nguRebecca Skloot (2007)
UNora Volkow ufuna ishokoleta yam. Ndihleli etafileni yenkomfa ejikelezayo kwiofisi yakhe enkulu kwi window kwiSizwe sikaZwelonke malunga nokuSetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, apho umlawuli. U-Volkow undixelela ngophando lwakhe kwi-neurology yokutya kwaye njani, kubantu abathile, ukuyeka ukutya-njengokuthi, i-tshocolate-ingaba nzima kunokuba i-heroin yokukhaba iyinto ye-junkie. Ukutya, uthi, ugoba abantu ngokubangela ukuchithwa kwamakhemikhali okwenziwe echotsheni ngamachiza asebenzayo. Nicotine. Okanye utywala. Okanye ukuthenga. Okanye ngesondo. "Andikwazi ukuyeka ukukhangela i-tsholetele yakho," uVolkow uthi, amehlo akhe ahamba ngokusuka kwi-tshokoleta nasemva. Unobhala kaHershey kaKhisto Volkow wandinika kwangaphambili. Ndithatha ngokumomotheka kunye nombulelo, kodwa ndingomnye wabasetyhini abambalwa kwihlabathi
ngubani ongayithandi i-tshokoleta. Ngoko ndiyayicima isicatshulwa ukuba ihlonipheke, ibeke enye inqwelomoya yayo, kwaye uyibeke kwitafile ecaleni kwincwadi yam notebook. Oku kwenza iVolkow ingakhathazeki, akuyiyo into endiyilindele.
Uninzi lwamanqaku malunga noVolkow ugxininise ebuntwaneni bakhe eMexico City. Bathi, Akumangalisi ukuba wakhulela endlwini enye apho uStalin wayenomkhulu wakhe-uLeon Trotsky, umguquleli waseRussia owayexoshwe ekuthunjweni-wabulawa ngeqonga leqhwa? Bathetha ngendlela uVolkow eyaqala ngayo isikolo sezonyango kwi-18, wabuyela eUnited States waza waba ngumbango ophangayo weengcali ophando lwesizwe. Kodwa kum, into ekhangayo kakhulu ngeVolkow yinto yokuba yena-intloko ye-ejensi yelizwe elijongene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi-ayikho nje i-chocolate junkie. Kwakhona i-chocolate pusher. I-volkow ihamba nge-Bethesda, e-Maryland, iinwele ze-ofisi ezinobungqingili, izibhokhwe ezimnyama eziguqa ngamadolo-ziyeke, zinciphise amehlo, kunye neentsimbi. "Ndinezinto ezintle," ushilo, efika kwideskiti yakhe. "Amashumi asixhenxe anesithoba ekhulwini lecocoa ecocekileyo." Uphosa ibha yokudliwa kwekota etafileni ecaleni kwam. Uthi, "Hamba phambili," unomnye. "Andiyi kumtshilo, kwaye uphakamisa amanxeba akhe.
Uthi: "Ndizama abantu," utsho. "Ndibeka khona i-tshokoleta apho ndibone ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba likhethe." Uyayigubha intloko. "Ndiyingozi kakhulu ngethokoleta. Ndiyithathe ngokukhawuleza. Ndiyasilela uvavanyo lwam. Kodwa, "usho kanje, uthi," Unobungozi obukhulu kakhulu! "Oku kwenza ukuba ndihleke, kuba ukuba wayenika i-cheesecake okanye i-Fish Fish, andizange ndihlale imizuzwana emihlanu. Kodwa ingxaki yam ayiyikutya; isenzo kunye nenyaniso yokuba ndibonakala ndingakwazi ukuyenza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kaninzi kangakanani ndijoyina indawo yokuzivocavoca okanye ndithenga iimpahla ezintsha zokufunda okanye ndenza imihla yokusebenzela kunye nabahlobo, andizange ndisebenzise. Ndihlala ndifumana izizathu ezilungileyo: Ndixakeke kakhulu, kunetha, ndifuna izicathulo ezingcono, akukho gym kwindawo yam. Ndinomhla wokugqibela, intloko, okanye iincampu; kushushu kakhulu okanye kubanda kakhulu, ukuqhuba kuphazamisa iinyawo zam, izisindo zinzima ... ndingaqhubeka. Inxalenye engqiqweni yengqondo yam iyazi ukuba ndifanele ndisebenzise: Ndiyifunde amanqaku athi inqanda phantse zonke izifo zabantu, ukulwa nokudandatheka, nokuqinisa amandla omzimba. Ndiva ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kunye nokuxhalaba, oko kukunceda ugxile kwaye ulale kwaye ube nesondo esingcono. Ndifuna yonke into-engenziyo? Kodwa ngokusobala, enye inxalenye yengqondo-eyenzekayo yinto ebaluleke kakhulu-ifuna yonke into ibe njalo.
Kwaye ngokucacileyo, andisodwa. Kule ngongoma, ulwazi oluqhelekileyo kukuba izizathu ezibangela ukufa eUnited States-isifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela kunye neendlela ezinomdlavuza ezininzi-kunokuthintelwa ngokuguquka kokuziphatha. Amakhulu amawaka abantu avuka ngoJanuwari 1st kwaye athi, "Ukuqala namhlanje, ndiya kukutya / ukuqeqeshwa / ukuyeka ukutshaya / ukuthatha iziyobisi / ukugembula / nantoni na." Bazama, bahlala bekhuni kakhulu, kodwa baninzi bahluleka. Ndifuna ukwazi ukuba kutheni. Kwaye andingathethi ngezinto zangaphandle, njengomsebenzi omningi kunye nexesha elaneleyo. Ndikhangele oko kwenzekayo kwiibhokhwe zethu xa sizama ukutshintsha, kunye nendlela esinokusebenzisa ngayo olo lwazi ukuphumelela ngokwenene.
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Yile ndlela endiphelile ngayo kwiofisi yaseNora Volkow ekuphulaphuleni ukukhathazeka ngethokolethi yam. I-Volkow kunye nabalingane baye bachitha ixesha elidlulileyo le-15 kuphando lwe-link phakathi kokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nokukhuluphala ngokufunda enye into eyenza kube nzima ukuguqula umkhwa: i-dopamine, i-chemicals engqondweni ehambisa iisayina ukusuka kwiseli yeseli ize isenze ukuxhamla kwizinto zonke ukusuka ekutya ukuya kwi-cigarettes ukuya kuthengiselana ngesondo.
I-Dopamine ifundisa ingqondo yakho into oyifunayo, kwaye ikuqhuba ukuba uyenze, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukuphi okulungileyo kuwe. Yenza oku kumanyathelo amabini. Okokuqala ufumana into eyenza ujabulise (uthi, amaFries aseMicdonald's French), obangela ukuba i-dopamine iqhube. Ezinye ze-dopamine zihamba kwindawo yengqondo yakho apho kukho iinkumbulo ezakhayo kunye nokudala imemori edibanisa ezo fries ngokufumana umvuzo. Ngaloo nto, inzululwazi-thetha, i-fries ibe "yinto efanelekileyo." Yaye xa ufumene into efanelekileyo, unokucinga ukuba, kubi kum, andifanelekanga, kodwa ingqondo yakho ibhalisa, iDopamine jackpot! Kuphi na inyathelo lesibini elizayo: Ngaphezulu kokudala imemori, i-dopamine ilawula indawo yengqondo ejongene nomnqweno, ukwenza izigqibo, kunye nokukhuthaza. Ngoko ke, emva kokuba ucebile uba ngumbono, ngexesha elizayo xa ubona okanye ulivumba, ubuchopho bakho bukhulula ukugqithisa kwe-dopamine ekukhokelela ukuba ufumane. Xa uphumelela, ubuchopho bakho buvelisa i-dopamine eyongezelelweyo, eyomeleza imemori eyenza i-fry ingabalulekanga kwindawo yokuqala, iyifake ngakumbi kwingqondo yakho. Umjikelezo ongapheliyo: Xa wenza okungakumbi into evuyisayo, i-dopamine iyakuqinisekisa ukuba uyayenza kwakhona. Oku kuchanekileyo ukuba imigaqo ifom. Ekugqibeleni, ukuba iifri ziba namandla, ingqondo yakho iya kukhulula i-dopamine kwaye ikukhuphe ukuba ufumane i-fries nayiphi na ixesha xa ubona imibala eluhlaza kwaye ibomvu, nokuba awukho ndawo kufuphi noMcDonald's.
Kwaye oku kuyinyani na ukuziphatha okubangela umvuzo: i-Orgasms ibangela i-dopamine surges. Ngaloo ndlela ubetha i-jackpot xa udlala, uzuza umncintiswano, uvavanya uvavanyo, wenza i-cocaine okanye i-methamphetamines, ukutshaya, ukusela. "I-Dopamine ikhuthaza," utshilo uVolkow. "Ukuba udala izilwanyana ebhodini ezingenayo i-dopamine, abanakho idrayivu. Baya kudla ukutya kwaye bayathandeka, kodwa abanasishukumiso sokwenjenjalo nantoni na, ukuze bangadli, kwaye baya kufa. "Njengoko uthetha, ndiyagxotha kwaye ndiyibhale phantsi, ngokukhawuleza, iingoma zekhompyuter: Unayo i-imeyile. Andiyinyanzelisi xa kuziwa ekudleni, kodwa nge-imeyile? Libala. I-Volkow ayifani nesabelo sam. Uhlala ekhuluma nge-dopamine, ndibuyela emva kokuthayipha amanqaku, ngoko kukho ukuphinda kwakhona, kwaye ndicinga ukuba, ine-imeyile emibini. I-Volkow ayilunganga. Siya phambili ngale ndlela ade abe nemiyalezo elishumi kwaye ndiyakwazi ukumelana nokunyuka nokuzifunda mna. Emva koko undibetha: I-imeyile ifanelekile njengetshokoleti yenzelwe iVolkow. Ndisoloko ndisebenza iinyanga, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphambi kokuba ndibone umsebenzi wam ushicilelwe, kodwa i-imeyile ininika umvuzo wokuthoba ngokukhawuleza. Ndixelela uVolkow kwaye uhleka. Uthi, "Ulungile," utshilo. "Ndiyibheja xa ndibeka emshinini we-MRI kwaye ndudlala ngomsindo we-imeyile, uya kufumana i-dopamine efanayo endiyibonayo xa ndicinga ukuba omnye umntu uphakamileyo."
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Yingakho kunzima ukutshintsha. Ukwenza oko kuthetha ukulwa nenye yezona ndlela ezisisiseko zeengxaki zeengqondo kwiingqondo. "Cinga ngako," kusho uVolkow. "Ukuba uyila uhlobo lwezilwanyana kwaye ufuna ukuqiniseka ukuba yenza izinto ezibalulekileyo ekusindeni-njengokutya nokuvelisa-udala inkqubo ekho konke ngokuzonwabisa kangangokuba ufuna ukuphinda ezo zinto. Emva koko une-dopamine yenza ukuba ezo ziphatha zibe zizenzekelayo. Kulungile, ngokwenene. "
Nangona engabonakali okwamanje, uVolkow unengcamango malunga nokuba kutheni ukutya okusoloko kungaphumeleli: Ngokusekelwe kwizifundo zezilwanyana, ucinga ukuba abantu banokukwazi ukulahlwa xa bezama ukukhaba ukutya okuthe xaxa babo baxhomekeke. Undixelela ukuba, "Oku kunzima ukuphelisa loo nto, kuba abantu banokuziva becinezelekile okanye bacecekile okanye ngokuqhelekileyo beyingozi." Ukuba oku kuvela ukuba kunjalo, uthi, mhlawumbi utshintsha ukutya kwakho ngokukhawuleza kuya kunceda.
Kodwa umbuzo wam omkhulu kuVolkow yilokhu: Uzifumana njani ngokubambelela kwizinto ezingenakuzithokozisa kuwe-njengokuhlala kwialadi kunye ne-broccoli, okanye, kwimeko yam? Abantu abaninzi bafumana ukuphakama kwemvelo ekusebenzeni. Noko ke, andinguye wabo. "Ayikho enye indlela yokukhohlisa inkqubo ye-dopamine?" Ndiyambuza. "Enye indlela yokukhohlisa ubuchopho bam kwisifiso sokuzivocavoca?" Ngokuqinisekileyo, uthi: Imfihlelo icinga imivuzo. Inzuzo yam yokusebenza ngaphandle i-pedicure okanye iindidi ezintsha zezihlangu. Kumntu ozama ukutya: Mhlawumbi ufumana ukusilalisa emva kweveki yokutya okulungileyo, okanye ube nesitifiketi sesipho ngaphandle komngane (uhlawula, kodwa ulawula iivawutsha). "Ukuzinikela umvuzo wokuziphatha kuqhuba inkqubo ye-dopamine ukuze ingqondo yakho idibanise nesiphumo esihle kuyo, eya kukunceda ukuba wenze umkhwa."
Xa ndifika ekhaya, ndizama. Ndiza kudibana nam: Ukuba ndisebenzisa yonke imihla iveki, ndifumana umdlali omtsha we-MP3. Ndivuka ekuseni kwaye kunetha. Ndiyazikhumbuza ngomdlali we-MP3. Emva kwemizuzu emininzi edidekile yokuqikelela oko
umntu ugqoke ukusebenzisa imvula (i-poncho? i-ambulera?), ndiphelela kwiibhuthi zokuhamba ngokungenawo amanzi kunye ne-sweatshirt yam isithandwa sam, ephindwe kathathu ubukhulu bam. Ndiyayinja inja kwaye siqala ukusebenza, kodwa iibhotile zam zinzima kakhulu kwaye iimpompi zitshisa, kunye kunye andinakuzibona kuba i-hood iyaqhubeka iwela phezu kwam amehlo. Kwaye ke, kukho imvula. Ngoko ke siya kuhamba ngesivinini. Kwiyure kamva siya ekhaya sikhangele ngathi sifunyiwe emlanjeni. Ndiyahlula iingubo zam ezimanzi kwaye ndizitshilo mna, Yenza ezo zihlandlo ezithandathu kwaye ufumana umdlali we-MP3. Emva koko ndicinga, Ewe, kunjalo, awukwazi ukuphinda usebenzise umzimba ngaphandle komculo. Ngoko ndithenga umdlali we-MP3 kwaye ndixelele ndifuna iimpahla zokuzilolonga ngaphambi kokuba ndizame into efana nokuqhuba kwakhona.
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Ngomso olandelayo, ndifumana kwindawo yokutya eluhlaza kunye nebalabhaka kwiKennedy Krieger Institute eBaltimore, indawo eyaziwayo yabantwana kunye nabaselula kunye nokukhubazeka okuphuhlisayo. Ndihleli ngaphaya kukaMichael Schlund, i-PhD, ingqondo yengqondo eyenza uphula ixesha lakhe phakathi kwamaziko amaninzi enzululwazi apho ihlola khona iingqondo zengqondo echaphazelekayo ekufundeni nasekuguqukeni kokuziphatha. KuSchlund, lo msebenzi uyinxalenye yeprojekti enkulu ekwenzeni abantu abane-autism bafunde. Kodwa into endiyithakazelisayo kuyo isifundo esandula ukugqiba kwiYunivesithi yaseNorth Texas, apho wachitha khona inyanga ejonga ubuchopho babantu abadala abadala njengoko bafunda ukuziphatha okutsha ngokusekelwe kwimiphumo.
Nantsi into eyenzekayo: Emva kokushenxisa amavolontiya abe ngumshini we-MRI, wabanika amabini amaqhosha-enye ngakwesokunene, enye ngakwesobunxele-athi, "Uya kufuneka wenze izigqibo ezithile. Ukuba ulungile, ufumana imali. Ukuba uphosakele, akukho mali. "Watshintshisa umatshini, owawubetha kwaye waxakeka njengoko waqala ukuskena ubuchopho bawo. Ngaphakathi komshini, kwikhompyutheni yekhompyutheni ngaphezu kweentloko zevolontiya, isangqa savela kwaye saphela. Emva koko, igama elithi CHOOSE likhanya, oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka bathathe iqhosha, ngakwesokudla okanye kwesobunxele. Umdlalo awuzange uqonde. Kwakungekho mpendulo echanekileyo: Bonke abakwenzayo kukuchofoza iqhosha ngokungaqhelekanga, kwaye ikhompyutha yathi i-WRONG kunye nesangqa savela kwakhona. Ngoko bathatha enye inkinobho kunye nekhompyutheni yavutha, i-CORRECT. UKUKHUMBULWA KWI50 CENTS.
Emva kokuba amavolontiya ayazi ukuba yintoni iqhosha lokunyathelisa ekuphenduleni isangqa, baphinda ngokuphindaphindiweyo inkqubo. Isangqa. Iqhosha elichanekileyo. Ibuyiselo. Isangqa. Iqhosha elichanekileyo. Ibuyiselo. Le ndawo yenze umdla kuSchlund, kuba ufuna ukwazi oko kwenzekayo kwingqondo xa ufunda indlela entsha yokuziphatha ngokusekelwe kwimiphumo, yiziphi iindawo ezikhanyayo, ukuba zinkulu kangakanani ukusebenza, kunye nendlela ezitshintshwa ngayo ixesha elide njengoko ukuziphatha kuba siqhelo.
Ekuqakrazeni kokuqala, xa beqagela, ubuchopho bavolontiya bakha kancane kwi-lobe yangaphambili-indawo edibene nokuzithiba, ukwenza izigqibo kunye nokuguquka kokuziphatha. Emva kokuqakraza okwesibini, xa befumana umvuzo wokuphendula ngokuchanekileyo, ngokukhawuleza ubuchopho babo bukhwela kwi-gear ephezulu, kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo, i-lobes yabo yangaphambili yakhanya ngakumbi, nto leyo eyayithetha ukuba umsebenzi wabo wengqondo waqhubeka ukwanda njengoko befunda ukuziphatha okutsha . Kodwa-kwaye yiyo iindaba ezilungileyo-ngaphakathi malunga nokuphindaphinda kwe-50, u-Schlund uthi, i-backverse iya kuqala-i-lobe yangaphambili ikhanyise ngaphantsi ukuya ngaphantsi kokuba ingqondo ikwenza umgudu ophantsi, oko kuthetha ukuba umsebenzi omtsha ube ngumkhwa ngokusemthethweni.
Xa uSlund endixelela oku, ndiyabuza ukuba kuthetha ukuba ndimele ndiphoqe ukuba ndisebenzise ii-50 ngamaxesha kwaye kuya kuba ngumkhwa. Uthi: "Ndiyathanda ukuba ndibe nguwe," uyaphendula. "Kodwa asinayo ingcamango. Into endikuxelela yona, kukho iinguqu ezininzi. "Enye enkulu
uxinzelelo. Kubonakala ukuba i-hormone ekhishwe ngumzimba ekuphenduleni ukuxinezeleka yintshaba yethu eyona nto iyona nto xa ivela ekutshintsheni: Eyona nto iyayivimbela i-lobe yangaphambili, eyenza ubuchopho babuyele kwimimiselo engafuni izigqibo eziziwayo (ukutya ukutya okuqhelekileyo , ukusela, ukutshaya). Ama-hormone oxinzelelo awanakuchukumisa kuphela iindawo zobungqina bethu ezifunekayo ukuba zisebenze ukutshintsha, zivuselela amaziko ethu angamavakalelo, athumela iimpawu ezibonisa ukuba sinciphise uxinzelelo. Yaye yintoni eyanciphisa uxinzelelo? Ukutya (kuba kukhupha ii-opiates zendalo), utywala, i-cigarettes, ukuthenga.
Utshintsho oluyimpumelelo luxhomekeke kwicandelo lokulawula uxinzelelo. Kodwa, uSchlund uthi, kuxhomekeke ekufumaneni imbuyekezo efanelekileyo. Uthi kum, "Ukuba abantu bahlawulelwa ukuba basebenzise," wonke umntu uya kwenza. Kwaye leli lizwe liza kuba ngcono kakhulu. "Ndiyabuza ukuba uya kuhlawula ukuba ndisebenzise. Uphosa izandla kwifomu yeFomica phakathi kwethu, undikhangele kwiso, athi, "Ukuba ufuna ukuchukumisa ingqondo yakho kufuneka usebenzise, kufuneka uziphathe ngendlela onokuphatha ngayo inja yakho." Akunjalo Ndalindele ukuba athethe, kodwa ngoku, ndivulekile nantoni na.
"Khawucinge ukuba uhlamba emanzini imihla ngemihla," ushoyo. "Ngaba uya kuthi, 'Hamba inja, ukuba ungeyonto emanzini ngesonto, ndiyakukuthenga ithambo elincinci?' Oku kungathi u-boss wakho uthi, 'Ukuba usebenza iminyaka emihlanu, uya kufumana isheke lakho.' Kude kakhulu. "
Kucacile, yile nto umdlali wam MP3 wehlulekile: Iveki yayilinde ixesha elide ukulinda. Ukuba ndiza kudibanisa nokuzivocavoca ngeempembelelo ezilungileyo, umvuzo kufuneka ukhawuleze. Kodwa ngaphaya koko, uSchlund uxelele kum, kufuneka ndifumanise iimvuzo esele ndidibanise nokungasebenzisi (akukho ntlungu, ixesha elingakumbi kwezinye izinto). Ukwenza oku kufuna ukuba utshintshe i-circuit ye-neural. Kwaye ukuphinda ufunde ubuchopho bomntu obuninzi, ndiza kufumanisa, kunzima kakhulu.
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Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuba ndidibana noSlund, ndihleli edeskini encinci kwiwadi yesifo sengqondo eYale, ndikhangela kwikhompyutheni yekhompyutyana ngamacinki amabini ahlukeneyo: i-CHE ne-SHE. Ikhompyutha ithi "Che" (okanye "nguye"?), Kwaye kufuneka ndicine iqhosha elifanelekileyo. Ndicofa i-CHE. I-computer buzz kwaye ixelela ukuba ndizame kwakhona. "Hayi" okanye "yena"? Ndicofa SHE. Buzz. Ngokugqithiseleyo, ndifumana i-buzz. Ndicinga ukuba oku kufuneka kube yintlanzi, kodwa ke ndidibanise, ndiphulaphule ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ekugqibeleni ndive. Ndibetha i-CHE. Iingoma zekhompyutheni, ke iintlanzi ezimbini zokubambisa ezibomvana zibonakala kwisikrini kwaye zenze umdaniso ococekileyo kunye nekhwela lomthi. Nguwo umvuzo wam, owenza ngokucacileyo ukuba i-dopamine ihamba: Ndiqala ukudlala ngokunyanzela, ndixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekukhetheni impendulo echanekileyo ukuze ndibone oko umvuzo wam ozayo ozayo uya kuba. Emva kwexesha, ingqalelo yam iyaqala .... Buzz. Ngoko ndiyadlala, mamela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ulive kwakhona: "Hayi." Indoda enqabileyo enokuthi iyabonakala ngokukhawuleza kwikhompyutheni yekhompyutha idlala i-xylophone, de ibe inqaku lomculo limbethe entloko. Emva koko uBruce Wexler, MD, uhamba egumbini.
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I-Wexler, i-neuroscientist ekhokelayo kunye nombhali weBrain kunye neNkcubeko, uphando lwe-plastic plasticity kunye nendlela echaphazela ngayo amandla ethu okutshintsha. Ndize ndizame le nkqubo, eyisebenzisayo ukunceda izigulane nge-schizophrenia ziphucule ukucinywa kwazo kunye nememori yazo. "Ulungile kakhulu kuloo nto," u-Wexler ungitsho. Akunjalo, ndithi, ukubonisa ukuba zininzi iimpazamo endizenzayo ngaphambi kokuba ndiqikelele. Kodwa ngokwenene, yile ngcamango yonke yenkqubo: Ukuguqulwa ngempumelelo kufuneke kubekho okungaqhelekanga, ukugxininiseka okungenakuphazamiseka nokuphindaphinda. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba sisebenza ngokuchasene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo: Ubulumko bethu benzelwe ukugcina amandla ngezinto ezibaluleke ngokwenene, njengokuphefumula kunye nokuhamba ngokuhambelana, nangona ngamanye amaxesha, ukuziphatha okutshintshayo kubaluleke kakhulu njengokuphefumula. Ubuchopho bethu bubuyela kwimikhuba xa kunikwa ithuba lokuba imikhuba idinga amandla angaphantsi kuneenguqu. Ukusebenzisa ngokungaqhelekanga ngo "che" kunye "yena" ngokuqinisekileyo utshintshe indlela abantu abadala abava ngayo kuba akuvumeli ukuba kwenzeke. Inokunyanzela uxinzelelo olunzulu olubangelwa kwimbuyekezo esheshayo eyenza ukuba ufuna ukuphinda usebenzise ngokuphindaphinda.
"Ufuna ukwazi ukuba kutheni kunzima ukutshintsha?" I-Wexler yabuza xa ndiqala ukuya eofisini. "Kukho i-neurons ezilikhulu kwiingqondo zakho. Ngamnye udibaniswa namanye amawaka. Yonke into othetha ngayo-ukuziphatha kunye nokufunda kunye nenkumbulo-ibandakanya izenzo ezidibeneyo zamakhulu ezinkulungwane zeeseli kwiinkqubo ezibukhali kulo lonke ubuchopho. "Kubantu abadala ezi zixhobo zinzima.
Xa uyingane, ibali elihlukileyo: Ubuncinci bentsha bahlala beqhagamshelana ngokutsha phakathi kwe-neurons, ukutshintsha indlela abantwana baqhuba ngayo ulwazi olusekelwe kumava abo. Yiyo yeplastiki, kwaye kutheni abantwana bexhamla ulwimi kwaye bavumelane neenkcubeko ezintsha kwiirhafu ezibeka abantu abadala. "Ngethuba esilutshaya ngayo ii-20s zethu," u-Wexler uthi, "ubuchopho bethu bulahlekelwe kakhulu kwi-plasticity." Kodwa ngelitye, abaye balahlekelwa yiyo yonke into.
Khawucinge ukuba uneliso elinamandla kunye neliso elibuthathaka, undixelela. Ukuba uyigubungela iliso elihle kunye nekiti, ngoko ke akufumani sishukumiso, iso elomeleleyo liya kuqina. Kodwa okwesibini uyasusa iqhosha, iliso elinamandla likhawuleza kwakhona kwaye umntu obuthakathaka uya buthathaka. Kuyafana nezo zonke iindlela ezisengqondweni. Emva kokusekwa, bahlala bezungeze baze bahlale beqinile xa nje besetyenziselwa. Ngoko isinyathelo sokuqala ekutshintsheni, u-Wexler uthi, ubeka "iqhosha" phezu kwendlela ofuna ukuyilahleka (njengokuthi, i-chocolate chopsiness), oku kuthetha ukuphelisa nantoni na eyenzelayo (iqulethilethi endlwini, ihamba apho udla ngokuthenga i tshokoleta). Kungenxa yoko, kubantu abaninzi abazama ukuyeka ukusela okanye ukutshaya, akunakwenzeka ukuba neklasi enye yewayini okanye ugwayi. Yingakho i-heroin kunye ne-coke addicts kufuneka iphephe indawo kwaye abantu baxhomekeke kwiintsuku zabo zonyango.
Kwi-dieters, ukuhamba nje kwisitolo sakho esithengiyo rhoqo kunokusebenzisa indlela endala yokutya kunye nokuhlala iphila. Ngoko ukulahleka kobunzima obunempumelelo buninzi malunga nokuguquka kwendlela yokuphila njengoko kuthethwa nento oyidlayo: Thengisa kwivenkile entsha; uthenge iimveliso ezintsha zokutya; sebenzisa isethi entsha yamacwecwe; udle kwelinye igumbi, ngexesha elithile lomhla. Zonke ezi zinto ziza kunceda indlala yindlela endala engafanelekanga ukuze uhlakulele entsha. "Ngokugqithiseleyo uhlaziya imimiselo yakho," kusho u-Wexler, "indlela oyenzayo yokuzama ukuyitshintsha ithathaka."
Kodwa ukuphelisa indlela endala akuyona into. Uza kwenza izinto zibe lula xa ucinga ngengqondo yakho kwindlela ephilileyo-nokuba yinto ebuthakathaka encinane-kwaye uyomeleze. I-Wexler indixelela ukuba ndiyifunde "Ndiyathanda umzimba". Ndimxelela ukuba andicinga ukuba ndiyodwa. Akayithengi. "Ngaba bekungekho umsebenzi owakuthandayo njengomntwana?" Uyabuza. Andiyicingi njalo.
Ekuhambeni kweloliwe, nangona kunjalo, njengoko ndijonga ngaphandle kwefestile ekuphulaphuleni umdlali wam omtsha we-MP3, "Utshintsho" lukaDavid Bowie luza kwaye ndiqala ukuhleka. Efanelekileyo, ewe. Kodwa kwakunjalo ingoma yommelwane wam osondeleyo kwaye ndaye ndaza ndaye ndafika kwindlu yam ngasemva xa ndiyintombazana. Ubomi bam obutsha, ndandinomdla wokukhwela. Ukumanga kwam kuqala kwakuphezu kweekhati; I-skate-skated esikolweni esiphakamileyo imihla ngemihla, ke ndayifaka iholo kwiklasi ukuya kwiklasi. Ngokuqinisekileyo ndiqinisekisile isikolo sam esiphakamileyo ukuba ndikhuphe iMfuno yam ye-PE kwaye ndibonelele ngetyala nge-skating. Ukuhlala esiqeqweni ukukhumbula konke oku, ndiyamchukumisa ndicinga, ndanditshitshisa i-dopamine jackpot.
Xa ndifika ekhaya, ndibamba kwi-Rollerblades eneminyaka elishumi ubudala ndize ndizame. Ndivula enye i-disco kwaye ndiqalise ukujikeleza. Kuyatshisa; Inja yam isebenza kum. Ndiyakwazi ukuziva ukuba i-dopamine ihamba ngemigodi yam. Ingxaki yam yokusetyenziswa ixazululwa. Ubomi bungeke bube ngcono.
Ngomso ngomsuka ndivuke, ngene kwigumbi lokuhlala, ndihlale phantsi kwikhompyutheni yam, UThixo wam, ndinento eninzi yokwenza. Kwiiyure ezimbalwa kamva ndicinga ukuba kufuneka ndihambe ngeRollerblade ngoku. Kodwa ndixakekile. Ndinomhla wokugqibela, ndasebenzisa izolo, kwaye ngaphandle koko, kubonakala ngathi kuya kuvula. Ndiza kuyenza kamva. Kodwa xa kuza kamva, ndidiniwe ukusebenza yonke imini, kwaye ngoku kukhanya. Emva koko ndicinga, Lindela umzuzu. Kutheni kungekhona yonke into eyenziwa yiyo dopamine ukususela ngezolo izobangela ukuba ndivuke kunye neR Rollerblade kwakhona? Ingaba ingqondo yam iyilibale?
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Ngeveki kamva, ndibiza uMonika Fleshner, PhD, i-neuroimmunophysistologist kwiYunivesithi yaseColorado eBoulder eye yenza uphando olunzulu kwi-physiology yokuzivocavoca. Ndiyichaza yam imeko. Ndiyifumene nomsebenzi ondiyithandayo, kwaye ndicinga ukuba ndinento yokulungisa i-dopamine, kodwa into emnandi kukuba: andisayenzi.
Uyazi ukuba yintoni umgca wayo? Suck it up-vele uzisebenzise.
I-fleshner icacile kakhulu: Akunjengawe ufumana i-joppot yakho ye-dopamine kunye nengqondo yakho ngokukhawuleza ithi, Ngoku sisebenzisa yonke imihla. Ngethuba elithile, usenyanzelekile ukuba uyenze. Kodwa, ndithi kuye, Ndinezizathu ezintle zokuthi: Ndiyazi ukuba uphando lwakhe lufumene ukuba kwizilwanyana, ukunyanzeliswa kokunyanzeliswa akukhokeli kwimivuzo efanayo ye-physiologic yokuzivocavoca ngokuzithandela. Enyanisweni, inyanzelisa izixhobo zokuzivikela ezilwanyana ngokubangela ukwanda kwama-hormone oxinzelelo emzimbeni. Ndimbuza malunga nale nto, kwaye uthi uyinyaniso, kodwa andiyikukhathazeka malunga naloo nto. Ngoba? Kungenxa yokuba andiyi kuyenza imilenze ngokwaneleyo ukudala iingxaki. Ndithi, "Ndixolele?"
Emva koko undixelele into emangalisayo: Into endiyayenzayo ndiyinyanzele ukuba ndisebenzise rhoqo iiveki ezimbini, mhlawumbi ezintathu, kwaye ingqondo yam iyaqala ukuvelisa iprotheni ebizwa ngokuba yingqondo ephuma kwi-neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ebizwa ngokuba yi-Miracle-Gro kwengqondo. Ukwandisa ingqondo yeplastiki, ngoko unokufunda, ucinge ngokucacileyo kwaye ugxininise ixesha elide. Kwakhona kwandisa i-dopamine neurotransmission, oku kuthetha ukuba ndisebenzisa kangako, umvuzo ondifumanayo, kwaye ngakumbi inkqubo yam yedopamine isebenze ukwenza umkhwa ndiza kukhanga.
"Yigqoke i-Rollerblades yakho," uFleshner undixelela. "Gxuma kwii-headphones, gxuma inja yakho, phuma ngaphandle, uqale usebenzise ngoku."
Ede, pause.
Uthi: "Ndiyingozi," utsho.
Ndihleli ndibambe ifowuni okwesibili ngaphambi kokucinga, O, yintoni isihogo. Iiveki ezintathu azikho okubi. Ngoko ndiphuma ngenye imini. Kwaye, ngumhla kwakhona, kuba andiyi kuphuma ngemini yesibini yokugqibela, oko kuthetha ukuba ndiqala ukususela.
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Xa ndiqalise le nqwenela ukufumanisa ukuba kutheni kunzima ukutshintsha ukuziphatha okungahambi kakuhle, ndathetha nabanye abangaphezu kweshumi. Ngamnye wahleka kwaye wathi enye inguqulelo: "Ukuba ndiyakwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo, ndiza kuzuza i-Nobel Prize kwaye ndibe neenkampani zonyango
benyuka emnyango wamakhilomitha. "
Kodwa inyaniso, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Okokuqala, utshintsho lukhuni ngokusemthethweni. Abanye abantu banokuvuka nje ekuseni, bathethe ukutshintsha, kwaye banamathele kuyo. Kodwa abaninzi, mhlawumbi baninzi, abanako. Isizathu sinokuthi sibe nemfuza; Kungaba yindlela okhuliswe ngayo; mhlawumbi abanye abantu banamandla ngakumbi kwi-lobes kunezinye. Iingcali zesayensi zisaqinisekanga. Into abayaziyo kukuba, ukuba ungomnye walabo bantu abanobunzima, akuyinto yokuzibetha phezulu-yindlela nje ingqondo yakho isebenza ngayo. Kodwa asiyiyo isizathu sokuphosa ithawula kwaye uthi, Ewe, andinayo i-dopamine eyaneleyo, okanye iindlela zam ezimbi zinamandla. Njengoko uBruce Wexler wandixelela, "Xa siqonda ngakumbi into esiye sichasene nayo, sinokukwazi ukuhlakulela izicwangciso eziya kusinceda sisebenze kunye nobuchopho bethu ukuze sitshintshe ngempumelelo."
Ngoko, endaweni yokuvusa kusasa kwaNyaka kaNtsuku kwaye uthi, "Ndiya kwenza X ngoku," emva koko uzenzele inyanga emva kokuba eso sigqibo singasebenzi, khumbula: Awenzi lutho olungaphantsi kobuchopho bakho. Indlela yokutshintshintsha njengokungathi ufunda ulwimi olutsha okanye isixhobo esitsha. Kucacile ukuba awuyi kuba ngumlomo okanye udlale ii-symphonies kwangoko; uzakufuna ukugxila rhoqo kunye nokusebenza. Ukunqoba umkhuba ongeyingozi uquka ukuguqula iziphathamandla ezinxulumene nalo nokulawula uxinzelelo, kuba uxinzelelo malunga noshintsho (okanye nantoni na enye) iya kukukhonkqoza kwinqwelo ngokukhawuleza kunokuba uyayiqonda. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, fumana loo nkqubo ye-dopamine iya: Fumana imivuzo-yenza ukuba msinya, kwaye ungabi nantoni. Ingqondo yakho iyayidinga. Kwaye ndithembisa (kakuhle, Volkow, Schlund, Wexler, kunye nesithembiso seFleshner) kuba lula. Leyo ayikho iqela lokuncedisa
bulumko. I biology.