Ubuninzi kunye nokubambisana kweendlela zokuziphatha kakubi phakathi kolutsha olusesikolweni esiphakamileyo (2014)

J Behav Addict. 2014 Apr 1;3(1):33-40.

USussman S, Arpawong TE, Ilanga P, Tsayi J, Rohrbach LA, Spruijt-Metz D.

Abstract

IMBALI YANGAPHAMBILI NEENKOLO:

Umsebenzi wakutsha nje uye wafunda iziyobisi ezininzi kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo we-matrix, ocofa iziyobisi ezininzi ngempendulo enye yohlobo ngalunye.

IINDLELA:

Uphononongo lwangoku luphande ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokulinganisa imatrix phakathi kolutsha lwangaphambili lwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo (umndilili weminyaka = 19.8 iminyaka) emngciphekweni wokulutha. Ubomi kunye neentsuku ezingama-30 zokugqibela zokuxhaphaka kolunye okanye ngaphezulu kweziyobisi ze-11 eziphononongwe komnye umsebenzi (uSussman, uLisha & Griffiths, i-2011) yayiyeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo (okt, icuba, utywala, ezinye / iziyobisi ezinzima, ukutya, ukungcakaza, i-Intanethi, ukuthenga. , uthando, isondo, umthambo, kunye nomsebenzi). Kwakhona, ukwenzeka kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwezi 11 zokuziphatha okukhobokisayo kwaphandwa. Ekugqibeleni, ulwakhiwo lweklasi olufihlakeleyo lwezi ziyobisi, kunye nonxulumano lwabo namanye amanyathelo, lwavavanywa.

IINKCUKACHA:

Siye safumanisa ukuba ukuxhaphaka kweentsuku ezingama-30 zolo lutsha okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zikhobokeni kwakuyi-79.2% kunye ne-61.5%, ngokulandelanayo. Ngalo lonke ixesha kunye nokugqibela kweentsuku ezingama-30 zokwenzeka ngokubambisana kwezi zibini okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zikhobokisayo zazingama-61.5% kunye nama-37.7%, ngokulandelanayo. Uhlalutyo lweKlasi eLatent licebise amaqela amabini: iQela elingelokhoboka jikelele (i-67.2% yesampulu) kunye neqela elithi "Sebenza nzima, Dlala nzima"-iqela elikhoboka elityalwe ngokukodwa kumlutha wothando, isondo, imithambo, i-Intanethi kunye nomsebenzi. . Uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo lucebise ukuba uhlobo lwempendulo enye-iingxelo ezizimeleyo zinokuba zilinganisa iziyobisi abajonge ukuzilinganisa.

ISIQINISEKISO NOXANDUVA:

Siphakamisa iimpembelelo zezi ziphumo kwizifundo ezizayo kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo zokuthintela kunye nonyango, nangona uphando oluninzi lokuqinisekisa lufunekayo ekusebenziseni olu hlobo lokulinganisa.

Internet: Iziyobisi ezininzi, ukuxhaphaka, ukwenzeka ngokubambisana, uhlalutyo lweklasi olufihlakeleyo, amaqela okulutha, ukunyaniseka okuguquguqukayo

INTSHAYELELO

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha ziye zathathwa njengeziyobisi ngabaphandi kunye nabasebenzi (Iidemetrovics kunye neGriffiths, 2012), echazwe ngeempawu eziqhelekileyo (umzekelo, ukuxhalaba, ukulahlekelwa kolawulo) kwaye, ngokwenene, iNkomfa yokuQala yeZizwe ngeZizwe malunga nokuziphatha kakubi yenzeke eBudapest, eHungary ngo-Matshi, i-2013 ebonise ukuvumelana kophando malunga nobukho beentlobo ezininzi zeziyobisi ( bona: http://icba.mat.org.hu/; ifunyenwe ngoAprili 25, 2013). Iziyobisi zibandakanya ukutyiwa okugqithisileyo kwezinto ezifana neziyobisi okanye ukutya, kanti ukuziphatha (inkqubo) iziyobisi zibandakanya ukuziphatha (umzekelo, umsebenzi, ukuthenga, okanye ukwabelana ngesondo)USussman et al., 2011). Ezinye izifundo ziye zagqitywa ukuzama ukuqinisekisa (a) ukuxhaphaka kweziyobisi kunye nokuziphatha kakubi kunye (b) ukwenzeka ngokubambisana kweziyobisi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, ukuqonda ngcono ubungakanani bokuthi iziyobisi ziyingxaki yomntu (okt, iqaqobana elisemngciphekweni ngokweenkcukacha-manani) okanye indlela yokuphila (okt, phakathi kwabantu abaninzi, ngaphandle kwabo banako ukumelana nemeko). Umzekelo, USussman et al. (2011) iphonononge idatha evela kwizifundo ezingama-83 ezinobungakanani besampulu ubuncinci be-500, eyongezwa zizifundo zomlinganiselo omncinci, ukulungisa le mibuzo iphathelele kwi-11 yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo kwithuba leenyanga ezili-12. Iziyobisi ezivavanyiweyo yayizecuba, utywala, ezinye/iziyobisi ezinzima, ukutya, ungcakazo, i-Intanethi, ukuthenga, uthando, isondo, umthambo, okanye umsebenzi. Baye bafumanisa ukuba ukuxhaphaka kweenyanga ezili-12 kwezi ziyobisi ze-11 phakathi kwabantu abadala base-US kumyinge we-47% yabemi, kunye ne-23% yokwenzeka ngokubambisana (yemilutha emibini okanye ngaphezulu). Bacebise ukuba umlutha unokuba yingxaki yendlela yokuphila yangoku, yokungalali njengoko kusemngciphekweni we-neurobiological.

Ngezizathu ezibini eziphambili, izifundo ezimbalwa ziye zavavanya iziyobisi ezininzi kulutsha zisebenzisa imilinganiselo ebanzi yomlutha ngamnye. Okokuqala, ukuvavanya ngokusetyenziswa koluhlu lweempahla ezininzi kuthatha ixesha elininzi, elinokuthi lingasebenzi ngokukodwa kwiisampulu zovavanyo lolutsha olukhulu. Kwiisampulu ezinjalo (ngokuqhelekileyo kwizicwangciso zesikolo, kodwa nakwiinguqulelo ezithunyelwe ngeposi okanye ngemfonomfono), abaphandi banikwa imizuzu engama-50 kuphela yokulawula uphando (Sussman, Dent, Stacy, Burton & Flay, 1995). Ngaloo ndlela, kuphela iziyobisi ezimbalwa ezinokulinganiswa ngexesha elifanayo. Okwesibini, kukho ukugqithiswa okukhulu kumlinganiselo weziyobisi ezahlukeneyo, ezinokwabelana ngokufanayo kwizinto ezifana nokubandakanya iinjongo zokungafuni (umzekelo, ukuzonwabisa, ukuvuswa okanye ukuthoba, ukondla), ixesha elifutshane lokuhlutha, ukuxakeka, ukulahlekelwa kolawulo, kunye nokuqokelela kweendidi zeziphumo ezibi zobomi (USussman & Sussman, ngo-2011). Ukungafuneki okunjalo kuluxanduva ukulinganisa. Ke, izifundo ezininzi zangaphambili ziye zavavanya iziyobisi ezininzi njengomlinganiselo we-matrix. Ngolu hlobo lomlinganiselo wokuzixela, iziyobisi ezininzi ziyacocwa, ngokubanzi ngento enye ngohlobo ngalunye lokulutha, ecwangciswe ngefomathi ye-matrix. Ngelixa umlinganiselo we-matrix wokulutha ungalinganisi kakhulu naluphi na umlutha, kwaye uqinisekiso lwezifundo ezilolo hlobo alukhange lwenziwe, le ndlela iyasebenza, inoqoqosho, kwaye eneneni inokucofa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha.

Pheka (1987) wayengumphandi wokuqala ukuphanda ukusetyenziswa komlinganiselo we-matrix ukuchonga ukuxhaphaka kunye nokwenzeka ngokubambisana kokuziphatha okukhobokisayo. Kwisampulu yabafundi bekholeji yase-US abangama-604, wavavanya i-10 phakathi kwe-11 egxile ekuziphatheni kokulutha (okt, icuba, utywala, iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, ukuphazamiseka kokutya [ukutyeba, i-anorexia, kunye ne-bulimia], ukungcakaza, ukuthenga, ubudlelwane / uthando, isondo, umthambo. [ukuqhuba], kunye nomsebenzi), kunye neziyobisi ezongezelelweyo (umzekelo, icaffeine), ubundlobongela, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Akazange ahlole umlutha we-Intanethi, ngenxa yonyaka owagqitywa ngawo isifundo (oko kukuthi, i-Intanethi njengoko siyazi namhlanje yayingekho ngelo xesha). Ezona ziyobisi zixhaphake kakhulu zichazwe zezi: ubudlelwane / uthando (25.9%), icaffeine (20.1%), umsebenzi (17.5%), isini (16.8%), ukuthenga (10.7%), utywala (10.5%), kunye necuba (9.6%) ). Ufumanise ukuba malunga nekota yesampulu (23.8%) iphendule ngokuthi “hayi” kuzo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha ezikhobokisayo, ubundlobongela, okanye ukuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo, ebonisa ukuba kukho ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kokuziphatha okukhobokisayo. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akazange ahlukane phakathi kokuziphatha okukhobokisayo, ubundlobongela beqabane, kunye nokuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo xa enika ingxelo yelo nani. Ukongeza, emva kokudala "amaqela anengqondo", wafumanisa ukuba zonke iziyobisi zinxulunyaniswa kakhulu ngaphandle kokubaleka / ukusebenza / ukuthenga ngotywala / iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Umntu unokucinga ukuba ngaba umahluko ububoniswa okanye awubonakali phakathi kweziyobisi zemihla ngemihla zohlobo lokulutha ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okuyingozi.

UAlexander kunye noSchweighofer (1989), kuphononongo oluyinxenye lokuphindaphinda abafundi bekholeji yaseKhanada abali-136, bafumene iziphumo ezifanayo zokuxhaphaka njenge Pheka (1987) kwizinto ezimbini zokulutha (ubudlelwane kunye nomsebenzi), kodwa ukuxhaphaka bekusezantsi kakhulu kwezinye iindidi (ngokusekwe kwindlela echazwe ngayo ukusetyenziswa [njengomlutha, umlutha ongalunganga, ukuxhomekeka okanye ukusetyenziswa rhoqo]). Kuchazwa kuphela njengokusetyenziswa rhoqo, ukuxhaphaka kwakuphezulu kunesampulu yeCook kuzo zonke iintlobo zeziyobisi. UGreenberg, uLewis kunye noDodd (1999), kwisampulu yabafundi beekholeji ze-129, bafumene ukulungelelaniswa okubalulekileyo phakathi kweziyobisi ezisithoba (utywala, i-caffeine, itshokolethi, icuba, umthambo, ukugembula, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi, umabonwakude, kunye nemidlalo yevidiyo) ngaphandle kokuzivocavoca ngotywala kunye nokutshaya icuba, ukutshaya icuba. ngetshokholethi, kunye nemidlalo yevidiyo enetshokholethi kunye nokuzilolonga. Iziyobisi ezixhaphake kakhulu zazizilolonga (30%), icaffeine (29%), umabonwakude (26%), utywala (26%), icuba (23%), kunye netshokolethi (23%), ezaziphezulu kunoCook phakathi kweziyobisi ezifanayo. kulinganisiwe.

IMacLaren kunye neBalaseleyo (2010), kunye nesampulu yabafundi basekholejini abangama-948, bavavanya ubume bemeko yeseti yeziyobisi ezili-16. Imiba emithathu ichongiwe: (a) ukondla (umz., uncedo olunyanzelekileyo [olulawulayo noluthobelayo], umsebenzi, ukuthenga, ukutya [ukuzinkcinkca nokulamba], umthambo, ubudlelwane [obulawulayo nokuthobelayo]), (b) iziyobisi (iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, utywala). , icuba, kunye nokwabelana ngesondo) izinto, kunye (c) nenye into efana ne-hedonistic (amayeza kagqirha, ukugembula, icaffeine). Ezona ziyobisi zixhaphake kakhulu kukuzilolonga (25.6%), ukuthenga (21.8%), ubudlelwane obulawulayo kunye nokuzithoba (17% kunye ne-11.9%), i-caffeine (16.5%), ukulamba kokutya kunye nokuzitywa (16.4% kunye ne-14.9%), ukuncedisa okunyanzelekileyo kunye abathobelayo (12.5% ​​kunye ne-12.1%), umsebenzi (12.4%), iziyobisi ezichazwe ngugqirha (12.2%), isondo (10.3%), kunye notywala (10.2%). Nangona ingaphinda iphindwe ngu IMacLaren kunye neBalaseleyo (2010), umsebenzi wangaphambili weli qela lophando liye lachaza izinto ezilawulayo nezithobelayo ezibekwe ngaphakathi kwizinto ezondlayo kunye ne-hedonistic (UChristo et al., ngo-2003; UHaylett, uStephenson kunye noLefever, ngo-2004). Ezimbini kwezi zifundo zenziwa kunye nabafundi beekholeji zesidanga sokuqala, kodwa Haylett et al. (2004) kufundwe ii-543 zokwamkelwa ngokulandelelanayo kwi-PROMIS Recovery Centre (iminyaka yobudala = iminyaka engama-35). Mhlawumbi, izinto ezongezelelweyo zivela njengomsebenzi wobunzima bomlutha okanye iminyaka yesampulu efundiweyo.

Uphononongo lwangoku lolokuqala ukuphonononga ukusetyenziswa komlinganiselo wokulutha imatrix kunye nokuqhubeka kolutsha lwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Ulutsha olulolunye lwezikolo eziphakamileyo, ngokubanzi, alukwazi ukuhlala kwimfundo eqhelekileyo ngenxa yokungakwazi ukufumana iikhredithi zokuthweswa isidanga kwangexesha ngenxa yeengxaki zokusebenza (umz., ukungabikho emsebenzini, ukusebenzisa iziyobisi). “Ukuqhubekeka” isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ligama lenye inkqubo yesikolo eCalifornia (USA). Ukuqhubeka nezikolo eziphakamileyo zadalwa ukuzalisekisa isigunyaziso sikaRhulumente sokuba lonke ulutsha oluneminyaka eyi-16 ubudala okanye ngaphezulu lufumane imfundo yethutyana de lube neminyaka eyi-18 (California Educational Code Section 48400; yasekwa ngo-1919), ngaphakathi kwisithili semfundo ephakamileyo apho bahlala. Olu lutsha lunika ingxelo yokuxhaphaka okuphezulu kwecuba kunye nokunye ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kuneentanga zeminyaka efanayo ukusuka kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo (ebanzi) yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba bachaze ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kwezinye iziyobisi ngokunjalo (USussman, uDent kunye noGalaif, ngo-1997).

Kolu phononongo, silinganise ulutsha lwangaphambili lwesikolo esiphakamileyo kwiminyaka emithathu emva kokuthatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (bona Sussman, Sun, Rohrbach & Spruijt-Metz, 2012). Sigxininise kwiziyobisi ezili-11 ezichongiweyo ngu USussman et al. (2011). Sivavanye ukuxhaphaka kwezi ziyobisi zili-11 (ngaphakathi kweseti enkulu yeziyobisi ezingama-22), sisebenzisa umlinganiselo we-matrix wokulutha. Sikwavavanye ukuxhaphaka kokwenzeka ngokubambisana kwababini okanye ngaphezulu kwezi ziyobisi phakathi kwaba bantu.

Ukongeza, sisebenzise indlela eguquguqukayo egxile emntwini ukujonga indlela esisiseko yokuziphatha okukhobokisayo ukwahlula amaqela olutsha. Uhlalutyo lweKlasi eLatent (LCA) yindlela yokwenza izinto ezininzi, ethatha ukuba i-categorical latent variable imisela ubulungu beklasi kwaye ivelise iiprofayili ezahlukileyo ezisekelwe kwiimpendulo zabafundi kwiseti yezinto.UHagenaars kunye noMcCutcheon, ngo-2002; Lazarsfeld, ngo-1950; McCutcheon, ngo-1987). Olunye uncedo lokusebenzisa imifuziselo ye-LCA kukuba izalathisi zokufaneleka ngokwamanani zinokusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwemodeli kunye nokunceda ukugqiba ngenani leeklasi eziyifaneleyo idatha, kunye nokuqwalaselwa okubalulekileyo.

Okokugqibela, siphande ukuba ngaba ezi zinto zempendulo zinye eziqulethwe kumlinganiselo we-matrix wokulutha zinxulunyaniswa neminye imilinganiselo yolu kuziphatha lukhobokisayo; oku kunokucebisa ukunyaniseka okuguquguqukayo kusetyenziso lomlinganiselo wematriksi. Ngokukodwa, siye savavanya unxibelelwano lwecuba, utywala, okunye/ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kanzima, isondo, i-Intanethi, kunye nokuzilolonga kunye neminye imilinganiselo ekhoyo evela kuluhlu lwemibuzo olulinganisa ezi ziyobisi ngezinye iindlela.

IINDLELA

I zifundo

Izifundo yayiyi-717 yangaphambili yolutsha oluqhubela phambili kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kumazantsi eCalifornia, ababekhe bafunda nakwesiphi na isikolo se-24 kwiminyaka emi-3 ngaphambili, njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (USussman et al., 2012). Abathathi-nxaxheba babeneminyaka eyi-19.8 ubudala (SD = 0.8 iminyaka), i-52.4% yayingamadoda, i-66.5% yayiyi-His-panic, i-10.8% yayingeyi-Hispanic White, i-22.7% yayiyezinye izizwe, kwaye malunga ne-64.9% yabika ukuba ubuncinane umzali omnye ugqibe isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo.

Ukuqokelela idatha

Idatha yaqokelelwa njengolandelelwano lweminyaka emi-3 yeprojekthi yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (USussman et al., 2012) ngeendlela ezintathu: umnxeba, ukuthunyelwa ngeposi eofisini, nokutyelela amakhaya (uvavanyo olwenziwa ekhaya luze lugqitywe ngokukhawuleza okanye luthunyelwe emva eofisini). Okokuqala sizame ukubiza izifundo. Kwabo sifikelele kubo ngomnxeba, siye sagqiba uphando ngomnxeba okanye sathumela uphando kwikhaya ukuba isifundo sikhetha loo ndlela. Ukuba asikwazanga ukufikelela kwizifundo ngomnxeba emva kokuzama izihlandlo ezininzi, sithumele uphando kwikhaya lomxholo. Siye sazama ukufikelela izifundo zethu ngokuya kwikhaya laloo mntu. Ezinye izifundo zigqibezele uphando kwangoko ekhaya; ezinye izifundo zikhetha ukubambelela kuphando kwaye zizithumele kuthi. Kuma-717 ovavanyo olugqityiweyo, i-58% yagqitywa ngemfonomfono, i-16% yagqitywa ngokutyelelwa emakhaya (isiqingatha salo sagqitywa ngoko nangoko, isiqingatha sabuyiselwa kwiiveki ezimbini zotyelelo), kwaye i-26% yabuyiswa ngeposi ethunyelwe ikhaya lisuka eofisini.

Amanyathelo

Izilwanyana

Uphononongo lwangoku lusebenzise umlinganiselo weempendulo ezininzi zokulutha umlutha. Lo mlinganiselo waqala ngeendidi eziphuhliswe ngu Pheka (1987), ilandelwa yingxelo enikwe kwiiseshoni zolingo kunye neklasi enye yolutsha olusesekondari kunye neeklasi ezimbini zabafundi bekholeji. Izifundo ezivunyiweyo kwiindidi zokukhotyokiswa zeentsuku ezingama-30 ebezisebenza kubo, kwaye banokubhala kwiziyobisi ezongezelelweyo abaziva benazo. Inguqu yokugqibela yomlinganiselo we-matrix ibandakanya iimpendulo ezichazwe ubuncinane kwizifundo ze-10 kwisifundo sokulinga. Emva kokugqiba umlinganiselo, bacelwa ukuba banike ingxelo malunga namagama ezinto zomlinganiselo ukunceda ekwandiseni ukucaca kwayo.

Isihloko somlinganiselo wokugqibela sithi: “Ngamanye amaxesha abantu baba likhoboka leziyobisi okanye enye into okanye umsebenzi othile. Ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi kwenzeka xa abantu befumana oku kulandelayo: benza into ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuzama ukuziva mnandi, ukwenza imincili, okanye ukuyeka ukuziva kakubi; abanakuyeka ukuyenza le nto, nokuba bebefuna; izinto ezimbi ziyenzeka kubo okanye kubantu ababakhathaleleyo ngenxa yezinto abazenzayo.” Ecaleni kwezihloko ezikumxholo wabuzwa: “Ngaba wakha walikhoboka lezi zinto zilandelayo?” kwaye "Ngaba uziva ulikhoboka labo ngoku (kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo)?" Iindidi ezingamashumi amabini anesibini zeempendulo zokulutha zibonelelwe kunye ne-23 evumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba babonise impendulo evulekileyo "Nawuphi na omnye umlutha? Nceda uchaze: _____”

Ezi ndidi zezi: ukutshaya icuba; ukusela utywala; ukusetyenziswa kwentsangu; ezinye iziyobisi (ezifana ne-cocaine, i-stimulants, i-hallucinogens, i-inhalants, i-XTC, i-opiates, i-valium okanye ezinye); caffeine (ikofu, okanye iziselo amandla ezifana Red Bull); ukutya (ukutya okuninzi kakhulu suku ngalunye, ukuzintyintya ngokutya); ukugembula ukubrawuza kwi-Intanethi (ukusefa kwiwebhu); Facebook, Myspace, twitter, MSN, YM, okanye enye inethiwekhi yoluntu ye-intanethi; ukuthumela imiyalezo (ukusetyenziswa kweselfowuni); imidlalo yevidiyo ekwi-intanethi okanye engaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi (PS3, Xbox, Wii); ukuthenga kwi-intanethi; ukuthenga ezivenkileni; uthando; isini; umthambo; umsebenzi; ubusela; inkolo; ukuzicenta (ukuzicheba, ukuhlutha ulusu, ukutsala iinwele); ukuqhuba imoto; intlebendwane; okanye nakuphi na ukukhotyokiswa. Ngenjongo yolu phononongo lwangoku, kuphela ziindidi ezili-11 eziye zagxininiswa kuhlalutyo oluninzi, ukuqikelela iindidi ezivavanyiweyo kuhlalutyo. USussman et al. (2011) funda. Intsangu yadityaniswa nolunye udidi lokuphendula iziyobisi ukubonisa enye/enzima (engekho mthethweni) likhoboka leziyobisi. Ukukhangela kwi-Intanethi kunye neendidi zikaFacebook zadityaniswa ukwenza icandelo lokulutha kwi-Intanethi. Icandelo lemidlalo yevidiyo ekwi-intanethi okanye engaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi ayizange ibandakanywe kwicandelo lokusebenzisa iziyobisi kwi-Intanethi kuba umdlalo usenokuba wawungekho kwi-intanethi. Ukuthenga ezivenkileni kunye nokuthenga kwi-intanethi kubandakanyiwe ukuvavanya umlutha wokuthenga.

Amanani abantu

Ulwazi lwamanani abantu lwaqokelelwa ngokobudala (kwiminyaka), isini, uhlanga (lubhalwe njengeLatino/Uloyiko lwakhe, uMhlophe/Caucasian, okanye enye [i-African American, Amer-ican Indian/Native American, ixube okanye enye], kunye nobume bemfundo yabazali Imfundo yabazali yayilinganiswa kubo bobabini abazali, ithathwe kuluhlu olunamanqanaba ama-6 ukusuka “kumabanga angazange aligqibe ibanga lesi-8” ukuya “kwisikolo esinezidanga”, kwaye yafakwa ikhowudi malunga nokuba omnye wabazali uphumelele kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo okanye hayi.

Ukusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwi-Intanethi (CIU)

Isalathiso sezinto ezi-4 sisetyenziselwe ukuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-Intanethi okuyingxaki (UDavis, uFlett kunye noBes-ser, ngo-2002). Iseti ephantsi yezinto ezilinganisa ulawulo oluncitshisiweyo lwempembelelo iye yaqeshwa kuphononongo lwangoku; ngokumalunga nokuba kwenzeke kangaphi ukusetyenziswa okuyingxaki. Izinto zazisithi “Ndisebenzisa i-Intanethi ngaphezu kokuba bendifanele ukwenza”, “Ndihlala kwi-Intanethi ixesha elide kunokuba bendicwangcise”, “Nangona kukho amaxesha apho ndingathanda, andikwazi ukunciphisa ukusebenzisa kwam. ye-Intanethi", kunye "nokusebenzisa kwam i-Intanethi ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala kungaphaya kwamandla am". Iinketho zokuphendula zohlobo lwe-Likert zazi (1) Zange, (2) Ngokunqabileyo, (3) Ngamanye amaxesha, (4) Ngamaxesha amaninzi, kwaye (5) Njalo. Ukwakhiwa kweCIU kubonise ukuhambelana kakuhle kwangaphakathi (i-alpha yeCronbach = 0.81). Intsingiselo yazo zonke izinto ze-4 zisetyenziswe njengomlinganiselo oqhubekayo weCIU.

Ukuziphatha okuyingozi ngokwesondo

Abathathi-nxaxheba babuzwa izinto ezintathu malunga nokuziphatha okuyingozi ngokwesondo okuthe kwenzeka rhoqo (njengaku Griffin, Botvin & Nichols, 2006; USussman et al., 2012). Babuzwa izinto ezimbini eziphathelele “kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo” kunye “neentsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo”: “…nabangaphi abantu owake waba neentlobano zesini nabo?”. Iimpendulo zaba "0", "1", "2", ekwandiseni ukunyuka kwe-1 ukuya "ngaphezu kwabantu abayi-10" (iindidi ze-11 zokuphendula). Baphinde babuzwa ukuba “Kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo, mangaphi amaxesha oye waba neentlobano zesini?” Iimpendulo zaba "0", "1 ukuya ku-5 amaxesha", "6 ukuya ku-10 amaxesha", "11 ukuya ku-15 amaxesha", ukuya kuthi ga "ngaphezu kwamaxesha angama-30" (iindidi ezisibhozo zokuphendula).

Lolonga

Kwacelwa izinto ezintathu zokuzalisa izinto ezingabhalwanga, enye yeyomsebenzi ngamnye “onzima”, “ophakathi”, kunye “nobulali”. Ngokomzekelo, umthambo onzima wawufundeka ngolu hlobo: “Kwiintsuku ezisi-7 ezidluleyo, ngaba uye wenza umthambo onzima owenza intliziyo yakho ibethe ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kwemizuzu eli-15 njengokubaleka, ukukhwela ibhayisekile, ibhola ekhatywayo, okanye ukuphatha iibhokisi okanye ifanitshala?” Izifundo zibonise inani lamaxesha kwiintsuku ezi-7 ezidlulileyo, njengento yokuzalisa-i-blank. Ezi zinto zintathu zatshintshwa kwi-Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ; Godin & Shephard, ngo-1985).

Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi

Abathathi-nxaxheba babuzwa, “Kukangaphi kwinyanga ephelileyo othe wasebenzisa…” uluhlu ngalunye lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa iziyobisi (umz., icuba, utywala, ukunxila, intsangu, icocaine, ihallucinogens, njl. njl.). Iinketho zokuphendula zanikezelwa ukubonisa i-0 kumaxesha angaphezu kwe-100 (1 = 0 amaxesha, 2 = 1-10 amaxesha, 3 = 11-20 amaxesha, ..., 12 = ngamaxesha e-100). Uphononongo lwangoku lusebenzise iindidi ezine zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi: icuba, utywala, ukunxila, kunye nokusebenzisa ezinye iziyobisi (intsangu, icocaine, ihallucinogens, izivuseleli, inhalants, ecstasy, pain killers, tranquilizers, okanye ezinye iziyobisi ezinzima; Cronbach's alpha = .83 ), ukudala amanqaku aqhubekayo ngamnye (lonke log itshintshiwe). Ukuthembeka kotywala, icuba kunye nenye indlela yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (ATOD) esetyenzisiweyo apha kuye kwasekwa ngaphambili (umz., Graham et al., 1984; Inaliti, McCubbin, Lorence & Hochhauser, 1983).

Ukuhlukunyezwa kwesiyobisi

Isalathiso sokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi ngokubanzi senziwe kusetyenziswa imibuzo emi-4 (umz., “Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, ngaba ubusoloko usebenzisa utywala okanye iziyobisi nangona ubukwenza ukuba uhlangabezane noxanduva lwakho emsebenzini, esikolweni, okanye ekhaya?”), kunye ewe-hayi impendulo yokubini, esebenza njengezinto zommeli kwiindidi ze-DSM-IV zokuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi. Kolu phononongo, iimpendulo zashwankathelwa zibe yinguquko eyodwa, eqhubekayo yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunyaka odlulileyo (i-alpha kaCronbach = .66).

Imiphumo yengxaki echazwe ngokwakho yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi yasekwa kwisifundo sangoku kunye nokusetyenziswa kweNgxaki yeeNgxaki zeNgxaki kwi-Inventory yamava oMntu (PEI-PCS; USussman et al., 1997; Ubusika, uStinchfield kunye noHenly, ngo-1993). Umlinganiselo uvavanye iziphumo zomntu ezili-11 zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi (umz., “Kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, zingaphi izihlandlo othe wathengisa ngazo izinto zobuqu ezifana nempahla yakho okanye ubucwebe ukuze ufumane okanye uhlawulele utywala okanye ezinye iziyobisi?”) kwizikali ezi-4 ( 1 = none to 4 = rhoqo [10 okanye ngaphezulu amaxesha]). I-PEI iye yacetyiswa liZiko leSizwe lokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweZiyobisi (NIDA) ukuba lisetyenziswe ekuvavanyeni ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kolutsha.Winters et al., 1993). I-Personal Consequences subscale inika ubungqina obuhle bokucalucalula phakathi kwamaqela oxilongo aphuma kudliwano-ndlebe (umzekelo, akukho kuxilongwa, ukuxhatshazwa, ukuxhomekeka; inqaku le-biserial correlation = .72). Mhlawumbi lelona nyathelo lilungileyo lokuzibika elikhoyo lokuvavanya ingxaki yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi ngenxa yobude bayo (izinto ezili-11 kuphela), ukukwazi ukucofa umxholo ongaphezulu nje kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. ngomntu ngamnye, kunye nokuqikelelwa kwayo okuphezulu kokubandakanyeka kunyango lweziyobisi (Winters et al., 1993).

Zokuziphatha

Iinkqubo zokufunda zenziwa ngokuhambelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki. Izifundo zaxelelwa ukuba ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba bekuqhutywa ngokuzithandela kwaye banokurhoxa ekuthatheni inxaxheba nangaliphi na ixesha ngaphandle kwesohlwayo. Ukugcinwa kwemfihlo kweempendulo kwagxininiswa kuzo zonke izifundo. Uluhlu lwemibuzo ichongwe ngamanani kuphela kwikhompyuter. Izifundo nazo zaziswe ukuba iSatifikethi soMfihlo siphunyeziwe ukuze kukhuselwe ngokusemthethweni iimpendulo ezinikiweyo. IBhodi yokuHlola iziko yeYunivesithi yaseSouthern California-Ikhampasi yezeNzululwazi yezeMpilo ivume uphononongo kwaye iluphonononge rhoqo ngonyaka. Zonke izifundo zaziswe malunga nophononongo kwaye zonke zanikwa imvume enolwazi.

UCALULO NEZIPHUMO

Senze iindidi ezili-11 zokulutha njengakwi USussman et al. (2011) uphononongo. Ukuxhaphaka kweentsuku ze-30 zokugqibela okanye ngaphezulu kwezi ziyobisi ze-11 kwakuyi-79.2% kunye ne-61.5%, ngokulandelanayo. Ukwenzeka ngokubambisana kweziyobisi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, ezihlala zihlala kunye neentsuku ezingama-30 zokugqibela, zazingama-61.5% kunye ne-37.7%, ngokulandelanayo. I-avareji yenani leziyobisi ebomini yayiyi-2.48 (SD = 2.13) kunye ne-avareji yenani leziyobisi kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo yayiyi-1.48 (SD = 1.68). Ukwandisa inani leendidi kwi-22 ye-addiction ephakanyisiweyo kunye nokugqibela kweentsuku ze-30, kunye nokwenzeka ngokubambisana, ukuya kwi-84.8% kunye ne-68.2%, kunye ne-72.0% kunye ne-51.2%, ngokulandelanayo (iphezulu kancinane).

Ngalo lonke ixesha (ubomi bonke) likhoboka leziyobisi ze-11 ngokulandelelana ukusuka kwimiba ephezulu ukuya kwizinga eliphantsi kakhulu: uthando (34.3%), i-Intanethi (29.3%), ezinye iziyobisi ezinzima (29.2%), umthambo (27.2%), icuba (24.3%) ), ngesondo (24.1%), ukutya kakhulu (23.4%), umsebenzi (20.6%), ukuthenga (17.9%), utywala (14.8%), kunye nokungcakaza (3.2%). Ukuxhatshazwa kweentsuku ze-30 zokugqibela ngokulandelelana ukusuka kubuninzi obuphezulu ukuya kubuninzi obuphantsi kwaba: uthando (23.2%), i-Intanethi (18.4%), umthambo (17.7%), isondo (16.5%), icuba (13.4%), ukutya kakhulu (12.7%) ), ezinye/iziyobisi ezinzima (12.7%), umsebenzi (15.6%), ukuthenga (9.9%), utywala (5.7%), kunye nokungcakaza (1.8%). Ukuxhaphaka kwabantu abakhe bakhobokisa kunye neyokugqibela ye-30-day addiction ibonise ipateni ephantse ifane kuzo zonke izilutha, ngaphandle kokuba enye iziyobisi yayingaxhaphakanga kakhulu phakathi kweendlela zokuziphatha ze-30-day-addiction against ever addiction.

Zonke iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo kunye ne-correlation coefficients ziqhutywe kwi-SAS Version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., 2012–2013). Ukuthelekiswa kwe-Chi-square kwaqhutywa nganye yeendidi ze-11 zokulutha, kuzo zombini kunye nezokugqibela-intsuku ze-30, ngokuthelekisa indlela eqhelekileyo yokuqokelela (ifowuni kunye nokugqitywa kwephepha). Kuma-22 othelekiso, ezintlanu kuphela ebezibalulekile (p <.05). Ezi yayizezotywala (ezingapheliyo kwaye zokugqibela iintsuku ezingama-30), isondo (esihlala sihleli kwaye sigqibe iintsuku ezingama-30), kunye nokutya kakhulu (iintsuku ezingama-30 zokugqibela). Kwezi meko, iingxelo zokuxhaphaka ngomnxeba zazingaphantsi kunekhweshine yephepha. Ngelixa kubalulekile, ubukhulu beyantlukwano yayincinci (konke ukuthelekisa ngaphantsi kwe-7%) kutywala kunye nokutya ngokutya, kodwa kukhulu kwisondo (i-13% ngonaphakade kunye neentsuku ezingama-30 zokugqibela).

Uhlalutyo lweKlasi efihlakeleyo ye-11 yeziyobisi

Uhlalutyo lweKlasi eLatent (LCA) yindlela eluncedo yokuchonga amacandelwana angama-homogeneous phakathi kwabemi abahlukeneyo ngedatha yecandelo. I-LCA yaqhutyelwa ukumisela ukwahlulwa kweqela lokulutha ngokusekwe kwiimpendulo zabafundi kwi-11 dichotomous (ewe, hayi) indlela yokuziphatha yeentsuku ezingama-30 zokugqibela. Eyona nto iphambili eyayinomdla yayiyimeko enokwenzeka yeklasi (amathuba okuba izifundo ziyinxalenye yeqela lokulutha) kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka ngaphakathi kweeklasi (amathuba okuba izifundo zibandakanyeke kuhlobo lokukhobokisa ngaphakathi kweqela lokulutha). Ngenxa yokuba i-LCA yindlela yokuhlola, akukho ntelekelelo eyenziwayo malunga nokwakhiwa okanye ukuhanjiswa kweeklasi i-priori. Ukwenza uhlalutyo, uthotho lweemodeli ze-LCA zakhiwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukuqala ngemodeli yeklasi enye kunye nemodeli efanelekileyo elandelelanayo kunye nenani elikhulayo leeklasi ezifihlakeleyo. Ukumisela eyona modeli ifanelekileyo, indibaniselwano yezalathi zamanani isetyenzisiwe. Siye savavanya i-Pearson chi-square, i-protigation ratio ye-chi-square, i-Akaike Information Criterion (AIC; UAkaike, ngo-1987), iBayesian Information Criterion (BIC; Schwartz, ngo-1987), uvavanyo lwe-Lo–Mendell–Rubin Likelihood Ratio yokusasazwa komxube (LMR; Lo, uMendell kunye noRubin, ngo-2001), kunye namaxabiso entropy. Iimodeli zeLCA zavavanywa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yesoftware yeMPlus Version 6.0 (Muthen & Muthen, 2004).

Asiphumelelanga ukufumana umahluko phakathi kweKlasi 2 kunye neKlasi 3 (p = .72), eyacebisa isisombululo seeklasi ezimbini. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kunika ulwahlulo lweenkcukacha-manani phakathi kwezifundo ezikhobokekileyo nezingengomakhoboka; oko kukuthi, ngaphantsi kwe-10% yezifundo zeKlasi 1 zivume nayiphi na i-addiction ye-11 (kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-6% ivume ezisibhozo kubo), kanti ngaphezu kwe-21% yezifundo ze-Class 2 zivume i-addiction nganye ye-11 ngaphandle kotywala (14%). kunye nongcakazo (4.3%). Izalathi ezongezelelweyo ezifanelekileyo ziye zavavanywa ukufumanisa ukuba isisombululo se-2-class sisebenza kakhulu. I-AIC iphakamise ukuba imodeli efanelekileyo kakhulu kunye ne-AIC yeeklasi ezimbini = 5628.154 kunye neeklasi ezintathu = 5616.992. I-Entropy yayingaphantsi kancinci kwisisombululo seklasi ezimbini (65.8%) xa kuthelekiswa nesisombululo seklasi ezintathu (66.5%). Kwakhona, umahluko kumanqaku e-BIC phakathi kweemodeli zazincinci kakhulu (i-BIC yeeklasi ezimbini = 5733.381; kwiiklasi ezintathu = 5777.120).

Amaxabiso anokwenzeka empendulo aboniswe kwi 1 Table kwaye Umzobo 1 ibonise ukuba isisombululo seeklasi ezimbini sibonelela ngokutolika okubonakalayo kokuchasa umlutha ngokuchasene namaqela angengawo umlutha (McCutcheon, ngo-1987; Muthen & Muthen, 2004). Sivavanye amathuba afihliweyo eklasi yokwamkelwa kwendlela nganye ekhobokisayo. Amalungu eKlasi yoku-1 eLatent (i-67.2% yesampulu) achaze ukuba angaphantsi kwe-10% kuwo onke amakhoboka ali-11. Bachaze ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kothando (9.1%), icuba (8.4%), kunye ne-Intanethi (8.4%) iziyobisi. Bachaza ukuxhaphaka okuphantsi kokungcakaza (0.5%), utywala (1.3%), kunye nesondo (2.8%). Ngenxa yokuxhaphaka okuphantsi kweziyobisi ngokubanzi, oku kungabhalwa njenge Iqela elingelokhoboka (nje).

Umzobo 1 

Amathuba eklasi afihliweyo ekuphumezeni indlela nganye yokuziphatha ekhobokisayo
1 Table 

Iziphumo zoHlalutyo lweKlasi eLatent (LCA) egcina iiklasi ezimbini

Amalungu eKlasi yeLatent 2 (32.8% yesampulu) achaze ukuxhaphaka okuqhelekileyo kokulutha ngaphezulu kwe-21% yazo zonke izinto ngaphandle kokungcakaza (4.3%) kunye notywala (14.0%). Ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kweziyobisi kweli qela luthando (49.7%), isondo (42.4%), umthambo (41.3%), i-Intanethi (37.3), kunye nomsebenzi (37.0). Ngaphandle kokungcakaza kunye notywala, baxela ukuxhaphaka okuphantsi ekuthengeni (21.9%), icuba (22.8%), kunye nokutya (25.8%). Ngokuxhaphaka okuphezulu kuzo zonke izinto, kodwa ngakumbi ezo zibonisa indlela yokuziphatha ngokwentlalo, eli qela linokuthi libhalwe njenge "Sebenza nzima, Dlala nzima" -iqela elikhoboka.

Ukuhlalutya ubunyani bokuguquguquka

Kwiseti elandelayo yeziphumo, zonke ps <.0001, ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela. I-Point Biserial Correlation Coefficients ibalwe, kujongwa unxulumano lomlinganiselo wothelekiso oluqhubekayo kunye noqinisekiso lwento ye-addiction matrix. Unxulumano lweentsuku ezingama-30 zokugqibela zokutshaya icuba kunye nokuzixela kwangaphambili kunye neentsuku ezingama-30 zokukhotyokiswa komdiza yayiyi-.59 kunye .79, ngokulandelelanayo. Imibutho yokusetyenziswa kotywala kweentsuku ezingama-30 zokugqibela kunye nokuzixela kwangaphambili kunye neentsuku ezingama-30 zokukhotyokiswa kotywala yayiyi-.21 kunye .36, ngokulandelelanayo. Imibutho yeentsuku ezingama-30 zokugqibela zokunxila etywaleni ngokuzixela ngonaphakade neyokugqibela-intsuku ezingama-30 ukuba likhoboka lotywala yayiyi-.29 kunye .45, ngokulandelelanayo. Imibutho yeentsuku ezingama-30 zokugqibela zokusebenzisa intsangu okanye ezinye iziyobisi "ezinzima" kunye nokuzixela kwangaphambili kunye neentsuku ezingama-30 zokuba likhoboka lentsangu okanye ezinye iziyobisi .41 kunye .55, ngokulandelelanayo. Ingxaki yokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi yayinxulunyaniswa nokukhotyokiswa kwamaxesha nangoku kwicuba (.25 kunye .23), utywala (.30 kunye .33), kunye nentsangu okanye ezinye iziyobisi (.31 kunye .34). I-PEI-PCS yayanyaniswa nokulutha rhoqo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwecuba (.25 kunye .28), utywala (.32 kunye .28), kunye nentsangu okanye ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (.33 kunye .28).

Ubudlelwane benani labantu athe umntu wabelana ngesondo naye kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, inani labantu athe walala nabo kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo, kunye nenani lamaxesha umntu athe wabelana ngesondo naye kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo. Ukuba likhoboka lesini kwaba .24, .25, kunye .29. Ukunxulumana kwezi zinto zintathu nokuba likhoboka lesondo kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo zaziyi-.24, .33, kunye .35.

Unxulumano lwesalathiso sokulutha kwi-Intanethi kunye nokudityaniswa kwanaphakade okanye kokugqibela kweentsuku ezingama-30 ukukhangela kunye nenqaku likaFacebook laliyi-.41 kunye .49, ngokulandelelanayo. Unxulumano lwesalathiso se-Inter-net sokukhotyokiswa kwezinto ezine-matrix yokukhotyokiswa kwezinto enye, kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke iindidi ezinxulumene nekhompyutha okhe waba likhoboka lokukhangela kwi-Intanethi, kwinethiwekhi yoluntu ye-Intanethi, ukudlala kwi-intanethi okanye ngaphandle kwe-intanethi umdlalo wevidiyo, okanye ukuthenga kwi-intanethi yaba .45, .36, . I-13p = .0004), kunye .15, ngokulandelelanayo. Unxulumano lobukhoboka be-Intanethi kunye nokukhangela kwi-Intanethi yeentsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo, inethiwekhi yoluntu, umdlalo wevidiyo okwi-intanethi okanye ongekho kwi-intanethi, okanye ukuthenga kwi-intanethi yayingu-.54, .41, .18, kunye .12 (p = .001), ngokulandelelanayo.

Okokugqibela, unxulumano lokuba mangaphi amaxesha umntu enze umthambo onzima, umthambo ophakathi, kunye nemithambo ethambileyo kwiintsuku ezi-7 ezidlulileyo ekhe waba likhoboka lokuzilolonga .08 (p = .08), .01 (ns), kunye .01 (ns). Unxulumano lwale milinganiselo mithathu yokuzilolonga kunye nokulutha umthambo kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo yaba .12 (p = .007), .04 (ns), kunye .01 (ns). Ke, kukubandakanyeka kwangoku kuphela kwimithambo enzima enxulumene kakhulu nomlutha wangoku.

INGXOXO KUNYE NEZIGQIBO

Ukuxhaphaka kweentsuku zokugqibela ze-30 kwezi ziyobisi zili-11 kuphononongo lwangoku ziyafana (ngaphakathi kwe-5%) USussman et al. (2011) Idatha yeenyanga ezili-12 yokuxhaphaka kwabantu abadala malunga necuba, utywala, ungcakazo, kunye nokuthenga (umsebenzi nawo wohluke kuphela nge-5.6%). Kolunye uphononongo lwamva nje lweenyanga ezili-12 lwabantu abadala base-Ca-nadian (Konkoly Thege et al., 2013), iziphumo zangoku ziyafana (ngaphakathi kwe-5%) kwezi ziyobisi zine kunye nomsebenzi. Ulutsha oluqhubela phambili kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo luchaze ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kokunye / ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, i-Intanethi, kunye nokulutha ngokwesondo, xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo zamva nje zabantu abadala (Konkoly Thege et al., 2013; USussman et al., 2011). Kwakhona, xa kuthelekiswa nophononongo lwangaphambili lukaSussman kunye noogxa bakhe, isampulu yangoku ichaze ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kokutya, uthando kunye nokuzilolonga. I-Konkoly Thege kunye noogxa abazange balulinganise uthando kwaye basebenzise iziyobisi. Nangona kunjalo, ulutsha oluqhubelekayo lwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo luchaze ukuxhaphaka okusezantsi kokukhotyokiswa kokutya kunoko kuphononongo lwe-Konkoly Thege (eyayimalunga nama-20%). Umahluko omkhulu kakhulu phakathi kwezifundo ezithathu malunga nokutya okuxhaphakileyo kungakho ngenxa yendlela ekuchazwe ngayo ukuba likhoboka lokutya (umz. USussman et al. [2011] xa kuthelekiswa nokutya kakhulu okanye kancinci kakhulu Konkoly Thege et al. [2013]). Ukuxhaphaka ngokubanzi kweziyobisi enye okanye ngaphezulu kwaba yi-10% ephezulu phakathi kwesampulu yangoku kune Konkoly Thege et al. (2013) ukufunda, kwaye malunga ne-15% ngaphezulu kwe USussman et al. (2011) funda. Oku kuya kuba nengqiqo kuba le yayiyisampuli encinci esemngciphekweni.

Isisombululo sokuhlalutya iiklasi ezimbini ze-LCA zagcinwa ngokusekelwe kwipatheni epheleleyo yezibonakaliso zezibalo zokumisela iklasi. Ubume beklasi kuphononongo lwangoku aluzange luhlukanise phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziyobisi. Ngokunokwenzeka, ngenxa yokuba oku kusemngciphekweni, isampulu eselula, kwaye khange sijonge kuphela kwisampulu exeliweyo okanye ngaphezulu kokulutha, iLCA ixhase imodeli elula. Kungenjalo, ezi ziphumo zinokuxhasa ingxoxo yokuba uninzi lwezi ziyobisi ziyatshintshiselwa; umntu unokude acinge ukuba ezi ziyobisi zili-11 zinokusebenza njengezinto ezinokuthi zithathe indawo yeziyobisi enye kwenye. Njengoko kubonakala ngathi iziyobisi zabelana ngezinto eziqhelekileyo ze-neurobiological underpinnings (umzekelo, i-mesolimbic dopaminergic turnover), mhlawumbi isisombululo seklasi ezimbini asiyi kuba yinto emangalisayo.USussman et al., 2011).

Ngaphaya koko, kuphononongo lwangoku, iqela elikhobokileyo lidla ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiziyobisi ezibandakanya imisebenzi esemthethweni, ethe ngqo enokuthi umntu okhulileyo osakhulayo angazibandakanya kubomi bemihla ngemihla (uthando, isondo, umthambo, i-Intanethi kunye nomsebenzi). Iziyobisi, icuba (22.8%), utywala (14.0%), ezinye iziyobisi (27.3%), kunye nokutya (25.8%), zaziphantsi kakhulu ukuxhaphaka kweli qela. Yiyo ke loo nto, sababiza ngokuba “Sebenza nzima, dlala ngokuzimisela” liqela labantu abakhotyokisiweyo. Le pateni yokungena kumlutha wohlobo lomsebenzi oqhelekileyo uyinto eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha (umz., Pheka, 1987; IMacLaren kunye neyona ilungileyo, ngo-2010), kwanaphakathi kwesampulu ekhoyo yabantu abatsha abasemngciphekweni.

Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wangaphambili uthande ukwahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziyobisi kwiisampulu zolutsha lwasekholejini kunye nabantu abadala abaxhomekeke kwiikhemikhali (umz., IHaylett et al., 2004; MacLaren kunye Best, 2010). Ngaphaya koko, omnye umsebenzi wangaphambili ucebise ukongamela-ukuzithoba, uyolo, okanye ukondla iinjongo zokunqwenela (bona IHaylett et al., 2004; I-Sussman, 2012). Kunengqiqo ukucinga ukuba ulutsha lunokutsalela kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, ezondlayo (umz., ukubakho emsebenzini) ngokuchasene nokugqithisela, ukuxhamla (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezinzima), ngokuxhomekeke kumava obomi, ukuba sesichengeni, kunye neenjongo zokunqwenela ezifunwayo (I-Sussman, 2012). Umbono weentshukumisa zokuthamba uyangqinelana noqikelelo lokuba iziyobisi azijoliswanga kakuhle okanye iinjongo ezigqithisileyo (ithuku), kwaye izinto ezahlukeneyo zinokubonisa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo zolangazelelo jikelele (I-Sussman, 2012). Iziphumo zangoku zinokukhokelela umntu ukuba acebise ukuba iziyobisi zikhokelwa okanye zilawulwa ngokweendlela zokuphila (Csikszentmihalyi kunye noLarson, ngo-1984; USussman, uStacy, uAmes kunye noFreedman, ngo-1998), ezingabonakalisi ntshukumisa zicacileyo zokuba nolangazelelo. Uphononongo lokuphindaphinda lwexesha elizayo kunye nohlobo lwangoku lwesampulu luyafuneka, kunye nomsebenzi owongezelelweyo kunye nabanye abantu, kuba zimbalwa kuphela izifundo zodidi lwe-matrix-addiction class ezigqityiweyo.

Okokugqibela, icuba, utywala, esinye isiyobisi esinzima, isondo, i-Intanethi, kunye nokuzilolonga izinto enye zaye zadityaniswa kakhulu namanye amanyathelo ahambelanayo, ecebisa ukunyaniseka kwezi zinto kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene nokulutha. Ingqikelelo yomlinganiselo we-matrix ibonakala inexabiso elithile, nangona izifundo ezongezelelweyo ezinoluhlu olude ngakumbi lweziyobisi zinokuba luncedo. Kwakhona, besingenawo amanyathelo angqinelanayo kwiziyobisi ezintlanu (umzekelo, uthando, umsebenzi).

Imida kunye nophando lwexesha elizayo

Kukho imida emihlanu ubuncinane yolu phononongo lwangoku. Okokuqala, iyantlukwano kwisampulu inoqikelelo lokuxhaphaka kwecala, nangona ipateni ezalanayo yokuxhaphaka komlutha kunye nokwenzeka ngokubambisana kwakufana nokuthelekisa iphepha kunye nedatha egqityiweyo ngomnxeba. Kwakhona, ubumfihlo beprotocol esetyenzisiweyo buya kunceda ukunciphisa ukuthambekela kokuphendula. Nangona kunjalo, umntu akanako ukukhuphela ngaphandle ucalucalulo lwengxelo ngenxa yesampulu.

Okwesibini, ngelixa umlinganiselo wohlobo lwe-matrix yokulutha uphandwa kumsebenzi wangaphambili, njengoko kuchaziwe kwiNtshayelelo, umsebenzi omninzi wokuqinisekisa izinto zohlobo lwe-matrix ziyafuneka. Kwakhona, zimbalwa kakhulu izifundo ezikhoyo zokuqinisekisa ubukho bezinto ezizinzileyo zokulutha umlutha okanye amaqela afihlakeleyo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, olu hlobo lomlinganiselo lunokubizwa ngcono ngokuthi “ukuzicingela ukuba ulikhoboka lakho” kunokuba “likhoboka” nangona sigcine ukusetyenziswa okufanayo nakwizifundo zangaphambili.

Isithintelo sesithathu kuphononongo lwangoku njengangaphambili kukungabikho kolwazi kwiintsingiselo ezinzulu zamaqela afihlakeleyo atyhilwe nge-LCA okanye iindlela zohlalutyo lweemeko. Umntu kufuneka aqikelele ukuba amaqela amele ukuba amele ntoni. Omnye umsebenzi wamva nje uphande ubudlelwane beentlobo zeziyobisi nezinto zobuntu (umz., UAndreassen et al., 2013). Ngokunokwenzeka, olu hlobo lomsebenzi lunokunceda ekuchongeni iintsingiselo ezisisiseko kula maqela afihlakeleyo. Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezisemgangathweni (umzekelo, amaqela ekugxilwe kuwo) kunokunceda ngokunjalo. Ngokwethiyori, njengomzekelo, umntu unokucinga ngezi ziyobisi zili-11 njengeqela lokubonisa ukondleka okusebenzayo (umzekelo, i-Intanethi, ukuthenga, umsebenzi), ukufuna ulonwabo olusebenzayo (umzekelo, isondo, uthando, umthambo), kunye nokufuna ukonwaba (umz. utywala, icuba, ukusebenzisa ezinye iziyobisi, ukutya) iinjongo. Ngokunokwenzeka, ukubonelela ngezifundo ngoluhlu lweenjongo zokunqwenela okanye iimeko zokuphila, kwaye ubacela ukuba babeke iintlobo zeziyobisi ngaphakathi kwesinye inokuba yindlela yokufikelela kubukhulu beziyobisi ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Isithintelo sesine sesokuba ngelixa uninzi lwamanqaku olungelelwaniso lwe-biserial coefficients phakathi kweminye imilinganiselo enezinto zematrix zokulutha lwalubalulekile, ngama-20 kuphela emibutho engama-42 ebonise amaxabiso ubuncinci .30. Kwakhona, imilinganiselo esetyenziswayo njengothelekiso inokuba phantsi kwemfuno eyahluka-hlukeneyo okanye ezinye iziphumo apho uphando lweesampulu ezinkulu luya kuthanda ukusilela ukulungisa. Udliwano-ndlebe lwezonyango yindlela ecacileyo, ebuthathaka ngakumbi yokujonga ubunyani bezi zinto zematrix. Sekunjalo, olu luvavanyo lokuqala olunjalo kwaye, njengoko kunjalo, lubalulekile.

Ekugqibeleni, ezi datha zazinqamlezileyo. Asinalo nofifi lokuzinza kweziyobisi ezahlukeneyo. Kuyenzeka ukuba ezinye izinto ezikhobokisayo (umzekelo, utywala) aziguquki ngakumbi kunezinye (umzekelo, ukusebenza [umntu unokuphelelwa ngumsebenzi] okanye umthambo [umntu unokwenzakala].) Idatha yobude iyafuneka ukuze kubonwe oku kunokwenzeka. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho zifundo zexesha elide ezisebenzisa umlinganiselo wohlobo lwe-matrix yokulutha.

Izifundo zexesha elizayo zinokujongana nokutshintsha kweendlela zokuziphatha kunye neziphumo zokuba likhoboka lokuziphatha okuthile ngokuchasene nezinye. Oko kukuthi, ukuxhaphaka okuxeliweyo kumanyathelo okuba likhoboka lotywala kunokutshintsha njengoko ukwamkeleka kokuba likhoboka lokutshintsha kokuziphatha okuthile, kunye nobudlelwane obahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, umntu unokunxulumanisa ukuba likhoboka lothando, isondo, umthambo, okanye ukusebenza ngemifanekiso yentlalo kubandakanya "yothando" okanye njengemizekelo "yokuphila kwangoku". Ezi ziyobisi zinokugqalwa njengokwamkelekileyo kunokuba likhoboka lecuba, utywala, kunye/okanye ezinye iziyobisi, kwaye ezi zikhoboka zokugqibela zinokunxulunyaniswa “nemvukelo” okanye “ukulahlekelwa kukuzibamba” iintlobo zemifanekiso yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, imifanekiso yasekuhlaleni inokutshintsha ngokumalunga neziyobisi ezithile; ingakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwentsangu. Ukusetyenziswa kwentsangu kunokuba likhoboka lokuxhaphaka okuphezulu kwaye kudityaniswe nemifanekiso elungileyo (umzekelo, "ukuba yeyangoku"), kwiminyaka eliqela ezayo. Mhlawumbi, ukukhotyokiswa kwentsangu kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngokwahlukileyo kwezinye izinto zematrix zokusebenzisa iziyobisi kumsebenzi wexesha elizayo. Utshintsho kwiipateni zokulutha ngokuhamba kwexesha lunokubaluleka ukuphonononga kumsebenzi wexesha elizayo usebenzisa umlinganiselo we-matrix yokulutha.

Isishwankathelo, uphononongo lwangoku lube negalelo kumzimba wolwazi malunga nokuxhaphaka, ukwenzeka ngokubambisana, ulwakhiwo lweklasi efihlakeleyo, kunye nokunyaniseka okuguquguqukayo kokulutha okuninzi, kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo we-matrix wokulutha, njengoko usetyenziswa kulutsha lwangaphambili lwesikolo esiphakamileyo. Njengakwizifundo zangaphambili, uphononongo lwangoku luqaqambisa ukuxhaphaka okuphezulu kunye nokubakho kwentsebenziswano phakathi kolutsha kunye nabantu abadala. Imiba yomxholo wendlela yokuphila inokuqhuba utyekelo lokukhobokisa phakathi kwabantu, kwaye mhlawumbi ubunzulu beziyobisi bunokubonisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-neurobiology. Uthintelo kunye nenkqubo yonyango inokufuna izixhobo ezongezelelweyo ukuhlangabezana ngcono neemfuno zovavanyo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwenkqubo kwiziyobisi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa mhlawumbi umbono "oqhelekileyo" wokulutha unokusetyenziswa kubo bonke abantu abaninzi abanikwe iziphumo zophononongo lwangoku. Okokugqibela, kunokwenzeka ukuba utshintsho lwenqanaba loluntu luyafuneka ukuze kuncitshiswe iindlela zokuphila zanamhlanje zokulutha (umzekelo, uxinzelelo lokwenza, ukuwohloka kosapho olwandisiweyo). Sinokuqikelela ukuba uninzi lweziphumo ezibi ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwasentlalweni, nangokweemvakalelo zibangelwa kukubandakanyeka kwezi ntlobo zininzi zeziyobisi. Umsebenzi omninzi wexesha elizayo uyafuneka kweli qonga, njengoko ubukhoboka ngokungathandabuzekiyo buxhaphake kakhulu kunokuba sikuvuma.

Imibulelo

Imithombo yenkxaso-mali: Eli phepha lixhaswe yinkxaso-mali evela kwiziko leSizwe lokuSetyenziswa kweZiyobisi (DA020138).

Imihlathi

Igalelo lababhali: I-SS ithathe indima ephambili kwingqikelelo yokufunda kunye noyilo, ukubhalwa kombhalo wesandla, kwaye wayenguMPhandi oyiNtloko weprojekthi iyonke. I-TEA ithathe indima ephambili kuhlalutyo lwedatha, ukutolikwa kwedatha, kunye nokubhalwa koHlalutyo kunye neZiphumo. I-PS ithathe indima yokuba ngumhlalutyi ophezulu ukuncedisa ekutolikweni idatha kunye nokubhalwa kweZiphumo. Kwakhona wayebandakanyeka kulawulo lwedatha, kwaye wayengumPhandi oyiNtloko weprojekthi iyonke. I-JT incedise ekucaciseni oko kubhaliweyo nakwizinto ezinegalelo kwicandelo leengxoxo. I-LAR kunye no-DS-M bancedise ekwenzeni amagqabantshintshi ngokubhala kuwo wonke umbhalo-ngqangi, kwaye nabo babeyiNqununu yoPhando beprojekthi iyonke. Bonke ababhali babenokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kuyo yonke idatha kwisifundo kwaye bathathe uxanduva lokuthembeka kwedatha kunye nokuchaneka kohlalutyo lwedatha.

Ukugqubana kwemidla: Umbhali okhokelayo ufumana ubukhosi kwiintengiso zeprogram yokuthintela ekhankanywe ngokufutshane kulo mbhalo wesandla. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ngquzulwano yomdla ekhoyo malunga nesihloko sangoku okanye ngenye indlela apha.

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