IMIBUZO: le isifundo esitsha (i-abstract engezantsi) ithathwa njenge "ukuphindaphinda okungaphumeleli" kovavanyo lwe-1989 olukhankanyiweyo, oko ke kungqina ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala akunampembelelo kubudlelwane obusondeleyo.
Okokuqala, akusiyo into yokuba iziphumo zokuhlola zingabonisa ukuba ukubukela i-pornography ngokwenene oonobangela iziphumo ezinxulumene nezibi. "Iingcamango apho iikholeji ezineminyaka engama ubudala zijonga ezimbalwa playboy Izicwangciso zesikhungo (njengalokhu kuhlolisiso) akunakukuxelela nto ngemiphumo yomyeni wakho ukuhlambalaza kwiividiyo ezinzima zengxowankulu emini emva kweminyaka ekupheleni.
Enyanisweni, isifundo ngasinye esibandakanya abesilisa sichaze ukuba ukusetyenziswa koononophelo kuhlanganiswe zihlwempu zesini okanye ukwaneliseka kobudlelwano. Kuzo zonke, Izifundo ze-70 zidibanisa ukusetyenziswa koononophelo kwisini esincinci kunye nokwaneliseka kobudlelwano. Kulezi zifundo zobudlelwane be-70 izifundo ze-8 zifundo ezide zengqungquthela ezilawula iinguqu okanye izifundo apho izihloko zilahla kwi-pornography. Ukuza kutshatyalaliswa izifundo zobudlelwane obuninzi obusondeleyo obuninzi obusondeleyo obunokubhengeza imiphumo yempilo yokusetyenziswa koonwabo. bonke ingxelo yokuba ukusetyenziswa koononophelo kuhambelana nobudlelwane obuhluphekileyo / iziphumo zesini:
- Ukuboniswa kwabantwana abakwi-Adolescents Exhibure kwizinto ze-intanethi ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokuneliseka ngokocansi: Isifundo eside (2009).
- Uthando olungapheliyo: Ukusetyenziswa koononografi kunye nokuzibophelela okunyanzelekileyo kumlingani womntu oyintandokazi (2012).
- Iimpawu zoonografi ze-Intanethi kunye nomgangatho wobudlelwane: Uvavanyo olude lwangaphakathi kunye phakathi kweempembelelo zoqabane, ukuwaneliseka ngokwesondo kunye ne-intanethi ngokucacileyo kwi-intanethi phakathi kwandula-weds (2015).
- Kuze kube Njalo Iidemon Ziba Nxalenye? Imiphumo emide ye-I-Pornography Sebenzisa kwi-Divorce, (2016).
- Ngaba Ukubukela Iinthombe Zoonografi Kuyanciphisa Umgangatho Womtshato Ngethuba? Ubungqina obuvela kwi-Longitudinal Data (2016).
- Ngaba Iingcamango Zonografi Ziyabasebenzisa Kakhulu Ukufumana Ukwahlukana KwamaRoma? Ubungqina obuvela kwi-Longitudinal Data (2017).
- Iifographie Sebenzisa kunye nokuSahlukana komtshato: Ubungqina obuvela kwiDave-Wave Panel Data (2017).
Ukuya kwisifundo se-2017 kunye neziphumo zayo ezigqithisiwe kalula: Ngaba ukutyalwa kwe-erotica kunciphisa ukukhanga kunye nothando lwamalingani abathandanayo kumadoda? Izimpendulo ezizimeleyo zikaKenrick, Gutierres, kunye neGoogleberg (1989).
Ucwaningo lwe-2017 luzama ukuphinda luphendule Ucwaningo lwe-1989 kutyhila ukuba amadoda nabafazi kubudlelwane obuzibophelele kwimifanekiso evuselela inkanuko yesini esahlukileyo. Uphononongo lowe-1989 lufumanise ukuba amadoda abekhe abhenceka kubantu abahamba ze playboy Iingxowa zendawo zilinganise amaqabane abo njengento engathandekiyo kwaye ivakalise uthando oluncinci kumlingane wabo. Njengoko iziphumo ze-2017 zahluleka ukuphinda ziphinde zifumane iziphumo ze-1989, sitsho ukuba uphando lwe-1989 luyinto engalunganga, kwaye ukusetyenziswa koononophelo akunakunciphisa uthando okanye umnqweno. Whoa! Ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuphindaphinda "kusilele" kuba inkcubeko yethu iye "yamanyala." Abaphandi be-2017 khange bafumane abafundi beekholeji ze-1989 abakhule bebukele iMTV emva kwesikolo. Endaweni yokuba izifundo zabo zikhule zisebenzisa i-PornHub ye-gang bang kunye nevidiyo yevidiyo.
Ku-1989 bangaphi abafundi beekholeji bebonile ividiyo ene-X? Akuninzi kakhulu. Bangaphi abafundi beekholeji ze-1989 basebenzisa yonke iseshoni yeseshoni, ukususela ekufikeni komntwana, ukukhwela i-masturbating ukuya kwiiskrini ezininzi ezinzima kwiiseshoni enye? Akukho. Isizathu seziphumo ze-2017 siyabonakala: ukubonakaliswa okufutshane kumfanekiso osasazo playboy I-centralfold iyindawo enkulu yokuqhathaniswa neyiphi iikholeji kwi-2017 ibukele iminyaka. Njalo ababhali avume ukungafani kobuhlanga kunye ne-caveat yabo yokuqala:
1) Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba uphando lwangaphambili lupapashwe kwi-1989. Ngelo xesha, ukuchazwa kwesiqulatho sesondo kungeke kubekho, kodwa namhlanje, ukubonakaliswa kwemifanekiso engabonakaliyo kwande kakhulu, kwaye ngoko ke ukubonakaliswa kwinqanaba elingaqhelekanga lingenakwanela ukufaka impembelelo echazwe ekuqaleni. Ngako oko, iziphumo zeengxelo zokuphindaphinda zangoku ziyahlukahlula kwisifundo sokuqala ngenxa yokungafani nakwi-exposure, ukufikelela, kunye nokwamkela i-erotica ngoko ngoku.
Kwimeko enqabileyo yecala elingenakulungelelaniso noDavid Ley baziva be nya nzekile ukubonisa okucacileyo:
Kungenzeka ukuba inkcubeko, amadoda, kunye nokwabelana ngesondo kutshintshe kakhulu ukusukela ngo-1989. Ambalwa amadoda amadala kwezi ntsuku angakhange abone iphonografi okanye abhinqileyo abahamba ze-ubunqunu kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo okuxhaphakileyo kuyinto exhaphakileyo kumajelo eendaba athandwayo, ukusuka Game of Thrones ukwenza iziqholo zentengiso, kwaye kumazwe amaninzi, abantu basetyhini bavunyelwe ukuba bangabinanto. Ke kunokwenzeka ukuba amadoda kwisifundo samva nje afunde ukudibanisa ubunqunu kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini abakubonayo kwi-porn nakumajelo eendaba mihla le ngendlela engachaphazeli umtsalane wabo okanye uthando kumaqabane abo. Mhlawumbi amadoda akwisifundo se-1989 ayengaboniswanga ngokwesini, ubunqunu, kunye noonografi.
Gcina ukhumbule ukuba lo mzamo awuthetha ukuba ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi a kazange ukukhangwa kwamadoda kubathandwa babo. Kuthetha nje ukuba ukukhangela "kwiindawo eziphambili" akukho mpembelelo ngqo kule mihla. Amadoda amaninzi achaza ngokukhawuleza ukwandiswa ekutsaleni kumaqabane emva kokuyeka i-intanethi ye-intanethi. Kwaye, ke, kukho ubungqina obude obukhankanywe ngentla kubonakalisa imiphumo engathandekiyo yoononophala ekubukeni ubudlelwane.
Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ababhali beli phepha basebenzisana noColonel Kohut kwiYunivesithi yaseNtshona Koloni. Eli qela labaphandi, eliphethwe nguWilliam Fisher, liye lashicilela izifundo ezingathandabuzekiyo, ezize zivelise iziphumo ezibonakalayo kumgangatho wokubambisana neencwadi ezininzi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa koononophelo kwiziphumo ezintle ezimbi. Ngaphezu koko, uKohut noFisher badlala indima enkulu ekunqobeni Isizathu 47 eCanada.
Nazi zifundo ezimbini zakutshanje ezisuka eKohut, Fisher kunye noogxa baseWestern Ontario abafumene izihloko eziphambili nezikhohlisayo:
Kwisifundo sabo se-2017, uKohut, Fisher noCampbell babonakala ngathi bayayitshintsha isampulu ukuze bavelise iziphumo abazifunayo. Ngelixa uninzi lwezifundo lubonisa ukuba inani elincinci labasebenzisi babasetyhini abasebenzisa iphonografi lisebenzisa iphonografi, kolu phononongo i-95% yabasetyhini basebenzise iphonografi bebodwa (i-85% yabasetyhini basebenzise iphonografi ukusukela oko baqala ubudlelwane). La maxabiso aphezulu kunamadoda asekholejini, kwaye aphakame kakhulu kunaso nasiphi na esinye isifundo se-porn! Ngamanye amagama, abaphandi babonakala ngathi bayitshitshisile isampulu yabo ukuvelisa iziphumo ebezifuna. Inyani: Idatha enqamlezileyo evela kuvavanyo olukhulu lwase-US (uHlolo oluPhangaleleyo lwezeNtlalontle) uxele ukuba yi-2.6% kuphela yabasetyhini abatyelele "iwebhusayithi yamanyala" kwinyanga ephelileyo.
Ukongeza, isifundo sikaKohut sibuze kuphela imibuzo "evulekileyo" apho izifundo zinokungqubana malunga ne-porn. Abaphandi bafunda ii-rambling kwaye bagqiba, emva kwenyani, zeziphi iimpendulo "ezazibalulekile" (zilungele ingxelo abayifunayo?). Ngamanye amagama, isifundo khange sihambelane nokusetyenziswa kwe-porn ngayo nayiphi na injongo, kuvavanyo lwesayensi olwahlukileyo kwezokwabelana ngesondo okanye ngokwaneliseka kobudlelwane (njengoko benzayo phantse izifundo ze-60 ezibonisa ukusetyenziswa koononophelo ngokuxhomekeke kwimiphumo emibi ebuhlotsheni). Yonke into echazwe kwiphepha yayifakwe (okanye ingabandakanywa) kwengqiqo engabonakaliyo yabalobi.
Ababhali be-co-o-Taylor Kohut baqalile egalitarianism njenge-1) Ukuchithwa kwesisu, (2) Ukuzibonakalisa kwabafazi, (3) Abafazi abanezikhundla zamandla, (4) Ukukholelwa ukuba ubomi bentsapho bunzima xa umfazi ephethe ixesha elizeleyo, kwaye ngokungaqhelekanga (5) izimo ezingalunganga malunga nosapho lwendabuko. Abantu belizwe, abavame ukuba neenkululeko, baninzi amazinga aphezulu okusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana kunabantu bezenkolo. Ngokukhetha ezi ndlela zokuziphatha kunye nokunyamekela ezinye iinguqu ezingapheliyo, umlobi okhokelayo uKohu kunye nababhali-bambisene naye bayazi ukuba baya kugqiba nabasebenzisi bezonografi babhala phezulu kulolu khetho olukhethiweyo olukhethiweyo lwento ethi "egalitarianism."Emva koko abalobi bakhetha isihloko esityhilele konke. Enyanisweni, ezi ziphumo ziphikisana nazo zonke ezinye izifundo ezipapashwe. (Jonga olu luhlu lwezifundo ezingaphezulu kwe-25 ezidibanisa ukusetyenziswa koononophelo kwisimo sengqondo sobulili, inkcaso kunye ncinane egalitarianism.)
Phawula: Inkcazo ye-2018 ichaza inyaniso emva kwee-5 izifundo ezibuzayo kunye nezikhohlisayo, kuquka nezifundo ezimbini ezixubusha ngazo: Uphando Lophando: Okwenyaniso okanye Imfundiso?
ULeonhardt et alIphepha leedilesi le-2019
IPHUPHA: Kwi2018 le Uvimba woLuntu ishicilelwe U-Leonhardt et al., 2018 kwaye icele amagqabantshintshi. Ukutyhilwa okukhethiweyo okukhoyo kwiijenali zesondo, i4 yamagqabantshintshi e6 "Iingcali" zeRealBOP USamuel Perry, uToylor Kohut, uNicole Prause noDavid Ley (nokuba nguLey okanye uPrause abafundanga, kwaye uLey akapapasanga uphando lwantlandlolo). (I-RealYBOP izama ukuvala ukugxekwa kwe-YBOP ngokunaba uphawu lwentengiso lwe-YBOP.)
I-RealYBOP kunye neengcali zayo zibandakanyeka ekukhuthazeni i-ajenda yomzi we-porn ihlawulwe ngu xHamster). Kwilinge lokuzama ukubhengeza into engamanyala kunye nokudideka esidlangalaleni, bacacisa ngokungachanekanga amaphepha abonisa ukuba akukho nto ayenzayo UBhalzarini et al., I-2017-njengoNicole Prause ayenzileyo kwinkcazo yakhe ethandabuzekayo
In 2019, ULeonhardt et al. uphendula onke amagqabantshintshi ayi-6 ngo “Imidiya yezeSondo kunye noMgangatho wezoSondo: iiNjongo, iiNgingqi, kunye nokuHlaziyeka-Impendulo kwiiNkcazo (i-2019).Nantsi indawo (ebhalwe phantsi, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ibalulekile) apho ababhali bathetha khona UBhalzarini et al., I-2017 kunye nesiqhelo sikaPrause sokukhetha kakhulu i-cherry:
I-Prause (2019) ikhankanye izifundo ezininzi ezibonisa ukungaqiniseki malunga nokuba ukusebenzisa imithombo yeendaba ngesondo, eneneni, kunxulumene nemiphumela yexesha elide. Olunye lophononongo aliqela uPrause abhenele kulo UBhalzarini, uDobson, uChin, noCampbell's (2017) ukusilela ukuphinda phinda isifundo sangaphambili (UKenrick, uGutierrez, kunye noGoldberg, 1989). Kwimizamo yokuphindaphinda, kwiisampulu ezininzi ezinikwe amandla, bafumanise ukuba ukubukela i-erotica akuzange kukhokelele kumadoda anika ingxelo yomtsalane osezantsi okanye uthando kumaqabane abo. Uphando luphezulu kumgangatho, nangona lubandakanya imida ebalulekileyo. Olu phononongo lubonelele ubungqina bokuba abo bajonge i-16 ye-naked nfoldfolds kwimizuzwana eyi-15 nganye khange ibangele mntu ukuba axele ukwehla komtsalane okanye uthando kwiqabane. Siyakholelwa ukuba oku kungafakwa kwisibhengezo sethu sokuba, ngokubanzi, impembelelo yemithombo yeendaba zesini icekeceke kwaye inzima ukuyifumana ngaphandle kokuba ukubalwa kwemali rhoqo kusetyenziso (umzekelo, uWright et al., 2018, 2019), kunye / okanye indibaniselwano yeemodareyitha ezininzi. ezikhokelela kwimpembelelo yeskripthi ephakamileyo (Leonhardt et al., 2018.
Ngokwahlukileyo, iVandenbosch (i-2018) ikhankanye izifundo ezongezelelweyo ezininzi ukuxhasa ibango lethu eliphambili lokuba ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba ngokwesondo akuhambelani nokulandela ikhwalithi yesondo yexesha elide. Songeza ukuba inani lezifundo ezongeziweyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo (umz. I-Fincham, i-2012) kunye nesaphulelo sokulibaziseka esisezantsi (okt, ukuthoba ixabiso, okukhulu kamva, imbuyekezo kamva yokufumana umvuzo omncinci, okhawulezileyo; INigash, iSheppard, iLambert, kunye neFincham, 2016). Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lwakutsha nje lufumanise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwephonografi kunxulunyaniswa nokwabelana ngesondo okuphezulu (iTokunaga et al., 2019). Olu phononongo akufuneki luthathwe njengobungqina obucacileyo bokuba imithombo yeendaba ezesondo ayihambelani nomgangatho wexesha elide wesini kuba zikwanazo neengxaki ezinamandla esibe sixoxa ngazo ixesha elide, kodwa ziyonyusa ukuzithemba kwizibango zethu.
Abstract
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.003
Iimbalasane
- Iziganeko ezintathu ezibhaliweyo, eziphakamileyo ezixhasayo zikaKenrick et al. (1989)
- Amadoda kunye nabasetyhini ababoniswayo ngokuzibandakanya ngobuhlobo besini esahlukileyo
- Emva kokuvavanya ukuvavanywa kwamanani okukhanga kunye nothando lomlingane
- Iimpembelelo zezifundo zokuqala kunye nokuziphindaphinda zazingcatshiswa
- Kuzo zonke izifundo ezintathu asifumananga inkxaso yokufumana okokuqala.
UKenrick, uGutierres, noGoldberg (1989; Isifundo 2) ibonakalisile ukuba amadoda, kodwa hayi abafazi, kubudlelwane obuzinikeleyo obutyhilwe kwimifanekiso engamanyala yesini esahlukileyo abanye banike ingxelo yokulinganisa okuncinci komtsalane weqabane labo (d = 0.91) kunye nothando oluncinci kumaqabane abo (d = 0.69) kunamadoda abonakaliswe kwimifanekiso yobugcisa obungabonakaliyo. Olu phando luneziphumo zokuqonda okunokwenzeka kwiziphumo ze-erotica kumadoda kubudlelwane, kodwa khange ziphindwe. Siqhube iimpendulo ezintathu ezibhalisiweyo, ezinamandla aphezulu, kunye neemeta-sihlalutye iziphumo zoqobo kunye nokuphindaphinda izifundo. Khange siyifumane inkxaso ekufumaneni kwasekuqaleni ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwemifanekiso enomtsalane yesini esahlukileyo abanye kuchaphazela ukulinganiswa kwamadoda okutsala umdla wamaqabane abo okanye uthando kumaqabane abo.
Amagama angundoqo: Izixhobo zesikhungo; Erotica; Ukuthandwa komlingani; Uthando; Ukuphendula; Reproducibility
☆ Olu phando lwaxhaswa yigranti eyanikezelwa uLorne Campbell IiNzululwazi zeNtlalo kunye noLuntu iBhunga loPhando lweCanada [inombolo yesibonelelo 122848].
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