Sharpe, M., Mead, D. Ukusetyenziswa koonografi ngeNgxaki: Ukuqwalaselwa koMgaqo-nkqubo wezoMthetho kunye nezeMpilo. I-Curr Addict Rep (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00390-8
Abstract
Injongo yoVavanyo
Iingxelo zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo, ngakumbi kwabasetyhini nasebantwaneni, ziyanda ngokukhawuleza. Kwangelo xesha, amaxabiso okusetyenziswa kwengxaki yamanyala (PPU) ayakhawulezisa kwihlabathi liphela. Injongo yolu phononongo kukujonga uphando lwamva nje kwi-PPU kunye negalelo layo kubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo. Inqaku libonelela ngesikhokelo koorhulumente malunga nongenelelo lomgaqo-nkqubo wezempilo kunye nezenzo zomthetho zokuthintela ukukhula kwe-PPU kunye nokunciphisa izehlo zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo eluntwini.
Iziphumo zaMva nje
Ukusebenza ngokwembono yabathengi, sichonga iPPU kwaye sibuze ukuba ingakanani iphonografi efunekayo ukubangela iPPU. Sivavanya indlela iPPU eqhuba ngayo ngokwesondo ebantwaneni, kulutsha nakubantu abadala. Impembelelo ye-PPU kwindlela abanye abathengi abaziphatha ngayo iphakamisa unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo kubundlobongela basekhaya. Ukuqhawulwa ngokwesondo kubonisiwe njengomzekelo. Ubuchwephesha bobukrelekrele bokudlala budlala indima ephambili kumzi-mveliso wephonografi kwaye kubonakala ngathi kuqhuba ukunyuka kwezinto ezinobundlobongela, kubangela amanqanaba aphezulu okungaziphathi kakuhle ngokwesini kubathengi kunye nokwenza umdla wokujonga izinto zokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana (CSAM).
isishwankathelo
Ukufikelela ngokulula kwi-intanethi kubangele ukwanda kwe-PPU kunye nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo. Ukuxilongwa nokunyangwa kwe-PPU kuyavavanywa, njengoko kunjalo ngokwaphula umthetho ngokwasemthethweni koluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluvela kwi-PPU. Unyango olusemthethweni kunye nefuthe lomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kuyaxoxwa ngokokujonga komgaqo wokhuseleko. Izicwangciso ezigutyungelweyo zibandakanya ukuqinisekiswa kobudala bephonografi, imikhankaso yezempilo yoluntu kunye nokufakwa kwezempilo kunye nezilumkiso ezisemthethweni kubasebenzisi ekuqaleni kweeseshoni zoononografi kunye nezifundo zabafundi malunga nefuthe lamanyala kwingqondo.
intshayelelo
Ukusukela ngeenxa zonke i-2008, ukubakho kwe-intanethi ngetekhnoloji yeselfowuni kudale iimeko ezifanelekileyo zenjini ka-Cooper kathathu-eyile, yokuba iphonografi iyafikeleleka, ifikeleleke kwaye ayichazwanga [1]. Kukhokelele ekuqiniseni nasekukhawuleziseni imisebenzi yesondo ekwi-Intanethi. Namhlanje iphonografi ihanjiswa ngesixhobo epokothweni yomntu.
Ngaphandle kokusasazeka okukhawulezileyo kokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi, iqondo lokonzakala kwimpilo yengqondo neyomzimba kubasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo bephonografi sele bekhawulezile [2]. Ukwanda kwenani labasebenzisi baxela ngaphandle kolawulo okanye ingxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi (PPU). Amanani ayahluka kakhulu kwaye axhomekeke kakhulu kubemi abachaziweyo nokuba i-PPU ivavanyiwe okanye yagqitywa ngaphandle [3, 4]. Kwi-2015, idatha yabafundi baseyunivesithi yaseSpain ichonge i-9% eneprofayili yokuziphatha eyingozi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-pathological rates ye-1.7% emadodeni kunye ne-0.1% kwabasetyhini [5]. Ngaphakathi kwisampulu yabameli base-Australia, inani labantu abaxela iziphumo ezibi lenyuka ukusuka kwi-7% exeliweyo ngo-2007 ukuya kwi-12% ngo-2018 [6].
IPPU ayichaphazeli umsebenzisi kuphela kodwa inokuchaphazela nokuziphatha kwabo kwabanye. Amanqanaba aphezulu ePPU ayichaphazela indlela uluntu olusebenza ngayo. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kuphuhliswe uncwadi oluninzi lwezifundo olubonisa ubudlelwane obucacileyo phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi, ngakumbi iphonografi enobundlobongela, kunye nokuziphatha kwamadoda nabantwana kwabasetyhini nasebantwaneni [7,8,9,10]. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala, kokubini okusemthethweni nangokungekho semthethweni, kunokuba negalelo kulwaphulo mthetho olufana nokuba nemifanekiso engamanyala yabantwana okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana (CSAM) [11,12,13,14,15,16]. Inokonyusa amathuba kunye nobundlobongela bokudlwengulwa, ubundlobongela basekhaya, ukuhlaselwa ngokwesondo, ukwabelana ngemifanekiso esondeleyo ngaphandle kwemvume, ukubengezela nge-cyber, ukukhathazwa ngokwesini kunye nokuhlukunyezwa kwi-Intanethi [17,18,19,20,21,22].
Ukuziphatha okukhohlakeleyo kwanaluphi na uhlobo, kubandakanywa ne-intanethi ye-intanethi, ichaphazela amandla omntu ukulawula iimvakalelo zabo; umnqweno wabo wokuphinda basebenzise ukhuthazo; ukuba semngciphekweni wentengiso kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, ukuthintela isimilo sokuziphatha kakubi njengokunyanzelwa, ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo [23,24,25].
Uphuhliso lwePPU
Sijonga ukuba uphononongo lwakutsha nje olwenziwe nguCastro-Calvo nabanye lunika inkcazo yokusebenza kakuhle kwePPU.
Ngokuphathelene nokuqhelaniswa kwayo nokuhlelwa kwayo, iPPU ithathelwe ingqalelo njengohlobo oluthile lwesifo seHypersexual Disorder (HD; [26]), njengendlela yoTywala ngokwesondo (SA; [27]), okanye njengokubonakaliswa kokungaziphathi kakuhle kwezesondo (CSBD; [28])… Ngenxa yoko, imikhwa yangoku yokuziphatha okungalawulekiyo ekuziphatheni ngokwesini ithatha i-PPU njengombhalo ongezantsi we-SA / HD / CSBD (eyona ibalaseleyo) kunokuba ibe yimeko yeklinikhi ezimeleyo [29], kwaye ucinga ukuba uninzi lwezigulana ezizisa nge-SA / HD / CSBD ziya kubonisa iPPU njengeyona nto iphambili ekuziphatheni okubi ngokwesini. Kwinqanaba elisebenzayo, oku kuthetha ukuba izigulana ezininzi eziza nePPU ziya kufunyaniswa zinenye yeelebheli zeklinikhi, kwaye iPPU izakuvela njengesikhombisi kwesi sikhokelo sokuqonda isifo [30].
Ngaphakathi kwisakhelo soMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, i-PPU inokuchongwa njengokunyanzelwa kokuziphatha ngokwesondo, okanye njengoko kutshanje kucetyiswe nguBrand nabanye, phantsi “Kokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuziphatha gwenxa” [31].
Abasebenzisi boononografi bayiphuhlisa njani iPPU? Iinkampani ezirhweba ngephonografi zisebenzisa ubuchwephetsha obufanayo nolunye ushishino lwe-intanethi ukwenza izicelo zazo zibe “zincangathi”. Iindawo ezingamanyala zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukugcina abantu bebukele, becofa kwaye beskrola. Abathengi babukela iphonografi kunye ne-masturbate ukuze bazinike umvuzo onamandla we-neurochemical nge-orgasm. Lo mjikelo yinkqubo yokuziqinisa yokuhlaziya uxinzelelo ngokwesondo. Ke ngokungafaniyo nokwabelana ngesondo okwenyani namaqabane, i-intanethi ibabonelela ngoko nangoko ngenkuthazo yenoveli yokuphinda inkqubo kwakhona, ad infinitum [32]. Kwaye ngokungafaniyo nokuphulula amalungu esini ngaphandle kwe-porn, okanye isini sokwenyani namaqabane, uninzi lwabasebenzisi baxela iiseshini ezandisiweyo, ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezininzi ngexesha, kusetyenziswa ubuchule "bokuhlela". Injongo yomthengi wephonografi kukukhupha kuphela uxinzelelo ngokwesondo xa luza kuba nefuthe elinamandla. Umntu oguqulweyo unokufikelela kwiithafa ezikufutshane ne-orgasm, kodwa endaweni yoko ungonwabi. Ngokuhlala kule ndawo ivuselelweyo, kodwa ingeyiyo eye-orgasmic zone, banokwenza ixesha kunye nendawo apho banokubakhohlisa khona ubuchopho babo ukuba bazibandakanya nokuzonwabisa okungathintelwayo kwilizwe lokwenyani lamaqabane amahle, ii-orgasms ezingapheliyo kunye namatheko asendle.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala kuvelisa utshintsho kwinto engwevu kwiindawo ezithile zobuchopho ezifunekayo ukuthintela isenzo esingxamisekileyo [33]. Abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge bafumene utshintsho kulwakhiwo lobuchopho kunye nokusebenza kwabo basebenzisa iphonografi.34]. Ubunzima bezifundo baphendule kwimifanekiso engamanyala ngendlela efanayo neengqondo zecocaine yeziyobisi ezenziwa kwimifanekiso yecocaine. Ukutshintsha kwengqondo okunxulumene neziyobisi kuthintela ukubanakho komsebenzisi ukubeka iziqhoboshi kwindlela yokuziphatha engxamisekileyo. Abanye babasebenzisi boonografi abanyanzelekileyo oko kuthetha ukungakwazi ukulawula ukuqhuma kobundlobongela. Inokuba negalelo kubundlobongela basekhaya kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe kwabasetyhini nasebantwaneni. IPPU idodobalisa inxenye yengqondo ejongene “nembono yengqondo” [35] kwaye ibonakala ichaphazela ukubanakho komsebenzisi onePPU ukuba abe novelwano kwabanye [36].
Yimalini ekufuneka iphonografi ukuvelisa iPPU?
Umbuzo ngowokuba abasebenzisi kufuneka babukele kangakanani kwaye ixesha elingakanani ngaphambi kokuba umngcipheko onokubakho ube yingozi ebonakalayo? Lo ngumbuzo oqhelekileyo kodwa ongancediyo kuba uyawuhoya umthetho-siseko we-neuroplasticity: ingqondo ihlala ifunda, itshintsha kwaye ihlengahlengisa ukuphendula imeko-bume.
Akunakwenzeka ukuba ukhombe isixa esithile kuba zonke iingqondo zahlukile. Isifundo sokuvavanywa kwengqondo eJamani (hayi kwizilutha) ekusebenziseni iphonografi ngokudibeneyo kunye notshintsho olunxulumene nomlutha kunye nokusebenza kancinci kumanyala [33].
Isiko somvuzo kwingqondo asazi ukuba yintoni iphonografi; ibhalisa kuphela amanqanaba okukhuthaza nge-dopamine kunye ne-opioid spikes. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwengqondo yomjongi ngamnye kunye nenkuthazo ekhethiweyo igqiba ukuba umbukeli utyibilika kusini na ukuba likhoboka. Eyona nto iphambili kukuba likhoboka alifuneki kutshintsho olunokulinganiswa lobuchopho okanye iziphumo ezibi.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-80% yabantu abafuna unyango lokuziphatha gwenxa ngokwesondo baxele ukungakwazi ukulawula ukusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi, ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi [28, 30, 37,38,39,40]. Oko kubandakanya iziphumo ezibi kubudlelwane, emsebenzini nakukona ngokwesondo.
Umceli mngeni omnye ocacileyo kukuba malunga nokufikisa iihormones zesini ziqhuba umntu oselula ukuba afune amava ezesondo. Kubantu abaninzi, kulula ukufumana amava ezesondo nge-intanethi kunokuba kubomi bokwenyani. Ixesha lokufikisa ikwalixesha lokukhula kwengqondo xa abantu abancinci bevelisa ngakumbi, kwaye bethantamisa ngakumbi, kwimichiza ye-neurochemicals [41]. Lo mdla kunye novakalelo kumava ezesondo kudityaniswe nokufikelela ngokulula kwi-intanethi yamanyala kwenza ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo zithathe i-PPU kunezizukulwana zangaphambili ze-intanethi [42, 43].
Imifanekiso engamanyala echitha abantu inokuqwalaselwa kwii-axes ezimbini.
Eyokuqala isekwe kumgangatho othile wenani lamanyala asetyenziswayo. Ngaba batya imifanekiso engamanyala eyoneleyo ukuze babe nakho ukukhula ngokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo okanye isimilo esisekwe kumnqweno wokusebenzisa iphonografi? Impendulo ecacileyo nguewe. Iinkcukacha manani zezithuthi ezibonisa ukuba le nkampani iyodwa isebenze iiseshoni zoononografi ezingama-42 ezigidi kwi-2019 [44]. NgoJuni 2021, indawo ekhokelayo yokuxhasa oontanga yeNoFap.com inamalungu angama-831,000 acinga ukuchitha ixesha labo lokuzonwabisa bezama ukungasebenzisi iphonografi ngumsebenzi ofanelekileyo [45]. Ukukhangela kuGoogle Scholar nge-18 kaJuni 2021 "yokusetyenziswa kwengxaki yamanyala" kubuyiselwe izinto ezingama-763, kubonisa ukuba iPPU ixhomekeke kuphando oluqhubekayo.
Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka kubekho ubungakanani bexesha. Ngaba abasebenzisi bayalugcina olu setyenziso ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba babe nokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo okanye okunyanzelekileyo kokuziphatha kwabo? Ingqondo yomntu ngamnye yahlukile kwaye kukho uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto eziphilayo, ezenkcubeko nezentlalo ezinokuthi zibeke abathengi kwinkampu yokusebenzisa gwenxa, apho ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwephonografi kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungabinampembelelo ibalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwabanye abantu, kukho amandla acacileyo okuya kwinkampu ye-PPU.
Ukuchongwa nokunyangwa kwe-PPU
Iinketho zonyango lwePPU zaqwalaselwa nguSniewski et al. ngo-2018 [46]. Olu phononongo lufumene isiseko sophando esibuthathaka ngesilingo esinye solawulo olungenamkhethe kunye nezifundo zakuqala kuluhlu lokuziphatha kunye nonyango lweziyobisi. Baye bachonga isidingo sesixhobo esingcono sokuchonga njengeebhloko zokwakha unyango olungcono. Le mfuno ngoku ihlangatyeziwe. IPPU ngoku inokuchongwa ngokuthembekileyo kubantu nakubantu bonke. Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, izixhobo ezininzi zokuchonga iPPU ziye zaphuhliswa, zalinganiswa kwaye zavavanywa ngokubanzi [47]. Umzekelo, iNgxaki yokuSetyenziswa kwePhonografi ngoku iyafumaneka kuzo zombini [48] kwaye imfutshane [49Iifom ezixhaswe luvavanyo loluntu [50, 51]. Ukuthembeka kwesiKhuseli esiFutshane sePhonografi kukwabonakalisiwe [52, 53].
U-Lewczuk okqhubekayo. kuqatshelwe "Kungenzeka ukuba abantu abathanda izinto ezingabalulekanga, ezinje ngemifanekiso engamanyala okanye imifanekiso equlathe ubundlobongela, banokuba nexhala kukhetho lwabo kwaye bafune unyango ngenxa yesi sizathu" [54]. UBőthe nabanye bafumanise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala aphindaphindiweyo akunakuhlala kuyingxaki [55]. Kuxhomekeka kumntu lowo kwaye kuphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi [56].
Abanye abantu bayaqonda ukuba abanakho ukuyeka isimilo ngokwabo, nokuba bakhuthazekile. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni bafune uncedo lobuchwephesha koogqirha bosapho, iingcali zesini, abacebisi ngezobudlelwane kunye nabaqeqeshi bokubuyisela [57, 58]. Abanye abantu bajoyina amaqela okuzinceda kwiiforamu ezikwi-Intanethi okanye kwiindawo ezinamanqanaba ali-12. Ehlabathini jikelele, sibona umxube wezicwangciso-qhinga ukusuka ekuziyekiseni ngokupheleleyo ukuya kwiindlela zokunciphisa ingozi [59].
Kwiiwebhusayithi zokubuyisela iphonografi (www.nofap.com; rebootnation.org), Abasebenzisi abangamadoda baxela ukuba xa beyeka iphonografi kunye neengqondo zabo ekugqibeleni bephinda baphinde baphinde baphilise, imfesane yabo kubafazi iyabuya. Kwangelo xesha, imiba emininzi yempilo yengqondo enje ngoxinzelelo lwasentlalweni kunye noxinzelelo, kunye neengxaki zempilo yomzimba njengokungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo, ukunciphisa okanye ukunyamalala [36]. Uphando oluthe kratya kwezemfundo kwiiwebhusayithi zokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo luyacetyiswa njengoko kuncinci okupapashiweyo [60].
IPPU kunye neengozi kubantu abadala
Xa kuthelekiswa nokuhamba rhoqo kwamanyala kusetyenziswa ubukhali bePPU, Bőthe et al. ifumanise ukuba i-PPU inezinto ezifanelekileyo, ezinolinganiselo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wesini kwiingxaki kumadoda nakwabasetyhini kuluntu nakwiisampulu zeklinikhi [61]. Amadoda ane-PPU anokukhulisa iingxaki zesondo ezinje nge-erectile disyction (PIED) ebangela amanyala, ukubambezeleka kwe-ejaculation kunye ne-anorgasmia [36, 62,63,64].
Kukho ezinye izifundo ezijonga amakhonkco phakathi kwePPU kunye nokukhula okuthile okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Kwi-2019, u-Bőthe kunye noogxa bakhe bajonge ukusilela kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ADHD) njengenye yeengxaki ezixhaphakileyo kwi-hypersexual. Bafumanise ukuba iimpawu ze-ADHD zinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kubukrelekrele boxhatshazo ngokwesini, kodwa "iimpawu ze-ADHD zinokudlala indima eyomeleleyo kwi-PPU phakathi kwamadoda kodwa hayi abafazi" [65].
Kukho uphando olukhomba kubunzima abanabo abantu abane-autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) ngokubhekisele kwintsebenzo yezentlalo kunye nezesondo ezinokuthi zibe negalelo ekuziphatheni okubi ngokwesondo [66]. Okwangoku, umanyano phakathi kwe-ASD kunye nokujongwa kwe-CSAM alwamkelwa kakuhle kwaye aluqondakali ngokwaneleyo kuluntu ngokubanzi nangokwezonyango nakwezomthetho. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku, asichazanga naluphi na uncwadi oludibanisa iPPU kunye neASD ngaphaya kwetyala elisandula ukwenziwa [35].
I-PPU kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwaBantwana naBantu aBancinci
Ukusetyenziswa koononografi ngabantwana (phantsi kwe-18s) kuneempembelelo ezongezelelweyo. Itshintsha indlela abantu abancinci abafunda ngayo ukwenza isondo kwaye ikhokelela kwisiphumo sokuqala ngokwesondo. Oku ke kuba yinto yomngcipheko, njengoko ityala lesondo langaphambili lenza abantu abancinci ukuba babandakanyeke ekuziphatheni okuchasene nentlalo [30, 67, 68] kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba benze ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo komntwana nomntwana [69, 70].
ENgilani nase Wales, phakathi kuka-2012 no-2016 bekukho ukonyuka ngama-78% kumatyala aphethwe gadalala ngokwesondo ngabantwana emntwaneni.71]. EScotland kwangelo xesha linye, kwakunyuke iipesenti ezingama-34 kwezo zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni igqwetha Jikelele liseke iqela leengcali elizokuphanda izizathu. Kwingxelo yabo epapashwe ngoJanuwari 2020, bathi "Ukubonakaliswa koonografi kuya kuchongwa njengeyona nto inegalelo ekuveleni kweZenzo eziHlalisayo zoSondo" [25].
E-Ireland ngo-2020, amadoda amabini akwishumi elivisayo afunyanwa enetyala lokubulala uAna Kriegel oneminyaka eli-14 ubudala. Babenemali eninzi engamanyala kwiifowuni zabo [72]. Ngaba ikhona ikhonkco? Amapolisa akholelwa njalo.
Uninzi lwamatyala okuphathwa gadalala ngokwesondo ngabantwana abenziwa ngamakhwenkwe kumantombazana ngaphakathi kosapho. Umbulo okanye into ekuthiwa yi "faux incest" yenye yezona ntlobo zaziwayo zamanyala ezikhoyo [73].
Ukungafikeleli kwimifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi kunefuthe ezingqondweni zabantwana nakubantu abancinci kwaye kubalungiselela ukuba babe ngabantu abadala ngokuthanda izinto zesondo ezibunjwe zezona ndlela zinobundlobongela, zokunyanzela kunye neengozi zomsebenzi wesondo. Umzekelo, kukho uphando olwenzelwe amakhwenkwe akwishumi elivisayo abonise “ukuboniswa ngabom kwizixhobo ezinobundlobongela ezilinganiswe ixesha elide kuqikelelwa ukwanda okuphindaphindwe kathandathu kumngcipheko wokuziphatha ngokwesondo okuxeliweyo” [17]. Kananjalo, kukho uphando olubonisa ispiki esaziwayo kwisenzo sokuqala sobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo esivela kwiminyaka eli-16 [18].
Uphando lwase-Australia olwenziwe nguMcKibbin et al. ngo-2017 [69] ekuziphatheni ngokwesini okuyingozi okwenziwa ngabantwana kwaye abantu abancinci bafumanise ukuba ityala malunga nesiqingatha salo lonke uxhaphazo ngokwesondo lwabantwana. Uphando luchonge amathuba amathathu othintelo ngokusekwe kudliwanondlebe nabaphuli-mthetho abaselula: ukuguqula imfundo yabo yesini; lungisa kwakhona amava abo okuxhatshazwa; kunye nokunceda ulawulo lwabo lwephonografi.
Iimpembelelo ekuziphatheni
Ukuthintela iPPU kungcono kunokunyanga. Ibiza ixabiso eliphantsi, ilungile eluntwini, ikhuselekile kwizibini ezitshatileyo kwaye ibhetele nakwimpilo yengqondo neyomzimba yabantu. Uthintelo lusebenza ngokufanayo ekunciphiseni umthwalo obangelwa yi-PPU kwinkqubo yezobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho. Apho umntu ene-PPU, ukukwazi kwabo ukuqikelela iziphumo ezingalunganga ezivela ekuziphatheni kwabo kuphazamisekile, njengoko kunjalo nokubanakho kokuziphatha okungxamisekileyo. Ukuziphatha okungxamisekileyo kubandakanya ukuzibandakanya kwisenzo sobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo.
Ukuba ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye neendleko zomthetho zokujongana nePPU ziqala ukunyuka ngokubonakalayo, njengoko ngoku zibonakala ngathi kungamakhulu ezigidi zabantu abasebenzisa iphonografi, iya kuba ngumcimbi obalulekileyo kurhulumente. Umzekelo, ngo-2020, iwebhusayithi yephonografi yayiyeyesi-8, 10, 11 neye-24 kwiindawo ezininzi ezazindwendwele abasebenzisi be-intanethi e-UK [74]. Ngaphezulu kwe-10% yabemi behlabathi abasebenzisa iphonografi mihla le. Isiqingatha sawo onke amadoda amadala ase-UK a tyelele i-Pornhub.com nge-Septemba ka-2020-kubafazi inani lali-16% [75].
Akukho mntu waxela kwangaphambili ubhubhane we-2020 COVID-19, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi, kubandakanywa namadoda, abantwana kunye nabantu abancinci abancinci ekhaya, bavuke kakhulu kunyaka odlulileyo. Oku kuncedwe kukufikelela simahla kwiindawo ezingahlawulwanga zeepremiyamu zomboneleli wephonografi omkhulu [76, 77]. Izibonelelo zodushe lwasekhaya zixele ukonyuka okumangalisayo kwizikhalazo zobundlobongela basekhaya [78]. Ukufikelela ngokulula kwiisayithi zoononografi kwi-intanethi kusenokwenzeka ukuba kube negalelo [79]. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala kunemiphumo emininzi kwaye yiyo loo nto indlela yezonyango kunye nesayensi yezentlalo ibalulekile ekulweni lo mthombo wezempilo yoluntu kunye nomngcipheko osemthethweni.
Inani elandayo lamadoda lifunyanwa linetyala lobundlobongela kwabasetyhini apho ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi kwakunyanzelekile. Uncwadi oludibanisa ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso engamanyala kwizenzo zesondo, ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngoku zomelele [62, 80, 81].
Yintoni eyenza ubundlobongela kwimifanekiso engamanyala, ngakumbi ubundlobongela obujoliswe kwabasetyhini? Esi sisithuba sendlela ekuphikiswana ngayo nesenziwe kakuhle ngabavakalisi ababonisa amalungelo ababhinqileyo [7,8,9,10]. Uluhlu oluqhubekayo ukusuka kwiimpama ezikhanyayo kunye nokutsala iinwele zomntu ukuya kwimisebenzi efana nokukrwitshwa. Umzekelo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amapolisa axele ukonyuka okukhulu kwamatyala okrwitshwa okungabulali, enye yeemxholo ezaziwa kakhulu ezifumaneka kwimifanekiso engamanyala namhlanje. Uphando lwakutsha nje luchaza “uluhlu lokonzakala okubangelwa kukukrwitshwa okungabulali kunokubandakanya ukubanjwa kwentliziyo, ukubethwa sisisu, ukuphuma kwesisu, ukungakwazi ukuzibamba, ukuphazamiseka ekuthetheni, ukuxhuzula, ukukhubazeka, kunye nezinye iindlela zokulimala kwengqondo ixesha elide” [82]. Ukukhawuka “… ikwaluphawu olubalulekileyo lomngcipheko wexesha elizayo: ukuba ngaba umfazi ukrwitshiwe, ithuba lokuba abulawe emva koko liphindaphindwe kasibhozo” [83].
Apho kusiba nzima kukuba ukukrwitsha kunokuba yinto umntu ayifunayo. Ezinye zeBondage, uLawulo, ubuSadism, iMasochism (BDSM) imisebenzi isekwe kumnqweno wokunciphisa ioksijini kwinqanaba le-orgasm ukukhulisa inkanuko yesini. Ke kwakhona, omnye umntu unokukrwitsha omnye ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe, kuba banobundlobongela kwaye banenkohlakalo. Idatha yeGen Z kwi-BDSM kunye nokwabelana ngesondo ngokumasikizi kuhambelana. Kabini amabhinqa aselula njengamadoda athi isini esirhabaxa kunye ne-BDSM yinto abayithandayo ukubukela [84]. Kwaye ukuba bayayibukela kwimifanekiso engamanyala, banokuchaphazeleka ukuba babonakalise le ndlela yokuziphatha kubomi bokwenyani. Ukuba abasetyhini bacela ukukrwitshwa ukufezekisa isondo eliphezulu, ingaba yeyiphi impembelelo koku kukhuseleko olusemthethweni lokuvuma? Lo ngumzekelo wokuqhelaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala ngabantu basetyhini.
Urhulumente wase-UK "Umthetho osayilwayo woBundlobongela baseKhaya" ufuna ukucacisa umthetho ngokuphinda, ngokomthetho, umthetho-siseko obanzi osekwe kwimeko ka-R v Brown, ukuba umntu akanakukuvuma ukwenzakala komzimba okanye ukwenzakala okungakumbi okanye, ngu ukwanda, ekufeni kwabo.
“Akukho kufa okanye nakuphi na ukwenzakala okungathethekiyo- nokuba zithini na iimeko- kufuneka kukhuselwe 'njengokwabelana ngesondo okungahambi kakuhle' yiyo loo nto siyenza icace gca ukuba ayamkelekanga le nto. Abenzi bolu lwaphulo-mthetho mabangaze bazikhohlise - izenzo zabo azisokuze zithetheleleke nangayiphi na indlela, kwaye baya kulandelwa ngokungqongqo kwiinkundla ukufuna ubulungisa kumaxhoba kunye neentsapho zawo. ” UMphathiswa wezoBulungisa uAlex Chalk [85].
Kucacile kuphando olunzulu ukuba kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kokuphathwa gadalala emakhaya, ubundlobongela obujoliswe kwabasetyhini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala [7,8,9,10]. Akukho mathandabuzo, zininzi izinto ezinegalelo kolu nxibelelwano, kodwa ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-intanethi kunokubuchaphazela ubuchopho kwaye kuphazamise amandla okwenza izigqibo ngokunyanzelwa ngumsebenzisi ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukuzibandakanya kwinkcubeko kumazwe amaninzi yinto eqhelekileyo kulutsha namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ukunqongophala kongenelelo olusebenzayo lukarhulumente kubundlobongela obujoliswe kwabasetyhini kukhokelele ekubeni abanye abantu abancinci basetyhini bathathe amanyathelo ngokwabo ukuqaqambisa ukwanda kwe-Sexual Harassment ezikolweni nasezikolweni. Iiwebhusayithi ezinje ngokuba "Bonke abantu bamenyiwe" (ukumkelwauxwebhu olonyusa inani labasetyhini abaxela ukudlwengulwa okanye ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo okungakhange kujongwane nako ngokufanelekileyo ngabaphathi bezemfundo okanye ngamapolisa. Kuyacingelwa ukuba abafana abancinci abane-PPU banyanzela amaqabane nangona kungekho mvume, oko ke kukhokelela kwizityholo zokuhlaselwa ngokwesondo okanye ngodlwengulo.
Ukuphuhliswa "kwamatyhalarha", ngakumbi e-USA, ngumzekelo weefoto ezibonisa amanyala apho abantu basetyhini bevezwa kolunye uhlobo lokuziphatha gwenxa okukhuthazayo [86].
IPPU kunye nokunyuka
Imifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Intanethi isebenza njengefom ye-facto yemfundo yezesondo apho abasebenzisi abancinci ngokukodwa benza izinto abazibonayo njengefom "yesondo". Zimbini izinto ezenza ukuba iskripthi sesini sibe namandla ngakumbi ekutshintsheni indlela yokuziphatha kwabathengi. Okokuqala, abantu abanotyekelo lobundlobongela kunokwenzeka ukuba benze izinto abazijongayo.87]. Okwesibini, bonke abathengi basemngciphekweni ngendlela yobukrelekrele bokwenza izinto (AI) ii-algorithms ezisetyenziswa kwiiwebhsayithi zorhwebo ezisebenzisa abathengi ukuba banyukele ekujongeni ngakumbi iindlela zokuvuselela iphonografi. Ukusebenza kwe-algorithms ekunyuseni ukunyuka kubonakaliswa yindlela abasebenzisi bamanyala abanokwazi ngayo ukuba ukuthanda kwabo kuyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha; kungoko, kolu phando lwaseYurophu, "Amashumi amane anesithoba eepesenti akhankanye ubuncinci ngamanye amaxesha efuna umxholo wesondo okanye ukubandakanyeka kwii-OSA [izinto ezenziwa ngokwesondo kwi-Intanethi] ezazinganikisi umdla ngaphambili okanye ezazibona njengezenyanyekayo" [37].
I-AI algorithms inokuqhuba abathengi kuyo nayiphi na indlela emibini. Kwelinye icala, bafundisa ubuchopho bababukeli, ngokungazi, ukuba banqwenele imifanekiso eyomeleleyo, enobundlobongela. Kwelinye icala, baqhuba abathengi bajolise kwimicimbi yesondo nabantu abancinci. Yiyo loo nto, sikhuphukela ekuziphatheni okunobundlobongela kunye / okanye ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo zokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ngokwesondo. Abantu abane-PPU baphuhlise utshintsho lwengqondo olonyusa iminqweno yokuvuselela ngakumbi, mhlawumbi izinto ezinobungozi obukhulu kunye namandla anciphisiweyo okuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo [11,12,13,14, 35, 38, 63].
Ixesha elingaphezulu inkqubo yokunyuka inokukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kweephonografi ezingekho mthethweni, kubandakanya nezinto zokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana [13,14,15,16]. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-CSAM akukho semthethweni kwihlabathi liphela. Ngaphakathi kwe-CSAM kukwakho nokuqhubekeka kokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kwabathengi. Isusela ekuboneni ukurekhodwa kwembali esele ikho enokuthi iqhubeke ngokungapheliyo kwiwebhu emnyama ngaphandle kwemizamo yokunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuyisusa, ukuya kusasazo ngqo apho abathengi bahlawula abanye abantu ukuba badlwengule abantwana ngelixa bebukele. Le nto yokusasaza ngqo iya kuphelela ekusasazeni kwiwebhu emnyama nayo [88,89,90,91].
Ukusukela oko kwafika isantya esiphezulu kwi-intanethi, kuye kwakho ukwanda okumangalisayo phakathi kwamadoda amancinci kwinqanaba lokungaziphathi kakuhle ngokwesondo. Oku kukhokelele kwigama elithi "i-erectile disys function" (PIED)63]. Inani lamadoda ane-PPU alinakuphinda livuswe, nokuba iphonografi. Kwiiwebhsayithi zokubuyisela iphonografi, amanye amadoda axele ukuba xa ephuhlise ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile, bafuna ukukhuthazwa okungaphaya kwemifanekiso engamanyala efana ne-CSAM ukuze bavuswe kwaphela.
Uncedo lwezomthetho kunye nokuqwalaselwa koMgaqo-nkqubo wezeMpilo
IPPU sisifo esinokuthintelwa. Abantu abanakho ukwenza iPPU ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iphonografi. Nangona kunjalo, xa unikwe imeko yangoku yetekhnoloji, akukho rhulumente unethemba lokunyanzelisa ukuthintela iphonografi. I-libido yabantu kunye nendawo yentengiso ziya kuhlala zoyisa nakuphi na ukuhamba kwelo cala.
Inyani yile yokuba amanqanaba okusebenzisa iphonografi ayaqhubeka ukonyuka kwihlabathi liphela. Uninzi lweziphumo zePPU zinexesha elide lokumitha, ngenxa yoko sinokuqiniseka ukuba impilo kunye nefuthe lezomthetho elichazwe apha ngasentla liza kuqhubeka likhula de kube yiminyaka emininzi emva kokuba umhlaba ufikelele kwinqanaba eliphambili lamanyala, ixesha apho inani labasebenzisi bamanyala liqala ukwehla . Kweli candelo, siphonononga ezinye izixhobo zempilo nezomthetho ezifumanekayo kurhulumente nakwimibutho yoluntu enokubanakho ukuqala ukuguqula le ndlela, umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa komgaqo wokhuseleko, ukuqinisekiswa kweminyaka, iinkqubo zemfundo zesikolo, amaphulo ezempilo oluntu kunye nezilumkiso ezithile zempilo .
Kukho amathuba amaninzi okungenelela okanye ukukhuthaza ukunciphisa ukubandakanyeka kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezinokubakho. Ezi zisebenzele icuba apho amanye amazwe afana ne-Australia abone amazinga okutshaya esihla ngaphezulu kwama-70% [92]. Ngokufanelekileyo, umthetho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezempilo kunye nezentlalo kufuneka uxhase ungenelelo oluthambileyo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala abantu abadala ngabantu abadala okwangoku kusemthethweni.60].
Ngokwahlukileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-CSAM ngabantu abadala akukho semthethweni. Iiarhente zobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho kwihlabathi liphela zifuna i-CSAM kunye nabo bayisebenzisayo. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wamazwe aphesheya kujolise ekupheliseni ngokupheleleyo ukubonelelwa kwe-CSAM. Ngokubanzi uxinzelelo lwe-CSAM lube yimpumelelo, kodwa oko akunakuhlala kunjalo. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamapolisa kuye kwaba nefuthe lokuqhuba intengiso kwiwebhu emnyama kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwimidiya yoluntu. Yintoni enokwenziwa ngoorhulumente xa iingcali zetekhnoloji ezinje nge-Facebook zazisa ukubethela ukuphela kokuphela okuya kwenza ukuba kube nzima kubaphathi bezomthetho ukuba bachonge kwaye basuse i-CSAM kumaqonga abo kwaye babambe abenzi bobubi ukuba baphendule?
Umgaqo wokuthintela
Ngokokwazi kwababhali, iphonografi ayikaze ivavanywe ngokwesayensi ukubonisa ukuba iyimveliso ekhuselekileyo okanye ukuba ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-ponografi yinto engenabungozi ebantwini bonke. Njengoko sele kutshiwo apha ngasentla, uphando olwenziweyo phakathi koluntu lokuziphatha gwenxa kwezesayensi lubonisa ukuba abantu banokuthi, ngokwamanqanaba abalulekileyo, baphuhlise ukunyanzeliswa, okanye nokuba likhoboka, lokuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni iphonografi ngaphandle kolawulo. Kubonakala ngathi zonke iintlobo zomxholo wephonografi unokukhokelela ekubeni abanye abathengi bakhulise iPPU. Oku kubonakala kusebenza kubathengi bamanyala, abazimeleyo ngeminyaka yabo, isini, inkanuko yesini okanye ezinye izinto zentlalo.
Imixholo yamanyala ebonelelwa ngamashishini orhwebo kwi-intanethi ibonakalisiwe ineziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezinokukhokelela abathengi ekuphuhliseni iPPU. Impikiswano yokuba uninzi lwabantu lubona ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-ponografi kukhuselekile ayisusi umsebenzi osemthethweni kwishishini lokuthengisa iphonografi ukuze lingalimazi abathengi, ngakumbi abo banokubakho okanye abasesichengeni sokukhulisa i-PPU: abakwishumi elivisayo okanye abantu abaneeyantlukwano kwimithambo-luvo okanye ukuphazamiseka. Ngokwahlukileyo, oorhulumente banomsebenzi wokukhusela abemi babo. Ukubonakaliswa kokhuseleko lwexesha elifutshane kwindawo echithiweyo akususi uxanduva olunokubangela ukwenzakala okuvela kuphela kwixesha elide. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukukhusela akukho monakalo wakhawulezileyo okanye ocacileyo wasetyenziswa lishishini lecuba. Oku kugqityiwe kuphando olubonisa ukonzakala ngamaxesha amade kakhulu okukhulelwa.
Apho kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa komxholo wephonografi kunye nokukhula kwesifo esichongiweyo, ngakumbi imeko yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, ngaba kukho indawo yokuthatha amanyathelo eklasini ngokuchasene nomnikezeli womxholo ngokusekwe kumthetho woxanduva lwemveliso? Oku kufanele ukuba kwenziwe uphando.
Ngaphandle kokuphelisa ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi, kukho uluhlu lweendlela ezinokubakho zokunciphisa umngcipheko kwinqanaba labantu ngokubanzi nakumanqanaba ngamanye. Siza kuthetha ngoku ngeendlela ezine ezithembisayo, ukuqinisekiswa kweminyaka, iinkqubo zemfundo, imikhankaso yezempilo yoluntu kunye nezilumkiso ezinyanzelekileyo zezempilo.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwexesha
Abantwana kunye nabantu abancinci ngabona basesichengeni sokulutha kwi-intanethi kuzo zonke iintlobo, ngenxa yobume bengqondo yabo engathambekiyo kweli nqanaba libalulekileyo lokukhula ngexesha lokufikisa. Eli lixesha lobomi xa uninzi lweemeko zempilo yengqondo kunye neziyobisi zikhula. Uncwadi lwezifundo lucacisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lokufikisa [17, 18, 93,94,95]. Njengoko uphononongo lwakutsha nje olwenziwe nguGassó noBruch-Granados lithe "ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi ngolutsha kunxulunyaniswa nokwanda kweparaphilias, ukwanda kobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kunye nokuhlukumeza, kunye… nokwanda kokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kwi-Intanethi" [96].
Ngolutsha, kufuneka sigxile kuthintelo lwe-PPU kunye nokunceda abo sele bebanjiswe kukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-ponografi, ukuze baye phambili, abayi kwenza ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kwabo babangqongileyo okanye baphuhlise ukungasebenzi kakuhle ngokwesondo. Umthetho wokuqinisekisa ubudala linyathelo eliphambili loku.
Itekhnoloji yokuqinisekisa ubudala iphuhliswe kakuhle kwaye iyasetyenziswa kulawulo oluninzi lweemveliso kubandakanya icuba, utywala, ukungcakaza, izinyibilikisi kunye nezixhobo. Banokubanamandla amakhulu okunciphisa umngcipheko ebantwaneni nakubantu abancinci ekusebenziseni iphonografi [97]. Itekhnoloji yokuqinisekisa ubudala ayiphelisi ngokupheleleyo umngcipheko kubantwana ekusetyenzisweni kwephonografi, kodwa inamandla okunciphisa kakhulu amanqanaba okufikelela kwizinto ezinobungozi, ngaphandle kokuba nefuthe elibi okanye elibi kuluntu lonke.
Iinkqubo zeMfundo zeZikolo
Kuye kwavunywa ukuba umthetho wokuqinisekisa ubudala kuphela awuyi kukwanela ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa koonografi ngabantu abancinci kwaye ukuba imfundo yesondo iyintsika ebalulekileyo eyongezelelweyo. Kubantu abaninzi abancinci, iphonografi iyeyona nto iphambili ekufundiseni ngesondo ngokungacwangciswanga. Imfundo yesondo esesikweni ijolise kakhulu kubhayoloji yokuzala kunye nemeko yokuvuma. Ngelixa imvume ibaluleke kakhulu, iyasilela ukujongana nefuthe lephonografi kwimpilo yengqondo nengokwasemzimbeni yabasebenzisi, uninzi lwabo luyintombi kwaye alubandakanyekanga kwisini esahlulelanayo. Kuya kuba luncedo ngakumbi ukuba abantwana bafundiswe malunga ne-intanethi ye-intanethi njengeyona nto ikhuthazayo kunye nefuthe layo kwingqondo.
Iinkqubo zemfundo engamanyala zinokuba neenjongo ezininzi, kodwa ezinye zazo zinokuba luncedo. Iinkqubo zokufunda ngamanyala sele zithandwa [98], ukuthatha umgca wokuba iphonografi yeyokwabelana ngesondo ngokukhuselekileyo ekuboneni ukuba abasebenzisi bayazi ukuba ayiyonyani. Ubuthathaka bale ndlela kukuba ayikhathaleli inyani yokuba isini kunye naziphi na izinto ezinobundlobongela ezibonisiweyo ziyinyani endaweni yokulinganisa. Ikwahluleka ukuphendula ngengqondo yotshintsho olwenziwe kukusetyenziswa kwamanyala kunye nemingcipheko enxulumene noko yokwenzakala kwimpilo yengqondo kunye / okanye yempilo yomzimba. Ngoku kukho izikolo '[99, 100] neenkqubo zabazali [101] ezibandakanya iphonografi eyenzakalisa ulwazi oluhambelana nendlela yempilo yoluntu.
Uphando lwamva nje e-Australia olwenziwe ngu-Ballantine-Jones lukhanyisa iintlobo zeempembelelo ezinokuthi ziveliswe yimfundo, kunye nokuveza imida ethile. Yaphetha ngelithi:
"Inkqubo ibisebenza ekunciphiseni inani leziphumo ezibi ezivela ekuvezeni iphonografi, indlela yokuziphatha kwezesondo kwezentlalo, kunye nokuzikhuthaza ekuziphatheni kwimidiya yoluntu, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezintathu zokufundisa, ukuzibandakanya koontanga, kunye nemisebenzi yabazali. Ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo kuthintele iinzame zokunciphisa ukubukela iphonografi kwabanye abafundi, oko kuthetha ukuba uncedo olongezelelekileyo lonyango lunokufuneka ukuxhasa abo basokola ukuvelisa isimilo. Ukongeza, ukuzibandakanya komntu ofikisayo kwimidiya yoluntu kungavelisa ukungakhathali, okuchaphazela ukuzithemba, kunye nokutshintsha unxibelelwano lwabo kunye nemikhwa yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ".102].
Imikhankaso yezeMpilo yoLuntu
Kwi-1986, iworkshop ka-Ugqirha Jikelele yase-US kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye nempilo yoluntu yahambisa ingxelo yokuvumelana malunga nefuthe lamanyala. Ngo-2008, uPerrin et al. [103] Ucebise uluhlu lwamanyathelo emfundo yezempilo yoluntu ukunciphisa ukonzakala kuluntu lonke, ngaphandle kokufumana ukubambeka kakhulu. Namhlanje iingozi ezinokuthi zilumkise malunga nazo ziye zafezekiswa, ngophuhliso lwePPU kunye nokunye okunxulumene noko.
Nangona kunjalo, uNelson noRothman [104] zichanekile ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi akuhlangabezani nenkcazo esemgangathweni yengxaki yezempilo yoluntu. Kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba iphonografi ayisiyongxaki ifanelekileyo yokungenelela kwempilo yoluntu. Ngokubanzi, uphando luxhasa umbono wokuba ukusebenzisa iphonografi okukhokelela kwi-PPU akunakulindeleka ukuba kubulale uninzi lwabathengi. Nangona kunjalo, asazi ukuba amanqanaba oxinzelelo afunyenwe ngabantu abathile abane-PPU anokukhokelela ekuzibulaleni, amaxabiso anyuke kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo phakathi kwabafana abancinci, abona basebenzisi bamanyala. Uphando olongezelelweyo kolu nxibelelaniso luyafuneka.
Ukusetyenziswa kweengxaki zoonografi kubonakala ngathi kunegalelo kumanqanaba aphezulu okusweleka kubundlobongela basekhaya okanye ubundlobongela obunxulumene noonografi kwabasetyhini. Apha, asiboni bungozi obuchongiweyo okanye ukubhubha kwabasebenzisi bephonografi ngokwabo, kodwa njengento evela kwizenzo ezalandelayo zabathengi. Kwanele ukuba iPPU inganegalelo ekwenzakaleni kwabasetyhini nasebantwaneni ukuze siqwalasele njengoluntu ukuba singazama njani ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa le minqweno yobundlobongela emadodeni [105].
Akukho mfuneko yokubonisa imeko kuzo zonke iimeko phambi kokuba sisebenzise umgaqo okhuselekileyo kwaye sijonge ukunciphisa ukwenzakala kuluntu ngokususa abaqhubi abaziwayo bokuziphatha gwenxa kubasebenzisi bamanyala. Le ndlela sele isebenza etywaleni nasekutshayeni.
Ukusuka kwimbono yezempilo yoluntu, kusengqiqweni ukufumana kunye nokwenza iindlela zokunciphisa umnqweno wamadoda wokufumana iphonografi enobundlobongela obunokubangela ubundlobongela basekhaya kunye nobundlobongela kwabasetyhini nasebantwaneni.
Izilumkiso zezeMpilo zaBasebenzisi baManyala
Izilumkiso zezempilo kwiiwebhusayithi ezingamanyala zinokuba zizixhobo ezinamandla zokunciphisa ingozi ekusebenziseni iphonografi. Umxholo kukubonelela umboleki ngokubakhumbuza ngeengozi ezinokubakho ezinxulumene noonografi ngomyalezo ekuqaleni kweseshoni nganye yokubukela iphonografi.
Izilumkiso zemveliso zisetyenzisiwe kwiimveliso zecuba ixesha elide kwaye zibonakalise ukuba negalelo ngendlela efanelekileyo yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwecuba [92, 106, 107]. Isiseko soMvuzo sisungule le ngcamango yemifanekiso engamanyala kwi-Coalition yokuphelisa inkomfa yokuSebenzisa iSondo eWashington DC kwi2018 [108]. Sincoma ividiyo, kunokuba izilumkiso zombhalo, njengoko zigcinwa ngabasebenzisi abaphakathi basebenzise. Inkqubo yeedilesi ze-IP ezisetyenziswa yi-intanethi ivumela urhulumente ukuba enze umthetho ngezilumkiso zakhe zezempilo ekufuneka zisetyenzisiwe kwindawo ethile.
Esona sithende siphambili se-Achilles esithendeni sokusetyenziswa kweedilesi ze-IP ukulawula ukufikelela kwijografi ethile kukusetyenziswa kweenethiwekhi zabucala ezibonakalayo (i-VPNs). Ii-VPNs zivumela abathengi ukuba bazenze ngathi bakwenye indawo. Kananjalo, lo msebenzi unokuyoyiswa ngokusebenzisa itshekhi enqamlezileyo kunye neNkqubo yokuBekwa eGlobal (GPS) ukuqinisekisa indawo esikuyo isixhobo esiphathwayo. Ngelixa bungekho ubungqina bobuyatha, ngaphezulu kwe-80% yeeseshoni zoononografi kwihlabathi liphela zenzeka kwizixhobo zefowuni [44], uninzi lwazo luya kuba luvuliwe iGPS. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchwephesha bokwenyani bokwenyani obunokuthi buchongwe ngumthengisi wephonografi orhwebo, kubandakanya i-HTML Geolocation API [109]. Elona thuba liphambili apha ayikokugxila kuso nasiphi na isisombululo esithile sobuchwephesha, endaweni yoko kufuneka uqaphele ukuba kukho ubuchwephesha obukhoyo obukhoyo obunokuphunyezwa ngeendleko ezingenamsebenzi ukuba abawisi-mthetho bazibona ziyimfuneko.
Njengobungqina bengqondo, kwi-2018, sisebenze kunye nabafundi bokuyila imifanekiso kwiKholeji yezobuGcisa yase-Edinburgh ukwenza iividiyo eziyimizekelo, nganye kwi-20 ukuya kwi-30-ubude. Ezi zinto zazenzelwe ukuba zidlale ekuqaleni kweseshoni yokujonga iphonografi esemthethweni, ukuhambisa umthengi isilumkiso sezempilo. Ezona vidiyo zintathu zibalaseleyo ezenziwe yiklasi zaqulunqwa zaboniswa kwiNkomfa yaseWashington [108]. Isishwankathelo kulo msebenzi wabafundi yayikukugxila kwimpembelelo yephonografi kwimpilo yezesondo yababukeli, ngakumbi amadoda. Kuya kulungeleka ngokulinganayo ukwenza iividiyo ezijolise kubunono bephonografi ukukhuthaza ubundlobongela kwabasetyhini nabantwana kunye nokulumkisa ngobungozi bokwanda kwe-CSAM. Iskimu esisebenzayo sinokufumana imiyalezo eyahlukeneyo eyahlukeneyo, ebavumela ukuba bavele ngokulandelelana okunokuphakamisa ifuthe labo.
Umbuso wase-Utah eMelika waba ligunya lokuqala lezomthetho ukumisela inkqubo enjalo, xa babekhetha iilebheli ezisekwe kwitekisi [110].
Kukho umda wokudlulisa iindleko zokwenza ezo zikimu kubathengisi boonografi abathengisayo. Urhulumente kufuneka atyumbe umlawuli oza kunyanzelisa inkqubo yokugunyazisa iividiyo kunye nokuhambisa imiyalezo efanelekileyo yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi. Ukuhambisa imiyalezo kunokusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo kwiiwebhusayithi zeenkampani zoononografi. Iindleko zokwenza oku ziya kuba zincinci. Iya kuba lixabiso nje abathengisi bezoonografi abarholayo abaya kulibhatalela ukufikelela kwintengiso ethile yabathengi.
isiphelo
Kwimimandla emininzi emhlabeni jikelele, iphonografi isemthethweni, okanye enye ihleli kwindawo engwevu apho eminye imiba isemthethweni kwaye eminye ingekho mthethweni. Kwimimandla emininzi, umthetho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo waseburhulumenteni awuzange uhambisane notshintsho kwezobuchwephesha nakwezentlalo ezihamba kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-intanethi. Umzi mveliso wezoonografi uye wazama ngamandla ukufezekisa kunye nokugcina imeko yokukhanya elula [7,8,9,10].
Kukho indawo eyaneleyo kurhulumente kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ukunika ukhuseleko ngakumbi kubemi kwaye babambe iinkampani zetekhnoloji, ngakumbi iinkampani zoonografi, ezinoxanduva ngokwenzakala okuvela kwiimveliso zabo. I-PPU isenokungabi sisiphazamiso esinokupheliswa, kodwa ngolawulo olulungileyo kunye nemfundo yoluntu ngokubanzi ayifuni ukuba ibe ngubhubhane.
Iipodcasts ezinoMary Sharpe kunye noDarryl Mead nazo ziyafumaneka.
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