J Behav Addict. 2017 Dec 1; 6 (4): 534-544. i-doi: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.086.
Estévez A1, UJauregui P1, Sánchez-Marcos I1, ULópez-González H1,2, Griffiths MD2.
Abstract
imvelaphi
Ukuziphatha okusemngciphekweni kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nolawulo lweemvakalelo kunye nokuncamathela, ezinokuthi zenze imiba esemngciphekweni yokuphuhlisa indlela yokuziphatha ekhobokisayo. Nangona kunjalo, kusenokubakho umahluko phakathi kweziyobisi kunye neziyobisi ezinganxulumananga neziyobisi.
Iinjongo
Olu phononongo lujolise ekuphononongeni ubudlelwane bokulawulwa ngokweemvakalelo kunye nokuncamathela, kunye neziyobisi (utywala kunye neziyobisi), kunye neziyobisi ezingahambelani neziyobisi (ingxaki yokungcakaza, ukuba likhoboka lomdlalo wevidiyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuyingxaki kwe-Intanethi) kwabakwishumi elivisayo nakubantu abadala abasakhulayo. Uphononongo lukwajonge ukuphonononga iiyantlukwano zesini kwizinto ezinjalo.
tindlela
Isampulu ibandakanya abafundi abangama-472 abaneminyaka eyi-13 ukuya kwengama-21 abaqeshwe kwizikolo eziphakamileyo nakumaziko emfundo yezandla.
iziphumo
Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukulawulwa kweemvakalelo kwakuqikelelwa kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha eziye zavavanywa kolu phononongo (utywala kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukuphazamiseka kokungcakaza, umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okunengxaki), ngelixa uncamathiselo lwalubikezele iziyobisi ezingahambelani neziyobisi (ingxaki yokungcakaza, umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo. , kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okuyingxaki). Ukongeza, iyantlukwano yesini yafunyanwa, kunye nabasetyhini abafumana amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu kumama kunye noontanga, ngelixa amadoda afumene amanqaku aphezulu kukuphazamiseka kokungcakaza kunye nokuba likhoboka lomdlalo wevidiyo.
isiphelo
Iziphumo zinokuba luncedo kungenelelo lothintelo kunye nonyango oluqhutywa nolutsha malunga nokuziphatha okukhobokisayo.
IINKCUKACHA: ukuba likhoboka utywala; uncamathiselo ukuziphatha kakubi; ukulawulwa kweemvakalelo; ukukhotyokiswa ziziyobisi
PMID: 29280395
ingxoxo
Olu phononongo luphonononge ubudlelwane phakathi kokuziphatha okunokubakho (zombini izinto kunye nokuziphatha), kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nommiselo weemvakalelo kunye nokuncamathela. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba umlutha weziyobisi (utywala kunye neziyobisi) kunye neziyobisi ezingezizo (i-Intanethi, imidlalo yevidiyo, kunye nokungcakaza) zonke zazinxibelelene kakuhle. Ngokubhekiselele koku, izifundo ezininzi ziye zafumanisa ngaphambili unxibelelwano phakathi kongcakazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (umz., Kausch, 2003). Ngapha koko, uphononongo olwenziwe phakathi kwesampulu yabantwana (iminyaka yobudala: iminyaka eyi-12.5) yafumanisa ukuba ipesenti enkulu yabo bafumana amanqaku aphezulu kwingxaki yokungcakaza yayingabatshayayo nabasela utywala (Míguez & Becoña, 2015), into efunyenweyo echazwe kwezinye izifundo (umz., IGriffiths kunye neSutherland, ngo-1998). Olu phononongo luxhasa izifundo ezinjalo kodwa lukwabonelela ngobungqina obongezelelweyo kubudlelwane bomlutha weziyobisi kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezingafundwanga, ezinje ngosetyenziso lwe-Intanethi oluyingxaki kunye nokulutha komdlalo wevidiyo, eziphandwe kuphela zizifundo ezimbalwa (umz., UVan Rooij et al., 2014). Uncwadi olukhoyo lucebisa ukuba abantu abasebenzisa iziyobisi gwenxa basengozini yokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yokufuna imvakalelo (UQuigley noLeonard, ngo-2000), ngokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kunye nomdlalo wevidiyo iyimisebenzi emibini enokuthi ilingane neprofayile enjalo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba phakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo, ngakumbi, xa enye ingxaki yokuziphatha isanda, amathuba okubakho kwezinye iingxaki zokuziphatha nawo ayanda (UDonovan kunye noJessor, ngo-1985; IGriffiths kunye neSutherland, ngo-1998).
Olu phononongo lukwabonise ukuba ukulawulwa kweemvakalelo kunxibelelene kakuhle nokuziphatha okukhobokisayo (okt, ukuphazamiseka kokungcakaza, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okunengxaki, umlutha womdlalo wevidiyo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi). Oku kuxhasa iziphumo zophando lwangaphambili olunxibelelene nokulawulwa kweemvakalelo kunye nolawulo lwempembelelo (Schreiber et al., 2012), ukuziphatha kakubi (Coffey & Hartman, 2008Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (Gardner, Dishion, & Connell, 2008), kunye nokuphazamiseka kokungcakaza (Elmas, Cesur, & Oral, 2017; Williams, Grisham, Erskine, & Cassedy, 2012). Ubunzima bokulawula iimvakalelo bubonakala ngokuba nemingeni ekulawuleni iimpembelelo ezingaphaya kweemvakalelo ezingalunganga, ukubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okujoliswe kuko, kunye nokufumana iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokulawula iimvakalelo (Berking et al., 2011; UGratz kunye noRoemer, ngo-2004). Olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba abantu abanobunzima kulawulo lweemvakalelo babandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okukhobokisayo ukuphepha okanye ukulawula iimvakalelo ezingalunganga kunye neemvakalelo (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Ricketts & Macaskill, 2003). Kukwabonakala kubonakala ngathi abantu banokubandakanyeka kwindlela yokuziphatha eyandisa ixesha elide okanye eyandisa iimeko zeemvakalelo ezintle, ukuba babonakalisa ukulawulwa kakubi kwiimvakalelo zabo okanye abanazo ezinye iindlela zokuphendula (Williams & Grisham, ngo-2012).
Ngokuphathelele uncamathiselo, utata nonina babenonxibelelwano olungalunganga kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okunengxaki kunye nokulutha komdlalo wevidiyo, ngelixa uncamathiselo loontanga lunxibelelene kakubi nokulutha komdlalo wevidiyo. Ezi ziphumo zihambelana kakuhle nezifundo zangaphambili eziye zaqaphela ukuba iipatheni zokuncamathela ezibonakaliswe kukuxakeka zinxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha okusemngciphekweni kwabakwishumi elivisayo (Kobak, Zajac, & Smith, 2009; IMonacis, de Palo, Griffiths, kunye neSinatra, 2017), nangona olo phando alukhange luphonononge ubudlelwane kwiziyobisi zokuziphatha. Umzekelo, kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okunengxaki, kunokuxoxwa ukuba abafikisayo banokusebenzisa i-Intanethi ngokugqithisileyo ngenxa yokungadibanisi ngokwaneleyo kumanani abazali babo. Ngenxa yoko, itekhnoloji entsha inokubonelela ngeendawo ezikhuselekileyo kulutsha ukuba luphuhlise ukuzithemba kunye nesazisi sabo (UHerrera Harfuch, uPacheco Murguía, uPalomar Lever, kunye noZavala Andrade, ngo-2009). Ngokufanayo, njengemidlalo yevidiyo ekwi-intanethi iququzelela abadlali ukuba bathathe inxaxheba besebenzisa ezinye izazisi, zibenza bazive bengcono kunokuba bangoobani ngokwenyani (Gainsbury, 2015), inokuba yimeko yokuba abakwishumi elivisayo abaneengxaki basebenzise imidlalo yevidiyo njengendawo yokuhlala okanye ukubaleka (Vollmer, Randler, Horzum, & Ayas, 2014). Ngenxa yoko, iziyobisi ezinganxulumananga neziyobisi zinokunxulumana nesidingo solwaneliseko lobudlelwane ebusheni.
Indima eqikelelweyo yokulawulwa kweemvakalelo kunye nokuqhotyoshelwa nayo yaphononongwa kolu phononongo. Ummiselo weemvakalelo wawusisiqalo sazo zonke izimilo zokulutha ezivavanyiweyo (zombini izinto kunye nezingadibanisi neziyobisi). Iziphumo zikwabonise ukuba ulawulo lolona luqiqileyo lunamandla. Oku kufunyaniswayo kuxhasa izifundo zangaphambili kubantu abadala abaneengxaki zokungcakaza apho ukulawulwa kweemvakalelo, kunye nolawulo ngakumbi, kwakhona kuqikelelwe ngengxaki yokungcakaza kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala neziyobisi (Jáuregui, Estévez, & Urbiola, 2016). Uphando lubonise ukuba abantu abanokulawulwa kweemvakalelo eziphantsi banokuthi babandakanyeke ekuziphatheni okukhobokisayo, okanye bafumane kunzima ukuyeka ukuziphatha okunjalo (I-Sayette, 2004). Ukulawulwa kweemvakalelo kuye kwadityaniswa nokungcakaza njengendlela yokubaleka, ngakumbi phakathi kwabo banentsilelo yexesha elide yolawulo lweemvakalelo (Imozulu kunye noMiller, ngo-2013). Izifundo ezininzi ziye zaphawula ukuba iimeko zeemvakalelo, ezinje ngokungabi namdla (okt, ukungakhathali), zinokuba yingcambu yengxaki yokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi (Esmaeilinasab, AndamiKhoshk, Azarmi, & SamarRakhi, 2014). Oku kuhambelana neziphumo zokuphononongwa okucwangcisiweyo nguKun kunye neDemetrovics (2010), okwabonisa ukuba umgangatho ophantsi wobukrelekrele ngokweemvakalelo unxulunyaniswa nokutshaya kakhulu, ukusebenzisa utywala, nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo zolu phononongo zihambelana kakuhle noncwadi olukhoyo malunga neziyobisi, kwaye zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokulawulwa kweemvakalelo ekuqikeleleni izinto kunye nokuziphatha okungahambelani neziyobisi.
Ukuncamathela okungalunganga kuxelwe kwangaphambili ukuphazamiseka kokungcakaza, ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, kunye nokulutha komdlalo wevidiyo. Ezi ziphumo ziyinoveli ngokwentelekiso kumxholo wokuziphatha kakubi kunye nokuncamathela, nangona ezinye izifundo zokuqala bezisele zilubonisile ulwalamano olunjalo (umz., Monacis et al., 2017). Ngapha koko, uXu et al. (2014) efunyenwe kwisampulu yolutsha lwe-5,122 ukuba umgangatho wobudlelwane bomzali nokwishumi elivisayo kunye nonxibelelwano lwalunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nophuhliso lobukhoboka be-Intanethi. Kuphononongo olufanayo, ababhali bafumanise ukuba izinto ezincamathelayo kumama zazinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokuqala komlutha kunokuncamathela kukayise, kukho into ekwabonakaliswe kolu phononongo kwimeko yokuncamathela kukamama kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okunengxaki. Ukuba iipatheni zokuncamathela kwiminyaka yobudala zinefuthe kuphuhliso lobudlelwane bobomi babantu abadala (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi kunokusetyenziselwa ukubuyisela imfuno yokwenza ubudlelwane obutsha, abantu abavuzayo abaziva bengowabo kunye nesazisi seqela (Estévez et al., 2009), zonke ezihambelana ngokusondeleyo nokuncamathela. Abantu abanamathele ngokukhuselekileyo babonakaliswa ngokuzamkela iimfuno zabo zeemvakalelo (Wallin, ngo-2015). Ngokuchaseneyo noko, abantu abanezihlomelo ezingakhuselekanga (umzekelo, ukunqanda ukuxhalaba) banika ingqwalasela encinci kwiimfuno zabo zovakalelo kwaye abaziva ngathi banokuthembela kwinkxaso yomnye umntu. Oku kunokubakhuthaza ukuba baphephe ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu (Malik, Wells, & Wittkowski, 2015), kwaye yomeleza ingcinga yokuba iziyobisi zokuziphatha zinokuqondwa njengendlela yokubaleka kunye nembuyekezo kubudlelwane obungonelisiyo (Vollmer et al., 2014). Ukuphazamiseka kwentsebenziswano phakathi komzali nomntwana kubangela ubunzima ekuchaphazelekeni kolawulo, ubunzima bokwahlukana / ukuhlukaniswa, kunye nobunzima phakathi kwabantu. Ngapha koko, zijongwa njengezinto eziguquguqukayo ezandulelayo ekuphuhliseni umlutha (UMarkus, ngo-2003). Ukuba umntu uziva engathandwa kwaye engahoywanga kwaye uvelise ukuzithemba okungalunganga ngenxa yobudlelwane obungalunganga ngexesha lobuntwana, umntu unokuzama ukukuphepha oku ngokubandakanyeka kwisenzo esinokubakho.Isantya, iSchimmenti, iZappulla, kunye neDi Maggio, ngo-2013). Kwisakhelo seklinikhi, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba ithiyori yokuncamathela (Bowlby, 1973) inokunceda ukucacisa ukukhula kokuziphatha okukhobokisayo, kwaye indlela yokuziphatha ekhobokisayo inokujongwa njengokuphazamiseka kokuncamathela (Schimmenti & Bifulco, 2015). Ngaphaya koko, uphando lubonise ukuba abangcakazi abasemngciphekweni kunye nabangcakazayo be-pathological babika amanqanaba aphezulu okuncamathela okoyikayo kunabangcakazi abangenangxaki (Isantya et al., 2013).
Enye injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya ukuba isini siwuchazile na umahluko phakathi kokuncamathisela kunye nezinye iinguqu eziphantsi koviwo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba abantu basetyhini bafumene amanqaku aphezulu ngokuncamatheliswa komama kunye nokuncamathela koontanga, ngelixa amadoda afumene amanqaku aphezulu ngokunxulumene nokuphazamiseka kokungcakaza kunye nokuba likhoboka lomdlalo wevidiyo. Uphando lwangaphambili luye lwabonisa ukuba isini sinempembelelo kwiiprofayili zengqondo zolutsha. Umzekelo, abasetyhini abakwishumi elivisayo babonisa inqanaba elikhulu lokuzixakekisa malunga nendlela abacinga ngayo ukuba baya kuvavanywa kwaye baqondwe ngabanye, bezazi ngakumbi iingxabano phakathi kwabo.Laursen, ngo-1996). Ukongeza, abasetyhini abafikisayo babonisa ukungazithembi ngakumbi malunga nokusebenza kwabo ngokwabo ekusombululeni iingxabano (Calvete & Cardeñoso, 2005).
Izifundo ezininzi ziqaphele umahluko ngokwesini ekuxhaphakeni kokuphazamiseka kokungcakaza (umz., Shaffer, Hall, & Bilt, 1999; IStucki kunye neRihs-Middel, 2007). Ezinye iingcaciso zalo mahluko ziquka inkuthazo yamadoda ukuba bahlale belawula, icandelo elihlekisayo lokungcakaza, ukufuna imvakalelo, kunye nethemba lokuphumelela imali eninzi. Nangona kunjalo, abafazi basebenzisa ukungcakaza njengendlela yokujongana neengxaki zobuqu, ezinje ngokuba wedwa, isithukuthezi, kunye neemvakalelo zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (dysphoric emotional states)I-Ruiz, i-Buil, kunye ne-Moratilla, ngo-2016). Ezi mpawu zinokunceda ekuchazeni ukuxhaphaka okukhulu kwamadoda kukuphazamiseka kokungcakaza. Ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lweemvakalelo, akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo afunyenweyo phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini ngaphandle kokuqonda. Ezi ziphumo ziyahluka kwizifundo zangaphambili ezibonisa ukuba abafazi bathembele ngakumbi kwizicwangciso zenkxaso yoluntu kunye nokuziphatha, ngelixa amadoda ethanda ukuphepha, ukungenzi nto, kunye nokucinezela iimvakalelo (I-Blanchard-Fields & Coats, ngo-2008; Schmitt, ngo-2008; Vierhaus, Lohaus, & Ball, 2007). Nangona kunjalo, uphando olongezelelweyo luyimfuneko ukuze kuqondwe ukuvela kweendlela zokulawula iimvakalelo kulo lonke ixesha lokufikisa (Zimmermann & Iwanski, 2014), ngakumbi kuba abafikisayo kufuneka bajongane nobunzima bokulawula iimvakalelo ngaphandle kokuba baphuhlise ngokupheleleyo izixhobo zeemvakalelo kunye nezixhobo zokujongana nazo ngokufanelekileyo (Calvete & Estévez, 2009; I-Steinberg, i-2005).
Olu phononongo alukho ngaphandle kwemida yalo. Okokuqala, i-design ye-cross-sectional design inciphisa imiphumo ye-causal evela kwisifundo, ngokuchasene noyilo longitudinal, olunokuthi lunikeze umfanekiso ocacileyo wempembelelo yesikhashana yenguqu nganye. Ngokufanayo, ixesha lokufikisa lithuba lokuzazisa apho abantwana bafumana ukuzimela kunye nokuzimela kumanani abazali babo. Ke ngoko, ubudlelwane bentsapho bunokuba neempawu ezingaqhelekanga ngeli xesha. Ukongeza, isampulu yayiliqela elingelilo eleklinikhi elikhethwe kulutsha lwaseSpain olufikisayo, kwaye ke ngoko, ngokomgaqo, abathathi-nxaxheba abafumananga manqaku aphezulu kunomndilili kulo naliphi na ikhoboka lokuziphatha elifundiweyo. Isampulu equka abathathi-nxaxheba bekliniki inokubonisa ukuba iziphumo ezixelwe apha zinokuphinda-phinda kwizigulana ezifunyaniswe zineengxaki zokuziphatha. Ngaphaya koko, olu phononongo luxhomekeke kumanyathelo okuzixela ngokwawo kwaye ke ngoko luphantsi kocalucalulo olwaziwayo (umzekelo, ukukhumbula i-bias kunye nentlalontle enqwenelekayo). Ngaphaya koko, izinto ezifihlakeleyo ezinjengokuncamathisela zizinto ezintsonkothileyo ekunzima ukuzibonakalisa ngamaphepha-mibuzo asemgangathweni, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule bokuncedisana ekuchongeni ukwakhiwa kokuncamathisela kunokunceda ekutyebiseni iziphumo zezifundo ezizayo. Kukwabalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-SOGS-RA yokuvavanya ingxaki yokungcakaza ayikuvumeli ukuchasana nezifundo ezisebenzise ezinye izixhobo zokuxilonga. Ngaphaya koko, izifundo ezimbalwa zichaze iingxaki ezithile ezinxulumene nesi sixhobo ekuvavanyeni ngokuchanekileyo ingxaki yokungcakaza kubantu abafikisayo (Ladouceur et al., 2000; Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Rohling, Rohde, & Seeley, 2004).
izigqibo
Ngaphandle kwemida ekhankanywe ngasentla, olu phononongo lubonise ukuba ubunzima bokulawulwa kweemvakalelo buqikelele ukuba kukho into enokuthanani neziyobisi kunye nezinto ezingahambelaniyo neziyobisi, ngelixa ukuncamathela okungalunganga kukuxela kwangaphambili kokungalungi kweziyobisi kulutsha. Ukongeza, iyantlukwano yesini ichaza iiyantlukwano kwiziyobisi ezingekho phantsi kweziyobisi, ukongeza kuncanyathiso loontanga kunye nokuncamathela kukamama. Olu phononongo lubonelela ngobungqina obutsha bophando lwexesha elizayo malunga nomngcipheko kunye nezinto ezikhuselayo ezibandakanyeka kuzo zombini iziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha.
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