Ukuziva umvuzo wedopaminergic kunokukhuthaza impilo yabakwishumi elivisayo: Umbono omtsha kwindlela yokusebenza kwe-ventral striatum activation (2016) -ingqondo yakho kwi-Porn

Eva H. Telzer ^a^,^b^,^c^{,, U}

Uphuculo lweNegoscience yoPhuculo

Volume 17, Febhuwari 2016, Amakhasi 57-67

Abstract

Umbono oxhaphakileyo kwicandelo lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yokufikisa kukuba imisebenzi eyonyukayo kwinkqubo yembuyekezo ye-dopaminergic isebenza njengexanduva, ukuhambisa ulutsha kwindlela yokuziphatha enobungozi, ukwandisa imizwa yabo kuhlolo lwelahleko kunye nelahleko, kwaye kukhokelela ekubeni nentlalontle. Iziphumo ezininzi ezifunyenweyo ezingahambelani nale nto yokujonga intsilelo zijonga umngeni kwimbono yokufikisa kwinqanaba lokufikisa. Injongo yolu phononongo kukuphucula ukuqonda kwethu komnqweno wokufumana imbonakalo kwisidopin ngenxa yokufikisa. Ndiphonononga izifundo ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwe-ventral striatum kusebenza umsebenzi olungele impilo yabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo nokuba nokuhambelana nokuncipha kokubamba umngcipheko kunye noxinzelelo kunye nokunyuka kokuzingisa kunye nokufezekiswa.

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Ukufikisa;
Imivuzo;
Ukuthatha umngcipheko;
WezeMpilo;
Ukuphuhliswa kobuchopho

Ixesha lokufikisa lixesha lokukhula okunobuthathaka kunye nokuchaphazeleka okuphawuleka ngokunyuka okuzinzileyo kwendlela yokuziphatha ethatha umngcipheko, ukubetheka ngokweemvakalelo, kunye nokulawulwa okungalunganga kokuziphathaI-Steinberg, i-2005). Ezo nguqu zinxulumene nokunyuka kwamanqanaba oxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo (okt, ukufaka iingxaki ngaphakathi) kunye nokuziphatha kokuziphatha kunye nokulawula indlela yokuziphatha yokuziphatha (okt, iingxaki zangaphandle) ezibangela inkxalabo ebalulekileyo yezempilo yoluntu, iqhutywa kukukhula kwabo okukhulu, imeko engalunganga, kunye neziphumo ezibi ekusebenzeni. Umzekelo, ukuqala kweziphazamiso ezininzi zengqondo zivela ngexesha lokufikisa, ngoxinzelelo olukhuphuka i-500% ukusuka ebuntwaneni ukuya ebusheni kunye ne-400% eyongezelelweyo kwiminyaka yabantu abadala. I-Thapar et al., 2012). Amanqanaba okusweleka kunye nokusweleka kwabantu inyusa i-300% ukusuka ebuntwaneni ukuya ebusheni (I-CDC, i-2014) ngaphezulu kwe-70 yeepesenti zokusweleka kolutsha minyaka le ngenxa yezizathu ezinokuthintelwa kubandakanya ukungqubana kwezithuthi, ukwenzakala ngabom, ukubulala, kunye nokuzibulala (I-CDC, i-2013). Ubungqina bamva nje obuvela kwiimodeli zezilwanyana kunye nezifundo zophuhliso lwe-neuroscience kulutsha lwabantu lubonise ukuba ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwemivuzo kunokunyusa ukunyusa ngaphakathi kunye nokubonisa iimpawu zangaphandle ngexesha lokufikisa (I-Spear, 2011).

1. Incopho yabakwishumi elivisayo kwimvakalelo yokufumana umvuzo

Kwiintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana, kubandakanya neempuku, izilwanyana ezingezizo ezomntu, abantu abafikisayo babonisa incopho yokuziphatha okunxulumene nomvuzo, benika ubungqina obunamandla bolondolozo lwenkqubo yokufumana umvuzo kwindaleko (I-Spear, 2011). Iigundane zolutsha zibuthathaka ngakumbi kunabalingane bazo abadala kwizakhiwo ezinomvuzo zolo hlobo olunomdla olunomvuzo, kubandakanya ukufuna izinto ezintsha (UDouglas et al., 2003), iziphumo ezinomvuzo zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo (UDouglas et al., 2004), indlela yokuziphatha (UFriemel et al., 2010 kwaye I-Spear, 2011), kunye novavanyo oluthandekayo (Vaidya et al., 2004, IWilmouth kunye ne-Spear, 2009 kwaye UFriemel et al., 2010). Kwimidumba yabantu, iipatheni zophuhliso lwe-U ezimilo eziqwalaselweyo ziqwalaselwe kukufuna indlela yokuziphatha. Umzekelo, ulutsha olufikisayo lubonisa incopho yokufuna ingxelo yomvuzo kunye nokuziva ufuna (I-Steinberg et al., 2009 kwaye URomer et al., 2010) imvakalelo enkulu yokufumana ingxelo ngokuncomekayo ngexesha lomsebenzi wokungcakaza (UCauffman et al., 2010), kunye nokuphakanyiswa kokukhethwa kunye nokwenza kwakhona kwezinto ezinencasa (UGalván noMcGlennen, 2013 kwaye Iposi kunye neKemper, 1993). Oku kutshintsha kwendlela yokuziphatha efuna umvuzo kunye nezinto azikhethayo ziqhutywa, ngokuyinxalenye, ngokuthi kwenziwe i-neural changes in frontostriatal circry.

2. Utshintsho lweDopaminergic kwingqondo yobutsha

Imijikelezo yangaphambili yemijikelezo exhasa iinkqubo zomvuzo iguqulwe yi-neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) Isekethe yomvuzo ophambili ibandakanya iingqikelelo ze-dopaminergic ukusuka kwindawo ye-ventral tegmental ndawo (VTA) ukuya kwi-nucleus accumbens, ekhupha i-dopamine ukuphendula kwisiphumo esinxulumene nomvuzo (URusso noNestler, 2013). I-ventral striatum, kunye ne-nucleus accumbens ngokukodwa, iye yaqwalaselwa njengeyona ndawo iphambili yendlela yokukhuthaza, yokuziphatha okuqhutywa ngumvuzo (jonga I-Padmanabhan kunye neLuna, i-2014 kwaye Galván, 2014). Ukumakishwa kwe-DA kuxhasa ukuqiniswa kokufunda, kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-DA yokusebenza kwe-striatal kunye nomsebenzi ophambili kwiimpawu zokuziphatha ezichasayo nezikhuthazayo eziguqulwayo ebusheni (I-Padmanabhan kunye neLuna, i-2014). Izinto eziphambili zenkqubo yomvuzo eziqhubeka notshintsho olukhulu ngexesha lokufikisa zibandakanya iingqikelelo ezivela kwi-neurons ze-DA ngokunzulu kwisiseko sobuchopho (umzekelo, VTA; substantia nigra) ukuya kwimimandla engaphantsi kubandakanywa ne-striatum, kunye ne-cortex yokuqala (i-PFC) kunye eminye imimandla ye-cortical kubandakanya i-amygdala kunye ne-hippocampus. Kukwakho uqikelelo lwe-GABAergic ukusuka kwi-nucleus accumbens ukuya kwi-VTA. Oku kubandakanya ulingelo lwendlela ethe ngqo, ethi idluliselwe phakathi yi-D1-uhlobo lwangaphakathi lwe-spiny neurons, egxibha ngokuthe ngqo i-VTA, kunye noqikelelo lwendlela engathanga ngqo, evunyelwe yi-D2-uhlobo lwe-medium spiny neurons, olugxibha i-VTA ngokusebenzisa i-GABAergic neurons kwi-pralid pallidum (URusso noNestler, 2013). Zonke ezi mbuyekezo-imimandla zidityaniswe ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo (jonga Ikhiwane. 1).

Umzekeliso. 1. Iindlela zedopaminergic kwingqondo.

Inkqubo ye-DA iphantsi kolungelelwaniso olubalulekileyo malunga nokufikisa, nto leyo efakelwe kwilungu lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwezifo ezahlukeneyo ezibonakala ngexesha lokufikisa.e (jonga UNelson et al., 2005, I-Spear, 2000 kwaye I-Wahlstrom et al., 2010a). Iintonga ezigqithileyo, izilwanyana ezingezizo ezomntu, kunye nabantu, ziyanda kwi-dopamine signing peak ngexesha lokufikisa (ukubona I-Wahlstrom et al., 2010b). Iincutshe ezikhethekileyo zolutsha ziye zaqwalaselwa kubunzulu be-dopamine receptors D1 kunye ne-D2 kwi-ventral striatum kwiintonga (Andersen et al., 1997, UTarazi et al., 1999, I-Teicher et al., 1995, U-Badanich et al., 2006 kwaye UPhilpot et al., 2009), nangona izifundo ezimbalwa zingafumananga iyantlukwano yokusebenza kwi-nucleus accumbens yeentonga zolutsha xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala (UMateyu et al., 2013 kwaye I-Sturman neMoghaddam, i-2012). Ngapha koko, ugxininiso lwe-DA kunye nobuninzi beefayile ze-DA ezenza ukuba i-PFC inyuke ibe kwinqanaba lokufikisa (I-Benes et al., 2000), kunye nenani lephulo le-PFC kwii-nucleus accumbens (IBrenhouse et al., 2008). Kwimimandla engeyoyabantu, i-DA ebanzi yommandla wenyusa indawo yokufikisa (jonga I-Wahlstrom et al., 2010b).

Izifundo zabantu ziye zaxela ukuvela kweencochoyi ezifanayo kwinkcazo yeDA ngexesha lokufikisa. Umzekelo, iIisampulu zasemva kokusweleka komntu, amanqanaba e-DA kwinqanaba le-striatum lide lifikelele ebusheni kwaye emva koko anciphise okanye azinza (I-Haycock et al., 2003), Zombini ngokobude bee-axons kunye nenani lilonke lee-axons zokucwangcisa (Lambe et al., 2000 kwaye URosenberg kunye noLewis, 1994). Tnantsi incopho yokunxibelelana kwe-glutamatergic ukusuka kwi-PFC ukuya kwi-penus accumebens, ngokukodwa kwi-D1-expression neurons (IBrenhouse et al., 2008). Okokugqibela, izifundo ze-fMRI, ezivumela uvavanyo lotshintsho kwiinkqubo ze-neural ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwi-DA, zibonise ukuba i-ventral striatum isebenza kakhulu phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo kunabantwana okanye kubantu abadala xa befumana umvuzo wesibini. (umzekelo, imali; U-Ernst et al., 2005, UGalván et al., 2006 kwaye UVan Leijenhorst et al., 2010), imivuzo ephambili (umzekelo, ulwelo olunencasa; UGalván noMcGlennen, 2013), okanye imbuyekezo yentlalo (Chein et al., 2010 kwaye UGuyer et al., 2009) ngokunjalo kubukho bemikhwa elungileyo yokutya (USomerville et al., 2011). Iziqwengana ezinjalo zokwenza i-ventral striatum activation zinxulumene nolawulo lwengqondo oluchanekileyo (USomerville et al., 2011) kunye nokwanda kokuthatha ingxelo ngomngcipheko.UGalván et al., 2007). Olunye uphononongo luye lwafumanisa ukuba ulutsha lubonisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwabantwana okanye abantu abadala xa belindele imbuyekezo.I-Bjork et al., 2004 kwaye I-Bjork et al., 2010), kwaye ukusebenza ngocoselelo kwe-striatal kunxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha okukhulu komngcipheko (Schneider et al., 2012). Ukohlwaywa kwengqondo ye-ventral striatum kuthiwa iphakamisa ukuba ulutsha lunokufumana imvakalelo eziphantsi ukusuka kwisikhuthazo esinomvuzo, esibaqhubayo ukuba bafune amava amakhulu okuvuselela umvuzo andisa umsebenzi kwisangqa ezinxulumene ne-dopamine. (I-Spear, 2000).

Kucingelwa ukuba inkqubo ye-DA ikwindawo esebenzayo ngexesha lokufikisa (Iigumbi et al., 2014), njengoko kubonakaliswa ziincopho zokudubula kwesisele se-DA, amanqanaba aphezulu e-tonic e-DA, indawo enkulu yokugcinwa kwe-DA, kunye nokwanda koxinano lwe-DA receptor. (jonga I-Padmanabhan kunye neLuna, i-2014). Ke ngoko, inkqubo ye-mesolimbic ye-DA kucingelwa ukuba ikwimeko yokugqithisa ngexesha lokufikisa, enokubaluleka kokusebenza kwiziphumo zokuziphatha. Kukwacetywe ukuba amanqanaba e-DA kwi-PFC anyuke ngaphezulu kwamanqanaba obutsha, okukhokelela kwi "overdose" ye-DA emva koko icalanye negalelo kwimimandla enamatye anjenge-nucleus (umzekelo, I-Wahlstrom et al., 2010a). TUkutshintsha kwendlela yokusebenza yeDA kunokubeka neziphumo ku khuphiswano phakathi kwe-PFC kunye nemimandla yolusu kulawulo lolwazi, ukuba amanqanaba amakhulu omsebenzi we-DA kwi-nusus ingqokelela ulwazi luhamba luye kwi-limbic enkulu kunye nefuthe elincinci le-PFC kwi-nucleus accumbens (I-Spear, 2011).

3. Ukujonga intsilelo ekuphindeni wenze into eyenzeka dopaminergic ekukhulelweni

Iziqendu ezikhethekileyo zolutsha kwimisebenzi ye-DA kucingelwa ukuba ziphendule ngokubanzi malunga nokufumana imbuyekezo kwimeko-bume ebandakanya ukuthanda izinto ezintsha, ukunyusa umdla kwiimeko ezinomngcipheko, kunye nokuqala kweziphazamiso zengqondo (I-Wahlstrom et al., 2010b). Umbono okhoyo kwicandelo lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yokufikisa kobubomi kukuba inkqubo eyonyukayo kwinkqubo ye-mesolimbic ye-DA isebenza njengexanduva, inika ulutsha ekuziphatheni okuyingozi, lukhulisa ukuqonda kwabo kuhlolo lwelahleko kunye nelahleko, kwaye okukhokelela ekubeni nentlalontle ethembekileyo. (umzekelo, Icasey et al., 2008 kwaye Iigumbi et al., 2014). Tngenxa yoko, ngelixa intlahla yeshumi elivisayo kwisenzo sokusebenza kwakhona kungenzeka ukuba ivele ngenjongo yokuzibandakanya (umzekelo, ukuqhuba ngempumelelo yokuzala, ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, kunye nokwehla kokukhula), ukuphinda usebenze kwakhona kuluntu lwale mihla kunokuba ngumthwalo kwaye kubeke ubomi esichengeni (I-Spear, 2008). Kanjalo, Kwishumi elininzi lezifundo zokufunda nokufikelela kulutsha kubantu abafikisayo, utshintsho kwi-ventral striatum activation zidityaniswe kwiziphumo ezibi kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi notywala. (UJager et al., 2013), ukudangala (I-Telzer et al., 2014 kwaye I-silk et al., 2013), ixhala (I-Bar-Haim et al., 2009 kwaye UGuyer et al., 2006), susceptibility kwimpembelelo yoontanga (Chein et al., 2010), kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezaphula umthetho (UGalván et al., 2007 kwaye Qu et al., 2015). TMolo, imbuyekezo inokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo ekuziphatheni okubalulekileyo okudala umngcipheko wokuguquguquka kwesifo esingapheliyo kunye nokufa kwabantu.

4. Indima enokutshintshwa ye-dopaminergic reactivity in teens

Uluvo oluqobayo kwimisebenzi ye-DA ngexesha lokufikisa kwinqanaba lokufikisa lonyuka ngokuthatha umngcipheko kunye nengqondo yokufikisa kwengqondo kwishumi elivisayo ibonisa ukuba ulutsha lujamelene neengxaki zempilo yengqondo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwengqiniba yophuhliso ngokusebenza okuguqulweyo kwe-neural. Umbono osileleyo oqhutywa kukungasebenzi kwengqondo okumiselwe kukungasebenzi komzimba kuthetha ukungalingani, ukungafikeleli ekuthatheni umngcipheko wolutsha kunye nonyango lwengqondo olwanyanzela amandla ethu okungenelela. Ngaphezu koko, olu luvo lubalaselisa indlela yokuziphatha kwengxaki yokufikisa ngaphezulu kokukhula kunye nokuziphatha. Ngelixa le mbono ingachanekanga (okt, ukwenziwa kwendlu okuqinisiweyo) ntoni nxibelelana neziphumo ezibi), le meko yenziwe lula kakhulu ( UPfeifer kunye no-Allen, 2012) kwaye ayiqwalaseli indlela ukuphakama kwe-dopaminergic ephinda isebenze kwakhona ngeli xesha lokuphuhliswa. Iziphumo ezininzi ezifunyenweyo ezingahambelani nale ntsingiselo yokujonga intsilelo kukujonga umngeni kwimvakalelo yokufikisa komntu oselula ngokusebenza njengemfanelo kwaye iphakamisa umsebenzi onokubakho wokuphinda usebenze.

Olunye uluvo olucetywayo kukuba ukonyusa izinga lokuziva dopaminergic kwandisa isimilo sokuthatha umngcipheko esinokuthi siguqukele ekukhuthazeni ukusinda kunye nokufumana izakhono (I-Spear, 2000). Umkhwa wokufikelela, ukukhangela kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko ngexesha lokufikisa kunokusebenza ngenjongo eguquguqukayo enika ithuba elikhethekileyo kulutsha lokufumana amava amatsha ngexesha apho ulutsha lutshutshiswa ukuba lufunde kwiindawo zabo kwaye lushiye ukhuseleko lwabanonophele. (I-Spear, 2000). Ke, iimpendulo zangaphakathi zestriatum zinokuqhubela phambili ukufezekiswa kwenjongo kunye nokusinda kwexesha elide, ukuvumela umntwana ukuba afikelele kwinkululeko yokuzimela. (I-Wahlstrom et al., 2010a). Kufuphi, le conceptualization iphakamisa ukuba ukuthatha umngcipheko kuyindlela eqhelekileyo neguqukayo. Ukuphinda-phinda kwangaphakathi kwe-cyri striatum iphinde ibe yimpendulo eguqukayo lo gama inkqubo inganxili kwaye ulutsha luzibandakanya kuphela kumanqanaba aphakathi okuthatha umngcipheko; amanqanaba aphezulu okuthatha umngcipheko anokuba yingozi kwaye ade abeke ubomi esichengeni (I-Spear, 2008). Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo zokuthatha umngcipheko zinokwenzeka ukuba zixhomekeke kwimeko. Kuluntu lwethu lwale mihla, iimeko apho ulutsha luzibandakanya ekuthatheni umngcipheko (umzekelo, ukuqhuba iimoto) kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezigwenxa endaweni yeziphumo eziguqukayo (I-Spear, 2008).

Ukuhamba ngaphaya kwethiyori yokuba umngcipheko wokuthatha ngokwakho kukuziphatha okuguqukayo, ndicebisa ukuba ngengqondo entsha kunye nendima eguqukayo yemvakalelo yokufumana imbuyekezo njengokuthi ukuphindeka kwakhona kwesimo somtshato kunokukhokelela kulutsha. kude kwimingcipheko kunye ne-psychopathologies. Oko kukuthi, ukuphinda usebenze kwakhona kungakhokelela ekubeni ulutsha luye kude nakwindlela yokuziphatha ekucingelwa ukuba iza kuvela ngenxa yokuncipha kwe-neural sign ye-DA. Endaweni yokukhuthaza ukuthatha umngcipheko kunye nengqondo yengqondo, ubungqina bamuva buveza ukuba ukuphinda-phinda okwenzeka emtshatweni kunokukhuthaza ulutsha ukuba lubandakanye kwiindlela zokucinga eziqinisekileyo, zokuziphatha okuhle, ukuqhuba ukuqonda okuphuculweyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni kubakhusele ekukhuleni koxinzelelo nasekuzibandakanyeni kwindlela yokuziphatha ebeka emngciphekweni. Ewe, iimpendulo zangaphakathi eziqinisekileyo zangaphakathi, zidityaniswa nommiselo osebenzayo we-neural, zimele "ukuguqulelwa kwesizathu esifanelekileyo kwisenzo esiguqukayo" ( I-Wahlstrom et al., 2010a, iphe. 3).

Ukuphawulwa okuphezulu kwe-DA kunokuba luphawu lwe-neurobiological lwendlela yokuziphatha enxulumene nendlela, ngaphandle kwesiphumo esibonakalayo (okt. Ukuguqulela okanye ukungalunganga). Kwelinye icala, ukutyikitya kwe-DA kungatshintshelwa kwiindlela eziziphatha kakuhle eziguqukayo, ezinje ngokuziqhelanisa neendlela zokuziphatha ezakhayo (umzekelo, ukuzabalazela impumelelo, ukubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okubi, ukusebenzela usukelo). Kwelinye icala, ukutyikitya kwe-DA kunokujoliswa kwiimpawu ezixhasayo ezinokuba yingozi kakhulu kuxhomekeka kwimeko nakwimixholo eyahlukileyo (umz., Indlela yokuziphatha eyingozi, indlela yokuziphatha eyingozi). Imvakalelo ye-Ventral striatum ingabonisa ukuba sesichengeni okanye ithuba kuxhomekeka kwimeko yezentlalo kunye nenkuthazo (jonga 1 Table). TI-hus, ukukhula kwendlela yokusebenza kwiimvakalelo zepralral striatum ingahluka kuwo wonke amandla okunyusa kunye neemeko.

Ithebula 1.

Ukusebenza kwakhona kwe-Ventral striatum kunokuba ngumthombo wokuba semngciphekweni kunye nethuba.

Ukuxhatshazwa	Ithuba
*Ukuziqhelanisa nembuyekezo engentle*	Ukuziqhelanisa nembuyekezo elungileyo
Uvavanyo lokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi	Inkuthazo yemfundo
Iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo eziyingozi	• Ukuthanda kunye nokuzonwabisa

*Uvelwano kwisoyikiso lwentlalo*	Uvelwano kunxibelelwano lwasentlalweni
Ukuphakama koxinzelelo	Ubudlelwane boontanga obunempilo
Iimpembelelo ezimbi zoontanga	Ukuziphatha kokuziphatha

Izinketho zeThebula

Ngenxa yokuba iincam zengqondo yokuziva dopaminergic zibonakala zikho kwindalo yonke ekwishumi elivisayo, njengoko kubonwa kwiintlobo ngeemeko, kwimixholo nakwinkcubeko, injongo yam kukuqaqambisa iindlela apho uvakalelo lwe-dopaminergic luphinda lubhekiswe kwizimo ezilungileyo, ezikhuthaza impilo. Uhlaziyo oluninzi olunyanzelisayo luye lwacebisa kutshanje ukuba i-neurodevelopment yolutsha inzima (I-Crone kunye ne-Dahl, i-2012), kwaye i-ventral striatum ngamanye amaxesha inxulunyaniswa neziphumo eziguqukayo (UPfeifer kunye no-Allen, 2012). Kolu hlaziyo, ndihamba inyathelo ngakumbi kule conceptualisation kwaye ndicebisa ukuba i-hyperactivation ye-DA ikhuthaze impilo yolutsha. Apha ngezantsi, ndijongisisa kwakhona izifundo ezimbalwa zamva nje ezicela umngeni kwizimvo zemveli ezivuza imisebenzi yokuqonda ubonelelo ngeendlela ezingalunganga ngexesha lokufikisa. Iisampulu ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemeko, ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum kusebenza umsebenzi olungele impilo yolutsha kunye nokuba sempilweni, ngokunxulumene nokuncipha kokubamba umngcipheko kunye noxinzelelo kunye nokunyuka kokuqonda kunye nokufezekiswa.

5. I-ventral striatum kunye nomvuzo: ukubuyela umva kwakhona

Ngaphambi kokuphonononga uncwadi lwangoku, ndifuna ukuqaphela imiba embalwa yokutolika idatha ye-neuroimaging. Umsebenzi we-watu we-fMRI uchonge i-ventral striatum njengengingqi ephambili ebandakanyeka kulungiso lomvuzo (jonga Delgado, 2007). Nangona kunjalo, isithintelo esibalulekileyo sokutolikwa kwe-ventral striatum njengomvuzo wokufaka iikhowudi yingxaki yokuphambuka kokuziphatha (okt, ukufaka umthetho wengqondo ngokukhuselekileyo kwindawo ethile yobuchopho; I-Poldrack, 2011). Kwimibhalo-ngqangi yangoku, ndiza kwenza intelekelelo ezininzi ngokubhekisele kwi-ventral striatum kunye nomvuzo. Ngelixa ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum ngokuqinisekileyo kungafani nomvuzo, eli khonkco ngamanye amaxesha liyimfuneko ukwenza ukuchaza ibali elihlanganayo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba eminye imimandla ye-neural ngaphandle kwe-ventral striatum (umzekelo, VTA, vmPFC) kunye ne-neurochemistry ngaphaya kwe-dopamine (umzekelo, i-opioids) ikhowudi yomvuzo, kunye ne-ventral striatum ibandakanyeka kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-sensorimotor, kwengqondo kunye nemisebenzi ekhuthazayo. Umzekelo, i-striatum ibandakanyeka kulawulo lweemoto (bona IGroenewegen, i-2003), ukufunda kubandakanya ukwakheka komkhwa (Jog et al., 1999), ukufunda ngobuchule (I-Poldrack et al., 1999), kunye nokufunda okunxulumene nomvuzo (O'Doherty, 2004), kunye novakalelo lokuthintela / ukohlwaywa (Jensen et al., 2003). I-striatum, ke, iye yanyanzeliswa ukuba idibanise ulwazi malunga nokuqonda, ukulawula imoto, kunye nokukhuthaza (jonga Delgado, 2007).

6. Ubungqina bokuba uziva kakuhle dopaminergic unokukhuthaza impilo yolutsha

6.1. Uvakalelo lwe-Ventral striatum kwizigqibo zeprososial zibonisa ukuhla kwendlela yokuziphatha eyingozi

Ukuzibandakanya kwiindlela zokuziphatha zokuziphatha okuhle kuzisa amandla aphezulu, iimvakalelo ezinomvuzo ezibandakanya inkqubo yomvuzo wedopaminergic. Umzekelo, kubantu abadala, ukubonelela ngenkxaso yemali kwizibonelelo zenkxaso zibandakanya i-ventral striatum (I-Moll et al., 2006 kwaye Harbaugh et al., 2007). Oku kucingelwa ukubonisa imeko yokufudumala ngokufudumeleyo, iphakamise ukuba kufanelekile ukuba neprosocial (I-Moll et al., 2006). Ewe, sibonisa ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo baxela ukuziva bonwabile ngeentsuku xa bexhasa iintsapho zabo babonisa ukuzivuselela xa bebonelela ngenkxaso yemali kwiintsapho zabo ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwe-fMRI (I-Telzer et al., 2010 kwaye I-Telzer et al., 2011), ixhasa umbono wokuba iikhowudi zestriatum zangaphakathi zovakalelo lolonwabo ezinxulunyaniswa nokuba ngumnxibelelanisi. I-Ventral striatum activation kwimivuzo yeprosocial ke inokuthi ibonakalise umqondiso oguqulayo onokuthi usebenze kakuhle. Ukuvavanya oku, silandele ulutsha kwisithuba sonyaka omnye ukuze sivavanye indlela yokusebenza kwe-ventral striatum ngexesha elifanelekileyo, imeko yentshikiso kwangaphambili yaqikelela utshintsho kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezisemngciphekweni. Abakwishumi elivisayo bawugqibile umsebenzi apho banokunikela ngendleko zemali kwiintsapho zabo. Sifumanise ukuba abafikisayo ababonakalisa ukunyanzelwa kokusebenza kwe-ventral striatum xa besenza izigqibo zeposocial (okt, iindleko ezixabisekileyo kusapho lwabo) babonisa ukwehla okude emngciphekweni wokuthatha isimilo (umz: ukweba, ukusela utywala, ukusebenzisa iziyobisi, ukutsiba isikolo yonyaka (I-Telzer et al., 2013). Ngaphaya koko, ulutsha olwabonisa ukukhululeka kwe-ventral striatum ngexesha lokuthatha izigqibo kusapho olubonisiweyo Ngaphantsi i-ventral striatum activation ngexesha lomsebenzi othatha umngcipheko ( I-Telzer et al., 2015a), Ukucebisa ukuba imbuyekezo yophando inokuphelisa uhlobo olunomvuzo lokuzibandakanya kwindlela yokuziphatha eyingozi. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zibonisa indlela ubuntununtunu be-ventral striatum obunokuba yinto yexabiso kulutsha kuxhomekeka kwimeko apho kusebenze khona. I-ventral striatum, ethe ichongiwe njengomngcipheko wokuthathwa komngcipheko wolutsha, ikwakhusela kule mikhwa inye xa kugqalwa kwenzeka imeko-bume enentsingiselo.

6.2. Ukuziva kwe-ventral striatum kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemivuzo iqikelela zombini ukunyuka kunye nokuhla koxinzelelo ngokuhamba kwexesha

Ngelixa intlalontle elungileyo inokufezekiswa ngokuziphatha okunentsingiselo kunye nokuziphatha okuhle, ulutsha luhlala luyekelela kwizenzo ezibi kakhulu, umzekelo: ukuthatha umngcipheko, ukubabeka emngciphekweni wokungaziphathi kakuhle. (Iigumbi et al., 2014 kwaye I-Steinberg, i-2008). Siphonononge ukuba ingaba i-ventral striatum activation iya kufumana umvuzo we-eudaimonic (umzekelo, izigqibo zepososilo kusapho) kunye nemivuzo ye-hedonic (umzekelo, izigqibo ezinobungozi) ngokwahluka kotshintsho olude kwiimpawu zokudakumba. Abakwishumi elivisayo bagqibe umsebenzi obalulekileyo apho banokukhetha ukunikela khona kwiintsapho zabo okanye bagcine imbuyekezo yemali (I-Telzer et al., 2010 kwaye I-Telzer et al., 2011). Bawugqibile umsebenzi wokuthatha umngcipheko (i-BART; Lejuez et al., 2002), apho banokutsala iibhaluni ezibonakalayo ezabanika umvuzo okonyukayo wemali ngepompu nganye kodwa inokuqhuma nangaliphi na ixesha ikhokelela ekuphulukaneni nayo yonke umvuzo efunyenwe kuloo bhaluni. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba abafikisayo ababonise ukunyuswa kokuqina kwe-ventral ngexesha lokuthatha izigqibo zentsapho kwiintsapho zabo abanamava okuhla kwesifo kwiimpawu ezixinzelelweyo kwisithuba sonyaka olandelayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ulutsha oluye lwabonisa ukunyuswa okusebenzayo kwe-ventral striatum xa igcina umvuzo wokwenza umsebenzi we-prosocial (okt, izigqibo zokuzingca) okanye obonise ukunyuswa kokusebenza kwe-ventral striatum ngexesha lomngcipheko wokuthatha umsebenzi onamava okwenyuka kweempawu zobude beempawu ezibonisa uxinzelelo (I-Telzer et al., 2014). Ke ngoko, ukwenza kusebenze okwandisiweyo kokuqina kwendlela yokuziphatha kuyinto eguqukayo eguqukayo, enokuthi isebenze njengophawu lwe-neurobiological olunokuthi ikhowudi yokuziqhelanisa nemivuzo elungileyo (umzekelo, ukuziva unemvo yenjongo kunye nenjongo; ukuziva unxulumene noluntu) kwaye kukhokelela ekwehlekeni kweempawu ezixinzelelweyo. . Ukuphakama kwempendulo ye-striatal ngexesha lesigqibo sokuzingca (okokuthi, ukugcina imali ngokwakho) okanye xa ubeka ingozi kuyimpendulo engalunganga ye-neural, enokuthi isebenze njengophawu lwe-neurobiological olunokuthi ikhowudi yokuziqhelanisa nemivuzo engalunganga ngakumbi (umzekelo, umdla wobungozi; isoyikiso) kunye nesiphumo sonyuso lweempawu zokudakumba. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukubaluleka kokujonga imeko apho kusebenze khona ukusebenza kwestriatum striatum.

6.3. Ubukho bomama buye buvuselele uvakalelo lwe-ventral striatum sensitivity kude nengozi yokuziphatha

Abazali badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni abantwana babo, bancede abantwana babo ukuba benze izigqibo kunye nokuphepha umngcipheko. Ngelixa abazali banokunciphisa umngcipheko wokufikisa kwinqanaba lokufikisa ngokusebenza nje njengabagcini-masango kwaye bathintele namathuba abantwana abafikisayo ukuba benze izigqibo ezingezizo, thina kuvavanyiwe ukuba ubukho bamanina buyazitshintsha kusini na iindlela zokufikisa kubungozi kulutsha. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwe-FMRI, abafikisayo bagqibezela umsebenzi wokuqhuba ngexesha abanokukhetha ukwenza izigqibo ezinobungozi okanye ezikhuselekileyo. Badlale lo msebenzi bodwa phambi komama wabo. Sifumanise ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo benza izigqibo ezinobungozi ngakumbi xa bebodwa (55% yezigqibo) kunangexesha umama wabo wayekhona (45% yezigqibo). Kwinqanaba le-neural, i-ventral striatum yayingasebenzi kakuhle ngexesha lezigqibo ezinomngcipheko kwaye zisebenza ngakumbi ngexesha lezigqibo ezikhuselekileyo xa oomama abakwishumi elivisayo babekhona (I-Telzer et al., 2015b). Ngokubalulekileyo, safumanisa ukuba xa abakwishumi elivisayo benza izigqibo ezikhuselekileyo, babonisa umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokudibanisa (okt, intetho-enqamlezayo phakathi kwemimandla ye-neural) phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kunye ne-ventrolateral pre mapemaal cortex (VLPFC) xa oonina babekhona kodwa bengazange xa babodwa . MnaNgamanye amagama, ukwenza izigqibo ezikhuselekileyo phambi koonina kunokubangela impendulo emileyo ukuba iikhowudi zexabiso lomvuzo (okt, izigqibo ezikhuselekileyo ezibandakanya i-ventral striatum), kwaye le mpendulo yomvuzo ikhuthaza ukusebenza kwe-cortex yangaphambili, indawo ephambili kwingqondo ebandakanyekayo kulawulo lwengqondo, ukuthathwa kweempendulo zemoto (Grey et al., 2002 kwaye UWessel et al., 2013), kunye nommiselo wommiselo kunye nokukhethwa kwempendulo (USouza et al., 2009 kwaye USnyder et al., 2011). Ke ngoko iimpendulo zestriatal zinokuqhubela phambili ulawulo lwengqondo kunye nokucingisisa malunga nokukhethwa kwempendulo, ekugqibeleni kukhokelela kukhetho olukhuselekileyo. Iingcamango zokuthathwa komngcipheko wokufikisa kwinqanaba lokuba umntwana afikisele kwisigqibo sokuphakamisa ubuntununtunu bokuziva ububanzi ikakhulu kuthatha umngcipheko wokuthatha ixesha lokufikisa, kwaye umsebenzi wangaphambili ugxile kwimeko apho ubuntununtunu be-striatal bukhokelela ekuziphatheni okubi, okuyingozi. Ngokubalulekileyo, i-ventral striatum, edibene nokuthatha umngcipheko omkhulu, umzekelo xa oontanga bekho (uChein et al., 2011), inokudluliselwa kude nezigqibo ezinobungozi (okt, ukusebenza kancinci ngexesha lokuthatha umngcipheko) kunye nokunye izigqibo ezizezoluleko nezikhuselekileyo xa oomama bakhona.

6.4. Imivuzo ye-extrinsic kunye ne-intrinsic inokuphakamisa ukunyanzeliswa okuqhubekayo kwengqondo ngokusebenzisa ukuphakama okusebenzayo kwe-ventral striatum

Nangona ulutsha luye lubonakalise ukungonakalisi ekusebenzeni kwengqondo, ngakumbi kwimimandla evuselelayo okanye yeemvakalelo (umzekelo, IHare et al., 2008 kwaye USomerville et al., 2011), Ulutsha lubonisa ukusebenza okuphuculweyo (okt, iimpendulo zangaphambili) xa bevuzwa ngokwenza njalo (UGeier kunye neLuna, i-2009, UGeier kunye neLuna, i-2012, UGeier et al., 2010 kwaye Padmanabhan et al., 2011). Koluhlu lovavanyo olukrelekrele, uGeier noogxa bakhe babenenxaxheba bagqiba umsebenzi olula wokuqonda (umsebenzi ogwebayo), kwaye, kwezinye izilingo, ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwanqanda umvuzo. Ulutsha luye lwenza iimpazamo ezimbalwa kwizilingo zokufumana umvuzo kunye nokuthelekisa ukungalingani xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala (Padmanabhan et al., 2011), ukucebisa ukuba abakwishumi elivisayo banomdla kakhulu kwimivuzo, kunye nokuba nenkuthazo engaphezulu (okt, ukufumana imali) inokuphucula ulawulo lwengqondo. Ngokubalulekileyo, kwinqanaba le-neural, ulutsha lubonise ukwanda kokusebenza ngokuthelekiswa nabantwana kunye nabantu abadala kwi-ventral striatum kwizilingo ezivuelelweyo (Padmanabhan et al., 2011), Ukucebisa ukuba imbuyekezo eyongezelelweyo kunye nokuvuselelwa kwe-ventral striatum kunokuthatha amanyathelo okuphucula ukumiselwa kwemigaqo yokuziphatha kulutsha.

Iukongeza ekuvavanyeni izizathu ezishukumisayo (okt, ukufumana imali), abaphandi bafuna ukukhangela indlela inkuthazo enokuthi inxulunyaniswe nokuvuselelwa kwesimo kunye nokuphucula indlela yokuziphatha. I-Satterthwaite kunye noogxa (2012) Uvavanye ukuba yenziwa njani i-ventral striatum ngexesha lomsebenzi weememori zomsebenzi kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo obunzima phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abasusela kubudala be-8 ukuya kwiminyaka ye-22. Ababhali bayichaze inkuthazo yangaphakathi njengempendulo yefrithial yangaphakathi xa bewugqibile ngokuchanekileyo umsebenzi. I-Satterthwaite kunye noogxa (2012) wafumana amandla e-ventral striatum activation abonisa ubunzima bomsebenzi. Oko kukuthi, xa abathathi-nxaxheba benza iimpazamo ezichanekileyo ezichaseneyo nezingalunganga, babonisa ukuphakanyiswa kwe-ventral striatum activation, ukusebenza kwe-striatum eyayiphezulu kwizilingo ezinzima. Oku kusebenze kwe-striatal ehambelana nomsebenzi owenziwayo, iphakamisa ukuba ukusebenza kwe -ralral kwiseti ngexesha lomsebenzi oceliweyo kukhuthaza inkumbulo esebenzayo ngakumbi. Ukongeza, ukufikisa kubonise ukwenziwa kwe-ventral striatum okuphezulu kule mivuzo ingummangaliso. Ngokubalulekileyo, iimpendulo zestrakti zazikho ngaphandle kokungabikho kwengxelo ecacileyo okanye imivuzo, iphakamisa ukuba iimpendulo zestriatal kule meko zinokubonisa imiqondiso yokuqinisa ngaphakathi. Ezi zezinye zeziphumo zokuqala ezibonakalisa ukuba ziincutshe zolutsha kwimbonakalo yenyani kunempendulo ezichazayo zokomeleza.

Ukulandela umsebenzi we I-Satterthwaite kunye noogxa (2012), sifune ukuphonononga ukuba ingaba kukho ukungafani kweenkcubeko kulungelelaniso lwe-neural lwentshukumisa yangaphakathi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, saqokelela iisampulu ezimbini zabaselula abafikisayo abathi ngokwesiko bahluke ngokwezizathu zabo zesikolo. Abakwishumi elivisayo base-Asia abafikisayo banomdla wokuqhubela phambili kwizifundiswa kunoogxa babo baseMelika (I-Pomerantz et al., 2008) kwaye amanqaku aphezulu aphezulu kulawulo lwengqondo, ukusebenza kweqonga, kunye nokuziphatha ngendlela efanelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa namaqabane aseMelika (Sabbagh et al., 2006 kwaye Lan et al., 2011). Ukuvavanya ukuba ukwenziwa kwe-ventral striatum kungasinceda na isishukumiso sabafundi base-East Asia, siye sajonga abafundi baseMelika nabaseTshayina njengoko babethatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwezinto ezisengqondweni (umsebenzi ka-Go-Nogo) ofuna ukunyamezelwa kwexesha. Iziphumo zethu ziphinda zikhombe kwindima eguqukayo ye-ventral striatum. Sifumene umahluko obonakalayo kwintsebenzo yokuziphatha kuwo wonke umsebenzi wokulawula ukuqonda, ngokokuze abafundi baseTshayina nabaseMelika bangahlukani kwintsebenzo ekuqaleni komsebenzi, becebisa ngamanqanaba afanayo olawulo lwengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, ngalo lonke ixesha, abafundi baseTshayina babonisa ukuphucuka okubonakalayo kwintsebenzo ngelixa abafundi baseMelika babonisa ukwehla okubonakalayo kwintsebenzo (I-Telzer kunye neQu, 2015). Kwinqanaba le-neural, abathathi-nxaxheba baseTshayina babonisa ukwanda kokusebenza kwe-cyral striatum ngexesha lomsebenzi, ngelixa i-activation ye-ventral striatum yabathathi-nxaxheba ihleli iphantsi ngaphezulu komsebenzi. Ukongeza, abafundi baseTshayina babonisa ukwanda kokunxibelelana okusebenzayo phakathi kwe-ventral striatum kunye ne-preortal cortex ngalo lonke ixesha, uqhagamshelo olwalungekho kubafundi baseMelika. Ngokubalulekileyo, olu nxibelelaniso lusebenzayo lwalunxulunyaniswa nokusebenza ngokuziphatha, lubonisa ukuba unxibelelwano olukhulu lwe-VS-PFC lwenze ukuphuculwa kokuzibandakanya kwengqondo. Yiyo loo nto i-ventral striatum inokuthi ibonakalise imiqondiso yokomeleza yangaphakathi ekhuthaza i-PFC ukuba ibandakanye kulawulo lwengqondo olusebenzayo. Ukuba i-ventral striatum isebenze ngokudibeneyo ne-PFC icebisa ukuba ukuphuculwa kokuzibandakanya kwabafundi baseTshayina kungenzeka ngokuphendula okuqinisa inkqubo yabo yolawulo lwengqondo, ngokufana noko sikufumeneyo ngentla komngcipheko wokufikisa kubomi boomama. Ke ngoko, ukuphinda sisebenze kunokuba yimbonakalo ye-neurobiological emele inkuthazo yangaphakathi esebenza umsebenzi oguquliweyo, okwandisa inkuthazo yabafundi baseTshayina yokuzibandakanya kulawulo lokuqonda. Kunye nomsebenzi we USatterthwaite et al. (2012), ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba impumelelo kwizifundo inokuphuculwa xa abantu befumana umsebenzi wabo uvuyisa ngakumbi.

6.5. Ukonyuka kokusebenza ngokutsha kwesimo ngexesha lolawulo lwengqondo kuqikelela iimpembelelo ezilungileyo zoontanga

Ngokukhohlisa, Falk kunye noogxaICascio et al., 2014) asebenzise isakhelo sobuchopho njengesixhobo sokuphonononga ukuvavanya indlela iinkqubo ze-neural eziqikelela kamva zokuziphatha kwixa elizayo. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwe-fMRI, ulutsha lugqibezele umsebenzi osisiseko wokulawula ukuqonda (umsebenzi we-Go-Nogo). Kwiveki enye emva kweskena, ulutsha luye labuyela kwilabhs ukuya kwiseshoni yokuqhuba eyenziwe ngexesha apho banokuthatha izigqibo zokuziphatha ngendlela ekhuselekileyo nenobungozi. Abakwishumi elivisayo bagqibile ukulinganisa benokubakho koontanga abakhulu okanye abasemngciphekweni ophantsi. Ngokuziphatha kakuhle, ulutsha lufikelele ekukhetheni ukhetho lomngcipheko (oko kukuthi, ukuqhutywa kukudibana kwezibane ezibomvu) phambi koontanga abasemngciphekweni omncinci xa kuthelekiswa noontanga bomngcipheko omkhulu. Kwinqanaba le-neural, abafikisayo ababonisa ukusebenza okuthe kratya kwinto eyenzeka kwi-ventral striatum xa bethatha ulawulo lwengqondo babechukunyiswa ngoontanga babo abanobulumko., into yokuba ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum enkulu kunxulunyaniswe nokuzibandakanya kumngcipheko omncinci phambi koontanga abalumkileyo. I-Ventral striatum activation yayingadibani nokuba nefuthe koontanga abasemngciphekweni okanye ukuqhuba xa uqhuba wedwa. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwabantu abafikisayo ukuba bafumane ubugqwirha kwi-ventral striatum ngexesha lokulawula kwengqondo zinxulunyaniswa nokuzonwabisa ngeziphumo zokuthatha umngcipheko kubukho boontanga abalumkileyo. Ngokubalulekileyo, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-ventral striatum activation kwayanyaniswa Ngaphantsi Umngcipheko uthatha indlela yokuziphatha phambi koontanga bengozi kodwa ungabi semngciphekweni, ubonelela ngakumbi ngobungqina bendima eguqulwayo yokuvuselelwa kwesimo esidala. Ezi ziphumo ziyahambelana nezinto esizifumeneyo ngasentla eziye zenza ukuba kusebenze ukunyanzeliswa kwe-ventral striatum ngexesha lolawulo lwengqondo phakathi kwabafundi baseTshayina ( I-Telzer kunye neQu, 2015). Kwisifundo sethu, ukuvulwa kwe-cyral striatum ngexesha lolawulo lwengqondo kukhokeleze ukwanda kokusebenza kwengqondo, kwaye UCascio et al. (2014) ifunyanwe iimpendulo ze-VS eziphakamileyo zisebenze ukonyusa ifuthe elihle loontanga. Ngelixa kungacacanga nokuba i-ventral striatum apha isebenza impendulo yembuyekezo, iziphumo nangona kunjalo zibonakalisa indima eguqukayoyo yestriral striatum. Ngokudibeneyo, ezi ziphumo zicebisa ukuba abantu abafumana kwakhona i-ventral striatum ngakumbi xa bethatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwengqondo banokuzibandakanya kwindlela yokuziphatha eguquguqukayo kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla, okukhokelela kulawulo olusebenzayo lokuqonda kunye nokuziphatha okuthatha umngcipheko kancinci. Iziphumo ezinjalo zigxininisa ngakumbi ukuqonda imeko apho kuqalisa ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum.

6.6. Ukusebenza okwandayo kwe-striatal kunokusebenza indima yokulawula

Omnye umsebenzi ubonise ukuba i-ventral striatum isenokubandakanyeka kummiselo wemvakalelo. Kwisifundo esikude, UPfeifer kunye noogxa bakhe (2011) yavavanya ulutsha ngexesha lokutshintsha ukusuka ebusaneni ukuya ebusheni. Abathathi-nxaxheba baskenwa kabini ukuvavanya ukuba kwenziwa njani Impendulo ye-neural kwimbonakalo yobuso beemvakalelo itshintshe ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukunyuswa kwexesha elide kwimo yesiqhelo ye-ventral striatum kwayanyaniswa nokuncipha kwe-longitudinal ekuziphatheni okunobungozi kunye nokuhla kokungqubeka kwempembelelo yoontanga. UPfeifer et al. (2011) Ifumanise ukuba i-ventral striatum yayingasebenzi kakuhle kunye ne-amygdala xa kulungiswa imvakalelo yobuso, iphakamisa ukuba I-ventral striatum inokusebenza ukulawula nokulawula iimpendulo ze-amygdala eziphakanyisiweyo kwisimo esivusa imvakalelo. Abanye baye baxela ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa kwakhona kweemvakalelo ezingalunganga kwiisampulu zolutsha (McRae et al., 2012), ngakumbi ukuqaqambisa indima ye-striatum kulawulo lweemvakalelo. Ukulungelelaniswa kwendima yokulawula ye-ventral striatum, I-Masten kunye noogxa (2009) fu manisa Ukuqiniswa kokusebenza kwe-ventral striatum ngexesha lokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwakudibene nokuxineka kwengxelo yokubandezeleka kunye nokusebenza okuncinci kwimimandla yobuchopho ebandakanyeka ekusebenzeni "kwintlungu yentlalontle", ukucebisa ukuba i-ventral striatum inokubaluleka kokulawula iimpembelelo ezimbi ngexesha lokufikisa. Ngenxa yendima yayo ekuqhubeni umvuzo, isistri yangaphakathi inokusebenza ukunceda ukuphinda uvavanye amava amabi kutoliko olululo (Masten et al., 2009 kwaye I-Wager et al., 2009). Kwakhona, ngokuchaseneyo nokutolikwa okuqhelekileyo okunyusa ukwenziwa ngokutsha kwesimo ngexesha lokufikisa kufanekisela umngcipheko, ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zibonisa indima eguqulweyo yesistri kwaye zibeke ngokuthe ngqo kummiselo wemvakalelo.

6.7. isishwankathelo

Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zifundo zicebisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwe-ventral striatum esebenzayo kungasuswa ngokwandisa ukuqonda kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemvakalelo, kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko uthatha indlela yokuziphatha kunye noxinzelelo. Ngelixa uvakalelo lomvuzo lunokuba luphawu kwiziphumo ezingalunganga njengoko conceptualizations zangoku zigxininisa, uphando oluqwalaselweyo apha lubonisa ukuba ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum kungasebenza nendima elungileyo, eguqukayo yolutsha. Nangona uninzi lwezifundo luxele ukusilela okunxibelelene nokuqiniswa kokuqiniswa kwesinyanzelo sokufikisa (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi notywala, uxinzelelo noxinzelelo, kunye nehambo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezaphula umthetho; UJager et al., 2013, I-Telzer et al., 2014, I-silk et al., 2013, UGalván et al., 2007, I-Bar-Haim et al., 2009, UGuyer et al., 2006 kwaye Qu et al., 2015), Umbutho onqabileyo woncwadi ophononongiweyo apha ucebisa ngendima edluliweyo yendawo yokungena. Ngaphakathi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, i-ventral striatum inxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezilungileyo zokuziphatha. Ngokukodwa, ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum kungasebenza indima eguqukayo kwimixholo ekhuthaza ukwenziwa kwezigqibo kwangaphambili (I-Telzer et al., 2013 kwaye I-Telzer et al., 2014), ulawulo lwengqondoI-Telzer kunye neQu, 2015, ICascio et al., 2014 kwaye Padmanabhan et al., 2011), kwimemori yokusebenza (Satterthwaite et al., 2012), ummiselo wemvakalelo (UPfeifer et al., 2011 kwaye Masten et al., 2009), okanye zeziphi ihlala ulungile endaweni yeempembelelo ezimbi zentlalo (I-Telzer kunye neQu, 2015 kwaye ICascio et al., 2014). Ngokusekwe kumilinganiselo ethile kwizifundo ezihlaziyiweyo, ayibonakali kwisigqibo sokuba ukwenziwa kwe-ventral striatal activation kumele impendulo yomvuzo okanye enye inkqubo yengqondo. Kuba, i-striatum inokuthi ibandakanyeke kwihambo engaphaya kokuhlawulwa komvuzo, njengokufunda, eminye yantlukwano kwiimpendulo zestraticial kunye nemeko ezinobungozi inokubonisa umohluko ekufundeni nasekuhlengahlengiseni. Ewe, into ebalulekileyo yokufikisa kukuba lixesha apho uninzi lweendlela zokuziphatha kunye neemeko zinamava kwaye kufunyanwa iindlela ezintsha zokuziphatha (UDahl, 2008). Ke ngoko, uphando lwexa elizayo kufuneka libonakalise ukubaluleka kokusebenza kwengqondo kwi-ventral striatum kuyo yonke imixholo eyahlukeneyo.

7. Ngaba singathatha ithuba lokuziva sikwishumi elivisayo kwi-cyri striatum sensitivity ngeendlela ezikhuthaza ukwenziwa kwezigqibo?

Ukuphinda-phinda okwenzeka ebubini okwenzeka ebushushwini kubonakala kungokwendalo iphela, njengoko kubonwa kuzo zonke iintlobo, imeko kunye neenkcubeko. Ezo ziqongo ezenziwa kwi-dopaminergic activation ekukhulelweni zinokuchongwa kudidi lokuziphatha. Kwelinye icala, ukuba lijolise kwimisebenzi eyingxaki, njengokuvavanywa iziyobisi, indlela yokuziphatha eyingozi enokubakho, kunye nokuzibandakanya koontanga abaphambukayo, oku kukonyuka kwengqondo kwephothiyo kwendlela yokwenyani ngokuqinisekileyo kungumngcipheko. Kwelinye icala, ukuba kuyalelwa kwimisebenzi enentsingiselo, ezinje ngokuziphatha okuthandabuzekayo okanye izinto zokuzonwabisa, ulwalamano oluhle nentlalontle, okanye ukubandakanyeka okukhuthazayo esikolweni, oku kuphakanyiswa ngokutsha kwe-ventral striatum kunokuba ngumthombo wokukhuselwa kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo kwimpilo yomngcipheko. Ke ngoko, iindlela apho ulutsha lufikelela kwaye luphendule kwimbuyekezo lunokuba neempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwimpilo yabo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, isifundo ngasinye esihlolisisiweyo apha sivavanya umohluko ngamnye. Oko kukuthi, ayingabo bonke abantwana abafikisayo ababonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu, kwaye ayilulo lonke uqhelaniso olusebenzayo kwezi meko lwalunokusetyenziswa. Ulutsha oluye lubonise ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum enkulu xa iprosocial yabonisa ukwehla okukhulu ekuthatheni umngcipheko kunye nokudakumba (I-Telzer et al., 2013 kwaye I-Telzer et al., 2014); Ulutsha oluye lwabonisa eyona nto inyanzelekileyo ukuba yenze ukuba kusebenze ngexesha lokulawula kwengqondo kubonise olona phuculo lubalaseleyo ekuqhubekeni kwengqondo (I-Telzer kunye neQu, 2015) kwaye bachukunyiswe kakhulu ngoontanga babo abangabanye ukuba babandakanyeke kumngcipheko omncinci wokuthatha ingozi (ICascio et al., 2014); Ulutsha oluye lwabonisa eyona nto inyanzeliswa ukuba isebenze ngenxa yendlela yokusebenza enzima yokusebenza.Satterthwaite et al., 2012); kunye nolutsha olubonise ulonyuko olukhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-ventral striatum xa kuqhutywa imvakalelo kubonakalise ukwehla okukhulu kuthatho lomngcipheko (UPfeifer et al., 2011). Lo mahluko ungafaniyo ubalaselisa isidingo sokuchonga iimpawu zolutsha olubonisa ezi mpendulo ziguquguqukayo zangaphakathi. Ukutyhala abakwishumi elivisayo ukuba bazibandakanye kwindlela yokuziphatha akunakuphumelela ngaphandle kokuba ulutsha luxabise ukuzibandakanya kule ndlela yokuziphatha. Ke ngoko kuchonga indlela eziziphatha ngayo kunye nezinto ezithandwayo ulutsha oluxabisa kakhulu kwaye zincede ukubakhokelela kule misebenzi zinokuba neziphumo ezilungileyo nezingapheliyo.

Olu luvo lokuziva uziva njengento etshintshayo kunye nokuyalela ulutsha kude neendlela zokuziphatha ezonakalisa impilo kunemiphumela ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lonyango olusebenzayo kunye nemizamo yokungenelela yokuthintela ukunyuka okuphezulu koxinzelelo, indlela yokuziphatha ebeka emngciphekweni, kunye nokungaziphathi kakuhle nokufa ngenxa yokufikisa. abantu. Nangona abafikisayo banokuthanda ukuya kwicala lokuziphatha kakubi ngakumbi (I-Steinberg, i-2005) Ukuchonga iindlela zokusebenzisa ithuba lokufumana amandla okwazi ukufikelela kwinqanaba lokufikisa kubantwana ngeendlela zokuphucula impilo yabo kufuneka ibe yeyona njongo iphambili yeenzame eziqhubekayo zophando. Abafundisi-ntsapho, abazali, kunye noochwephesha kufuneka bayibone njenge njongo ephambili ukuzama ukubuyisela ibhalansi kwinkqubela phambili yolutsha - oko kukuthi, ukuqondisa ubukhali be-ventral striatum sensitivity kude nomngcipheko nakwithuba. Ukuba singafumana iindlela ezingaphezulu zokukhokela ulutsha ukuya kwizinto ezilungileyo zokuphinda kubengene ekuqineni kwe-ventral striatum, komeleza iindlela apho le nkqubo isebenza njengethuba, kwaye kunciphise ukubakho okanye umnqweno wezinto ezimbi zokuphinda kubuye ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum. Ukucutha ukusweleka kunye nokuwohloka komgangatho kwinqanaba lokufikisa.

8. Ubunzima be-ventral striatum ephinde ifike kwinqanaba lokufikisa

8.1. Umsebenzi we-heterogeneity exhasa ulungiso lweengqondo ezahlukeneyo

Ngelixa umbono okhoyo ucebisa ukuba incopho yokufuna umvuzo ekuziphatheni ubukhulu becala isebenza njengomngcipheko, ukuqhubela kwinqanaba lokufikisa kwihambo yokuziphatha engentle, ukubaluleka kwengqondo kokuziqhelanisa ne-ventral striatum kuyahluka kwimixholo. Ke ngoko, ukuqonda okungakumbi okuhambelana ne-ventral striatum kuyimfuneko. Ngelixa kwezinye iimeko, ukuphinda kusebenze kwakhona kwestriatum kunokuba ngumqondiso wokufuna imaladaptive, kwezinye iimeko imeko yestriatum inokuba luphawu lobuchwephesha kwindlela yokuziphatha enxulumene nendlela ezihambelana kakhulu nezingahambelani nokuthathwa komngcipheko wokuziphatha, Umzekelo, ukuzabalazela ukuphumelela ezifundweni, ukusebenzela ukufikelela kwinjongo). Ke ngoko, intsingiselo kunye nokubaluleka kwengqondo yokusebenza kwe-ventral striatum kuxhomekeke kumxholo nakwimeko apho yenzeka khona kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba yahluka ngokwabantu ngabanye.

In Ukongeza, i-ventral striatum activation inokubaluleka okungafaniyo kwengqondo kuxhomekeke kwimimandla edityaniswe nayo. Oko kukuthi, ngexesha lamava ahlukeneyo ngokwengqondo, i-ventral striatum inokubambisana nemimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ke, mhlawumbi zeziphi iingingqi zeengqondo zeVS ezinokuthetha ukwahlula inkqubo yengqondo eyenzekayo. Ngelixa uninzi lophando lwangaphambili lujolise ekubeni ingaba i-ventral striatum iyasebenza okanye ayisebenzi, okanye ingaba i-ventral striatum ilungelelana ngokwahluka komntu ngamnye kwindlela yokuziphatha, kubalulekile ukuba ungabinakho ubungqina bokuba i-ventral striatum idityaniswe ngokwahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla yobuchopho njengomsebenzi womxholo. Ewe, indlela yokuziphatha eyahlukileyo yenzeka ngokudityaniswa kwe-ventral striatum kunye ne-preortal cortex (PFC) ngogqithiso, kodwa iindlela zokwahlula ngokwendawo (UAlexander et al., 1986, UDi Martino et al., 2008 kwaye Postuma kunye Dagher, 2006). Umzekelo, iipatheni ezintsonkothileyo zokwahlula kunye nokwahlula-hlula phakathi konxulumana nemithombo eyahlukeneyo ye-cortical kunye ne-subcortical. I-ventral striatum ifumana ii-afferents ezivela kwimimandla ye-neural ngokwemeko ephenjelelwa kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, kubandakanya i-orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), i-cortex ye-cortal yangaphakathi, i-amygdala, kunye ne-hippocampus (umz. I-Haber kunye neKnutson, i-2010 kwaye UPennartz et al., 2011; yabona Delgado, 2007). Ke ngoko, ukuqonda indlela i-ventral striatum enxibelelana ngayo neminye imimandla ye-neural inokwazisa ukuqonda kwethu malunga nendlela i-ventral striatum enokusebenza ngayo zombini njengoxanduva kodwa kunye nethuba. Ezinye iziphumo ezixeliweyo kuvavanyo lwangoku zixhasa le mbono. Umzekelo, xa usenza izigqibo ezinobungozi uwedwa (I-Telzer et al., 2015b) okanye phambi koontanga (Chein et al., 2010), i-ventral striatum isebenza ngokusebenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, xa usenza ukhetho olukhuselekileyo phambi kukamama, i-ventral striatum ibonakala isebenza ngothungelwano kunye ne-VLPFC, uqhagamshelo olungekhoyo xa usenza ukhetho olukhuselekileyo lodwa (I-Telzer et al., 2015b). Ke ngoko, ukujonga imimandla eza kwi-intanethi kunye ne-ventral striatum ngakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunokusinceda ukuba siqonde umsebenzi kunye nokucaciswa kokusebenza kwe-ventral striatum. Mhlawumbi ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum kuyinto esebenzayo xa kusenzeka ngokusebenza kwe-VLPFC kodwa kunokuba kubi xa isenzeka nge-tandem nge-activation ye-limbic efana ne-amygdala. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka lugxile ekuvavanyeni unxibelelwano olusebenzayo.

8.2. Ulwakhiwo heterogeneity exhasa ulungiso lweengqondo ezahlukeneyo

I-heterogeneity yeentlobo zeeseli ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo somvuzo esinikiweyo sesinye isizathu esibonakalayo malunga neziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezibonwe kwi-ventral striatum. Ewe, i-ventral striatum inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelwana apho nganye nganye ibandakanyeka kwiinkqubo zengqondo ezahlukeneyo (ulwakhiwo lwe-heterogeneity). Ngokusekwe kwizifundo ze-anatomical, zomzimba, ze-immunohistochemical kunye neekhemikhali ngamagundane, iiprimim, kunye nabantu (umzekelo, IKhadidi kunye no-., 2002, UKoya et al., 2009, UPennartz et al., 1994 kwaye UVoorn et al., 1989), i-VS ayiziphathi njengesakhiwo se-monolithic kwaye ke ngoko inokuba neendawo ezihlangeneyo zee-neurons ezineendima ezithile zomsebenzi (U-Kalenscher et al., 2010). Ewe, i-striatum ibandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwezicubu ezinobuchule obahlukileyo bokudibana kweekhemikhali, kunye ne-ventral striatum ngokukodwa umahluko kunye nobunzima beesistim ze-neurochemical kunezinye iingingqi ezifana ne-dorsal striatum (UHolt et al., 1997). Ngaphakathi kwe-ventral striatum, i-nucleus accumbens yahlulwe yangamacandelwana amathathu kubandakanya igobolondo, isiseko, kunye nemimandla ye-pole ye-rostral (UZaborszky et al., 1985 kwaye UMeredith et al., 1993). Umahluko okongeziweyo kolu hlulo lukhona, kubandakanya uxinizelelo lweempawu zamachiza kunye nokusasazwa konxibelelwano.UHolt et al., 1997). Ngaphaya koko, ukuthotyelwa kwe-striatum kufutshane nenkqubo ye-limbic kuhlala kwingingqi eyandisa ngaphaya kwemida yoko ngokwesiko kuthathwa ngokuba yinyukliya (I-Eblen kunye neGreybiel, 1996).

Ngenxa yokuba i-ventral striatum ibandakanyeka kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo, ingqondo, kunye neemoto, abaphandi bacebise ukuba i-ventral striatum yenziwe ngee-ensembles ezisebenza kakuhle ezihlukileyo (UPennartz et al., 1994). I-ensemble ichazwa njengeqela le-neurons elibonakaliswa ubudlelwane obufanayo kunye / nobudlelwane kunye nemisebenzi ehambelana ngokuthe ngqo ekuziphatheni okugqithisileyo, umthetho we-neuroendocrine, kunye ne-sensorimotor fating (UPennartz et al., 1994). UPennartz noogxa bakhe bacebisa ukuba "I-nucleus accumbens, iyonke, ayithumeli iziphumo ze-monolithic kwizakhiwo zayo ezijolise kuyo, ezinokuthi zenze utshintsho olungenakulindeka kwezinye iiparameter zokuziphatha.. "Endaweni yokuba" indibano nganye eyahlukileyo inakho ukuvelisa iziphumo ezithi emva koko zidluliselwe kuseti oluthile lwezinto ekubunjiweyo kule ensemble, kwaye ke oko kunokubangela iimpembelelo zokuziphatha ezihambelana ngqo nalo mzekelo "(UPennartz et al., 1994, iphe. 726).

Ubungqina bokwahluka kobume bokuma kwe-ventral striatum buvela kuphando lwe-psychopharmacological. Umzekelo, i-microinjection ye-GABA_A I-agonist muscimol kwirostral medial eqokelele i-shell kwimigundane yenza ukuba umntu angakwazi ukuzibamba, ngelixa i-microinjection kwibhola ye-caudal endaweni yoko yenza ukuba uloyiko lusebenze. Iqokobhe eliphakathi le-GABAergic activation ivelisa iziphumo ezihlangeneyo kunye nezimbi zokuphembelelaUReynolds kunye neBerridge, 2002). Ezi ziphumo zibonakalisa ukuba i-GABAergic neurotransuction kwii-microcircuits zengingqi ze-nusus bokella intshukumo phakathi kwenkuthazo kunye nokuziphatha okucwangcisiweyo ngokudibeneyo ngokuhambelana kwimigca ye-rostrocaudal. Olu lungelelwaniso lunezinto ezibonakalayo lunceda ukucacisa indlela i-ventral striatum enokuthatha inxaxheba ngayo kwimincili kunye nemisebenzi yokuvuselela inkuthazo.. Ukongeza, i-TRKB, i-tyrosine kinase receptor, ifunyenwe ineempembelelo ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nokuziphatha. Umzekelo, ukukhuthaza kwe-optogenetic ye-D1-uhlobo lwe-medium spiny neurons kwiintonga kuphucula indlela yokuziphatha eqhutywa ngumvuzo, ngelixa ukuvuselela kwe-D2-uhlobo lwe-medium spiny neurons kukhokelela ekuziphatheni kweqhwa (Lobo et al., 2010).

Nangona kunjalo, umahluko kwiindidi zeseli ayisiyiyo kuphela inkcazo ye-heterogeneity ebonwa kukuziphatha. Utshintsho lweemolekyuli ngaphakathi kweentlobo ezithile zeseli zemimandla yomvuzo wobuchopho zibumba iindlela apho ulutsha luphendula khona kutshintsho kwindalo esingqongileyo, ukumisela ukomelela okanye ukuthambekela (URusso noNestler, 2013). Ke ngoko, uxinzelelo kubume bendawo ethile bume ngendlela yeimolekyhule kwi-VTA-nucleus i-circbens yesekethe, kwaye inokuba nefuthe nokuba kukhuthazwe ukuba babe nakho amava okanye ngokungalunganga. Umngcipheko woxinzelelo, ukuthatha umngcipheko, okanye ezinye iingxaki zengqondo kunokugqitywa ngotshintsho lweeseli ezenzeka kwiiseli ezilandela uxinzelelo (jonga URusso noNestler, 2013). Kuya kuba yimfuneko ke ukuba abaphandi basebenzise imozulu ebanzi yokubonisa imephu ye-loci kwi-NAc enefuthe loxinzelelo.

Nangona uphando olubalulekileyo kwiimodeli zezilwanyana luphakamisa ubume be-heterogeneity ye-nucleuseba, ukutolika ezi modeli kuphando lwabantu kuya kuba ngumngeni ngakumbi. Ngelishwa, ubuchwephesha be-fMRI, eyona ndlela isetyenziswa ngokubanzi yokuvavanya ukusebenza kwengqondo yolutsha kunye nokuziphatha okunxulumene nengqondo, bangavumeli umahluko okhethekileyo wemida echanekileyo kunye neheterogeneities kwisimo somntu. Ngaphezu koko, isiginali ye-BOLD ayiboneleli ngokuthe ngqo malunga ne-neurochemistry, kwaye ihlala ingacacanga indlela ukwenziwa kwe-BOLD okunxibelelana ngayo nokukhululwa kwe-dopamine ye-striatal (I-Schott et al., 2008). Abanye abaphandi badibanise i-fMRI kunye ne-PET, evumela ukuba kumiselwe ngokuthe ngqo ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine. Ngokubalulekileyo, ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine enxulumene nomvuzo ophezulu kudityaniswa nokunyanzeliswa kokunyanzeliswa kwe-ventral striatum, ukubonelela ubungqina bokuba i-dotaminergic neurotransuction idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwe-ventral striatum kulinganiswa ne-FMRI (I-Schott et al., 2008). Okokugqibela, uphando oluninzi olusebenzayo lusebenzisa iikhompawundi ezinkulu ezibhetyebhetye ezenzayo phantse akunakwenzeka ukwahlulahlula phakathi kwe-porral striatum kwi-subparts yayo. Yiyo loo nto kuhlala kungacacanga ukuba ngaba isebenze libekwe kwindawo ye-nucleus accumbens okanye kwi-ventral yentloko ye-caudate nucleus (Delgado, 2007), okanye ukwahlulahlulahlulahlulo-hlulo lwestriatum. Ngaphandle kwemizamo yokuphucula isisombululo somhlaba somqondiso we-BOLD, ngakumbi kwimimandla efana ne-ventral striatum kunye neVTA (D'Ardenne et al., 2008), sifuna ngakumbi amanyathelo ngokuthe ngqo omsebenzi wokuxhomekeka kwe-dopamine (I-Schott et al., 2008). Uphando lwexesha elizayo kunye neendlela eziphambili zenzululwazi ziyafuneka ezinokubhengeza ukwahlula-hlulwa kakuhle komhlaba ukwahlula-hlula kwiindawo ezingqamene ne-porral striatum.

9. Izikhokelo zekamva

Ngelixa uphando sele luqalisile ukufumanisa indima enzima yemivuzo kubomi abakwishumi elivisayo, igalelo eliqela libalulekile ukuze intsimi ihambele phambili kwaye ibeke isiseko sokuphuhlisa iimvavanyo ezivavanyayo malunga neendlela zengqondo eziya kuvelisa impembelelo enkulu kwezempilo. Uphando lwexa elizayo kufuneka ke luphande ukuba iimeko ezahlukeneyo zentlalo kunye nezishukumisayo ziyiphembelela njani imizwa yokuvuzwa komvuzo wokufikisa kunye neziphumo zempilo ezilandelayo. Ixesha lisemnyango lokujongana nezi njongo ngenxa yobungqina obubonisa ukukhula okukhawulezileyo kwengqondo kunye nokukhula kokuchaphazeleka ekufakweni kokusingqongileyo ngexesha lokufikisa, kudityaniswa notshintsho olukhulu ekuziphatheni kwentlalo okuyekelela ekuziqhelaniseleni nokunyuselwa kwimivuzo kunye nokunyuka okuthe chatha kwengqondo. Ke ngoko, uphando lwexesha elizayo luyafuneka oluqhubekeka ukwahlula imeko apho ubuntununtunu be-ventral striatum buthanani ngokuchaseneyo nokuziphatha gwenxa. Ngaphezu koko, ekubeni umzimba womsebenzi oqaqambisa imisebenzi enokutshintshwa yokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo kwimo yobutsha yinto engekhoyo, uphando olubonisa iziphumo ezifundweni ezihlaziyiweyo apha luyimfuneko. Apha ngezantsi ndicacisa ezinye iindawo zokubuza zophando oluzayo.

9.1. Phuhlisa inoveli kunye nemisebenzi yokuphuhlisa umxholo owahlukeneyo kwaye uvumela ukuthelekiswa kwemizwa yokuvuzwa kwiimeko zonke

Uphando lwaphambi kokuphononongwa ngaphambili luhlolisise kakhulu ukwenziwa kwezigqibo zokufikisa kunye nokuvuza ubuntununtunu ngaphakathi kwekhaya lezempilo, nangona kuye kwavela izifundo ezihlola ukwenziwa kwezigqibo zolutsha kwimeko yezentlalo (umz. I-Peake et al., 2013, IBraams et al., 2014 kwaye Chein et al., 2010). Ngenxa yokuba ixesha lokufikisa lixesha eliphawulwa kukukhula okuntsonkothileyo kwezentlalo, kwaye ukuthatha izigqibo ngokufikisa kwenzeka kaninzi ngexesha lokuphilisana kwezentlalo (UDahl, 2008 kwaye UGardner kunye neSteinberg, 2005), uphando kufuneka lubandakanye imeko yezentlalo kunye nenkuthazo kwimisebenzi yovavanyo ukuze ucofe inzima yokuziphatha kwabakwishumi elivisayo. Ukuba abaphandi bayaqhubeka nokuxhomekeka kwimisebenzi echukumisa ikakhulu indlela yokuziphatha engentle (umzekelo, ukuthatha umngcipheko) okanye ukuvuza imvakalelo yokungabikho kweenkqubo zentlalo, imvakalelo ye-ventral striatum ibonakale ingekho mthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba imisebenzi yovavanyo idibanisa iinkqubo zokwenza izinto ezintsonkothileyo (umzekelo, ubukho babanye, izigqibo zephambili kunye nokuthatha izigqibo), ubuntununtunu be-ventral striatum bunokubonisa iipateni ezizodwa, ngamanye amaxesha zimele uxanduva kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zijikelele. Kubalulekile ukuba obu bunzima bufakwe ekuqondeni kwethu ukukhula kwengqondo yokufikisa kunye nokuziphatha ukuze siyiqonde ngokupheleleyo indima yokuvuselelwa kwengqondo kwendlela yokuziphatha kwisigqibo sokufikisa kunye nokuziphatha.

9.2. Gxila kukwahluka nangokwenkcubeko ukwahlula ulutsha olusemngciphekweni

Ayisiyiyo yonke into eyenziwa ngokusebenza kwe striatal elungileyo okanye imbi, kwaye kuxhomekeke kwimeko kunye nomntu. Ngokuchonga ukwahluka kweqela ngalinye kunye nenkcubeko kulutsha olufumana umvuzo kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, sinokulwenza ngcono iinkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo ukuyalela ulutsha kwisimo sokuziphatha esibonakalayo kakhulu kwimeko yezenkcubeko efanelekileyo. Umvuzo uya kuthatha intsingiselo eyahlukileyo kumaqela ayixabisayo indlela yokuziphatha ethile. Umzekelo, kutshanje sivavanye ukusebenza kwenkqubo yembuyekezo ye-mesolimbic phakathi kolutsha oluMhlophe nolwe-Latino njengoko babezibandakanya nomsebenzi obandakanya ukuncama iintsapho zabo (I-Telzer et al., 2010). Ngelixa abathathi-nxaxheba baseLatino babonisa ngakumbi ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum xa befaka igalelo kusapho lwabo, abathathi-nxaxheba abaMhlophe babonisa ngakumbi ukusebenza kwe-ventral striatum xa befumana umvuzo wabo. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba izigqibo zokunceda usapho lukabani zinokukhokelwa, ngokuyinxenye, yimivuzo yobuqu ayifumanayo kolo ncedo, kwaye le mvakalelo yomvuzo inokulungiswa ziimpembelelo zenkcubeko. Ke ngoko, ukuba iinzame zongenelelo zixhomekeke kwiziphumo ezivela kwiqela elithile lenkcubeko, ungenelelo alunakuphumelela ngeqela elahlukileyo kwaye kunokuba neziphumo ze-iatrogenic. Oko kukuthi, ungenelelo olujolise ekwandiseni ukuthatha inxaxheba kweendlela zokuziphatha ezixabisekileyo kuphela kulutsha oluthile olunokuba nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yokufikisa. Uphando lwexesha elizayo ke kufuneka lubonise ngononophelo indlela inkqubo yomvuzo we-dopamine esebenza ngayo kumaqela ahlukeneyo kulutsha.

9.3. Sebenzisa imvakalelo ye-neural ukuqikelela utshintsho kwiziphumo zempilo yangempela kunye nokuziphatha

Uphando sele luqalisile ukunyanga ubuchopho njengokwahluka kwangaphambili kwesimilo sempilo esizayo. Le ndlela inika ithuba elingathethekiyo lokuvavanya indlela iimvakalelo zabantwana abakwishumi elivisayo baqikelela ngayo ukubandakanyeka kwihambo yempilo yokwenene. Nangona iinjongo zokuzixela kusengaphambili zibonisa umahluko othile kwindlela yokuziphatha yempilo yexesha elizayo, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba iingxelo ezizezakho azanele ukuthimba ubume bemeko yemozulu ngokubanzi (I-Aklin et al., 2005). Mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba abantu abathile abanalwazi okanye amandla okuqonda ukunika ingxelo echanekileyo yeenjongo zabo okanye ngenxa yokuba zinokungangqinelani kwiingxelo zabo zokuzihlaziya (I-Aklin et al., 2005). Ke, iinkqubo ezimiselweyo zinokuchaza umahluko kutshintsho lweendlela zokuziphatha ezingacaciswanga ngamanyathelo okuchaza ingxelo anjengezimo zengqondo kunye neenjongo. Inkqubela phambili yakutshanje kwi-neuroimaging sele iqalile ukusebenzisa i-neural activation ukuqikelela indlela yokuziphatha ngokufanayo okanye kwikamva. Ngokubalulekileyo, lo msebenzi ufumanise ukuba i-neural activation inokuqikelela ukuba loluphi uhlobo lweenguqu (ezonyukayo okanye ezincitshisiweyo) ekubekeni umngcipheko kwindlela yokuziphatha kunye neempawu ezixinzelelweyo ziya kuqatshelwa kwinyanga enye ukuya ngaphezulu konyaka omnye kamva (umz. ICascio et al., 2014, I-Telzer et al., 2013 kwaye I-Telzer et al., 2014). Isakhono sokukwazi ukuqikelela ukubandakanyeka kwexesha elizayo kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezisekwe kwiimvakalelo zentsana ezifikisayo zinokuba nefuthe elibi kwisakhono sethu sokuqulunqa iinkqubo zokuthintela ezizimeleyo. Ke ngoko, injongo ephambili yophando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka ibe kukujonga indlela i-ventral striatum reseacwork ngayo yonke imixholo eyahlukeneyo (okt ukuvuza imvakalelo kwimiba elungileyo kunye nemeko engalunganga) ichaza utshintsho olunxulumene nokuziphatha.

10. Izigqibo

Kolu hlaziyo, ndibonisile ukuba iincopho zengqondo yokuziva ngaphakathi zinokuthanani nomsebenzi wobutsha kwaye zinokuphembelela impilo entle kunye nokuziphatha okukhuthaza impilo. Le ndlela yokunyanzelwa komvuzo kwiminyaka yokufikisa icela umngeni kwimbono yesiko ethi imvakalelo yokufumana umvuzo dopaminergic ubukhulu becala ikhokelela ekuziphatheni okwenzakalisayo kwezempilo ngexesha lokufikisa. Ke ngoko, ndichonge indlela enokuba yintsholongwane yokunciphisa imeko yokuya phezulu koxinzelelo kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko kwindlela yokuziphatha ngexesha lokukhula xa ezi mpawu zihlala zikhula. Ukuziphatha okungatshintshiyo kwezempilo kungunobangela ophambili wokungonwabi kunye nokufa kwabantu phakathi kolutsha. Ukuqonda izinto ezibonisa ukuba ulutsha lufikelele kwinqanaba elibonakalayo leemvakalelo zangaphakathi zokuziphatha kude nengxaki yokuziphatha nakwindlela elungileyo yokuziphatha, isimilo sokuziphatha kwangaphambili siya kuba negalelo elikhulu kuluhlu lweendlela zokuziphatha kunye neziphumo zempilo.

Ucaphulo

- I-Aklin et al., 2005
- WM Aklin, CW Lejuez, MJ Zvolensky, CW Kahler, M. Gwadz
- Uvandlakanyo lweendlela zokuziphatha zokuthathwa komngcipheko wokuthathwa kokukhula kolutsha lwangaphakathi
- Behav. Qalela Ther., 43 (2005), iphe. 215-228
- inqaku

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Abstract

Izixhumanisi ezikhawulezayo