Volume 16, Ngo-Disemba 2015, kumaphepha 192-193
Uphuculo lweNegoscience yoPhuculo
Substance Use and the Adolescent Brain: Developmental Impacts, Interventions, and Longitudinal Outcomes
Ubuntutsha sele buqatshelwa njengexesha lokutshintsha okukhulu emzimbeni nasekuziphatheni. Ngoku kutshanje kubonwa njengexesha lokutshintsha okukhulu kwengqondo. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe be-neuroimaging kuye kwazisa ulwazi lwe-anatomy kunye ne-physiology yeengqondo eziphuculayo.
Amanyathelo amaninzi amanqanaba asebenzisa i-imagination magontic resonance imaging (MRI) ukubonisa ukukhula kobuchopho bokwimpilo kwimpilo kunye nokugula, kaninzi kudibaniswa ne-genetics kunye neendlela eziqhubekayo zokuziphatha nokusingqongileyo, ziqala ukunika ingqiqo ukuba kutheni ubuntwaba lixesha lembini kunye nobungozi .
Ngethuba lokukhula kwengqondo ingqondo ayikhulisanga ngokuba yinto enkulu kwaye inkulu. Kukhula ngokuba lunxibelelene ngakumbi kwaye lukhetheke ngakumbi.
Ukunxibelelana okunyukayo, okanye ukunxibelelana phakathi kweengingqi zengqondo ezingafaniyo ezibandakanya ulawulo oluphezulu oluhlanganisiweyo lwee-circuits neural, luboniswe kumanqanaba amaninzi kunye namanqanaba okuphanda. Uphononongo lwezikhundla ezide ezide kubonisa ukubunjwa koqhagamshelwano olunamandla kwi-adolescence. Ukubambisana ngokubanzi komsebenzi wombane (umlinganiselo owenza umsebenzi omnye kwindawo enye unokukwazi ukuxelwa kumsebenzi kwenye) uboniswa zizifundo usebenzisa i-EEG. Ngokufanayo, uphando lwe-FMRI oluhlola igazi lwe-oxygenation lubonisa indlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenzisana okukhulu phakathi kweendawo ezihlukeneyo. Izifundo ze-MRI zifumana ukunyuka kwimiba emhlophe emininzi ebusheni bubonisa ukukhulelwa kunye nokunyuka okuhambelanayo kwisantya soqhagamshelwano lwe-neural.
Characterization of how brain structures are interconnected has benefited enormously from the application of graph theory, a branch of mathematics that is used to quantify the relationship between “nodes” and “edges.” Nodes can be any object or measurable entity ranging from quarks to galaxies. Examples of brain nodes may be a neuron, a structure such as the hippocampus, or a region such as the prefrontal cortex. Edges can be any connections between nodes, from a physical connection such as a synapse between neurons or a statistical correlation, such as when two parts of the brain are activated similarly at rest or during a given cognitive task. Graph theory approaches help us to quantify the relationship between maturation of different neural circuits and how differences in maturational timing may relate to variation in behavior and cognition.
For instance, a changing balance between earlier maturing limbic regions, which undergo dramatic changes during puberty and later maturing prefrontal regions, which continue to undergo substantial changes well into the third decade are hypothesized to underlie many of the observed phenomena of adolescence (USomerville et al., 2010).
Ubungcali obukhulayo bobuchopho bentsha bubonakaliswa ngokuchanekileyo njengokunciphisa imilinganiselo yegrey ngexesha lesibini leminyaka, nangona kusekufuneka kwenziwe umsebenzi omningi ukuqonda iinkqubo ze-molecular and microscopic. Ukwandiswa kwe-myelination, engayifaka ukutyunjwa kwe-voxel ye-MRI emngceleni wangaphakathi we-cortex ukusuka kwi-gray ukuya kumhlophe, i-akhawunti yezinye "ukunciphisa" kwimiqulu ebomvu, kodwa iguqulela ubungqina obuvela kwizifundo ezifihlayo kunye neendawo ezingafaniyo zendawo phakathi Iindlela eziphuhlisayo zokuphuhliswa kwemigca nemhlophe zibonisa ukuba ezinye iinkqubo zinegalelo ngokunjalo. Ubungakanani "ukutyala" kwama-syapses kuncedisa kumbono omncinci wokunciphisa umthamo ongaziwa. Lo ngumbuzo obalulekileyo ukusombulula ukwenzela ukukhanyisa ingcamango elula ecacileyo ukuba udidi lugcinwe ngumbonakalo wezinto ezincinci kodwa ezikhawulezayo / eziqinileyo. Ukuqonda iinkqubo kubalulekile ekukhombiseni ukungenelela nokucoca iingcinga malunga nophando olusasa.
Mhlawumbi utshintsho olutshabalalisayo lophuhliso lobuchopho bentsha luyizinga lotshintsho ngokwalo. Inkalo ebalulekileyo yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yintsholongwane yiplastiki, ubuchule bobuchopho buyatshintsha ekuphenduleni iimfuno zendalo. Elinye izinga leplastiki ligcinwa kuwo wonke umphefumlo kodwa ngokubanzi kukho i-gradient yokuphucula iplastiki njengokuba i-myelin ikhupha iiprotheni ezifana neNogo-A, MAG ne-OMgp ezivimbela ukuhluma kwe-axon kunye nokudala i-synapses entsha.Fields, 2008). Nangona kunjalo, abantu banethuba elide lobuncwane beplastiki elivumela ukuba sibe neendlela ezinokuzilungelelanisa kwiimeko ezininzi. Ubungcali beplastiki obude bungaxhomekeke ekuxhomekeke kwexesha elide kubaxhasi njengoko kukho iintlobo zeentlobo. Ukuxhomekeka kwexesha elide linxulumene nokuziphatha okunzima kwezentlalo kunye nokutya kokutya. Ngokuzigcina "ezikhethiweyo ezivulekileyo" ngokubhekiselele kwingcamango yobuchopho, abantu bangakwazi ukuvavanya iimfuno zokusingqongileyo kunye nokuphuhlisa izakhono zokuphila. Abantu banokuyiphumelela yonke indawo ukusuka kwiindawo eziphambili zaseNyakatho nakwiSouth ukuya kwiziqithi ezintle kwi-equator. Sitshintshile kwiinguqu zenkcubeko ngokunjalo. Iminyaka elineshumi lamawaka edlulileyo, isixa esifutshane semibandela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, sichitha ixesha elide lokufumana ukutya kunye nendawo yokuhlala. Ngoku abaninzi abantu banokukhusela indawo yokuhlala kunye neekhalori ngexesha elincinci kunye nemigudu, leyo ehamba nge-epigenetic okanye nezinye izinto ezinokuthi zihlobene nokugqitha kwangaphambili kunye nobukhulu obukhulu. Esikhundleni sokufumana ukutya abaninzi bethu ngoku sichitha uninzi lwexesha lethu lithetha ngamazwi okanye iimpawu. Olu luphawu oluphawulekayo olunikezwa ukuba ukufunda kuphela iminyaka eyi-5000 kwaye ayikho into emininzi yeembali zabantu.
Ukuxhaswa okuqhubekayo ngenzuzo yokuphuculwa kweplastiki kwandelwa kukubona ukuba ukunyuka kwethu kokugqibela kwindlela yobuchopho malunga ne-500,000 kwiminyaka edlulileyo ayihambisani nobunzima bemozulu kodwa iqondo lokuguquka kwemozulu. Oku kuhambelani ne-Neanderthals, izihlobo zethu zofuzo ezisondeleyo. Amanani omgangatho angahlolwayo ukusuka kumazinyo angamafutha afanayo ngendlela efanayo ukuba izondlo zomthi zingasetyenziselwa ukuqonda ukukhula kwamaxabiso emithi. Ubungqina obuvela kwizintlu ze-Neanderthal ezifakwe kwizilwanyana zibonisa ukuba banokukhula ngokukhawuleza okukhulu (URamirez Rozzi noBermudez De Castro, i-2004). Although there brains were about 10% larger and they were able to survive in harsh environments, their tool use did not change over 100,000 years. They lacked the adolescent plasticity and adaptability of humans.
Ubungqina beplastiki ye-adolescence iye yakhonza iintlobo zethu ngokufanelekileyo, nangona kufike kwixabiso. Yenza ubungozi kunye namathuba. Ingaphezulu kwesiqingatha sayo sonke isifo sengqondo siphumelela ngexesha lokukhula. Omnye kwabahlanu abaselula banesifo sengqondo esiya kuqhubeka sikhula. Yisihlandlo esiphezulu sokuphazamiseka kwezixhala, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukudandatheka, ukuphazamiseka kokutya kunye neengqondo. Kwakhona lixesha eliqhelekileyo ukuqala kokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi.
In this Special Edition of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience top experts in the field report on investigations of the neurobiology of adolescent substance misuse. Consistent themes are relationships between the onset, amount and type of use as correlated with changes in the brain’s reward, impulse control, and decision making circuitry. Although the studies represent the finest efforts to date, substantial challenges remain in order to discern specificity of effects, cause/effect dynamics, and mechanisms.
As the path, mechanisms, and influences of adolescent brain development are being elucidated more resources and more researchers are being drawn into the field. Adolescence is increasingly being recognized as a distinct developmental stage with distinct biology rather than just as an intermediate stage between childhood and adulthood. This special edition contains seminal findings from many of the prominent researchers exploring the interface between adolescent neurobiology and addiction.
Adolescence is the peak time of onset for the majority of mental illness, the time of several major life choices having life-long consequences, and a time when the brain’s plasticity may make interventions more effective. However, funding for adolescent research was until recently a small fraction of the budget. This has changed with the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study – a national longitudinal initiative that will assess the short- and long-term impact of substance use on brain development. The project will recruit 10,000 youths before they begin using alcohol, marijuana, tobacco and other drugs, and follow them over 10 years into early adulthood. The ABCD project provides a fantastic platform for young or established investigators to pursue interest in adolescent neurobiology and may serve as a catalyst to bring much needed support and talent to the field.
Ucaphulo
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- Fields, 2008
- R.D. Fields
- White matter in learning, cognition, and psychiatric disorders
- Trends Neurosci., 31 (7) (2008), p. 361
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- F.V. Ramirez Rozzi, J.M. Bermudez De Castro
- Surprisingly rapid growth in Neanderthals
- Nature, 428 (April (6986)) (2004), pp. 936–939
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Ilungelo lokushicilela © 2015 Ipapashwe ngu Elsevier Ltd.
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