Inkcazo ye-ASAM ye-Addiction: Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo (2011)

Le seti yemibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo ihamba kunye nenkcazo entsha ye-ASAM yokulutha. Iidilesi ezimbalwa ze-Q & A's likhoboka lesondo. Kucacile ukuba iingcali ze-ASAM zijonga isondo njengento yokwenyani. Sibona umlutha wesondo (amaqabane okwenene) ahluke kakhulu kwi-intanethi ye-porn addiction (isikrini). Abaninzi abaphuhlisa umlutha we-intanethi we-intanethi abanakuze baphuhlise umlutha wesondo kwixesha langaphambi kwe-intanethi.

Amanqaku amabini esabhala:

Inkcazo ye-ASAM ye-Addiction: Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo (Agasti, 2011)

1. UMBUZO: Yintoni eyahlukileyo ngale ngcaciso intsha?

I MPENDULO:

Kwixesha elidlulileyo bekugxilwe kwizinto ezinxulunyaniswa nokuba likhoboka lotywala, iheroin, intsangu, okanye icocaine. Le ngcaciso intsha yenza kucace ukuba ukukhotyokiswa akukho malunga neziyobisi, koko buchopho. Asizozinto umntu azisebenzisayo ezimenza abe likhoboka; ayingobuninzi okanye amaxesha okusetyenziswa. Umlutha umalunga nento eyenzekayo kwingqondo yomntu xa evezwe kwizinto ezinomvuzo okanye iindlela zokuziphatha ezinomvuzo, kwaye imalunga nomvuzo wokujikeleza kwengqondo kunye nezakhiwo ezinxulumene nobuchopho kunokuba imalunga neekhemikhali zangaphandle okanye indlela yokuziphatha "evula" loo mvuzo. ukujikeleza. Siye saqaphela indima yenkumbulo, inkuthazo kunye neesekethe ezinxulumeneyo ekubonakalisweni kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwesi sifo.

2. UMBUZO: Yahluke njani le ngcaciso yokukhotyokiswa kwiinkcazo zangaphambili ezifana neDSM?

I MPENDULO:

Inkqubo yokuxilonga esemgangathweni ibe yi-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), epapashwe yi-American Psychiatric Association. Le ncwadana idwelisa amakhulu oxilongo lweemeko ezahlukeneyo, kunye neendlela apho umntu wenza ukuxilongwa. I-DSM isebenzisa igama elithi 'ukuxhomekeka kwiziyobisi' endaweni yokuba likhoboka. Ngokwenyani, besisebenzisa igama elithi 'ukuxhomekeka' ngokutshintshana nokuba likhoboka. Nangona kunjalo, iyabhida. Indlela ingcali yengqondo ethembele kuyo ibe ludliwano-ndlebe lwesigulana kunye nokuziphatha okubonakalayo ngaphandle. Igama elisetyenziswa rhoqo 'lelokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi'–abanye oogqirha basebenzisa eli gama ngokutshintshana nelithi 'ukukhotyokiswa' nto leyo ebangela ukubhideka. Ngoko ke, i-ASAM ikhethe ukucacisa umlutha ngokucacileyo, ngendlela echaza ngokuchanekileyo inkqubo yesifo esongezelela ngaphaya kokuziphatha okugqithisileyo njengeengxaki ezinxulumene neziyobisi.

Ukuhlelwa kwe-DSM epapashwe ukususela kwi-1980 kuye kwacaca ukuba indlela ye-DSM "yi-atheoretical" - ukuxilongwa akuxhomeki kwi-theory ethile yengqondo okanye i-theory of etiology (apho isifo sivela khona). I-DSM ijonga nje ukuziphatha onokukubona okanye iimpawu okanye amava ukuba isigulane sibika ngodliwano-ndlebe. Inkcazo ye-ASAM ye-addiction ayibandakanyi indima yezinto ezisingqongileyo kwi-addiction-izinto ezifana nommelwane okanye inkcubeko okanye ubuninzi boxinzelelo lwengqondo oluye lwafunyanwa ngumntu. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ijonga indima yengqondo kwi-etiology yokulutha-kwenzeka ntoni ngokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokujikeleza kwengqondo ethile enokuthi ichaze indlela yokuziphatha yangaphandle ebonwa kumlutha.

3. UMBUZO: Ibaluleke ngantoni le ngcaciso?

I MPENDULO:

Umlutha, phantse ngokuchazwa, kubandakanya ukungasebenzi kakuhle emntwini - inqanaba labo lokusebenza emsebenzini wabo, kusapho lwabo, esikolweni, okanye kuluntu ngokubanzi, luyatshintshwa. Abantu banokwenza zonke iintlobo zezinto ezingasebenziyo xa benomlutha. Ezinye zezi ziphatha ngokungafihlisiyo zichasene noluntu - ukwenza izinto ezithile kunokuba kukwaphulwa kwezithethe zasekuhlaleni kunye nemithetho yoluntu. Ukuba ubani ujonga nje ihambo yomntu okhotyokisiweyo, usenokubona umntu oxokayo, umntu oqhathayo, nomntu owaphula umthetho nobonakala engenamilinganiselo ilungileyo yokuziphatha. Impendulo yoluntu ibisoloko ikukohlwaya ezo ziphatho zichasene noluntu, kunye nokukholelwa ukuba umntu onomlutha, kwinqanaba labo, "ngumntu ombi."

Xa uqonda eyona nto yenzekayo ngokulutha, uyaqonda ukuba abantu abalungileyo banokwenza izinto ezimbi kakhulu, kwaye nokuziphatha kokulutha kuyaqondakala kumxholo wotshintsho ekusebenzeni kwengqondo. Ukukhotyokiswa asiyongxaki nje yasekuhlaleni okanye ingxaki yokuziphatha. Ubukhoboka bumalunga neengqondo, hayi nje ngokuziphatha.

4. UMBUZO: Kuba nje umntu enesifo sokukhobokisa, ngaba kufuneka akhululwe kulo lonke uxanduva lokuziphatha kwakhe?

I MPENDULO:

Hayi. Uxanduva lomntu lubalulekile kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, kuquka nendlela umntu ayigcina ngayo impilo yakhe. Kusoloko kusithiwa kwihlabathi elikhobokisayo, "Awunaxanduva ngesifo sakho, kodwa unoxanduva lokuchacha kwakho." Abantu abanomlutha kufuneka baqonde isigulo sabo kwaye ke, xa sele bengenile ekubuyiseni, bathathe amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukunciphisa ithuba lokubuyela kwimeko yesifo esisebenzayo. Abantu abanesifo seswekile kunye nesifo sentliziyo kufuneka bathathe uxanduva lobuqu ngendlela abalawula ngayo isigulo sabo-kwanjalo ke nakubantu abakhobokileyo.

Uluntu ngokuqinisekileyo lunelungelo lokugqiba ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokuziphatha ezikukwaphulwa okunzulu komnqophiso wentlalo phakathi koluntu oluthathwa njengezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Abantu abanobukhoboka banokwenza izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye banokuthwaliswa uxanduva kwezo zenzo kwaye bajongane nazo naziphi na iziphumo ezichazwe luluntu kwezo zenzo.

5. UMBUZO: Le ngcaciso intsha yokukhobokisa ibhekiselele kubukhoboka obubandakanya ukungcakaza, ukutya, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ngaba i-ASAM ikholelwa ngokwenene ukuba ukutya kunye nesondo likhoboka?

I MPENDULO:

Umlingo wokungcakaza uchazwe kakuhle kwiincwadi zenzululwazi kwiminyaka emininzi. Enyanisweni, ukushicilelwa kwangoko kwe-DSM (i-DSM-V) kuya kubhala uluhlu lokugembula kwinqanaba elifanayo kunye neengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Intsha entsha ye-ASAM ichaza ukuhamba ngokulingana nokuxhomekeka kwendalo, ngokuchaza indlela umlutha uhlobene ngayo nokuziphatha okuvuzayo. Elikuqala ngethuba i-ASAM ithathe isikhundla esisesikweni sokuba umlutha awukho "kuxhomekeke kwinto ethile".

Le ncazelo ithi ukuxhatshazwa ngokumalunga nokusebenza kunye nengqondo yesiphaluka kunye nokuba isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wobomi babantu abanomlutha bahluke njani kwisakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wabantu abangenalo umlutha. Ithetha ngomvuzo wesiphaluka kwingqondo kunye neesekethe ezihambelanayo, kodwa ugxininiso alukho kwimbuyekezo yangaphandle esebenza kwi-system reward. Ukutya kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunye nokuziphatha ngcakazo kuya kuhambelana "nokuphishekela ukufumana umvuzo" okuchazwe kule nkcazelo entsha yokulutha.

6. UMBUZO: Ngubani onomlutha wokutya okanye okhotyokiswa sisini? Bangaphi abantu aba? Wazi kanjani?

I MPENDULO:

Sonke sinomvuzo wokujikeleza kwengqondo esenza ukuba ukutya kunye nesondo kube nomvuzo. Enyanisweni, le yindlela yokuphila. Kwingqondo ephilileyo, le mivuzo ineendlela zempendulo zokuhlutha okanye 'okwaneleyo.' Kumntu onomlutha, i-circuitry iba yinto engasebenziyo kangangokuba umyalezo kumntu ngamnye ube 'ngakumbi', nto leyo ekhokelela ekusukeleni imivuzo kunye/okanye isiqabu ngokusebenzisa izinto kunye nokuziphatha. Ke, nabani na onomlutha usesichengeni sokutya kunye nokuba likhoboka lesondo.

Asinawo amanani achanekileyo okuba bangaphi abantu abachatshazelwa kukutya okanye ukukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo, ngakumbi. Sikholelwa ukuba kuya kubaluleka ukugxila kuphando ekuqokeleleni olu lwazi ngokuqaphela le miba yokulutha, enokuthi ibekho okanye ngaphandle kweengxaki ezinxulumene neziyobisi.

7. UMBUZO: Njengoko kukho inkqubo yoxilongo esele imiselwe kwinkqubo yeDSM, le nkcazo ayisayi kubabhida? Ngaba oku akukhuphisani nenkqubo yeDSM?

I MPENDULO:

Akukho mzamo apha wokukhuphisana neDSM. Olu xwebhu aluqulathanga iindlela zokuxilonga. Yinkcazelo yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Zombini le nkcazo echazayo kunye neDSM zinexabiso. I-DSM igxile kwimiboniso yangaphandle enokuthi ibonwe kwaye ubukho bayo bunokuqinisekiswa ngodliwano-ndlebe lweklinikhi okanye imibuzo emiselweyo malunga nembali yomntu kunye neempawu zabo. Le ngcaciso igxininisa ngakumbi kwinto eyenzekayo ebuchotsheni, nangona ikhankanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubonakala likhoboka kunye nendlela yokuziphatha ebonwa ngabantu abanomlutha iyaqondakala ngokusekwe kwinto eyaziwayo ngoku malunga neenguqu ezisisiseko ekusebenzeni kwengqondo.

Siyathemba ukuba inkcazo yethu entsha iya kukhokelela ekuqondeni ngcono inkqubo yesifo esiyi-biological, psychological, social and spiritual ekubonakalisweni kwayo. Kuya kuba bubulumko ukuxabisa ngcono ukuziphatha okukhobokisayo kuloo mxholo, ngaphaya koxilongo lokuXhomekeka kweSiyobisi okanye iziphazamiso zokuSetyenziswa kweZiyobisi.

8. UMBUZO: Ziziphi iimpembelelo kunyango, kwinkxaso-mali, kwipolisi, kwi-ASAM?

I MPENDULO:

Impembelelo enkulu yonyango kukuba asinako ukugcina ingqwalasela kwizinto kuphela. Kubalulekile ukugxila kwinkqubo yesifo esisisiseko kwingqondo ene-biological, psychological, intlalo kunye nokubonakaliswa kokomoya. Inguqulelo yethu ende yenkcazo entsha ichaza ezi nkcukacha ngakumbi. Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nee-arhente zenkxaso-mali kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo ukuba unyango kufuneka lufikeleleke kwaye lugxininise kuyo yonke imiba yokulutha kunye nokuziphatha okukhobokisayo kunonyango oluthile lweziyobisi, olunokuthi lube nesiphumo sokutshintsha ukuphishekela imivuzo kunye/okanye isiqabu ngokusebenzisa ezinye izinto kunye/ okanye ukubandakanyeka kwezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezikhobokisayo. Unyango olubanzi lokulutha lufuna ingqalelo ethe kratya kuzo zonke izinto ezisebenzayo nezinokubakho kunye nokuziphatha okunokuba likhoboka lomntu onomlutha. Kuqhelekile ukuba umntu afune uncedo lwento ethile kodwa uhlolo olubanzi luhlala lutyhila imbonakalo eninzi efihlakeleyo enokuthi ibekho kwaye ihlala iphoswa kwiinkqubo apho ugxininiso lonyango zizinto kuphela okanye izinto ezithile.