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Nat Neurosci. I-2010 Jun; 13 (6): 669-71. Epub 2010 ngoMeyi 16.

UChen JR, Asarnow RF, I-Sabb FW, Kwi-RM, I-Bookheimer SY, UKnowlton BJ, I-Poldrack RA.

imvelaphi

ISebe lezeengqondo, iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. [imeyile ikhuselwe]

Abstract

Umsebenzi odlulileyo ubonakalisile ukuba abantu abakwishumi elivisayo banokufumana uxinzelelo kwimbuyekezo, kodwa akwaziwa ukuba loluphi uphawu lwalo umvuzo ukuqhubekeka enoxanduva loku. Sahlule ixabiso lesigqibo kwaye wokuxela iimpazamo zibonisa ukuba ifunyenwe wokuxela Iimpawu zemposiso kwi-striatum ifunyenwe kwinqanaba lokufikisa, ngelixa imiqondiso yexabiso lesigqibo se-neural yahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwindlela ixabiso elibhalwe ngayo. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba i-dopaminergic yonyuswe wokuxela Impendulo yokuphendula inegalelo elivisayo umvuzo Ukufuna.

Ixesha lokufikisa lixesha elikhethekileyo kuphuhliso lwengqondo, olubonakaliswa kukhetho olunobungozi nezenzo xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana kunye nabantu abadala. Oku kunokubonakalisa ukukhula okusebenzayo kokuqala kwenkqubo ye-limbic affidence kunye neendlela zomvuzo ngokuthelekisa kwi-cortex yangaphambili¹, ukuze ulutsha lufikelele ekwenzeni izigqibo ezingalunganga kunye nokhetho olunobungozi rhoqo kunokubabini abantwana (engekawukhathaleli ngokupheleleyo umvuzo) nabantu abadala (abanolwazelelelo ngemivuzo, kodwa benesakhono sokusebenzisa amandla okuqhubela phambili kwimbuyekezo eqhutywa ngumvuzo).

Ngokwetheyibhile yesigqibo sokuziphatha, ukhetho luqhutywa lixabiso elinikwa ukhetho ngalunye (ixabiso lesigqibo)². Ixabiso lesigqibo libalwa yinkqubo ekwi-medial preortal cortex esebenza njengendlela eqhelekileyo yomelo lokubonisa³^,⁴. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze uziphathe ngokuguqukayo kwilizwe eliguqukayo okanye elinomsindo, la maxabiso kufuneka ahlaziywe ngokusekelwe kumava. Iimpawu zempazamo yokuxelwa komvuzo zibonakalisa umahluko phakathi kwexabiso elilindelekileyo lesenzo kunye nesiphumo sesenzo⁵, kwaye zifakwe ikhowudi ngumsebenzi we-phasic kwinkqubo ye-mesolimbic dopamine system⁶. Kwi-fMRI, zihlala zijongwa kwi-ventral striatum, zibonise ukuphuma kwe-dopaminergic (umzekelo, ⁷). Uhlobo lwempazamo yokuxela impazamo kubantwana okanye abakwishumi elivisayo ayaziwa. Abafikisayo banokuba neempendulo ze-hypersensitive striatal ekuzuzeni umvuzo⁸, nangona oku kufumana kungangqinelani⁹^,¹⁰. Sivavanye ukuba ingaba ulutsha luhambelana na notshintsho olwahlukileyo kwixabiso lesigqibo okanye imiqondiso yempazamo yokuqikelela, kusetyenziswa iparadigm yokufunda ngobuchule¹¹ (Ikhiwane. 1; yabona Iindlela zokuXhasa kwi-intanethi). Siqikelele zombini ixabiso lesigqibo kunye neempawu zempazamo yokuqikelela kwityala ngalinye ngexesha lokufunda kusetyenziswa imodeli yokufunda elula⁵. Sisebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-fMRI ye-parametric, sachonga imimandla yobuchopho impendulo yayo eyenziwe yaguqulwa ngokuhambelana nale miqondiso, kwaye savavanya indlela le mpendulo etshintshe ngayo kunye nobudala ukusuka ebuntwaneni ukuya ebuntombini. Siphonononge zombini iziphumo ezinemigca (ezibonakalisa imeko yokuvuthwa ngokubanzi okanye imeko yophuhliso) kunye neziphumo ze-quadratic (ezibonisa imiphumo ekhethekileyo yokufikisa) ngobudala. Lo msebenzi umele uviwo lokuqala lwezi zinto zokwenza izigqibo kuphuhliso lonke.

Uyilo lovavanyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba be-45 abasempilweni (abantwana be-18 abaneminyaka eyi-8-12, i-16 abakwishumi elivisayo abaneminyaka eyi-14-19, kunye nabantu abadala abadala be-11 abaneminyaka eyi-25-30) benza umsebenzi wokufunda we-probabilistic ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwe-fMRI. Kwafunyanwa imvume ebhaliweyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba ...

Ngokuziphatha kakuhle, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba baba zichanekile kwaye bakhawuleza uqeqesho ngoqeqesho olunokwenzeka, kodwa hayi ngesizathu esisebenzayo (sokunxibelelana F (5,210) = 9.85, P<0.0001 ngokuchanekileyo kunye F (5,210) = 6.60, P<0.0001 yamaxesha okuphendula; Itafile ezongezelelweyo 1 kwaye Ikhiwane. 1 kwi-intanethi). Ngobukrakra, bekukho umvuzo wokudibana x yobudala bamaxesha okuphendula (F (2,42) = 5.03, P = 0.01). Uvavanyo lwe-post-hoc lubonise ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo yayiye kuphela iminyaka yokuphendula ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza ukukhuthaza okunxulumana nemivuzo enkulu xa kuthelekiswa nemivuzo emincinci (t (15) = 3.24, P = 0.006; yabantwana t (17) = −0.32, P = 0.75 kunye nakubantu abadala t (10) = 1.90, P = 0.09).

Simodareyitha idatha ye-FMRI ukuvumela uqikelelo olwahlukileyo lweempendulo ze-neural kukhuthaze kunye nengxelo (Iindlela zokuXhasa kwaye Ikhiwane. 2 kwi-intanethi; Ingqondo ephangaleleyo yeyona nto iphambili ekuboneni inkuthazo kunye nokufumana ingxelo malunga neempendulo, yabona Iihagu Zokugqibela. I-3-4 kunye neeThebhile 2-3 kwi-intanethi). Siphonononge indlela ukunxibelelana kwe-neural neesibonakaliso zokwenza izigqibo-ezisekwe kwimodeli (ixabiso lesigqibo kunye nempazamo yokuxela) zihambelana njani nobudala.

Iziphumo zeMRI. (a) Imimandla ebonisa unxibelelwano kunye nobudala xa ulungisa kwinqanaba lobuchopho obupheleleyo ku-z> 2.3, P<0.05. Imimandla ye-striatal kunye ne-angular gyrus yayihambelana kakubi nobudala²; kuba isisi yobudala² ikhutshiwe ...

Siye sahlalutya imeko ye-quadratic kwimpazamo eqinisekileyo yokuxelwa kwempendulo saza sachonga imimandla emibini apho ulutsha lubonise impendulo ekulu mlinganiso xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela obudala-istriatum kunye ne-angular gyrus. Indawo ekwi-medial preortal cortex ibonise isiphumo esibi somqolo wobudala kwixabiso lesigqibo sokuvuselela, ukuze abathathi-nxaxheba abancinci babenomqondiso oqinisekileyo wesigqibo kulo mmandla xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba abadala; Lo mmandla unxulunyaniswe ngokuqatha nexabiso lokujolisa kumanqaku okuzimisela komsebenzi owedlule kubantu abadala (Umzobo 2a)¹². Ke ngoko, ngelixa impendulo kwimpendulo entle engalindelekanga ifikelelwe ebusheni, ubuntununtunu kwixabiso lokukhuthaza liye lehla ngokulandelelana ngokobudala (kwizicwangciso phakathi kobudala kunye nalinye lommandla ongentla wemidla [ROI], bona I-FigN eyongezelelweyo kwi-intanethi).

Ngenxa yokuba ixabiso lesigqibo likhula ngokufunda okuqhutywa yimpazamo kwimodeli, kuyamangalisa ukuba ixabiso lesigqibo libonisa indlela eyahlukileyo enxulumene nobudala kunempazamo yokuxela kwangaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokwakheka komsebenzi, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukhetho luqhutywa zezinye izinto ezingaphaya kokuqiniswa kokufunda (umz. Ukucacisa iziphumo sibaleke imodeli yesibini ebala ixabiso lesigqibo ngendlela yokudibanisa ngakumbi njengenxalenye yezilingo zangaphambili apho impendulo efanelekileyo yakhethwa kwisikhuthazo ngasinye (Lin, Adolphs & Rangel, engapapashwanga; Iindlela zokuXhasa kwi-intanethi). Sihlalutye amaxabiso eempazamo kusengaphambili kule modeli kwaye safumanisa ukuba zikhombise iziphumo zohlalutyo lwethu lwangaphambili, ibonisa imimandla kwi-striatum kunye ne-parietal cortex, kunye nemimandla yangaphambili yangaphambili yangaphambili, apho impendulo ye-neural kwimpazamo yokuqikelela ifikelele kwinqanaba lokufikisa. Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lesigqibo kule modeli lubonise ulwalamano kunye nolwalamano olungelulo phakathi kobudala kunye nomsebenzi we-neural kwimimandla eliqela, kubandakanya necortex yecarial yecarthal kunye ne-striatum (Imodeli eyongezelelweyo yeX. 6 kunye neTafile 5 kwi-intanethi). Uhlalutyo lwe-ROI (oluzimeleyo) oluzimeleyo lubonise ukuba impendulo ye-neural kwixabiso lesigqibo kule modeli yabonakala ikhula phakathi kobuntwana kunye nokufikisa, kodwa emva koko yahlulwa phakathi kobudala kunye nokuba mdala (I-FigN eyongezelelweyo kwi-intanethi). Ezi ziphumo zibonakalise ukuba impendulo yempazamo yokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwindawo yokufikisa yayiyeyona imodeli eyahlukeneyo, ngelixa utshintsho olunxulumene nobudala kwizibonakaliso zexabiso lesigqibo lwaluthande ukucaciswa kwemodeli.

Ngokusekwe kumsebenzi wangaphambili obonisa ukuba i-ventral striatum ijongeka ngokuthe gabalala kwingxelo elungileyo engalindelekanga, njengoko kuboniswa kwimodeli yokubonisa impazamo esekwe kwimodeli (umz.⁷), sivavanye ubunyani bendawo bempendulo ezinxulumene nesiphosiso kwisigaba ngasinye sobudala ngokwahlukeneyo kwi-anatomical ye-anatomyical ROI kubandakanya i-caudate ye-bilateal caudate, i-putamen, kunye ne-nucleus ye-nucleus isebenzisa imodeli yokuqinisa yasekuqaleni yokuqinisa (Umzobo 2b). Imimandla yokuma komhlaba inxulumene kakhulu nempazamo yokuxela kwangaphambili ayizange igqithe kulutsha nakubantu abadala. Ngelixa abantu abadala kolu phando babenomsebenzi kwindawo yecriatal yommandla obonwa rhoqo kwizifundo behlola impazamo yokuqikelela kubantu abadala, ulutsha luye lwenza into engakumbi kwingingqi eyayiyo. Abantwana abanamsebenzi kwi-striatum enxulumene nempazamo yokuxela kwangaphambili.

Iziphumo zethu zandisa iziphumo zangaphambili zonyuselo olunxulumene nomvuzo kwizinto ezinxulumene nomvuzo ngexesha lokufikisa⁸ ngokubonisa ukuba oku kufunyanisiweyo kuchaziweyo kwisiphosiso, ngokuthelekiswa neempawu zoqingqo-maxabiso. Umahluko ophuhlisayo ekuphenduleni kwempazamo yesimo esibonakalayo unokubonakalisa umahluko kwi-phasic dopamine signaling¹³. Ukuba kuchanekile, oku kunika inkcazo ngokuthe ngqo yendlela yokuziphatha eyingozi yokufuna umvuzo exhonywa rhoqo kulutsha. Ukuziphatha okunyisayo okuyingozi xa ufikisa kunokubonisa ukubakho kokuziva unciphile kwiziphumo ezibi ezinokubakho okanye ukwanda kovakalelo kwiziphumo ezinokubakho. Sikholelwa ukuba idatha yethu iyahambelana neyokugqibela: oko kukuthi, imiqondiso yempazamo yokuxelwa kwangaphambili (ukubonakalisa ngokucacileyo uphawu lwe-phasic dopamine) bonisa ifuthe elikhulu kwiziphumo ezilungileyo¹⁴, ecetywayo ukuba ikhokelele ekukhuthazeni ukunyusa iziphumo (kwaye ke ukuthatha umngcipheko omkhulu). Ke ngoko, impendulo eyimpazamo yedopaminergic yokuqikelela kulutsha inokubangela ukonyuka kokufuna-umvuzo, ngakumbi xa kudityaniswa nenkqubo yolawulo yobuntwana obudala.¹.

Iziphumo ezifumanekayo zinokusikhanyisela ukuba kutheni izifundo zangaphambili ziye zavelisa iziphumo ezingahambelani nobudala ekuqhubeni umvuzo. Okokuqala, ayizizo zonke izifundo ezithelekisa abafikisayo bobabini kubantwana nakubantu abadala, okuthetha ukuba kungenzeka ukuba ubudlelwane bezolwalamano kunye noludala alunakuqatshelwa. Ngapha koko, inkcazo "yokufikisa" ayikangqinelani kwizifundo zonke. Okwesibini, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba umsebenzi wokufunda wobuchule obusebenzisa apha wawungeyonto inobungozi yokwenza isigqibo ngesethi, ke ngoko yahlukile kwimisebenzi esetyenziswe kumvuzo nasekuthathweni koncwadi ngomngcipheko. Okwesithathu, iziphumo zethu zicebisa ukuba ukuqonda okufanelekileyo kwenguqu yophuhliso ekusebenzeni kwembuyekezo kufuna ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezisekwe kwimodeli kunye nokubola kwamacandelo olingo (ukukhuthaza, ukukhetha, kunye nengxelo).

Iya iqonda ngakumbi into yokuba ixesha lokufikisa lixesha elikhethekileyo kuphuhliso lwengqondo, kwaye indlela yokuziphatha enomngcipheko, efuna umvuzo eyenzeka ngeli xesha ingakhokelela ekuwohlokeni nasekufeni, kubandakanya ukufa ngengozi nokuqala kobukhoboka iziyobisi. Ke, ukuqonda isiseko se-neural sokuthathwa kwesigqibo sokufikisa kulucelomngeni olunzima. Umsebenzi okhoyo ngoku ucebisa ukuba umntu onegalelo ekufuneni umvuzo kwishumi elivisayo kunokuba ubukho beempawu eziphuculweyo zokuxela kwangaphambili, ezinikezela inqaku ekujolise kulo kwizifundo ezizayo zeli xesha libalulekileyo kuphuhliso.

Izinto ezongezelelweyo

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Cofa apha ukujonga.^{(2.9M, pdf)}

Imibulelo

Olu phando luxhaswe yi-National Institute of Mental Health (5R24 MH072697), iZiko leSizwe lokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (i-5F31 DA024534), iMcDonnell Foundation, kunye neDella Martin Foundation.

Imihlathi

Umbhali Wemivuzo I-JRC incedise uyilo lovavanyo, yaqhuba ukufunyanwa kwedatha kunye nohlalutyo, kwaye yabhala lo mbhalo-ngqangi. I-RFA, i-RMB, kunye ne-SYB ziyile iimvavanyo. I-FWS inegalelo ekufumanekeni kwedatha. I-BJK kunye ne-RAP ziyile izilingo kwaye zanceda ukubhala umbhalo obhaliweyo.

Ukugqithisa inzala Ababhali bavakalise ukuba abanakukhuphiswano lwezemali.

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