Isiphaluka seBongo esilawula izigqibo ezibangela ukuxhalabisa okukhulu
date:
Ngamana 28, 2015
umthombo:
I-Massachusetts Institute of Technology
isishwankathelo:
Ezinye izigqibo zivusa ixhala ngakumbi kunezinye. Phakathi kwezinto ezixhalabisa kakhulu zezi zibandakanya iinketho ezinokubakho kunye nezinto ezintle, ezinokukhetha ukuthatha umsebenzi ohlawula kakhulu kwisixeko kude nosapho kunye nabahlobo, xa ukhetha ukukhetha ukuhlala nmvuzo omncinci.
Ezinye izigqibo zivusa ixhala ngakumbi kunezinye. Phakathi kwezinto ezixhalabisa kakhulu zezi zibandakanya iinketho ezinokubakho kunye nezinto ezintle, ezinokukhetha ukuthatha umsebenzi ohlawula kakhulu kwisixeko kude nosapho kunye nabahlobo, xa ukhetha ukukhetha ukuhlala nmvuzo omncinci.
Abaphengululi be-MIT ngoku sele bechonge isiphaluka se-neural esibonakala ngathi sithathwa sisigqibo esingaphantsi kololu hlobo kwimeko, eyaziwa ngokuba kukuthintela ukungqubana. Iziphumo ezo zinokunceda abaphandi bafumane iindlela ezintsha zokunyanga ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubonakalisa ukuthathwa kwezigqibo, ezinje ngoxinzelelo, isifo sengqondo kunye nophazamiseko lobuntu.
"Ukuze senze unyango kwezi ntlobo zokuphazamiseka, kufuneka siqonde ukuba isebenza njani inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo," utshilo u-Alexander Friedman, isazinzulu sophando kwi-MIT's McGovern Institute for Brain Research kunye nombhali ophambili wephepha elichaza iziphumo kwinkupho kaMeyi 28 ka iseli.
UFryman kunye noogxa bakhe babonise inyathelo lokuqala ekuphuhliseni amayeza onyango anokubakho kwezi ngxaki: Ngokusebenzisa le sekethe kwizixhobo, bakwazile ukuguqula ukukhetha kwabo babenomngcipheko omncinci, behlawula umvuzo ophantsi ukuba bakhethe ukuhlawulwa okukhulu kunakubiza iindleko zabo ezinkulu.
Umbhali ophezulu wephepha nguAnn Graybiel, uNjingalwazi weZiko leMIT kunye nelungu leZiko laseMcGovern. Abanye ababhali ngu-postdoc uDaigo Homma, oososayensi bophando uLeif Gibb noKen-ichi Amemori, abaphumelele kwizidanga zokuqala uSamuel Rubin kunye noAdam Hood, kunye nomncedisi wezobuchwephesha uMichael Riad
Ukwenza izigqibo ezinzima
Isifundo esitsha sikhule kumzamo wokufumanisa indima ye-striosomes-clusters of cell ezisasazwe nge-striatum, indawo enkulu yobuchopho ebandakanyeka kulungelelwaniso lwentshukumo kunye neemvakalelo kunye nefuthe lokuphazamiseka kwabantu. I-Graybiel yafumanisa i-striosomes kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, kodwa umsebenzi wabo wawusele ungaqondakali, ngokuyinxenye kuba zincinci kwaye zinzulu ngaphakathi kwingqondo kangangokuba kunzima ukuzifanekisa ngemifanekiso esebenzayo yemagneti (fMRI).
Izifundo zangaphambili ezivela kwilebhu yeGraybiel zichonge imimandla yengqondo yangaphambili yecorto yeprojekthi yeproososomes. Le mimandla ichaphazelekile ekusetyenzisweni kweemvakalelo, ke abaphandi barhanela ukuba isekethe inokuba inxulumene neemvakalelo.
Ukuvavanya lo mbono, abaphandi bafunde iimpuku njengoko besenza iintlobo ezintlanu zemisebenzi yokuziphatha, kubandakanya imeko yokuphepha. Kwimeko enjalo, iigundane eziqhuba i-maze kuye kwafuneka zikhethe phakathi kwendlela enye ebandakanya iitshokholethi eyomeleleyo, abayithandayo, kunye nokukhanya okuqaqambileyo, abangakuthandiyo, kunye nokhetho olunokukhanya okungacacanga kodwa itshokholethi ebuthathaka.
Xa abantu benyanzelwa ukuba benze ezi ndidi zezigqibo zeendleko-zoncedo, bahlala benamaxhala, anefuthe kukhetho abalwenzayo. "Olu hlobo lomsebenzi lunokubaluleka kakhulu kukuphazamiseka koxinzelelo," utshilo uGibb. "Ukuba singafunda okungakumbi malunga nokujikeleza, mhlawumbi singabanceda abantu abanale ngxaki."
Abaphandi baphinde bavavanya iigundane kwezinye iimeko ezine apho ukhetho lwalulula khona kwaye lungaphantsi koxinzelelo.
"Ngokuthelekisa intsebenzo kule misebenzi mihlanu, sinokubheka iindleko-zokwenza izigqibo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zokwenza izigqibo, esivumela ukuba sifikelele kwisigqibo sokuba ukuthatha izigqibo-ngokwenza izigqibo kuhlukile," utshilo uFriedman.
Sebenzisa i-optogenetics, eyabavumela ukuba baguqule i-cortical yegalelo kwii-striosomes okanye bukhanyise ngokukhanya kwiseli ye-cortical, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba isekethe edibanisa i-cortex kunye ne-striosomes idlala indima yesizathu ekuphembeleleni izigqibo kwimisebenzi yokuphepha, kodwa akukho nanye kwezinye iindlela zokwenza izigqibo.
Xa abaphandi bavala igalelo kwii-striosomes ukusuka kwi-cortex, bafumanisa ukuba iigundane ziqala ukukhetha ukhetho olunomngcipheko omkhulu, ukhetho olukhulu kakhulu njengepesenti ye-20 rhoqo kunokuba bebelukhetha ngaphambili. Ukuba abaphandi bavuselele igalelo kwii-striosomes, iigundane zaqala ukukhetha ukhetho oluziindleko oluphezulu, olunomvuzo ophantsi kakhulu.
UPaul Glimcher, uprofesa we-physiology kunye ne-neuroscience kwiYunivesithi yaseNew York, uchaza olu phando "njengomsebenzi wobugcisa" kwaye uthi uchukunyiswe ngokukodwa kukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji entsha, i-optogenetics, ukusombulula imfihlakalo ekudala ikho. Uphononongo luvula kwakhona ukubakho kokufunda umsebenzi we-striosome kwezinye iintlobo zokwenza izigqibo, wongeza.
"Oku kuqhekeza iphazili yeminyaka engama-20 eyabhalwa ngu- [Graybiel] - zenza ntoni ii-striosomes?" Utsho uGlimcher, owayengeyonxalenye yeqela lophando. “Kwiminyaka elishumi sizakuba nomfanekiso opheleleyo ngakumbi, eli phepha lilitye lesiseko. Ubonakalisile ukuba sinokuwuphendula lo mbuzo, kwaye uwuphendule kwindawo enye. Iilebhu ezininzi ziya kuyithatha le nto ziyisombulule nakwezinye iindawo. ”
Umgcini-sango
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-striatum, kunye ne-striosomes ngokukodwa, inokusebenza njengomgcini-sango othimba ulwazi lweemvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo ezivela kwi-cortex kwaye uyidibanise ukuvelisa isigqibo sendlela yokuphendula, abaphandi bathi.
Isekethe yomgcini-sango ikwabonakala ngathi ibandakanya inxenye yesisu esiphakathi esibizwa ngokuba yi-substantia nigra, eneeseli eziqukethe i-dopamine ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni nasekuhambeni. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba xa kusebenze igalelo kwii-striosomes, ezi seli ze-nigra ze-substantia zivelisa umphumo wexesha elide kwizilwanyana okanye kwisimo sengqondo sokuthatha izigqibo somguli.
"Singathanda ukufumana indlela yokusebenzisa ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ukunciphisa uxinzelelo loxinzelelo, kunye nezinye iingxaki ezichaphazela imeko neemvakalelo," utshilo uGraybiel. Olo hlobo lomsebenzi lubaluleke kakhulu kuwo. ”
Ukongeza ekulandeleni unyango olunokubakho lokuphazamiseka koxinzelelo, abaphandi ngoku bazama ukuqonda ngcono indima yedopamine eneesantiantia nigra zesekethe, edlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwisifo sikaParkinson kwaye inakho ukubandakanyeka kwizifo ezinxulumene noko.
Olu phando luxhaswe liZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo yeNgqondo, iSiseko se-CHDI, iArhente yoPhando ngezoKhuselo oluPhezulu, iOfisi yoPhando ngeMikhosi yaseMelika, iBachmann-Strauss Dystonia kunye neParkinson Foundation, kunye neWilliam N. kunye noBernice E. Bumpus Foundation.
Umthombo Wendaba:
Ibali elingentla lisekwe izinto ni kezelwa I-Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Inqaku lokuqala labhalwa nguAnne Trafton. Qaphela: Izixhobo zinokuhlelelwa umxholo kunye nobude.
Journal Reference:
- UAlexander Friedman, uDaigo Homma, uLeif G. Gibb, uKen-Ichi Amemori, uSamuel J. Rubin, uAdam S. Hood, uMichael H. Riad, u-Ann M. Graybiel. ICorticostriatal yeNdlela yokuCwangciswa kweStriosomes Isigqibo-Ukwenza phantsi kwembambano. iseli, 2015 DOI: I-10.1016 / j.cell.2015.04.049
Inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo: I-Optogenetics ityhila ubuchwephesha bobuchwephesha obabandakanyeka kukhetho lweemvakalelo
Ngamana u-28, 2015 12: 13 PM Ngu USusan Scutti
Ngexesha leengxabano zokuthintela, iingqondo zethu zingena kwinethiwekhi ekhethekileyo ebandakanya i-striosomes ukusinceda senze izigqibo ezinzima kunye neemvakalelo. Ifoto ngoncedo lwe Shutterstock.
Udinga imali ethe kratya, ke ufuna umsebenzi ohlawulelweyo, kodwa uyazi ukuba oko kuya kuthetha ukusebenza nzima kwaye mhlawumbi ebusuku naseempelaveki. Nanini na xa injongo iyinqweneleka kwaye ingavumelani, sifumana ukungqubana kwengqondo okubizwa ngokuba Ukuthintela. Ngexesha leembambano, iingqondo zethu zingena kwinethiwekhi ekhethekileyo esinceda ukuba senze izigqibo ezinzima kunye neemvakalelo, utsho I-MIT neuroscientists. Lo mjikelo we-neural uqala kwaye uphela nge-striosomes.
Yintoni kanye kanye i-striosomes? Ezi ntlobo zeeseli zisasazwa nge-striatum - indawo enkulu yengqondo ephantsi kwecortex yecerecale ebandakanyekayo kulungelelaniso lweentshukumo zethu kwizizathu zethu. Nangona kunjalo, ii-striosomes zincinci kwaye zixoke kakhulu ngaphakathi kwengqondo, abaphandi bakufumanisa kunzima ukubafanisa ne-fMRI. Ngesi sizathu, zihlala ziyindawo engacacanga yobuchopho.
Izifundo zangaphambili ezivela kwelebhu kaGqr. Ann Graybiel, unjingalwazi we-MIT kunye nelungu leMcGovern Institute for Brain Research, uchonge imimandla ephambili kwingqondo yomsetyenzana wangaphambili we projekthi. Kungenxa yokuba le mimandla incedile ekuqhubeni imvakalelo, abaphandi bakrokrela ukuba iseknoloji yengqondo yonke inokuba inxulumene ngandlela thile neemvakalelo. Ngokubalulekileyo, kwiinkawu, izigqibo ezenziweyo ngexesha lokuthintela ukungqubeka kwindlela ekhethiweyo yokuhambisa iseti ye-neurons kwingingqi yaphambi kwembali ebonakala ihambelana nendawo yabantu ejolise kwii-striosomes.
Ifuna ukuqonda ngcono le sekethe kunye nomsebenzi wayo, iqela le-MIT lenze uthotho lweemvavanyo.
Ukufumanisa ubuchopho
Abaphandi bafunda iigundwane ngelixa besenza ngeendlela ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha. Ukhetho lweentonga lwalulula ngokulula kwizicwangciso ezine, ukodwa, abaphandi bakha indlela enzima yokuthintela imeko. Ngeli xesha lokuqhuba lomsebenzi omangalisayo, iigundazi kuye kwafuneka ukhetha phakathi kwezinto ezimbini onokukhetha kuzo: enye ibandakanya itshokholethi eyomeleleyo (abayithandayo) kunye nokukhanya okuqaqambileyo (abangakuthandiyo) kunye nolunye ukhetho olunokukhanya okungacacanga kodwa itshokholethi ebuthathaka.
Ukuba thina bantu besinokujongana okufanayo Ukuthintela ukhetho, kunokwenzeka ukuba sibe namaxhala, anokuchaphazela "uhlalutyo lweendleko-zoncedo" lwethu kwaye ekugqibeleni lube nefuthe kwisigqibo sethu.
Ukujonga impendulo yeempuku, abaphandi bongeze omnye ubukhulu kule misebenzi emihlanu yokubonisa. Ngexesha lokuqhuba kwemaziza, izazinzulu ziye zajikisa ukukhanya kweendlela zeratosomes kwaye zikhanyise ngokukhanya ngqo kwiiseli zecortical-indlela ye-neuromodulation eyaziwa njenge optogenetics.
Ngokukhanyisa iigundane ' iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, abaphandi bafumanise isiphaluka esidibanisa i-cortex kunye ne-striosomes sidlale indima ngexesha lomsebenzi wokuthintela indlela, kodwa kweminye imisebenzi emine, ii-striosomes azizange zibe nefuthe kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo konke konke.
Ezi ziphumo zibonisa i-striatum (kunye ne-striosomes ngokukodwa) inokusebenza njengomgcini-sango wengqondo, abaphandi bathi. Ii-striosomes zifumana ulwazi lweemvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo ezivela kwi-cortex kwaye zidibanise ukuvelisa isigqibo.
Le setyhula efanayo ibonakala ibandakanya i -antiantia nigra, indawo yommandla webbb inezeseli eziqukethe i-dopamine. Xa yenziwe yi-striosomes, abaphandi bacingela ukuba, ezi seli ze-nigra eziphezulu zivelisa isiphumo sexesha elide izigqibo zokwenza izigqibo.
Okokugqibela, olu phando lubonisa amathuba amatsha okunciphisa ainkxalabo kunye nolunye uvakalelo okanye ukuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo. Ngokuqonda ngcono indima ye-dopamine-equkethe i-insantia nigra iiseli, iqela elivela kwi-MIT likholelwa ukuba nabo bangafunda ukuzicofa lula iimpawu Isifo sikaParkinson kunye nokuphazamiseka okunxulumene noko.
Umthombo: UFriedman A, uHomma D, uGibb LG, et al. Indlela yeCorticostriatal yokuJolisa kwiStriosomes elawula ukuThathwa kwezigqibo phantsi koMbambano. iseli. 2015.
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