Iingxabano malunga nokukhuselekiswa kwengqondo yengqondo yomntwana ekuphuhliseni umlutha (2013)

Abstract

INTSHAYELELO

Ukuqwalaselwa okuqhelekileyo kukhubazeko lokulutha kuvuma ukuba iimpawu ezizezinye zinokuchaphazela ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi; Okwangoku ukusebenzisa iziyobisi ngokugqithileyo kuthathwa njengekuphembelela iimpawu zobuntu kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kweziyobisi (I-Swendsen kunye neLe Moal, i-2011). Uninzi lwabasebenzisi beziyobisi lulutsha kunye nabantu abadala abancinci okanye baqala ukulidla ngexesha lokufikisa (O'Loughlin et al., 2009). Ngokukodwa, ingxelo yakutshanje yoPhononongo lukaZwelonke malunga nokuSetyenziswa kwaZiyobisi kunye nezeMpilo ibonise ukuba i-31.2% yabantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka ye-25 batya iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kwinyanga ephelileyo, ngelixa yi-6.3% yabantu abadala kuphela eyamkeleyo ukwenza njaloUkusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zeMpilo yeNgqondo, 2010). Ulutsha oluncinci luqala ukusebenzisa iziyobisi, ezona mpawu ziba likhulu zeziyobisi. Phakathi kwabantu e-USA abazame insangu ngaphambi kweminyaka ye-14, i-12.6% yavelisa iimpawu zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi okanye ukuxhomekeka, ngelixa i-2.1% kuphela kwabo bafumana intsangu emva kweminyaka ye-18 baba neempawu eziqinisekileyo zokuxhomekeka (Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zeMpilo yeNgqondo, 2010).

Ukuthathwa komngcipheko wokuba kwinqanaba lokufikisa kunye nokuziphatha ngokungakhathali yinkxalabo enkulu yezempilo yoluntu eyonyusa ukungalingani kwiziphumo zobomi ezibi, kubandakanya ukuphulukana nolawulo lokusebenzisa iziyobisi. Ubungqina obunyanzelekileyo obusekelwe kwitekhnoloji yokucinga buye babonisa ukuba ubuchwephesha bobuchwephesha obuchaphazelekayo kwiinkqubo ezichaphazelekayo kunye neengqondo zisebenzisana ngokubonakalayo kuphuhliso. Kwinqanaba leselula, olu tshintsho luhambelana nokuhanjiswa okuphezulu kwee-axons kunye ne-synapses ebusheni bokukhula, kunye nokunikwa ngokukhawuleza kwamanqanaba okufikisa kunye nokukhula komncinci. Imvumelwano ekhoyo ngoku ithathela ingqalelo ukuba iipatheni zonxibelelwano lwe-neural phakathi kweesistim zemvakalelo, inkuthazo kunye neenkqubo zengqondo ezihambelana nokufezekiswa kweenjongo zexesha elide ziphinde zilungelelaniswe nendalo kunye neseti yohlaziyo lweemfundo ngexesha lokufikisa (UGogtay et al., 2004; IGiedd, 2008). Ngokuchasene notshintsho olwenzeka kwangoko kunye nolwakhawulezayo kwiinkqubo ezibonakalayo ezibonakala zinxulunyaniswa nokuvuthwa kwejenali, enye iseti yezakhono zokuqonda kunye nobuchule bokuzibamba ibonakala ikhula ngokuthe ngcembe kubuntwana kwaye qhubekeka nokukhula ixesha elide emva kokuba umntwana efikileUDahl, 2008). Oku kuqatshelwa okuphambili kunokucacisa ukuba kutheni ixesha lokufikisa libonakaliswa kukungalingani phakathi kwefuthe lesiphelo leenkqubo zokuziphatha nezolawulo kwindlela yokuziphatha (USomerville et al., 2011). Ngenxa yoko, ingqondo yeshumi elivisayo yingqondo elingelwayo logama nje ukuphuculwa kwemisebenzi yolawulo kubandakanya ukuthathwa kwezigqibo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokucwangcisa, ukuqiqa okungafunekiyo kunye nokuthintelwa kwempendulo kuhlala kungaphelelanga.UDahl, 2008).

Ngolu luvo, ukuthatha iziyobisi ngexesha lokufikisa kunokuphazamisa ukukhula kwengqondo okuqhelekileyo, kwaye kunokwandisa ukuba semngciphekweni wokusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi kamva xa usemdala.Andersen, 2003; Crews et al., 2007). Ngaphandle kwenani elikhulayo lemikhankaso yokuthintela, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwolutsha luhlala luzinzile kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Okothusayo, unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo olukhutshwe kwi-1952 sele yamkele ukuba "iziyobisi xa ukwishumi elivisayo ayisiyonto intsha"(Zimmering et al., 1952), kwaye owona mbuzo upheleleyo sele uchongiwe ngokucacileyo "Nangona kunjalo, kusekho umbuzo wokuba kutheni, phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zangaphandle, amanye amakhwenkwe aya kuzama amachiza kwaye abanye bangavumi, kutheni abanye behamba kwindlela yokuthengisa ngelixa abanye belahla ichiza (…). ”Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu, lo mbuzo uhlala ungaphendulwanga. Iimodeli zezilwanyana, ngakumbi iintonga, ziye zanegalelo ekuqondeni ngcono imeko yolutsha. Ngokukodwa, ubungqina obuguqulwayo buye babonisa ukuba sesichengeni sokwenzakala ekusetyenzisweni gwenxa kweziyobisi kulutsha, kodwa imibuzo kunye nembambano zihlala zihambelana nokuhambelana kwemodeli yezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo kunye nokutolikwa kwedatha (I-Schramm-Sapyta et al., 2009). Okubangela umdla kukuba, aba babhali bagqiba kwelokuba nokuba ukusetyenziswa kwesiyobisi okunyanzelekileyo kudla ngokujongwa ngexesha lokufikisa, ubungqina obunxulumene nokufuna iziyobisi kunye nokuthatha buyaqhubeka. Kolu phononongo, sizama ukushwankathela izinto ezichaphazela imingcipheko yokuqhuba efikisayo kwaye sixoxa ngokuqwalaselwa kweklinikhi ekukhangelwa kokufunyanwa kwangaphambili okunxibelelanisa ukunganyanzeleki kunye nokusebenza kwakhona ngokweemvakalelo kuqaliso lokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nemingcipheko yokuxhatshazwa.

IPUBERTY NOKULUNGA

Ukuthatha umngcipheko ngexesha lokufikisa yimveliso yokunxibelelana phakathi kokuphakama okunyanzelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yokuzilawula engekabi nakho ukuguqula umfutho wokufuna umvuzo (I-Steinberg neMorris, 2001; I-Steinberg, i-2004, 2005). Imvumelwano inokubeka ulutsha emngciphekweni wokuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha. Nangona kunjalo, umngcipheko okhulayo kunye nokufuna izinto ezintsha kunokuba luncedo ekufundeni iindlela zobuchule bokuphila (Kelley et al., 2004). Ewe, ngokwembono ye-anthropologic, ezinye iintlobo zokuthatha umngcipheko zinokujongwa njengokuzimisela ngokuvumayo ukubonisa isibindi ukuze sifumane inqanaba lentlalontle elingcono. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kubonakala ngathi umntwana ofikisayo akabi luloyiko emva kokuba efikile kodwa endaweni yoko banokukhuthazeka kakhulu ukuba benze ngenkalipho nangona benoloyiko, ngakumbi xa bebona ukuba ukwenza ngenkalipho okanye ukungakhathali kungabenza babonwe ngakumbi ngoontanga (UDahl, 2008).

Ixesha lokufikisa lixesha lotshintsho olukhulu, njengoko ama-hlubre ekhethekileyo esini esibonisa ukutshintsha komzimba, amalungu okuzala kunye nezinye iimpawu zesini zesibini. Utshintsho lwe-Neuroendocrine ngexesha lokufikisa linempembelelo ekuziphatheni nasekuziphatheni ngokweemvakalelo (U-Waylen no-Wolke, 2004). Ukusukela oko u-testosterone wawela umqobo wobuchopho begazi (I-Pardridge kunye neMietus, 1979), inegalelo kulwandiso lwe-cortical ngexesha lokufikisa, ngakumbi kwiindawo zangaphambili kunye neetoyiti zokwexeshana (UWitte et al., 2010; Nguyen et al., 2013). Olu phononongo lungumdla kwaye lunokuchaza ubume bokwabelana ngesondo kwinto engwevu kunye nefuthe lokuziphatha kwayo (UNeufang et al., 2009; I-Paus et al., 2010; Bramen et al., 2012).

Isicwangciso esiliqili sokuvavanya le mpembelelo kukukhetha abakwishumi elivisayo abakwiminyaka efanayo, kodwa bafumane inqanaba lokufikisa. Ukufikisa emva kwexesha lokufikisa kuhluka kubantwana abafikisayo kwinqanaba lokufikisa kwimvakalelo yabo yokuphendula ngokuqala kunye ne-postauricular Reflex, imilinganiselo emibini yokomzimba yokuzikhusela kunye nokukhuthaza umdla (U-Quevedo et al., 2009). Iziphumo ezifanayo ziye zaxelwa ngokufikisa / ukuya kwinqanaba lokufikisa kolutsha lubonisa uphuculo lwenqanaba labafundi ekuphenduleni kumagama akwiimvakalelo (I-silk et al., 2009).

I-EMERGENCE YAMABANDLA YOKUZONWABISA NGOKUGQIBELA NGOKUGQIBELA

Ukuziphatha komntu okwishumi elivisayo, ephawulwa ngokubonakaliswa kakhulu nangokuphendula okungafunekiyo, bekufundwe kwakudala, kodwa ezona teknoloji zakutsha nje zokucinga zinegalelo kulwazi olungcono ngengqondo ekhulayo ngexesha lokufikisa. Ngokukodwa kubonisiwe ukuba ulungiso lwezinto ezingwevu luyancipha ngelixa umba omhlophe wanda ngexesha lotshintsho usuka ebuntwaneni ubuya ebudaleni obukhulu (I-Paus et al., 1999; ILenroot kunye neGiedd, 2006). Ngelixa i-myelination eyaphuculweyo ilandela iphethini ehambelana ngqo kuyo yonke ingqondo, kuphela umahluko omncinci wendawo, ukuncipha kwento engwevu, ekwabizwa ngokuba kukuthenwa kwe-synaptic, kukhetha ngakumbi. Ngenxa yoko, i-myelination ayithathwa njengesixhobo sombane kuphela esonyusa isantya sokuhanjiswa kwesiginali ye-neuronal, kodwa njengenkqubo ephambili moduling ixesha kunye ne-synchrony yeepateni zokudubula ze-neuronal ezihambisa intsingiselo kwingqondo (IGiedd, 2008). Utshintsho oluphambili lwe-neurobiological olunika i-behaviour yokuziphatha enobungozi kwinkqubo yokufikisa kwenzeka kwinkqubo ye-mesocorticolimbic, ngakumbi kumacandelo angaphambili (Iigumbi et al., 2003; Crews et al., 2007; I-Crews kunye ne-Boettiger, 2009). Izifundo ngokuthelekisa umsebenzi we-cortical yabantu abadala kunye nolufikisayo lubonisa ukuba inkqubo yokufikisa yolwazi ngendlela eyahlukileyo, ihlala ifaka imimandla eyahlukeneyo yobuchopho kunabantu abadala. Ubunzima bokusebenza kwengqondo elilawulayo kunye nokuziphatha ukuzeyisa, kubandakanywa ubunzima bokucwangcisa, ingqalelo, ukubona kwangaphambili, ukuqiqa, ukujonga, kunye nokuzijonga sele kufikelelwe kulutsha, kunye nezifundo ezinamandla zokwenza umzobo (fMRI) ziphonononge i-neuroanatomy esebenzayo. Ukulawulwa okucwangcisiweyo kwabantwana, abakwishumi elivisayo nakubantu abadala (I-Luna et al., 2010). Eli bandla likhulayo lobungqina liyayixhasa ingcinga yokuba iinkqubo zangaphambili ziphambi kokulungiswa kwakhona ukusuka kwixesha lokufikisa ukuya ebudaleni. Ngokukodwa, ukukhula okuqhubekekayo kwe-preortal cortex (PFC), kwikonsathi ene-amplified motivational drive eqondwe yi-striatum, kucingelwa ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekunyusweni kokufuna okutsha kunye nokuthatha izigqibo okukhokelela ekuziphatheni okuyingozi nokusebenzisa iziyobisi. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba i-orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) ibalulekile ekwenzeni izigqibo zexabiso, umahluko ngamnye kuphuhliso lwalo mmandla unokunyusa okanye unciphise imvakalelo yokufumana umvuzo ngenxa yokubalwa okukhulu kwexabiso lokukhuthaza ngokusekwe kumvuzo omkhulu obhalwe yestriatum. Kwelinye icala, ukuguquguqulwa okuguquliweyo kwecala lokuqhubela phambili kungakhokelela ekunyuseni okutsha kokufuna kunye nokukhetha okunganyanzelekanga. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukungalingani okukhulu kwi-traodeory ye-neurodevelopmental yesekethe inokukhokelela ekuphulukaneni nokuzibamba ngexesha elisengozini (I-Yurgelun-Todd, 2007).

Uqhakamshelwano olungaphakathi phakathi kwe-PFC, i-nucleus accumbens (Nacc) kunye ne-amygdala kucetywe ukuba nefuthe ikakhulu kwindlela yokuziphatha eqondiswe kwiinjongo kulutsha.UGalvan et al., 2006; U-Ernst et al., 2009). Ngokukodwa, kubonisiwe ukuba ulutsha lubandakanyeka kwi-cortex ye-orbitofrontal ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala xa ujongene nokukhetha okuyingozi. Kwangokunjalo, abakwishumi elivisayo baye baboniswa ukuba babonise ukucutha okuncitshisiweyo kunye nokungalungelelaniswa kokusebenza kwe-neuronal kwi-OFC ngexesha lokuziphatha okunxulumene nomvuzo (I-Sturman neMoghaddam, i-2011). Ezi ntlobo zokujonga zinokucacisa inxenye yokwanda kokuziphatha okungakhathaliyo ngexesha lokufikisa (U-Eshel et al., 2007). Okokugqibela, ukwenzela ukugxininisa ukungazinzi kwengqondo yomntu ofikisayo engathatyathwa ntweni kulindelo lomvuzo, ubungqina obunyanzelekileyo buye babonisa ukunciphisa okucwangcisiweyo kokufakwa ngaphakathi kunye nobudala, ulutsha lwakwangaphambi kwexesha lubonisa ukwenziwa okuphezulu kunye nexesha lokufikisa elibonisa uphawu oluncitshisiweyo ngelixa ukugembula (UVan Leijenhorst et al., 2010).

Uphando oluninzi ngezifo ezixhasa umbono wokuba ixesha lokufikisa lelona xesha lobomi lelona zinga liphezulu lokuziphatha okungafunekiyo (I-Steinberg et al., 2008; URomer et al., 2009). USteinberg kunye noogxa bakhe bachaze ukuhla komgca wokuxinxiswa ukusuka kubudala be-10-30: ukusebenzisa iminyaka eyahlukeneyo yobudala, isantya sokubambezeleka kunye nezenzo ezibuthathaka kwimisebenzi yokungcakaza ye-IOWA (IGT) kuye kwaxelwa kubakwishumi elivisayo, xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala.I-Steinberg et al., 2009; UCauffman et al., 2010). Isifundo esisekude sisebenzisa i-IGT kwishumi elivisayo elisusela kwi-11 ukuya kwi-18 iqinisekisile esi siphumo ngokubonisa ukuba ukusebenza kuphuculwe ngokuqhubekayo nobudala (I-Overman et al., 2004). Olu luqwalaselo lucingelwa ukuba lubonakalisa ukukhula kwe-PFC, evumela inguqu ukusuka ekungxamisekeni ukuya ekukhetheni okulawulwa ngakumbi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ijika eliphambi kwe-U yobume bokujonga sele ixeliwe, kunye nencopho yobudala be-14 (I-Steinberg et al., 2008). Kwakhona, ukungazikhathaleli phakathi kophuhliso oluqhubayo lolawulo lwempembelelo kunye nokungahambelani kumgca wenkqubo yomvuzo kunokubangela ukungahambi kakuhle okuphucula ukhetho olungenampembelelo lomvuzo (U-Ernst et al., 2009).

Ukuguqula izifundo ze-fMRI eziphonononge imisebenzi yokwenza izigqibo zibonise ukuba abafikisayo kunye nabantu abadala babelana ngokufanayo ekusebenzeni kwe-neurocircuitry, kodwa bakwabonisa umahluko omangalisayo. Impendulo enkulu kwi-Nacc ekhohlo yaxelwa kubakwishumi elivisayo ngelixa abantu abadala babonisa ukunyanzelwa kwamandla kwi-amygdala yasekhohlo (U-Ernst et al., 2005). UGalvan et al. (2006) ikwaze nokuphendula okuphuculweyo kweNacc yokufumana umvuzo kumntwana ofikisayo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala, kunye nokuncitshiswa kokusebenza kwiindawo zecortex yangaphambili. Kutshanje, kuphando oluhlola umngcipheko kuthatha izigqibo zokwenza imali, kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ulutsha lubonise ukwenziwa okuncitshisiweyo kwimimandla ye-OFC xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala, kwaye ukuncitshiswa komsebenzi kwezi ngingqi zengqondo phambili kwahambelana nokuthambekela kokuthatha umngcipheko omkhulu. Ulutsha (U-Eshel et al., 2007). Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ulutsha lubandakanyeka kambalwa kwiinkqubo zolawulo zangaphambili kunabantu abadala xa besenza izigqibo. Ngenxa yoko abakwishumi elivisayo banokuba kwimeko yomngcipheko wokuthatha iimeko ezithile. Ngamanye amagama, ulawulo lwangaphambi kokucothwa kwengqondo oluphambili lunokugunyazisa impembelelo enkulu yeenkqubo ezichazayo ezenza ukuba kuthathwe izigqibo kunye nokuziphatha, okuthi ke kwandise ukuba semngciphekweni kolutsha ekuhlaleni nakwimeko zontanga ezenza kusebenze iimvakalelo ezinamandla (UDahl, 2008).

Kuphononongo lwakutsha nje olujolise ekuvavanyisweni kweendlela zokuziphatha zolutsha kunye nabantu abadala kumdlalo wokuqhuba wevidiyo, kubonisiwe ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abakwishumi elivisayo bathatha umngcipheko ngakumbi, bagxila ngakumbi kwizibonelelo kuneendleko zokuzibeka emngciphekweni, kwaye bathatha izigqibo ezizizo xa bejikelezwe ngoontanga xa kuthelekiswa abadala (UGardner kunye neSteinberg, 2005). Ezi ziphumo ziqinisekisa ukuba ulutsha lunokukulungela ngakumbi iimpembelelo zoontanga xa kusenziwa izigqibo ezinobungozi, kwaye nefuthe lontanga (kunye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo kwimeko yentlalo) zinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucaciseni isimilo sokuziphatha okungekho sikweni ngexesha lokufikisa. Into enomdla kukuba, kufumaniseke ukuba ulutsha olufikisayo, oluhlulwe njengezimele kakhulu kwimpembelelo yoontanga, lubonakalise unxibelelwano lwengqondo oluphuculweyo, ngakumbi kwicala elingaphambili, xa kuthelekiswa nolutsha oluhlelwe njengoluchasene kakhulu noontanga (I-Grosbras et al., 2007). Ukuxhathisa kwimpembelelo yoontanga kukwadityaniswa kakuhle nokunyanzeliswa kwe-ventral striatum, kodwa kunxulunyaniswa ngokungalunganga ne-activation kwi-amygdala (UPfeifer et al., 2011). Ipateni ekhethekileyo yokusebenza kwetyala kukukhula kolu lutsha kuye kwaxelwa ngokusebenza kwengqondo, ukuqonda ubuso kunye ithiyori yemisebenzi yengqondo. Umzekelo, abafikisayo abakwishumi elivisayo abaneminyaka yobudala ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-14 bazibandakanya kakhulu ne-PFC yabo kunamadoda amakhulu ukuhlalutya injongo yomzobo (onyanisekileyo okanye onqabileyo), ngaphandle kwendlela efanayo yokwenza lo msebenzi (Wang et al., 2006). Oku kungabonisa umzamo omkhulu wokuba ulutsha lubone iimeko zokomoya ezingekasetyenziselwa zona, ngelixa abantu abadala behlalutya ezi meko ngokukuko, ngokusekelwe kumava angaphambili.

Kuyaphawuleka, ukuba kwinqanaba lokufikisa kukwabonisa ixesha elithile lokuqonda kunye nolawulo. Inkqubo yokwazisa kunye nokwenza izigqibo kwiinkqubo zokufikisa kulutsha kuphenjelelwa kakhulu yimeko yabo yeemvakalelo, into leyo ebizwa ngokuba kukuqonda okushushu (ngokuchasene nengqondo epholileyo, apho kuthathwa izigqibo phantsi komgangatho ophantsi weemvakalelo). Ulutsha luye lubonakale luthambeka ngakumbi kukukhathazeka koxinzelelo. Umyinge wokukhutshwa kwe-cortisol emva koxinzelelo lomsebenzi obonise ukunyuka komgca kunye nobudala, kulutsha oluneminyaka yobudala ukusuka kwi-9 ukuya kwi-15 iminyaka (Gunnar et al., 2009; Stroud et al., 2009). Ukubonisa ubuso obunoloyiko, kubangele ukuphinda kwenziwe okuphezulu kwe-amygdala kulutsha xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana kunye nabantu abadala (IHare et al., 2008). Into enomdla kukuba indawo yokuhlala ye-amygdala eyenzelwa obu buso boyikisayo yayincitshisiwe kwizifundo ezivavanyelwe uxinzelelo oluphezulu. Oku kuphuculwe uvakalelo lokuphembelela koxinzelelo, kunye nenxalenye ephezulu yokuqonda okuqinisekileyo, zenza enye inkxaso yeendlela zokuziphatha ezingenantlonelo zolutsha xa ujongene neemeko zokuxinezeleka.

NGABA IZIQULATHO ZALUNGELEKILEYO UKUZE ZIBHENELEKILE KULUNGILE?

Ukunyanzelwa okuphezulu kuthathwa njengokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kuqala, kwaye ekugqibeleni kunokukhokelela ekungakhuselekini okwandayo kokuphuhlisa iziyobisi, kuchazwa njengokuphulukana nolawulo lokusebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nephethini enyanzelekileyo yokusebenzisa iziyobisi (Belin et al., 2008). Impulsivity ayichazeki ngokulula (I-Evenden, 1999; I-Chamberlain kunye neSahakian, 2007), kodwa inkcazo ebanzi iya kubandakanya ukunganikeli ngqalelo, ubunzima bokucinezela okanye ukulawula impendulo, ukubhengeza into yokufuna into entsha, ukungakwazi ukulindela iziphumo, ubunzima bokucwangcisa isenzo okanye iindlela zokucombulula iingxaki njengezinto eziphambili. Kuba ulutsha lubonisa isimilo esinganyanzelekanga, unxibelelwano phakathi kokungxamiseki kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi lufundwe ngokubanzi.

Ukuguqula izifundo zisebenzisa ingxelo yengxelo yolutsha kulutsha kubonise ukuba ukuxhonywa xa ufikisayo kwakuqikelelwe ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi nokungcakaza (URomer et al., 2009), ukuqala kwecuba (O'Loughlin et al., 2009) notywala kamva (U-Ernst et al., 2006; I-von Diemen et al., 2008). Ngokuphindaphindiweyo, impulsivity ibonakala iyakhukuliseka kulutsha olunengxaki yokusebenzisa kakubi utywala xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni (Soloff et al., 2000). Ngaphaya koko, uvavanyo lokuvavanya i-polymorphism yemfuza ikwabonakalisile ukuba ukuleleka okuthile (A1) ukusuka kwi-polymorphism ye-Taq1a ye-dopamine D2 receptor gene kwakuhambelana kakuhle notywala kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (I-Esposito-Smythers et al., 2009). Ngelishwa, abathwali abanganyanzelekanga be-allele baxele kakhulu iingxaki ezinxulumene notywala kunye neziyobisi kunokubaphembelela abangenanto. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto ezinobungozi kumbandela wokukhulisa iingxaki zengqondo.

Ukuxhotyiswa ngokwengqondo, okuchazwa njengokungakwazi ukuqwalasela iziphumo ezizayo, lolwahlulelwano lokuxhotyiswa kwabantu kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukumelwa kwesiphumo sobambezelo. Lo mbono waziwa njengexabiso lesaphulelo somvuzo (I-Rachlin, i-1992). Ukusetyenziswa kwesaphulelo ukulibaziseka, okubonelela ngokukhetha phakathi kwemivuzo ephantsi kwangoko kunye nexesha elizayo lembuyekezo ephezulu, kunegalelo ekuqondeni ngcono ukungqinelani kwentsingiselo yoqoqosho kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Abantu abatshaya icuba abafunyenwe benobungozi ngakumbi kunabo bangatshayiyo kwimisebenzi yokubambezelayo, kwaye bathambekele ekufuneni izinto ezintsha (Petros et al., 2011). Okubangela umdla kukuba, kwaelo qela linye labatshayayo abakwishumi elivisayo babonisa ukwehla okubonakalayo kokusebenza okuzinzileyo ngexesha lokulindelwa komvuzo wokulindeleka, owawunxulunyaniswa kakuhle nokuxhaphaka kokutshaya. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukunganyanzeleki okuxelwa kwabatshaya abakwishumi elivisayo kunokuba sisiphumo, kwaye kungabi sisengaphambili, sokuziphatha kakubi. Izifundo ngokuthelekisa abo batshayayo ngoku kunye nabatshaya ngaphambili bacetyise ukuba ukuphucula ukulungiswa kwesiphulelo kuxinzelelo kuphela okutshaya ngoku (I-Bickel et al., 1999, 2008). Nangona kunjalo, olunye uphononongo luveze ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kwengqondo kunokubandakanya ukubakho kwangaphambili kokusetyenziswa kwento kamva. Ulutsha lwaseNaíve, olunamava okutshaya kuqala, lwaluphembelela ngakumbi kumsebenzi wokucothisa isaphulelo (I-Reynolds kunye neMimandla, i-2012). Ukunxila kwe-Nikotine kunokwenzeka ukuba kungabi luxanduva lwezi ziphumo; kunokubonakalisa ubuntu ekwabelwana kakhulu nabo babhemayo. Ubungakanani obuphakamileyo ekukhetheni okunyanzelekileyo kufunyanwe ukuba kukuxela kwangaphambili kokusetyenziswa kwe-ecstasy kwabasetyhini (Isch et et., 2009), kwaye wayanyaniswa nokusela kakhulu (I-Xiao et al., 2009).

Kucetyisiwe ukuba ukunyanzelwa kumela isalathiso esifanelekileyo sokuxela isiphumo senkqubo yokuyeka ukutshaya: abafikisayo abavavanywa ngenxa yendlela ephezulu yokuzibamba baye basilela ukugcina ukungakhathali kuthelekiswa nabalingane babo abangaheqiyo (UKrishnan-Sarin et al., 2007). Iindlela zonyango ezijolise ekunyanzeliseni, njengoko ziphononongwa kwenye indawo (Moeller et al., 2001), inokudala amathuba angavulelwanga okuphuhlisa indlela entsha yokuhlakulela ukuzeyisa okukuko kulutsha. Oku kunokuba negalelo ekuthinteleni isimilo esingalawulekiyo esenzeka ngeli xesha lokungasebenzi kakuhle.

UKUMONELWA KOKUKHANYA KWE-ADOLESCENT VULNERABILITY TO DRUG ABUSE

Ukuphuhliswa kobuchopho kwiintonga zentsana kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba kuboniswa iipateni ezifanayo ezifana nezabantu, ephakamisa ukuba imodeli yeentonga inokubaluleka ekufundeni ubukho bengqondo ye-neurobiological yokuvuthwa kwengqondo yolutsha (I-Spear, 2000). Ixesha lobutsha kwiintonga luhlala ukusuka kumhla we-28 ukuya kumhla we-42 emva kokuzalwa, kodwa le mida, encitshisiweyo, ihlala ikhuliswa ukubandakanya ixesha elikhudlwana ukusuka kumhla we-25 ukuya kumhla we-55 (ITirelli et al., 2003). Izifundo ze-Neuroanatomical zichaze ukuthenwa okukhulu kokubhalwa kwe-dopamine receptors ngexesha lokufikisa kwiintonga (Andersen et al., 2000): I-D1 kunye ne-D2 i-receptors density yonyuke kwi-Nacc, i-striatum kunye ne-PFC kude kube ziintsuku zeentsuku ze-40, emva koko ziyehla ngokuthe ngcembe xa sele zikhulile. Ngokuchaseneyo, ii-receptors ze-D3 zonyuswe de kube ziintsuku ze-60 (IStanwood et al., 1997). Olunye uphando lubonise ukonyuka kweentsinga ze-dopamine kwi-medial PFC kwangoko emva kokulunyulwa (I-Benes et al., 2000), eyayinxalenye elawulwa yinkqubo ye-serotoninergic: I-neonatal lesion nucleus ekhokelele ekunyukeni kweefomathi (d)) ze-dopamine (DA) ukuhluma okuvela kwindawo ye-ventral tegmental (VTA) kunye ne -antiantianti nigra. Ukongeza, ukubekwa ngaphakathi kwe-glutamatergic ukusuka kwi-PFC ukuya kwi-Nacc (IBrenhouse et al., 2008) nakwi-amygdala (Cunningham et al., 2002) uboniswe ukuba alandele ukuvela komlingo ukusuka kubudala bokulunyula ukuya ebudaleni bokuqala. Ukuguqulwa kwemo yeDopaminergic ngexesha lokufikisa kwabonakala ngathi akusebenzi ngokupheleleyo: Iziphumo ze-D1 kunye ne-D2 agonist kwi-GABAergic interneurons kwi-PFC zazibuthathaka xa kufikisa.UTseng kunye no-O'Donnell, 2007).

Izifundo zokuziphatha ngokuthelekisa ulutsha kunye neentonga zabantu abadala ziveze ukuba iimpuku zibonakalise ukuthanda kakhulu imeko yenoveli (Adriani et al., 1998), kunye neempendulo ezixhasayo ezongeziweyo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala abakumgangatho wokucothisa isaphulelo (U-Adriani noLaviola, i-2003). Iintonga zolutsha zikwadize inqanaba eliphezulu lokunxibelelana kwezentlalo kuba ukufunyanwa konxibelelwano kufumaneke kunomvuzo ngakumbi kulutsha kunakwindawo yabantu abadala kwindawo ekhethiweyo (CPP) paradigm (UDouglas et al., 2004). Ngokuhambelana nolu phononongo, uphononongo luye lwaxela ukuba iigundane ezincinci zazineempawu ezincinci zokufaka isiginali kwi-dopamine kwi-Nacc xa zijongana nezikhuthaza ezingezontlalontle, kodwa impendulo eqhubekayo ngakumbi kwisikhuthazo sentlalontle xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala.URobinson et al., 2011). Oku kungabonisa ukubaluleka kokudibana kwezilwanyana ezilulutsha.

Kwi-maze ephakanyisiweyo, iigundane ezifikisayo zichithe ixesha elincitshisiweyo kwiingalo ezivulekileyo, zibonisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu (UDoremus et al., 2003; I-Estanislau kunye neMorato, i-2006; ULynn noBrown, 2010) nangona iimpuku zibonise iprofayile eguquliweyo (IMacrì et al., 2002). Ukuqwalaselwa okufanayo kuxelwe kusetyenziswa imeko yoloyiko lweemeko: Iigundane ezifikisayo zineefrakhtha ngakumbi kunabantu abadala (I-Anagnostaras et al., 1999; I-Brasser kunye ne-Spear, 2004; I-Esmoris-Arranz et al., 2008), kodwa kwakhona iimpuku zokufikisa ziba mbi kunabantu abadala (Pattwell et al., 2011).

Ngokumalunga neziphumo ezinxaxhileyo zamachiza, kubonisiwe ukuba i-nicotine, i-ethanol, i-THC, i-amphetamine kunye necocaine zenza impembelelo ephosakeleyo yokufikisa kwinqanaba lokufikisa kunezilwanyana ezindala. Ukongeza, ukuthanda ukunambitha okunemeko ethile yenziwa ngento engeyoyakhobisi (i-lithium chloride ebangela iintlungu zesisu emva kwe-inaliti) iyancitshiswa kumagundane okwishumi elivisayo ebonisa ukuba ukungathobeki kweziphumo ezigwenxa kunokuba yinto ephangaleleyo yokufikisa (UPhilpot et al., 2003; IWilmouth kunye ne-Spear, 2004; I-Schramm-Sapyta et al., 2006, 2007; UQuinn et al., 2008; Drescher et al., 2011).

Ngeli xesha, uphononongo oluninzi luxele ukwanda kwemizwa yokuncipha kwizilwanyana ezisencinci. I-Nikotine kunye notywala kwafunyaniswa ukuba banokuvuza ngakumbi kwiintonga ezincinci xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala (UPhilpot et al., 2003; I-Brielmaier et al., 2007; Kota et al., 2007; I-Torres et al., 2008; I-Spear kunye neVarlinskaya, i-2010). Kwangokunjalo, ukunyuswa kokuselwa kobisi okuncitshisiweyo (kuthelekiswa nobunzima bomzimba) kwabonwa kwiigundane zokufikisa xa kuthelekiswa nabadala. Olu phononongo lokuziphatha luye lwanxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kwengcaciso ye-c-fos kwisiseko seNacc kunye ne-dorsal striatum (UFriemel et al., 2010). Uhlolisiso oluvavanya isiphumo se-psychostimulants kwiigundane zokufikisa kusetyenziswa umsebenzi we-CPP kuhlala kuyimpikiswano, kodwa ukuvuzwa okukhulu komvuzo kwizitena zolutsha, ngakumbi kumachiza asezantsi, kuye kwabangwa kwiimeko ezithile (U-Badanich et al., 2006; IBrenhouse et al., 2008; UZakharova et al., 2009).

IZIQINISEKISO ZOKUFUNDA NGOKUGQIBELA KWIMIVUZO YAMA-ADOLESCENT RODENTS

Ukunyanzelwa yimoto kubhekisele ekuziphatheni okwahlulwa kunye nokulahleka kolawulo lwempembelelo, ngaphandle kokudibana okuyimfuneko kokulungiswa kweemvakalelo (UBrunner kunye noHen, ​​1997). Kwizilwanyana, iimvavanyo ezininzi zokuziphatha zenziwe ukuba zivavanye le ndlela yokunyanzelwa, njengesihlanu sokukhetha isenzo sexesha lokuphendula (i-5-CSRTT) kunye nokomelela kokuqiniswa komgangatho ophantsi (i-DRL). Kulwazi lwethu, okuphela kophononongo ukuthelekisa ukunganyanzeleki kubantu abadala abangafanelekanga ukuba baphathwe kunye nakwiigundane zekwishumi elivisayo kubonakalise ukuba le yokugqibela yangeniswa ngakumbi kwishedyuli yaseDRL (Andrzejewski et al., 2011). Ukuvezwa kokukhula kwe-nicotine kuboniswe ukwandisa ukunyanzeliswa kwi-5-CSRTT ngexesha lokufikisa (Schneider et al., 2012), kwaye ukuvezwa okungapheliyo kwi-nicotine kwiigundane zokufikisa kuvelise ukunyuka okungapheliyo kokuxhotyiswa kweemoto xa sele umdala (UCounotte et al., 2009, 2011). Kolu phononongo, unyango olungapheliyo lwe-nicotine lwakwazi ukubamba isimilo esinganyanzelekanga kwi-5-CSRTT xa senzeka ngexesha lokufikisa kunaphakathi kokukhula. Olutshintsho oluthile, olungakhange luchaphazele ukunganyanzeleki kwengqondo kwimisebenzi yesaphulelo sokulibaziseka, luye lwadityaniswa nokukhululwa kwe-dopamine ye-nicotine enamandla e-PFC kwimigca yokufikisa. Kwangokunjalo, abafikisayo abangafezekanga, bahlaziywa kunye ne-latency yokusondela kwinto yenoveli, babonisa impendulo eyandisiweyo ye-DA kumceli mngeni wecocaine xa kuthelekiswa nolutsha olungafikisiyo okanye ulutsha olungamkelekanga.I-Stansfield kunye neKirstein, 2005).

Nangona kunjalo, unyango lwe-nicotine kunye nicotine, oluboniswe ukuguqula ukunganyanzeleki kweemoto, aluphumelelanga ukuguqula iimpendulo kwindlela yokusebenza yokuphungula ukulibaziseka (Schneider et al., 2012). Ngelixa impembelelo phakathi kokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo kunye nokuziphatha okufuna iziyobisi sele imiselwe kakuhle ebantwini, ukuqwalaselwa okongeziweyo kuya kufuneka ukuqonda ukuba isebenza njani ngeempuku. I-Diergaarde et al. (2008) Ndicebise ukuba, ubuncinci kwiigundane zabantu abadala, ukunyanzeliswa ngemoto kunokuhambelana nokuqaliswa kokufuna iziyobisi, ngelixa ukuqondwa kwengqondo kunokunxulunyaniswa namandla anciphileyo okucinezelela ukuziphatha ngendlela yokuziphatha okufunwa yi-nicotine kunye nokonyusa ubungozi bokuphinda ubuye. Ekugqibeleni, ukunyanzeliswa yimoto, kodwa ukunganyanzelisi okufanelekileyo kunokuba kufanelekile ukuvavanya ukuba semngciphekweni wokufuna iziyobisi kwiigundane ezincinci.

Umahluko osisiseko we-Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) ummiselo we-axis unokuthi ube phantsi kovakalelo olukhulayo lokunyanzeliswa koxinzelelo kulutsha. Emva koxinzelelo olukhulu kakhulu, iigundane ezifikisayo zibonakalise i-hormone ephezulu kakhulu ye-adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) kunye nokukhululwa kwe-corticosterone xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala (U-Romeo et al., 2006a,b). Emva koxinzelelo lwe-30-min engapheliyo yokuthintela uxinzelelo yonke imihla ngexesha leentsuku ze-7, iigundane ezincinci zibonise amanqanaba aphezulu e-corticosterone kwangoko emva koxinzelelo, kodwa amanqanaba e-corticosterone abuyela kumaxabiso asisiseko ngokukhawuleza ebusheni kunakwigundane labantu abadala.U-Romeo et al., 2006a). Iigundane ezingamadoda kufunyaniswe zinobuthathaka ngakumbi kunabasetyhini kwimiphumo emibi yokwahlukaniswa koomama kubukhulu bePFC (Spivey et al., 2009). Kunikezelwa ubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo kunye nokuziphatha okukhangela iziyobisi (Shaham et al., 2000; UKoob noLe Moal, i-2001), oku kunyuka kwemvakalelo yenkqubo yoxinzelelo kunokusichaza isizathu sokuba olunye ulutsha luqhubeke nokusebenzisa iziyobisi. Unyango olunganyangekiyo lwe-cocaine ngexesha lokufikisa lonyusa amanyathelo aliqela oxinzelelo xa izilwanyana ziye zakuba badala (I-Stansfield kunye neKirstein, 2005), enokuthi ichaze ngakumbi oku kuzingisa.

Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, iigundane ezigxininiswe kwiintsuku ezilandelelanayo ze7 ngexesha lokufikisa zabonisa ukonyuka okuphezulu okwandisiweyo kwe-nicotine yomsebenzi we-locomotor; Iziphumo ezi azichazwanga xa uxinzelelo lwenzekile ngexesha lokumdala (Cruz et al., 2008). Iigundane ezifikisayo ziveliswa kukuphazamiseka okungapheliyo koxinzelelo okanye inkqubo yoxinzelelo oluphindaphindeneyo ibonise impendulo ephezulu yecomine umngeni wecocaine, kunye nenqanaba le-basal corticosterone ephezulu (I-Lepsch et al., 2005). Uxinzelelo lwentlalo ngexesha lokufikisa lonyusa indlela yokuziphatha yokuziva unamptamine (Mathews et al., 2008), kodwa iziphumo ezichaseneyo ziye zachazwa (Kabbaj et al., 2002). Ukwahlulwa kwabaseTyhini kwaboniswa ukwandisa isimilo kunye neendlela zokufuna umvuzo (I-Coladoado et al., 2006). Iiyure ezintathu zohlulo phakathi koomama phakathi kwe-PND 0 kunye ne-PND 14 yonyusa ubuntununtunu be-locomotor kwi-cocaine, eyayinxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kwe-D3R mRNA kwiqokobhe leNacc (I-Brake et al., 2004). Nangona kunjalo, olunye uphononongo alufumananga siphumo sisebenzisa ukuhlala wedwa kwindawo yempendulo ye-locomotor kwii-psychostimulants nokuba kukwishumi elivisayo okanye kumadoda amadala amakhulu (McCormick et al., 2005).

IMODA YENDAWO YOKUJUVENILE: IZITHEMBISO NEEMPAWU

Uninzi lwezifundo zibonisa indlela yokufuna iziyobisi ngokukhuselekileyo kwizintwana ezinobuncinci, ukucebisa ii-hypotheses zomsebenzi ukuchaza ukuba kutheni ulutsha lusengozini yokuphulukana nolawulo lwamachiza. Okokuqala, uvakalelo oluphucukileyo kumvuzo weziyobisi kunye neziphumo ezibi ezinokubangelwa zezi ziyobisi zinika isiseko esihle sokufunda ukuba semngciphekweni kulutsha olunobungozi bokusebenzisa iziyobisi. Nangona kunjalo, akukho sifundo silwanyana siye sabonisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba sesichengeni sokunyanzelwa kokutya iziyobisi xa kuqala ukuthathwa kweziyobisi ngexesha lokufikisa. Imicimbi ethile yendlela inokuphakamisa ukuguqulwa okungachazwanga, njengokunqongophala kolawulo lwabantu abadala. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, iigundane kunye neempuku zibonakala zibonisa iiprofayili ezichasene noxinzelelo, kunye neempuku zentsana ngakumbi ukuba nexhala kunye neempuku ulutsha olungenaxhala ngakumbi kunabantu abadalaIMacrì et al., 2002; ULynn noBrown, 2010). Ngokubalulekileyo, izifundo ezimbalwa zibonakalise ukungafani kokuziphatha phakathi kwexesha lokufikisa, eliphakathi nelokufika kade (ITirelli et al., 2003; UWilkin et al., 2012), kodwa uninzi lwezifundo zisebenzise iigundane ezincinci zeminyaka eyahlukeneyo eyahlukileyo ukusuka kwilebhu ukuya kwenye. Ngaphaya koko, ukungaqwalaseli kwefuthe loluntu ekusetyenzisweni kweziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nako kunokwenza enye into ephazamisayo. Ewe, ukuhlangana kwentlalo kubonisiwe ukuba nefuthe kakhulu ekuziphatheni okunobungozi ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kweziyobisi. Ngokukodwa, kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba ukudibana kwezentlalo okunxulunyaniswa nedosi yecoca engaphantsi kobuninzi inokuvelisa i-CPP (I-Thiel et al., 2008). Ngeli xesha, ubukho babalingane kunciphise isiphumo sokuphikisa i-ethanol kwimeko yencasa yokuthanda ukunambitheka kumagundana okwishumi elivisayo, kodwa hayi kubantu abadala (IVetter-O'Hagen et al., 2009).

I-dentaminic yengqondo ye-dentaminal ye-dopaminergic ibangelwe ukuba ibase umlilo kumazinga aphezulu kwiigundane zokufikisa, nto leyo ehambelana ne-hypothesis yengozi yokufikiswa kolutsha kweziyobisi (McCutcheon et al., 2012). Ngokuhambelana noku kukuphononongwa, ukukhutshwa okuphezulu kwempembelelo ye-dopamine kuye kwaxelwa kwiintonga zolutsha (ULaviola et al., 2001; Walker kunye Kuhn, 2008). Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokuziphatha kweziyobisi ayihambelani nesi sigqibo. Ngokukodwa, unyango lwe-subchronic kunye ne-psychostimulants aluphumelelanga ukonyusa ukubonakaliswa kwe-locomotor kwimigundwane yokufikisa (UFrantz et al., 2007). Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, UFrantz et al. (2007) uxele ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine efanayo kwi-Nacc phakathi kolutsha kunye namagundane abantu abadala abaphathwa nge-psychostimulants. Kwelinye icala, olunye uphononongo luxele ngemvakalelo ye-locomotor kwi-cocaine kwiigundane ezincinci hayi kubantu abadala (ICamarini et al., 2008); nangona kunjalo, umngeni we-cocaine owenze kwiintsuku ze-10 emva koluvavanyo lwakhupha ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine esezantsi kwi-Nacc yeempuku zentsha, ngaphandle kwesiqalo esikhawulezayo. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo ziya kuba yimfuneko ukumisela ubudlelwane phakathi kokukhutshwa kwe-DA kunye nokuvuselela isixhobo sokusebenza kwengqondo kwizifundo zengqondo kwizidanga zokufikisa.

Nangona uxinzelelo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kuboniswe ngokwahlukeneyo ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, izifundo ezimbalwa zaseka imigaqo-mithetho phakathi kwazo zombini. I-Intracerebroventricular injections ye-corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ayonyusanga impulsivets kwi-5-CSRTT, kodwa yonyusa ukuchaneka kokuphendula (I-Ohmura et al., 2009). Unyango olunganyangekiyo nge-corticosterone ngexesha lokufikisa aluphumelelanga kuchaphazela iimpendulo zangaphambi kwexesha kulo msebenzi, laze lanciphisa inani lokuziphatha okunganyanzelekanga emsebenzini wokumisa umqondiso (I-Torregrossa et al., 2012). Izifundo ezingaphezulu ziyafuneka ukuze kuqondwe ngokupheleleyo oku kudibana, okuthathwa njengento ephambili ekhuthaza ukuvela kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo emntwini (I-Fox et al., 2010; USomer et al., 2012; Hamilton et al., 2013).

Omnye umthombo wempikiswano sisixhobo sokuziphatha apho iintonga zolutsha ziya kubonakalisa ukunciphisa ukuzibamba kunye nomtsalane owenyukayo kwizinto ezibonisa umvuzo (U-Ernst et al., 2009; Burton et al., 2011). Ngokuchasene nale ngxelo, iigundane ezincinci zaboniswa zibonakalisa ukubuyiselwa okumbalwa kwe-cueine-intenateUAnker noCarroll, 2010). Enye into ethelekiswa nale meko ikhankanyiweyo ngentla apha, iimpuku zentsha (iintsuku ze-26-27) zaboniswa zibonakalisa ubhetyebhetye oluphuculweyo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala kwenkqubo evumelana nephunga-cue (UJohnson kunye noWilbrecht, 2011). Ukunikezelwa kukungazinzi kwe-PFC kwiigundane ezincinci, kunye nendima ephambili yolu lwakhiwo kukuguquguquka kwengqondo.UBaxter et al., 2000; Schoenbaum et al., 2006; I-Gruber et al., 2010), Esi siphumo sinokubonakala singangqinelani. Nangona kunjalo, ukuguquguquka okuphucukileyo kolutsha kunganceda ukukhuthaza utshintsho phakathi kwenani elikhulu lokukhetha, njengokuyeka ukutshaya iziyobisi kunokubangela ukungonakalisi. Oko ke kujonge ekunciphiseni amandla okuba semngciphekweni kwizixhobo zolutsha, kuba ukuguquguquka kwengqondo kunyanzelekile ukuba kufunyanwe indlela yokuziphatha okuyimfuneko ukuze umntu aphile kwaye azimele.

Kubalulekile ukwamkela ukuba ligcuntswana kuphela lolutsha olunengxaki yamachiza okuzonwabisa oluzakuthi kamva luphuhlise iimpawu zekliniki yokulutha iziyobisi kunye nokuxhomekeka, nangona igalelo lophando olusisiseko lusebenzisa imodeli yezilwanyana luhlala lusikelwe umda ukuxhasa eli bango. Imvumelwano ekhoyo ngoku ibonisa ukuba umahluko ongafaniyo kuqondo lobugqwirha unokuchaza iziphumo eziphucukileyo zokuziphatha. Eyona nto ibonakalisa umdla, ubungqina bamuva nje bubonisa ukuba kuqala, abantu abaneempawu ezixhalabileyo ezibonakalayo babonisa umtya omdaka (Shaw et al., 2011) Okwesibini, ukusebenza kwe-mesolimbic neurocircuitry yolutsha luqeqeshelwe ukungcakaza kwimali yemali yokukhuthaza umsebenzi olungelelaniswe kakuhle nobunzima bengqondo kunye nokuziphatha (I-Bjork et al., 2011). Ababhali bolu phononongo bayavuma ukuba ulungelelwaniso olunokwenzeka aluthethi ukuba zibekho kodwa, nangona kunjalo, oku kuqaphelekayo kukubandakanya ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okunengxaki kunokubangelwa kukuziva kwemesicimbic ukuya kwimicimbi yokuxela kwangaphambili. Kwaye bagqiba kwelokuba ukonyuka kwemvakalelo ye-mesolimbic inokuthi ibonakalise uphawu olunokuthi, ngokuhambelana nokungazinzi kwengqondo yolufikisa, ngokuyinxalenye ichaze ukwenzakala okunxulumene nokuziphatha okanye ukubulawa kulutsha “olusengozini” (I-Bjork et al., 2011).

Ezinye izinto zangaphandle, ezinje ngemeko yezoluntu okanye imeko yentsapho, nazo zithathelwe ingqalelo ukuba zidlala indima kule yantlukwano. Izehlo ezigwenxa ebuntwaneni zabonakaliswa ukuba zixelwe kwangaphambili kukuxhomekeka kotywala kamva (I-Pilowsky et al., 2009). Ubungqina obuguqulwayo bumisele impembelelo ezimbi zokuziphatha gwenxa kwabazali (kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi) kwilungelo labantwana lokukhulisa iingxaki ezifanayo (U-Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2008). I-polymorphisms ye-Gene phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo abanengxaki yokuthanani notywala iye yacetyiswa ukuba ichaze umohluko omnye komnye wokukhathalela ngotywala (UPieters et al., 2011), okanye uxinzelelo lwempendulo kweziyobisi (Kreek et al., 2005). Nangona iimeko zemfuzo kucingelwa ukuba zichaza phakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-60% yeengxaki zokulutha (Kreek et al., 2005), impembelelo yemfuza ikakhulu ixhomekeke kwintsebenzo kunye nezinto ezingqongileyo. Ngokukodwa, i-polymorphism ye-gene yaboniswa ukuba inxulumene ngokusondeleyo notywala kubantu abadala, nakwindlela yokubeka ulutsha oluvezwe uxinzelelo oluphezulu lweengqondo ngexesha lokumitha (Clarke et al., 2011). Ulungelelwaniso olufanayo lufunyenwe ngohlobo oluthile lwe-genotype ye-serotonin transporter (Kaufman et al., 2007). Kwishumi elivisayo elichazwe kukuphazamiseka kwengxaki yoxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, okanye ulawulo olusempilweni, iphethini ye-amygdala yokuqalwa kokuphendula ubuso beemvakalelo yayixhomekeka kwisifo ekufunyanwa isifo (pathology)Beesdo et al., 2009).

ISIPHELO

Ukuthatha umngcipheko nokufuna ukuziva kuthathwa njengeempawu eziphambili zokuziphatha kolutsha kwaye, okwangoku, kucingelwa ukuba zibonisa ubungozi bokuphazamiseka kwesiyobisi. Okothusayo, nangona inani elikhulu lophando olwenziwa kwangaphambili lubonakalisa ukujikeleza kwengqondo lusenza amandla okunyanzeliswa kunye nokonyusa imeko yokuzibandakanya kwimeko yendlela yokuziphatha eyandisiweyo, zimbalwa kakhulu izifundo ezixhasa umngcipheko othile wezixhobo zentsana zokuphulukana nolawulo kumachiza okuphathwa gadalala. Isiteyitimenti esixhasayo sinokuphikisa ukuba isayensi kufuneka ibone ngcono kwihlabathi labantu abadala ngamehlo okufikisa, kunokuba ibonwe lihlabathi elifikisa lisebenzisa iwotshi yabantu abadala. Ewe, indlela yokuziphatha yabantwana abancinci izibonelelo eziguqukayo zokufumana izakhono ezifanelekileyo zokusinda ngaphandle kokukhuselwa ngumzali. Okwangoku, kuyinyani ukuba ezi ndlela zangaphandle zokuziphatha zenza ulutsha, okanye ubuncinci ubutsha, bube semngciphekweni ngakumbi kukuqhuba okungekho mthethweni kunye nokwenzakala okunokubakho. Ngokucwangcisiweyo, ingqondo yolufikisayo yenzelwe kwangaphambili ukufuna uvakalelo kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko, ngokuhambelana nokukhuthaza okuphezulu komvuzo, ihlala ikhokelela ekuziphatheni okungakhathali. Ukuphuhliswa kobuchule bokuzilawula kuyinkqubo eqhelekileyo (exhomekeke kukuvuthwa kobuchopho kunye namava entlalontle) ekugqibeleni apho abantu abadala abancinci bafumene amandla okulawula ngcono iimvakalelo zabo kunye nokuxhonywa.

Eyona njongo iphambili kuphando lwexa elizayo kukufumana i-endophenotypes kunye nokuphawula umngcipheko wokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi. Kutshanje kuboniswe ukuba abantu abanengxaki yokusebenzisa gwenxa iziyobisi babelana nabantakwabo abangazikhobisi kwimikhwa efanayo yokuziphatha, kubandakanya ukuzibandakanya okuphezulu kunye nokufuna imvakalelo (U-Ersche et al., 2010). Olu phononongo lukwaveze ukuba ukunxibelelana okungaqhelekanga kunye nokuhlangana kungabeka emngciphekweni wokuba likhoboka leziyobisi (U-Ersche et al., 2012). Ngokudibeneyo, ubungqina obuguqulalayo buveze ukuba umahluko ongafaniyo uphuma kwi-heterogeneity yomsebenzi we-PFC (UGeorge noKoob, 2010). Ke ngoko, uphando olunzulu lokuvavanya ukulungelelaniswa kwendibaniselwano kwe-PFC ngexesha lokufikisa kuyafuneka ukuba uqonde indlela kuphela yecandelo lophuhliso elinokukhokelela kwikhoboka leziyobisi. Ngokukodwa ukuqonda, ukuba kuyinyani (kwaye ukuba kuyinyani, njani) iinkqubo zokulimala kobuchopho zinokuba noxanduva lokugcina umvuzo kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezingekho mgangathweni (oko kuthetha ukuzingisa ekuthatheni umngcipheko naphezu kwemiphumo emibi) kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhusela ngcono "umngcipheko ”Abantu abadala abancinci. Imvumelwano ekhoyo ngoku iyavuma ukuba ingqondo ekhulayo yesibeleko ayintekenteke kwaye isesichengeni sokugculelwa yi-neurobiological sisitho sokusebenzisa iziyobisi, ngakumbi ezo zinxulumene notywala (Crews et al., 2004). Kodwa, ukuqhubekeka nezifundo zangaphambi kokugula kunye nonyango ezijolise kwi-PFC yolutsha kufuneka ukuba baqonde ngcono ukuba iintlobo zemvelo, imeko, uxinzelelo kunye nokuthambeka komntu ngamnye zidibana kunye ukuyila indlela ye-neurobiological system exhasa ubungozi bokuphulukana nolawulo lokufuna umvuzo, kunye nokuthatha iziyobisi okunokwenzeka. inguqu esuka kwilizwe lokufikisa ukuya kwindalo endala.

Ukuxabana kweNkcazo yeNzala

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.

IZALATHISO