiso yamanoveli okanye imifanekiso eqhelekileyo.
Ilokhwe engenanto
Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba i-SN / VTA, iyaphendula kwinto engaqhelekanga, kwaye la manqanaba okuphendula ngokwendlela eyayiyinoveli yomfanekiso. Baye bagqiba kwelokuba idatha yabo ibonelela ubungqina "bokusebenza kwe-hippocampal-SN / VTA loop" eqhutywa bubutsha kunolunye uhlobo lwezinto ezikhuthazayo ezinje ngomxholo weemvakalelo okanye isidingo sokuphendula kumfanekiso. Abaphandi bathi ukufumanisa ukuba i-SN / VTA isebenze ngakumbi ngobutsha bayo iyahambelana nemodeli yokusebenza kwengqondo "ethi ibone into entsha njengebhonasi ekhuthazayo yokujonga imeko ekujongeni umvuzo kunokuba ibe ngumvuzo ngokwawo."
Kwakhona, uBunzeck noDüzel bafumanisa ukuba ulwazi oluthile luphucule ukufunda kwizifundo. "Yiyo loo nto i-SN / VTA yomntu inokufaka ikhowudi yokuvuselela ngokupheleleyo kwaye inokuba negalelo kuphuculo lokufunda kwimeko yobutsha," baqukumbele.
Ekugqibeleni, bathi iziphumo zabo ziphakamisa ukuba ukulimala kwengqondo ekhethiweyo kwi-hippocampus kunokuphelisa imiphumo emihle yezogulane kwaye ibe ngumthombo omnye wokunciphisa imemori yokukhumbula kwizigulane.
Abaphandi baquka uNico Bunzeck weYunivesithi yaseLondon eLondon, eUnited Kingdom; kunye no-Emrah Düzel weYunivesithi yaseLondon eLondon, eUnited Kingdom kunye neYunivesithi yakwa-Otto von Guericke eMagdeburg, eJamani. Lo msebenzi wawuxhaswa sisibonelelo esivela kwiDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO 163, TP1).
imithombo
UBunzeck et al: "Ukwenza iikhowudi ngokupheleleyo kweStimulus Novelty kwiHuman Substantia Nigra / VTA." Ukupapasha kwi-Neuron 51, 369-379, Agasti 3, 2006 DOI 10.1016 / j.neuron.2006.06.021 www.neuron.org
Umboniso ohambelanayo nguKnutson et al.: "Umnqweno Ongaziwayo."
Umthombo: I-Cell Press
https://web.archive.org/web/20080708210749/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/08/060826180547.htm
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ISIFUNDO:
UkuCoding Absolute of Stimulus Novelty kwi-Human Substantia Nigra / VTA.
Neuron. 2006 Aug 3; 51 (3): 369-79.
UBunzeck N, uDüzel E
Iziko leNzululwazi yeCognitive, iYunivesithi yaseLondon, i-17 Queen Square, iLondon, iWC1N 3AR, e-United Kingdom.
Abstract
Ukuhlola okuvelisayo kungakwandisa i-hippocampal plasticity kwizilwanyana ngokusebenzisa i-dopaminergic neuromodulation evela kwingingqi enkulu ye-nigra / ventral (SN / VTA). Olu phuculo lunokuphuma kwisigaba sokuhlola ngemizuzu emininzi. Okwangoku, into encinci iyaziwa malunga nokuqhutyelwa kwe-dopaminergic novelty kunye nolwalamano lwalo nomsebenzi we-hippocampal kubantu. Izifundo ezimbini zokusebenza kweemifanekiso ze-imagination magnetic resonance (fMRI), ukuqhutyelwa kwe-SN / VTA ebantwini ngokuqinisekileyo kuqhutywe yintshukumo yokuvuselela kunokuba nezinye iindidi zokuvuselela izinto ezifana nokuqonda, i-valence emoyeni okanye ukujoliswa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo, kanti iimpendulo ze-hippocampal zazingabalulekanga. Iimpendulo ze-SN / VTA ezithengiswayo ziye zatshintshwa ngokubhekiselele kumbono ongeyantlukwano kumxholo onikeziweyo, ngokungafani nezimpendulo ze-SN / VTA ezichazwe kungekudala ukuba ziphumo zomvuzo kwizifundo zezilwanyana. Ekugqibeleni, ukuphucula ukufunda kunye neparirhinal / parahippocampal ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo ezivezwe kumxholo ofanayo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-SN / i-VTA yomntu inokwenza ikhowudi yokuvuselela ngokupheleleyo kwaye ingafaka isandla ekuphuculeni ukufunda kwimeko yendalo.
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