Ukukhula koBuchule boBuchule kunye ne-Cortical Folding: Ubungqina bokuNcitshiswa kwi-Gyrification (2014)

I-PLoS Inye. I-2014; I-9 (1): e84914.

Ipapashwe kwi-Intanethi ngoJan 15, 2014. doi:  10.1371 / journal.pone.0084914
PMCID: PMC3893168
UMaurice Ptito, uMhleli

Abstract

Ubungqina obuvela kwizifundo ze-anatomical kunye ne-imaging esebenzayo ziqaqambise uhlengahlengiso olukhulu lweesekethe ze-cortical ngexesha lokufikisa. Ezi ziquka ukunciphisa i-gray matter (GM), ukwanda kwi-myelination yoxhumo lwe-cortico-cortical kunye noshintsho kwisakhiwo se-cortical network networks. Okwangoku akukacaci, nangona kunjalo, ukuba iinkqubo eziqhubekayo zophuhliso zinefuthe njani ekusongweni kwe-cerebral cortex kunye nokuba utshintsho kwi-gyrification lunxulumana njani nokuvuthwa kwe-GM/WM-volume, ubukhulu kunye nommandla womphezulu. Kuphononongo lwangoku, sifumene idatha ye-high-resolution (i-3 Tesla) ye-imaging resonance imaging (MRI) evela kwizifundo ezisempilweni ze-79 (i-34 yamadoda kunye ne-45 yabasetyhini) phakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 kunye ne-23 iminyaka kwaye yenze uhlalutyo lwengqondo epheleleyo yeepateni zokugoqa ze-cortical. isalathisi se-gyrification (GI). Ukongeza kwii-GI-values, sifumene uqikelelo lobukhulu be-cortical, indawo ephezulu, i-GM kunye ne-white matter (WM) umthamo ovumela ulungelelwaniso kunye notshintsho kwi-gyrification. Idatha yethu ibonisa ukuncitshiswa okuxeliweyo kunye nokuxhaphakileyo kwe-GI-values ​​ngexesha lokufikisa kwimimandla emininzi ye-cortical ebandakanya indawo yangaphambili, yexesha kunye neendawo zangaphambili. Ukuncipha kwi-gyrification kuhambelana kuphela ngokuyinxenye kunye notshintsho kubukhulu, umthamo kunye nomphezulu we-GM kwaye zibonakaliswe ngokubanzi nge-linear development trajectory. Idatha yethu icebisa ukuba ukuncitshiswa okubonwayo kumaxabiso e-GI kubonisa uhlengahlengiso olongezelelweyo, olubalulekileyo lwe-cortex ye-cerebral ngexesha lokuvuthwa kobuchopho obunokuthi bube bunxulumene nophuhliso lwengqondo.

intshayelelo

Umsebenzi omkhulu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo uye wabalaselisa ukubaluleka kokufikisa kokuqhubeka nokuvuthwa kweesekethe zecortical. [1]-[3]. Ukuqala ngokuqwalaselwa kukaHuttenlocher [4] Ukuncipha okuphawulweyo kwinani labafowunelwa be-synaptic, izifundo ze-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) zibonise ukuhla okucacileyo kumthamo kunye nobukhulu begrey (GM) [5], [6]. Ngokwahlukileyo, inani le-white matter (WM) libonakaliswe ukuba liyenyuka ngenxa yokuphuculwa kwe-myelination yoxhumo lwe-cortico-cortical. [7]-[10]. Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba uhlengahlengiso kwi-GM/WM lunwenwela kwishumi leminyaka lesithathu lobomi [11], [12] kunye nokubandakanya utshintsho kwintlangano enkulu yothungelwano lwe-anatomical kunye nokusebenza [13]. Ezi ziphumo zibonelele ngombono wenoveli ngokubaluleka kokufikisa njengexesha elibalulekileyo lokukhula kwengqondo yomntu enokuthi ibambe imikhondo ebalulekileyo yokuvela kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, okufana ne-schizophrenia, edla ngokubonakala ngexesha lotshintsho ukusuka ebusheni ukuya ebuntwini obukhulu. [14], [15].

Ngelixa ukuguqulwa komthamo we-GM/WM kuye kwaphawulwa ngokubanzi, kukho ubungqina obuncinane obukhoyo kwiinguqu zokukhula ekusongekeni komphezulu we-cortical. I-cerebral cortex ebantwini inesinye seempawu zayo ezahlukileyo, ipateni yokusonga edideke kakhulu ekhokelela kumphezulu wecortical owandiswe kakhulu. Umzekelo, ummandla womphezulu wecortex yomntu ngokomyinge ngokomyinge mkhulu ngokuphindwe kalishumi kunenkawu yenkawu kodwa ubukhulu becala buphindwe kabini kuphela. [16]. Ukwanda kwe-cortical surface ebantwini kunokuhambelana nokuvela kwemisebenzi ephezulu yokuqonda ngenxa yenani elikhulu le-neurons kunye ne-cortico-cortical uxhumano olunokuthi luthathelwe.

Kukho ubungqina bokuba ipateni yokusonga i-cortical ixhomekeke kutshintsho lophuhliso. Emva kweenyanga ezi-5 kwi-utero, i-cortical folds ibonakala kwaye iqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ubuncinane ukuya kunyaka wokuqala wokubeleka. [17]. Ngexesha lokukhula komntwana, iqondo le-gyrification liyanda kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kucingelwa ukuba lizinzile emva koko. Uhlalutyo lwe-Post-mortem ngu-Armstrong et al. [18], nangona kunjalo, ibone ukugqithiswa okubalulekileyo kwi-cortical folding de kube ngunyaka wokuqala olandelwa kukunciphisa kude kube ngumntu omdala.

Oku kufunyanisiweyo kuxhaswa luphononongo lwamva nje lwe-MRI oluphande amaxabiso e-GI ngexesha lokuvuthwa kwengqondo. URaznahan et al. [19] ubonise ukwehla kwehlabathi kwi-gyrification ngexesha lokufikisa. Kutshanje, uMutlu et al. [20] ibonise ukuba ixabiso le-GI lehlile phakathi kwe-6-29 yeminyaka yobudala kwi-cortices yangaphambili kunye ne-parietal ehambelana nedatha evela ku-Su kunye noogxa. [21] osebenzise indlela inoveli yokulinganisa i-gyrification kwisampulu encinci yabantwana kunye nabafikisayo. Ekugqibeleni, idatha nguHogstrom et al. [22] cebisa ukuba ukuguqulwa kwe-gyrification kuqhubeke kude kube mdala.

Kuphononongo lwangoku, siye safuna ukubonisa ngokucacileyo uphuhliso lwe-gyrification ngexesha lokufikisa ngokuphanda amaxabiso e-GI yobuchopho kwi-MRI-data. Ukongezelela, sifumene i-GM-parameters (ubukhulu be-cortical, umthamo kunye nommandla wendawo) kunye noqikelelo lwe-WM-volume ukumisela ubudlelwane phakathi kweenguqu ezixhomekeke kwiminyaka yobudala kwi-gyrification kunye ne-GM / WM parameters. Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuncitshiswa okuxhaphakileyo kumaxabiso e-GI okwenzeka ngokudlulayo kodwa nakwiindawo ezahlukileyo zotshintsho lweGM, njengakwimimandla yangaphambili, yethutyana kunye nephambili, eqaqambisa uhlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo lwe-anatomical ye-cerebral cortex ngexesha lokufikisa.

Impahla nenkqubo

nxaxheba

Abathathi-nxaxheba be-85 abasekunene (amadoda angama-36 kunye nabasetyhini be-49) phakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 kunye ne-23 iminyaka baqeshwe kwizikolo eziphakamileyo zendawo kunye neYunivesithi yaseGoethe eFrankfurt kwaye bahlolwe ubukho beengxaki zengqondo, ukugula kwe-neurological kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. Imvume ebhaliweyo ifunyenwe kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Kubathathi-nxaxheba abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18, imvume ebhaliweyo yanikwa ngabazali babo. Ibhetri yovavanyo lweHamburger-Wechsler (HAWI-E/K) [23], [24] yenziwe. Abathathi-nxaxheba abathandathu babengabandakanywanga imbangela yokungabikho okanye engaphelelanga i-MRI-data. Uphononongo lwavunywa yibhodi yokuziphatha yeGoethe-University Frankfurt.

Ukufunyanwa kwedatha ye-MR

Imifanekiso ye-resonance magnetic resonance yafunyanwa nge-3-Tesla Siemens Trio scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), kusetyenziswa ikhoyili yentloko ye-CP yosasazo lweRF kunye nolwamkelo lomqondiso. Sisebenzise i-T1-weighted three-dimensional (3D) Magnetization Prepared Rapid Acquisition Gradient Echo (MPRAGE) ulandelelwano kunye nezi parameters zilandelayo: ukuphindaphinda ixesha (TR): 2250 ms., ixesha le-echo (TE): 2.6 ms., indawo yokujonga (FOV): 256×256 mm3, izilayi: 176 kunye nobukhulu be-voxel ye-1 × 1 × 1.1 mm3.

Ukwakhiwa ngokutsha komphezulu

Idatha ye-MRI iqhutywe kunye nomphezulu kunye nombhobho wevolumu ye-FreeSurfer-software version 5.1.0 (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu) [25], [26] kunye noqikelelo lwe-cortical thickness, i-GM- kunye ne-WM- umthamo, indawo ye-cortical surface, i-3-D yendawo ye-gyrification Index (lGI) kunye noqikelelo lwe-intracranial volume (eTIV) yafunyanwa. Umbhobho oqhelekileyo weFreeSurfer walandelwa kwaye iindawo zakhiwe ngokutsha ngokuzenzekelayo zahlolwa ukuchaneka kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, ungenelelo lwezandla usebenzisa izixhobo zokulungisa iFreeSurfer zasetyenziswa.

Ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kubandakanya ukuguqulwa kweTalairach, ukulungiswa kwentshukumo, ukunyanzeliswa kokuqina, ukususwa kwezicubu zobuchopho, ukwahlulahlula kunye ne-tessellation yomda wegrey kunye nomhlophe, ukulungiswa kwe-topology ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokuguqulwa komhlaba kwaye kuchazwe ngokubanzi kwenye indawo. [25], [27]-[29]. Ukongeza, ukubhaliswa kwe-atlas engqukuva, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye ne-gyral / sulcal based parcellation ye-cortical surface yenzelwe uhlalutyo lwabantu ngabanye oluye lwavelisa iindawo ze-cortical ezingama-33 kwi-hemisphere. [30].

Ubukhulu beCortical, i-Cortical Surface Area kunye ne-GM-volume

Ubukhulu beCortical babulinganiswe njengomgama phakathi komda we-WM kunye ne-GM-matter surface kwindawo nganye (i-vertex) kumphezulu owenziwe itesselated. [27]. Iimephu zommandla weCortical surface zenziwe ngoqikelelo lwendawo kanxantathu ngamnye kwitessellation yomphezulu esemgangathweni [31]. Uqikelelo lwendawo lwenziwe imephu yabuyela kwindawo yekhorothi yomntu ngokubhaliswa kweatlasi engqukuva. [32]. Oku kuvelise uqikelelo lwe-vertex-by-vertex yokwandiswa kwendawo okanye ukucinezelwa [33]. Uqikelelo lwe-GM-volume luthathwe kwimilinganiselo yobukhulu be-cortical kunye nommandla ojikeleze i-vertex ehambelanayo kumphezulu we-cortical. [34].

Isalathiso se-3-D sendawo yokujija (lGI)

I-3-D lGI yabalwa [35] esele iqeshwe kwizifundo ze-MR zangaphambili [36], [37]. Ngamafutshane, i-lGI ibandakanya ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwe-3-D yomphezulu wecortical apho iqondo le-gyrification lichazwa njengobungakanani bomphezulu we-cortex ongcwatywe phakathi kwee-sulcal folds xa kuthelekiswa nobungakanani becortex ebonakalayo kwimimandla ejikelezayo yomdla. [38]. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, umphezulu wangaphandle ononxantathu osonge ngokuqinileyo umphezulu wepiyali wenziwa ngenkqubo yokuvala ye-morphological. Emva kokuguqula umnatha wepiyali ube ngumthamo wokubini, sisebenzise ububanzi obuyi-15 mm ukuvala eyona sulci iphambili yokuvelisa ingqukuva. [35]. Ekudaleni ummandla ojikelezayo womdla (ROI), sikhetha iradiyasi eyi-25 mm ukubandakanya ngaphezulu kwe-sulcus enye ukufumana isisombululo esisiso. [38]. Amaxabiso okuqala e-lGI e-vertex achazwa njengomlinganiselo phakathi komphezulu we-ROI yangaphandle kunye nomphezulu kumphezulu wepiyali. Uthelekiso lweenkcukacha-manani, amaxabiso e-lGI angaphandle afakwe kwimaphu ebuyela kwisixokelelwano solungelelwaniso esiye sanciphisa ukungahambi kakuhle kwesulcal phakathi kwabantu. [35].

WM-umthamo

Umthamo wommandla we-WM ongaphantsi kwemimandla ye-GM-region ye-cortical yaqikelelwa. I-voxel yomcimbi ngamnye omhlophe yayibhalwe kwi-cortical GM-voxel ekufutshane kunye nomda womgama we-5 mm okhokelela kwi-33 WM-volumes ye-33 gyral ebhalwe kwiindawo ze-GM. [39] ethe yasetyenziswa kwizifundo zangaphambili [9], [40].

Umthamo oqikelelweyo we-intracranial (eTIV)

Uqikelelo lwe-intracranial Volume (eTIV) kumbhobho we-FreeSurfer luthatyathwe kwinkqubo ye-atlas normalization. Ngokusebenzisa i-Atlas Scaling Factor (ASF), emele i-volume-scaling factor to match umntu ngamnye kwithagethi ye-atlas, ukubalwa kwe-eTIV nganye kwenziwa. [41].

Uhlalutyo lweSatisati

Amanyathelo ohlalutyo ashwankathelwe Umzobo 1. Imiphezulu yeehemispheres zasekunene nezasekhohlo zabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-79 banikwa i-avareji kwaye umphezulu ngamnye waphinda waphinda wavavanywa waba ngumndilili wenkqubo yolungelelwaniso lwespherical. Ukwandisa umqondiso kwireyishini yengxolo, sisebenzise i-20 mm ububanzi obugcweleyo kwisiqingatha esiphezulu (FWHM) ukugudisa uqikelelo lwe-cortical thick, i-GM- volume kunye ne-cortical surface area kunye ne-5 mm FWHM ye-lGI.

Umzobo 1 

Uhlalutya aManyathelo e-lGI-Values ​​kunye noNxibelelwano kunye ne-Anatomical Parameters (GM / WM-volume, i-Cortical Surface Area kunye ne-Cortical Thickness).

Kwinqanaba lokuqala, siphande i-lGI-values ​​yengqondo epheleleyo, ubukhulu be-cortical, indawo ye-cortical surface kunye nomthamo we-GM kuhlalutyo lwe-vertex-by-vertex. I-General Linear Model (GLM) yaqeshwa ukuhlalutya umphumo weminyaka yobudala kwiiparitha ezahlukeneyo ze-anatomical (lGI, ubukhulu be-cortical, indawo ye-cortical surface kunye ne-GM-volume). Lonke uhlalutyo lwenziwa ngelixa kulawulwa iziphumo zesini kunye ne-ETIV. Sisebenzise indlela yokufumanisa ubuxoki (FDR) [42] ukulungisa uthelekiso oluninzi kunye nekhrayitheriya yobukhulu be-cortical, indawo ephezulu kunye ne-GM-volume ye-q 0.05 kunye ne-q 0.005 yoqikelelo lwe-lGI. Uluhlu oluhlukeneyo lwemibango lwamanani lwakhethwa ngenxa yokusasazeka, utshintsho oluxhomekeke kwiminyaka yobudala kumaxabiso e-lGI xa kuthelekiswa nobukhulu be-cortical, indawo ye-cortical surface kunye ne-GM-volume. Ukongeza sihlalutye iminyaka2 kunye nobudala3 iziphumo zazo zonke iiparamitha ze-anatomical ezazilawulwa ngenxa yempembelelo yobudala, isini kunye ne-ETIV.

Ukufumana uqikelelo lobungakanani bendawo, sikhethe ii-vertices ezinamaxabiso amakhulu e-lGI kunye nolungelelwaniso lwazo lweTalairach kwaye sasebenzisa umsebenzi ozenzekelayo we-mri_surfcluster kwiFreeSurfer (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/mri_surfcluster). Ukongeza, Cohen's d [43] yafunyanwa kwiindawo zobuchopho kunye neenguqu ezinkulu ezixhomekeke kwiminyaka ngokuthelekisa phakathi kwemilinganiselo ephakathi komncinci (iminyaka: 12-14, n = 13) kunye neqela elidala labathathi-nxaxheba (iminyaka: 21-23, n = 18). Ubungakanani beziphumo buxelwe kwiintsomi zemifanekiso.

Kwinqanaba lesibini, sihlolisise i-Pearson coefficients coefficients phakathi kwe-lGI-exhomekeke kwiminyaka kunye noshintsho kwi-cortical thickness, indawo ye-cortical surface kunye ne-GM / WM-volume. Ukubandakanya idatha ye-WM-volume, uhlalutyo lwengingqi olusekelwe kwipasela lwenziwa. Ii-vertices ezine ukusuka kwi-vertex-by-vertex kuhlalutyo lwe-hemisphere kunye neziphumo ezichaziweyo ze-lGI yobudala (umda wezibalo p<10-4) babelwa kwiindawo ezisekelwe kwi-FreeSurfs gyral [30] kunye neelebhile ezihambelanayo zithetha ubukhulu be-cortical, i-GM / WM-volume kunye ne-cortical surface area yakhutshwa.

iziphumo

I-Vertex-by-vertex ihlalutya utshintsho oluxhomekeke kwiminyaka kwi-lGI

Amaxabiso e-lGI anciphe ngobudala kumaqela e-12 ngakwesobunxele kunye namaqela e-10 kwi-hemisphere yasekunene (FDR kwi-0.005) (Umzobo 2 kwaye And3,3, 1 Table). Iindawo zobuchopho ezinokunciphisa okukhulu kwe-lGI zaye zabekwa kwindawo yasekhohlo yangaphambili (ubungakanani bendawo = 22211.63 mm2, p = 10-8.42, BA 6 kunye ne-7), ekhohlo iphezulu-ngaphambili (ubungakanani bendawo = 3804.76 mm2, p = 10-5.69, BA 10), ekhohlo ngaphantsi-kwexeshana (ubungakanani bendawo = 2477.53 mm2, p = 10-4.61, BA 19, 20 kunye ne-37), ekhohlo i-lateral-orbitofrontal (ubungakanani bendawo = 1834.36 mm2, p = 10-4.45, BA 47 kunye ne-11) kunye ne-cortex yasekunene yangaphambili (ubungakanani bendawo = 12152.39 mm2, p = 10-7.47, BA 6 kunye ne-7), i-pars triangularis yasekunene (ubungakanani bendawo = 271.76 mm2, p = 10-4.57, BA 10 kunye ne-46), i-rostral-middlefrontal yasekunene (ubungakanani bendawo = 1200.69 mm2, p = 10-4.57, BA 9) kunye ne-parietal ephezulu (ubungakanani bendawo = 1834.36 mm2, p = 10-4.26, BA 19 kunye nama-39). Akukho ziphumo zibalulekileyo zesini zifunyenwe kwiinguqu kwi-lGI-values ​​kwi-FDR kwi-0.005 kunye nokunciphisa okunxulumene nobudala kwi-gyrification elandelwayo (cubic) trajectories (Umzobo 3).

Umzobo 2 

I-Whole-Brain Analyses ye-Local Gyrification Index (lGI) ngexesha lokufikisa.
Umzobo 3 

Ukusasaza iindawo zobuchopho ezisithoba ezinonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kweminyaka yobudala kunye namaxabiso e-lGI.
1 Table 

Ukwehla okuNxulumene nobudala kwi-Gyrification.

I-Vertex-by-vertex ihlalutya utshintsho oluxhomekeke kwiminyaka yobudala kwi-Cortical Thickness, i-GM-Volume kunye ne-Cortical Surface Area

Ubukhulu beCortical yehle kakhulu kwindawo ephezulu-yangaphambili (ubungakanani bendawo = 2608.63 mm2, p = 10-7.13, BA 6, 8 kunye ne-9) kunye ne-rostral-middle-frontal (ubungakanani bendawo = 12859.08 mm2, p = 10-6.08, BA 11, 44, 45 kunye ne-46) i-cortices kwi-hemisphere yasekhohlo nakwi-cluster yangaphambili kwi-hemisphere yasekunene (ubungakanani bendawo = 14735.38 mm2, p = 10-6.16, BA 6, 44 kunye nama-45) (Umzobo 4). Ukuncipha kobukhulu becortical kunokuchazwa ngecubic trajectory (R2 = 0.191 kwi-rostral-middle-frontal ekhohlo, R2 = 0.126 kwindawo ekhohlo ephezulu-phambili kunye ne-R2  = 0.134 kumaqela asekunene angaphambili). Ngaphezu koko, sifumene ukuxhomekeka kobudala, ukuncipha kwe-bilateral kwi-GM-volume eyayibekwe kwindawo ephezulu-yangaphambili (ubungakanani bendawo = 45212.15 mm2, p = 10-7.60, BA 6, 8 kunye ne-9) lobe kwi-hemisphere yasekhohlo kunye ne-pars orbitalis (ubungakanani bendawo = 19200.11 mm2, p = 10-6.68, BA 44, 45 kunye ne-47) kunye ne-inferior-parietal (ubungakanani bendawo = 16614.72 mm2, p = 10-5.03 I-BA 19 kunye ne-39) ilobe ye-hemisphere yasekunene (Umzobo 4). Ukucuthwa komthamo weGM kulandele imikhondo yecubic (R2 = 0.132 kwindawo ekhohlo ephezulu-phambili, R2 = 0.185 kwi-pars yasekunene orbitalis kunye ne-R2 = 0.204 kumaqela e-parietal angaphantsi ngasekunene).

Umzobo 4 

Ukuthelekiswa kotshintsho olunxulumene nobudala phakathi kwe-GM-Volume, ukutyeba kweCortical, indawo ye-Cortical Surface kunye ne-Gyrification.

Kummandla ongaphezulu, sifumene ukunciphisa okubalulekileyo kwi-precentral (ubungakanani bendawo = 2296.99 mm2, p = 10-9.64, BA 4), caudal medium frontal (ubungakanani bendawo = 609.mm2, p = 10-6.03, BA 6) kunye ne-supramarginal (ubungakanani bendawo = 1647.24 mm2, p = 10-4.88, BA 22) amaqela kwi-hemisphere yasekhohlo. Ummandla ongaphezulu wehla kwi-hemisphere yasekunene kakhulu kwi-precentral (ubungakanani bendawo = 1371.37 mm2, p = 10-6.34, BA 4), i-parietal engaphantsi (ubungakanani bendawo = 1248.36 mm2, p = 10-5.99, BA 7) kunye ne-parietal ephezulu (ubungakanani bendawo = 652.77 mm2, p = 10-4.11, BA 7) iintambo (Umzobo 4). Ukuncitshiswa kwendawo engaphezulu kuchazwe kakuhle yi-cubic trajectory (R2 = 0.095 kumbindi wasekhohlo, R2 = 0.026 ekhohlo i-caudal-middle frontal, R2 = 0.024 ekhohlo i-supramarginal, R2 = 0.116 ihemisphere yasekunene, R2 = 0.156 ilungelo eliphezulu-parietali kunye ne-R2  = 0.046 kumaqela asekunene angaphambili). Akukho miphumo ebalulekileyo yesini efunyenweyo kutshintsho kwi-cortical thickness, i-GM-volume kunye nommandla wendawo kwi-FDR kwi-0.005

Unxulumano phakathi kweGyrification, ukutyeba kweCortical, iNdawo yoMphezulu kunye neGM/WM-Volume

Ukuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwee-lGI-values ​​kunye noshintsho kwi-GM / WM, iindawo ze-8 ezinotshintsho olukhulu oluxhomekeke kwiminyaka yobudala kwi-gyrification zikhethiwe kwaye ixabiso le-lGI lihambelana nobukhulu be-cortical, indawo ye-cortical surface kunye ne-GM / WM-Volume (Umzobo 5, 2 Table). Sifumene ulungelelwaniso olukhulu nolulungileyo phakathi kommandla we-cortical surface kunye ne-GM-volume kunye ne-lGI-values. Ubudlelwane obunjalo abuzange bufunyanwe kunxulumano phakathi kobukhulu be-cortical kunye noqikelelo lwe-lGI. Ukunyuka kwevolumu ye-WM kubonise ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo nangona bubuthathaka kunomthamo we-GM kunye nommandla ongaphezulu kunye ne-gyrification eyandisiweyo kwimimandla engaphambili kunye ne-parietal cortex.

Umzobo 5 

Ngokusekwe kwilebhile yeFreeSurfers Desikan, imimandla esibhozo enomdla (ROI's) yakhethwa ukuhlalutya ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-lGI, ukutyeba kweCortical, iGM-volume, iCortical Surface Area kunye neWM-volume.
2 Table 

Unxulumano phakathi kwe-lGI-Values ​​ephakathi kunye nokutyeba, i-WM-, i-GM-Volume kunye neNdawo yoMphezulu.

Ubudlelwane obungenamda phakathi koTshintsho kwiParameters ye-Anatomical kunye nobudala: I-Vertex-by-Vertex Analyses

lGI

Sifumene i-16 (i-hemisphere yasekhohlo) kunye ne-7 Clusters (i-hemisphere) apho ubudala2 kunye ne-lGI bezinxulunyaniswa kakubi (Umfanekiso weS1). Ubudala obunamandla 2 Iziphumo kwi-lGI zenziwa zasekhaya kwindawo ekhohlo ephezulu-ngaphambili (ubungakanani bendawo = 2147.01 mm2, p = 10-5.48, BA 8, 9 kunye ne-10), ekhohlo i-parietal ephezulu (ubungakanani bendawo = 5233.35 mm2, p = 10-4.51, BA 1, 2, 3, kunye ne-4) kunye ne-pericalcarine yasekhohlo (ubungakanani bendawo = 243.34 mm2, p = 10-3.80, BA 17) amaqela. Kwi-hemisphere elungileyo, iziphumo zabonwa kwindawo yangaphambili (ubungakanani bendawo = 1165.59 mm2, p = 10-4.81, BA 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6), postcentral (ubungakanani bendawo = 465.07 mm2, p = 10-3.53, BA 1, 2 kunye ne-3) kunye nakwii-cortices ezingaphezulu (ubungakanani bendawo = 330.55 mm2, p = 10-3.48, BA 8).

Iziphumo zeCubic yobudala kwi-lGI zifunyenwe kwi-18 (i-hemisphere yasekhohlo) kunye ne-7 Clusters (i-hemisphere yasekunene). Imimandla eneempembelelo ezinamandla kakhulu zecubic yafakwa kwindawo enkulu ephezulu-yangaphambili (ubungakanani bendawo = 5598.96 mm2, p = 10-6.54, BA 8, 9, 10, 11, 45, 46 kunye ne-47), i-parietal ephezulu (ubungakanani bendawo = 11513.02 mm2, p = 10-6.11, BA 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 kunye ne-9) kunye ne-pericalcarine (ubungakanani bendawo = 292.35 mm2, p = 10-3.73, BA 17) cluster for the left hemisphere. Kwi-hemisphere elungileyo, iminyaka eyomeleleyo ye-cubic kunye nobudlelwane be-lGI bufunyenwe kwi-precentral (ubungakanani bendawo = 5862.33 mm2, p = 10-5.52, BA 6, 4, 5, kunye ne-7), i-caudal-middlefrontal (ubungakanani bendawo = 503.66 mm2, p = 10-3.56, BA 8 kunye ne-9) kunye neqela lexesha eliphakathi (ubungakanani bendawo = 152.44 mm2, p = 10-2.98, BA 21).

GMW

ubudala2 iziphumo kwi-GMV zivalelwe kwi-hemisphere yasekhohlo (Umfanekiso weS2). Iziphumo ezinamandla kakhulu zabonwa kwiindawo ezandisiweyo ze-pars opercularis (ubungakanani bendawo = 630.89 mm2, p = 10-4.35, BA 13, 44 kunye ne-45), i-paracentral (ubungakanani bendawo = 495.23 mm2, p = 10-4.11, BA 4, 6 kunye ne-31) kunye ne-parietal engaphantsi (ubungakanani bendawo = 144.45 mm2, p = 10-3.71, BA 39 kunye ne-22) ii-cortices.

Iziphumo zeCubic yobudala kwi-GMV zibekwe kwii-cortices ze-3 kwi-hemisphere yasekhohlo. Iqela elinye kwiindawo ezingasemva ze-gyrus cinguli (ubungakanani bendawo = 175.00 mm2, p = 10-4.55, BA 31), inxalenye ye-gyrus inferior frontalis-pars opercularis- (ubungakanani bendawo = 124.78 mm2, p = 10-4.25, BA 44) kunye neebhanki ze-sulcus yexesha eliphezulu (ubungakanani bendawo = 7.12 mm2, p = 10-3.61, BA 39) zaziphawulwa ngobudala obubalulekileyo3 kunye nobudlelwane be-lGI (Umfanekiso weS2).

CT/SA: Akukho minyaka ibalulekileyo2ubudala3 iziphumo esizifumene kwi-CT kunye ne-SA.

ingxoxo

Iziphumo zophononongo lwethu ziqaqambisa utshintsho oluxhaphakileyo kwi-gyrification-pattern ye-cerebral cortex ngexesha lokufikisa. Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kwangaphambili [18] kunye ne-MRI-izifundo [19]-[21] ibonise ukuhla kwee-lGI-values ​​ngexesha lophuhliso lwamva kodwa ubungakanani botshintsho, imimandla yobuchopho ebandakanyekayo kunye nobudlelwane kunye nenkqubo ye-anatomical ehlala ihleli ingacacanga. Iindawo zeCortical eziphawulwe ngokona kuncipha kunamandla kumaxabiso e-lGI yayiyimimandla yangaphambili, eyethutyana kunye nengaphambili. Ezi ndawo zobuchopho zigqithe ngokuyinxenye kunye nemimandla ebonakaliswe lutshintsho kwi-GM kunye nobukhulu besiphumo bekuluhlu nangaphezulu kwi-cortical thickness kunye ne-GM-volume, ebonisa ukuba ukuguqulwa okubonwayo kwi-gyrification kubonisa ukuguqulwa okongeziweyo, okubalulekileyo kwe-cortex ye-cerebral ngexesha lokufikisa.

Imimandla yeCortical ye-IGl-Utshintsho

Ummandla omkhulu we-cortical obonakaliswe ngokunciphisa i-gyrification yayiyi-cluster kwi-cortex yangaphambili equka i-BA 3, i-6 kunye ne-7. Xa kuthelekiswa, utshintsho kubunzima kunye nomthamo we-GM wawugxininise kwi-frontal (BA 8 kunye ne-9) kunye nexesha (BA). I-20 kunye ne-21) i-cortices, ehambelana nedatha evela kwizifundo zangaphambili ze-longitudinal [6] kodwa zityebe ngokuyinxenye kuphela kumaxabiso e-lGI ehlileyo.

Nangona iqela langaphambili, eliye lanabela kwi-gyrus yangaphambili/yasemva-embindini, i-gyrus ye-supramarginal kunye ne-parietal cortex ephezulu, ibingabandakanyekanga kangako ekukhuleni kwengqondo yokufikisa, kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba ezi ndawo zobuchopho zinokunxulumana. utshintsho oluqhubekayo kwingqondo kunye nokuziphatha. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje nguRamsden et al. [44] ibonise ukuba ukuguquguquka kobukrelekrele ngexesha lokufikisa kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo notshintsho lweGM kwimimandla yentetho yemoto ekhohlo. Ngokufanayo, kukho ukuphucuka okuqhubekayo kwi-motor cortex njengoko kutyhilwe ngezifundo nge-transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [45] kunye ne-EEG [46]. Okokugqibela, i-BA 7 ibalulekile kuphuhliso lothungelwano lwe-cortical oluphantsi kwemisebenzi ephezulu yokuqonda ngexesha lokufikisa, njengememori yokusebenza (WM), kuba umsebenzi weBOLD kwi-cortex ephezulu ye-parietal ubonisa ukonyuka okukhulu kophuhliso ngexesha lokukhohlisa izinto ze-WM. [47].

Ummandla wesibini wotshintsho oluchaziweyo kumaxabiso e-IGl yayiyi-cortex yangaphambili ebisoloko idityaniswa notshintsho kwi-anatomy kunye nokuziphatha ngexesha lokufikisa. Kuphononongo lwangoku, amaxabiso e-lGI anciphile afunyenwe kwipali yangaphambili (BA 10), i-orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11) kunye ne-gyrus yangaphambili engaphantsi (BA 47). Iqela elikhulu lomsebenzi libonise ukuba le mimandla ibandakanyeka kakhulu kuhlengahlengiso lokuziphatha ngexesha lokufikisa, njengokuphuculwa kokuthintelwa kwengqondo. [48], ukuthatha umngcipheko [49] kunye nengqondo [50].

Okokugqibela, unciphiso olukhulu kwi-gyrification lufunyenwe kwiqela elihambelana ne-BA 19, 20 kunye ne-37 equka iindawo zokubonwa kwangaphambili kunye nemimandla yecortical ezinikele ekunakekelweni kwento. Ukongeza kuhlengahlengiso kwimisebenzi ephezulu yengqondo, ukufikisa kukwanxulunyaniswa nokuphuculwa kwe-neural oscillations ebangelwe sisivuseleli esibonakalayo esilula nesinzima. [51], [52] ngokunjalo nokuvuthwa kokusetyenzwa kwento kumjelo we-ventral [53].

Iziphumo ezinamandla ze-quadratic zeminyaka yobudala kwi-lGI zifunyenwe kwi-left superior-frontal (BA 8, 9 kunye ne-10) kunye namaqela e-righthemispheric frontal (BA 8), ehambelana nophononongo lwangaphambili ngu (Hogstrom et al. [22]. Ubudlelwane beCubic yobudala-lGI bubekwe kwindawo ekhohlo ephezulu-yangaphambili (BA 8, 9, 10, 11, 45, 46 kunye ne-47), i-parietal ephezulu (BA 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 kunye I-9), i-right caudal-middlefrontal (BA 8 kunye ne-9) kunye neendawo eziphakathi kwexesha eliphakathi (BA 21).

Idatha yangoku ke ibonelela ngombono wenoveli kwimimandla ebandakanyekayo kuphuhliso lwe-gyrification ngexesha lokufikisa oluphawulwa ngumda wophuhliso olulayini kunye nemimandla ethile ebonisa iziphumo ze-curvilinear kunye ne-cubic. Izifundo zangaphambili ezinobungakanani beesampulu ezincinci [20], [21] ichonge kakhulu utshintsho kumaxabiso e-GI kwiindawo zexeshana, zeparietal kunye nezangaphambili. Ukongeza, uMulu kunye noogxa bakhe [20] ibone ukuhla kwe-lGI ethe kratya kunye nobudala kumadoda kunabasetyhini kwimimandla yangaphambili engazange iqinisekiswe luphononongo lwangoku.

Uphuhliso lwe-Cortical Folding ngexesha lokufikisa: Ubudlelwane kunye no-GM / WM-utshintsho

Iindlela ezininzi ezicetyiweyo zotshintsho kwi-gyrification ngexesha lophuhliso [54]. Van Essen [55] ucebise ukuba ipateni yokusonga ye-cerebral cortex inokuchazwa ngoxinzelelo lomatshini ecaleni kwe-axons. Ngokwale thiyori, ukubunjwa kwe-gyri sisiphumo samandla oomatshini phakathi kwemimandla eqhagamshelene ngokuxineneyo njengoko uxinezeleko lutsala imimandla eqhagamshelene ngamandla kunye. Ukongeza, ezinye iiakhawunti zigxininise indima yokukhula okwahlukileyo phakathi kwamaleko angaphakathi nangaphandle e-cortical [17]. Ekugqibeleni, kukho ubungqina bokuba ukusonga i-cortical kuphantsi kolawulo lwemfuza [56] kwaye iyantlukwano yesini ikhona kwi-cortex ekhulileyo [57].

Ngelixa uphononongo lwangoku aluvumeli ukuqonda kwiindlela eziphantsi kokunciphisa i-gyrification ngexesha lokufikisa, ukuthelekisa kunye notshintsho kwi-GM- kunye ne-WM-parameters inokubaluleka kumbuzo wokuba utshintsho olubonwayo kwi-cortical folding luphenjelelwa lutshintsho oluqhubekayo lwe-anatomical. Ukufunyaniswa okubalulekileyo kophononongo lwangoku kukuba ukuhla kwe-lGI-values ​​kwenzeka kwimimandla ye-cortical ehluke kakhulu ekunciphiseni umthamo kunye nobukhulu be-GM. Unxulumano phakathi kwee-lGI-values ​​kwimimandla ebonakaliswe ngokuchazwa kokuncipha kokuxhomekeka kwiminyaka kunye ne-GM/WM-parameters icebisa, nangona kunjalo, ukuba iqondo lokugoqa i-cortical nangona kunjalo linxulumene ne-GM-volume kunye nommandla ongaphezulu. Ngokukodwa, siqaphele ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-lGI kunye nommandla ongaphezulu kunye nomthamo weGM. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, oku kwakungenjalo ngenxa yobunzima beGM. Ekugqibeleni, i-WM-volume nayo ibe negalelo kumaxabiso aphezulu e-lGI kwiindawo ezi-5 kwezisi-7 zecortical.

Gyrification, Behaviour and Psychopathology

Ngaphandle kokuncipha okuxhaphakileyo kokusongwa kwe-cortical ngexesha lokufikisa kunye nobungakanani besiphumo esikhulu esihambelana nokuhla kwamaxabiso e-lGI, iziphumo zotshintsho kwingqondo kunye nokuziphatha ngexesha lokufikisa zisaza kumiselwa. Uphando lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba iyantlukwano yomntu ngamnye ekusongweni kwecortical kwimimandla engaphambili inefuthe kwiinkqubo zolawulo kubantu abadala [58] kunye nokuguqulwa kwendlela yokuziphatha, njengokucamngca [59], impembelelo kwi-gyrification, iphakamisa indima yokugoqa i-cortical kwi-cognition kunye neplastiki exhomekeke kumava.

Ngaphaya koko, kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokuba iipateni ze-gyrification zinxulunyaniswa ne-psychopathology egxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda utshintsho lophuhliso kwi-gyrification kunye nobudlelwane bokuqonda kunye nokuziphatha. Iziphazamiso ezininzi ze-neurodevelopmental, ezifana ne-Williams Syndrome (WS) kunye ne-Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), zinxulunyaniswa neepateni zokugoqa ezingaqhelekanga. Ngokukodwa, abathathi-nxaxheba abane-WS babonakaliswa ngokuncipha kubunzulu be-sulci kwimimandla ye-parieto-occipital ebandakanyeka kakhulu kwintsilelo eyakhayo ye-visuo. [60]. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iipateni ze-gyrification kwii-ASD ziphawulwa kukusongwa okwandileyo xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana abadla ngokukhula [61].

I-schizophrenia sisifo sengqondo esiyingozi esinesiqalo esiqhelekileyo ngexesha lokutshintsha ukusuka ebusheni ukuya ekubeni ngumntu omdala, nto leyo ebandakanya i-aberrant gyrification. Emva kobhubha [62] kunye ne-MRI-izifundo [63], [64] ibone ukwanda kwe-cortical folding, ngakumbi kwi-prefrontal cortex, eyona nto ixela kwangaphambili ukuphuhliswa kwe-schizophrenia kwizifundo ezisengozini. [65]. Kutshanje, iziphene ezisongayo zikwabonisiwe ukuqikelela impendulo yonyango engalunganga kwi-psychosis yesiqendu sokuqala [66].

Kuba idatha yethu icebisa ngamandla ukuba ukusonga kwe-cortical kwenzelwa uhlengahlengiso olukhulu ngexesha lokufikisa, enye into enokwenzeka kukuba ukongeza kwiimpembelelo zokuqala ze-neurodevelopmental, ukukhula okungaqhelekanga kobuchopho ngexesha lokufikisa kunegalelo kwi-aberrant anatomy ye-neocortex kunye nokubonakaliswa kokungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo kunye neempawu zeklinikhi.

isiphelo

Iziphumo zixhasa imbono yokuba ukufikisa kubandakanya utshintsho olusisiseko kuyilo lwe-cerebral cortex. Ngokukodwa, sinokubonisa ukuba iipateni zokusonga zecortical zingena kwinguqu ecacileyo ebandakanya ukuncitshiswa kwe-gyrification kwiindawo ezinkulu ze-cerebral cortex, ngakumbi kwi-precentral, frontal and temporal regions. Izifundo zexesha elizayo kufuneka ziseke ukufaneleka kokusebenza kolu hlengahlengiso kutshintsho oluhambelanayo kwindlela yokuziphatha, ukuqonda kunye ne-physiology ngolungelelwaniso lwedatha ye-neuropsychological kunye neendlela ezisebenzayo zokucinga zobuchopho, ezinje nge-fMRI kunye ne-MEG.

Ukuxhasa ulwazi

Umfanekiso weS1

Iziphumo zobudala ezingahambelaniyo kwisalathiso se-gyrification yendawo (lGI) kwingqondo iphela, uhlalutyo lwe-vertex-by-vertex luqikelelwa kwi-avareji yengqondo yetemplate. Umqolo oPhezulu: Ubudala2 iziphumo zibonakaliswe kwi-hemisphere yasekhohlo (ekhohlo) kunye ne-hemisphere yasekunene (ekunene) ukusuka kwiimbono zecala kunye ne-medial. Umqolo ongezantsi: Unxulumano phakathi kweminyaka yobudala3 kunye ne-lGI ziboniswa ngakwesobunxele (ekhohlo) kunye ne-hemisphere yasekunene (ekunene) ukusuka kwiimbono zecala kunye nezangaphakathi. Imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibonisa ukuhla okubalulekileyo kwe-lGI-amaxabiso ngokukhula kweminyaka, ngelixa imibala efudumeleyo ifakwe ikhowudi yokunyuka kwe-lGI. Lonke uhlalutyo lwenziwa ngokulawula imiphumo yesini, i-ETIV kunye nobudala (umgca). Qaphela: Akukho lunxulumano lubalulekileyo phakathi kweminyaka yobudala3 kunye ne-lGI zifunyenwe ngokulawula iziphumo zesini, i-ETIV, ubudala (umgca) kunye nobudala2.

(TIFF)

Umfanekiso weS2

Iziphumo zobudala ezingahambelaniyo kwi-GMV kwingqondo iphela, i-vertex-by-vertex ihlalutya iqikelelwe kwi-avareji yengqondo yetemplate. Ekhohlo: Ubudala2 iziphumo kwi-GMV kwi-hemisphere yekhohlo ukusuka kumbono wecala kunye ne-medial. Ekunene: Iziphumo zobudala3 ziboniswe kwi-hemisphere yasekhohlo ukusuka kwimbono yecala kunye ne-medial. Imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibonisa ukwehla okukhulu kwe-GMV ngokukhula kweminyaka, ngelixa imibala efudumeleyo ifakwe ikhowudi yokunyuka kwe-GMV. Lonke uhlalutyo lwenziwa ngokulawula imiphumo yesini, i-ETIV kunye nobudala (umgca). Qaphela: Akukho lunxulumano lubalulekileyo phakathi kweminyaka yobudala3 kunye ne-GMV zifunyenwe ngokulawula imiphumo yesini, i-ETIV, ubudala (umgca) kunye nobudala2.

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Imibulelo

Sithanda ukubulela uSandra Anti ngoncedo lokufumana idatha ye-MRI.

Ingxelo Yenkxaso

Lo msebenzi wawuxhaswa nguMax Planck Society (PJ Uhlhaas) kunye neSiseko soPhando seSizwe saseKorea esixhaswa ngemali nguMphathiswa weMfundo, iSayensi kunye neTeknoloji (R32-10142, CE Han). Abaxhasi bemali babengenayo indima ekuyilweni kokufunda, ukuqokelela idatha kunye nohlalutyo, isigqibo sokupapasha, okanye ukulungiswa kombhalo wesandla.

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