Neuroscience kunye nee-PSB
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukufumanisa i-neuroscience malunga nenkqubo yomvuzo kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesini kuye kwavelisa ukukhanya okutsha kwimiba engxaki yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Njengoko kunokulindelwa naluphi na umgaqo omtsha, nangona kunjalo, ezinye izibango ze-neuroscience ziye zabonakala kumajelo. Njenge-neurosurgeon kunye nomlobi wamaphepha amaninzi malunga nokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini kunye nesondlo / indlela yokuvuza yengqondo, ngamanye amaxesha ndinceda ukulungisa oku kuqondani. Nazi imimiselo embalwa enokubangela umdla kubafundi bethu.
I-ERROR #1 - "I-Dopamine ayinxilisi"
Ezinye izimangalo ezikhethekileyo malunga ne-dopamine ziye zavela ezinyangeni zakutshanje, ezifana "Ukuba ufuna ukufaka ingxabano yokuba unobungozi obunomdlavuza, unako, kodwa ukuba uthembela kwi-dopamine ukwenza. lol, uphosakele"Kwaye"Nceda unqume ukubiza i-dopamine ngomlutha we-neurochemical. "
I-Dopamine idlala indima enobunzima kwi-physiology yethu, njengokuququzelela ukuhamba kunye nokukhetha. Nangona kunjalo, zonke iingcali ezisemagqabini okuxilisa okanye i-neuroscience ziyavuma indima ephambili ye-dopamine kwisilonda.
Enyanisweni, umlutha awukwazi ukukhula ngaphandle kokuphakama, kodwa okufutshane, ukugqitywa kwe-dopamine ekuphenduleni into enomlutha okanye umsebenzi. Nje ngokuba iingcali zeVolkow noKoob zichazwe kwi-a iphepha la kutshanje, ezi ngxowankulu ze-dopamine zenza izibonakaliso zemvuzo kwinqanaba le-cell receptor, eliza kuthi liqale ukubizwa ngokuba yiPavlovian. Iinkqubo zee molecular eziququzelela le nkqubo bo nakala zonke iifom zokufunda kunye nememori. Amava okuphindaphindiweyo okufumana umvuzo (umzekelo, ukubukela i-porn) kudibaniswa ne-stimuli kwimo engumsebenzisi ebangaphambi kwabo.
Kuyathakazelisa, emva kokuvulelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kumvuzo ofanayo (kule mzekelo, iifostile), iiseli ze-dopamine zivutha kakhulu lindele yokubukela kunokuba ngokubambisana nokujonga kwangempela-nangona intsingiselo engapheliyo ye-intanethi kuthetha ukuba ukusebenzisa kunye nokulindela kubambene, ngokuchaseneyo, kuthi, umkhuba we-cocaine. Njengoko naluphi na umlutha ukhula, iziphumo kunye nezibangela, njengokuphulaphula igama leenkwenkwezi ze-porn, ixesha elilodwa, okanye imeko yengqondo ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwangaphambili (ukukhwabanisa, ukugatywa, ukukhathala, njl njl) kungenza ukuba imeko ikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza, i-dopamine release. Ezi zinyango zenza ukuba iinqweno zisebenzise okanye zithinte. Iimpendulo ezinjalo zilungele ukuba zizinzulu kwaye zinganise kwiinqwenela ezinamandla nangona ixesha elide emva kokuba umntu eshiye ukusetyenziswa koononophala.
Nangona maxa wambi i-dopamine ithathwa ngokuba "yimolekyuli yolonwabo," oku kuchanekile. Ukuqhutywa kwedopamine kufuna no ku khangela umvuzo - ukulindela, ukufunwa. Kwezinye abantu abahluphekileyo, oku kufuna ukunyuka kwi-disorder eyaziwa ngokuba likhoboka. Usesho olunzulu lomsebenzisi olusisigxina (olugqityiweyo lubonisa ukuba ludlulileyo okanye alufumaneki) luya phambili ukuya kwinqanaba lokubandezeleka okanye ukuphazamiseka okubalulekileyo kwintsapho, kwintsapho, ezentlalo, ezemfundo, ezemisebenzi, okanye ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza.
Nangona kunjalo, umlutha ngoku awuchazwa kuphela yinkcazo yokuziphatha. Ikwachazwa ngokuthe gca njengendlela yokufunda umvuzo ongalunganga. Njengoko Kauer kunye neMalenka wathi, "umlutha umela uhlobo olusisiseko sokufunda kunye nenkumbulo." Yingakho i-American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) kuhlengahlengiswa kwakhona kuquka izinto zombini kunye nokuziphatha. Isikhundla sika-ASAM kukuqaphela indima ebalulekileyo yengqondo ekuqhubeni oko uMarc Lewis akubiza ngokuba "udidi, umgca weenyawo kwinyama ye-neural, eyanzima kwaye ibe yinto engapheliyo." (Lewis, Imibuzo yeBrained Addicted, 2011).
ERROR #2 - "Kwizinga lobuchopho lomsebenzi wesondo awufani nokudlala kunye neentsana"
Ngethuba udlala kunye neentshontsho zingasebenzisa inkqubo yokufumana umvuzo (ngaphandle kokuba ungumntu wekethi), ukusebenziswa okunjalo akuxhasayo ibango lokuba yonke imivuzo yemvelo yinto efanayo neurological. Okokuqala, ukuvuswa kwezesondo kunye ne-orgasm kudala amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-dopamine kunye ne-opioid engapheliyo kunomnye umvuzo wendalo. Uphando lwezifundo lubonisa ukuba amanqanaba e-dopamine ayenzeka ngovuko lwezesondo olulingana nalawo aphethwe yi-morphine okanye i-nicotine.
Ukuvuswa kwezesondo kukwahluke ngokuba kusebenza ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo efanayo efanayo neeseli zesisindo Njengeziyobisi ezikhobokisayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, kukho kuphela ipesenti Ukusebenza kwe-cell-cell overlap between drug addictive and rewards such as food or water. Akumangalisi kukuba, abaphandi baye baqinisekisa ukuba umvuzo wendalo wokutya awuyi kubangela utshintsho olufanayo oluqhubekayo kwi-synaptic plasticity njengomsebenzi wesondo (Chen et al., 2008).
Nangona kunjalo, oku akuthethi ukuba umvuzo wokunyusa awukwazi kuba ngumlutha okanye ukuphazamisa abantu kunye nokunciphisa ukukhathazeka kwezempilo karhulumente, okanye kubangele ubuchopho buguquka kwizijikelezo zomvuzo. Nayiphi na ugqirha uyazi ukuba ukunyanya kuninzi kukukhathazeka kwezempilo kunokuchitha iibhiliyoni kwiindleko zonyango, kwaye i-dopamine receptor yokunciphisa kwindawo yokubuyiselwa kwengqondo ibuyela kubukhulu obuninzi obuqhelekileyo kunye nokulahleka kwesisindo emva kokuhlinzwa kwebastric. Kwakhona, iinguqu zeDNA ezivelisa iiprothini zemivuzo ebalulekileyo ekukhanukeni kuthi zikhutshwa ngetyuwa ukuchithwa / ukutshatyalaliswa kufana nalabo baveliswa ngokukhanga izidakamizwa (Leidke et al., 2011, PNAS). A National Geographic Inqaku eli phepha lathi izidakamizwa "zihlambalaza" le mivuzo yemvelo, kwaye oku kuyinyaniso kubo bonke abantu abanomlutha, nokuba i-poker, i-porn, okanye i-popcorn.
Iidakamizwa zokurhoxiswa kungekhona nje ukugqithisa iiseli ezichanekileyo iqhutywe ngexesha lokuvuswa kwezesondo, zikhethe iindlela zokufunda ezifanayo ezenze ukuba sifune umnqweno wesondo. Ukuqaliswa kweeseli ezinomzimba ezifanayo ezenza ukuvuswa kwesondo ngoko kunceda kunokucacisa ukuba kutheni i-meth, i-cocaine ne-heroin inokuba ngumlutha. Kwakhona, zombini isini kwaye ukusebenzisa iziyobisi inokubangela ukuba i-DeltaFosB iguquke ngokubhaliweyo, okubangele ukuguqulwa kwe-neuroplastic phantse ifana nesimo sengqondo sesondo kwaye ukusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi.
Ngexesha elide kunzima kakhulu ukucacisa ngokubanzi iinkcukacha, iinguqu ezininzi zeentsholongwane ze-neurological and hormonal changes kwenzeka nge-orgasm ezingenzi nanye nayiphi na imivuzo yemvelo. Ezi ziquka ukunciphisa i-brain and receptors yengqondo, ukwandiswa kwe-estrogen receptors, ukwanda kwe-enkephalins ye-hypothalam, kunye ne-prolactin eyandisiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, u-ejaculation ulinganisa imiphumo yokulawula i-heroin engapheliyo kwiinkqubo zesistim zesisindo (indawo ye-ventral, okanye i-VTA). Ngokukodwa, Ukunyuka kwesikhashana kunciphisa i-dopamine efanayo eyenza iiseli zesisindo ezihlawulela ukusetyenziswa kwe-heroin engapheliyo, ezikhokelela ekulawuleni kwexesha eliphantsi kwe-dopamine kwiziko lokuvuza (i-nucleus accumbens).
Ucwaningo lwe-2000 fMRI Ukuthelekiswa kobuchopho ngokusebenzisa imivuzo emibini eyahlukileyo yemvelo, enye yeyona nto yayingumntu owonwabileyo. Ukugqithiswa kweCocaine kunye nokulawula okunempilo kubonwe iifilimu ze: 1) umxholo wesondo ocacileyo, i-2) kunye ne-3) abantu ababhema i-cocaine. Iziphumo: izilonda ze-cocaine zaphantse zifana neepatheni zokusebenzisa ubuchopho xa zibukela i-porn kunye nokujonga izinto ezinxulumene nomlutha wazo. (Ngokweqile, zombini i-cocaine izilonda kunye nokulawula okunempilo kunemifanekiso efanayo yokusebenza kweengcamango.) Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokulutha kunye nokulawula, iipatheni zokusebenza ngecala xa ukujonga iziganeko zendalo zihluke ngokupheleleyo kwiipatheni xa zijonga iifoto. Ngamafutshane, kukho izizathu ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo Sifumana i-orgasm ngokwahlukileyo ekudlaleni neenjana okanye ukujonga ukutshona kwelanga. Izigidi zamakhwenkwe afikisayo kunye namantombazana asandayo akabukeli nje injana kwi-Intanethi, kwaye iMindgeek iyazi ukuba ukwenza amawaka ezigidi kwimali yentengiso ubiza indawo ngokuba yi "Pornhub," hayi "PuppyHub!"
I-ERROR #3 - "Iingcamango zobuchopho bezononophelo zanamhlanje azifani nezobucayi be-static zangaphambili"
Eli bango lithetha ukuba zonke iifoto zezilwanyana ezingekho nangozi. Nangona kunjalo, njengamaphepha alandelayo Park et al., 2016 ubonisa, uphando lubonisa ukuba i-video yoononophala igxininisa ngakumbi ngokwesondo kunezinye iintlobo zoononophala. (Andiyazi ngophando olwenziwe kwi-VR porn okwamanje.) Ukongezelela, ukukwazi ukukhetha izinto ezizenzayo kubangela ukuba i-intanethi ivuselele ngaphezu kweqoqo ekhethiweyo. Umsebenzisi wezono zobuninzi namhlanje unokugcina okanye ukuphakamisa ukuvuswa kwesondo ngokuchofoza kwimeko yomdlalo, ividiyo entsha okanye uhlobo olutsha. Iimveli zesondo ezinobugcisa zivuselela ukuvusa, ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, kunye neyona mininzi kunye nomsebenzi wokwakhiwa kunezinto eziqhelekileyo.
Ngaloo ndlela i-pornography ye-digital yesigxina, kunye ne-innovative yayo engenamkhawulo, ukuhanjiswa okunamandla (i-hi-def ividiyo okanye i-virtual), kunye nokukhululeka umsebenzisi angakwazi ukunyuka kwizinto ezigqithiseleyo, kubonakala kuba "i-superranormal stimulus. "Le binzana, ehlanganiswe ngu-Nobel u-Nikolaas Tinbergen, ebhekiselele ekuxeliseni ukunyaniseka kwezinto eziphilayo eziye zaguqukela ngenxa yokuziphendulela kwayo, kodwa leyo nto inokubangela ukuba impendulo ye-neurochemical (dopamine) ilandele .
I-Tinbergen yakufumanisa ukuba iintaka, amaqabunga kunye nezinye izilwanyana zinokuphangwa zikhethiwe ekukhethweni kwamalungu afanelekileyo afumaneke ukuba afumaneke ngakumbi kunamaqanda kunye nabalingani abaqhelekileyo bezilwanyana. Njengoko iTibbergen kunye neMagnus 'yefestile yefestile' baphumelela ngokuphumelela ukunyamekela kwindoda kwindleko yabasetyhini bokwenene (Magnus, 1958; Tinbergen, 1951), ngoko i-pornography yanamhlanje iyingqayizivele kumandla okuncintisana nabasebenzisi ngokujongana namaqabane oqobo.
Iimpazamo ezintathu ekuthethwe ngazo ngasentla ziqhelekile kubavakalisi abanomdla wokungahoyi eyona ndima iphambili kubuntu, kukuziphatha, kunye neemvakalelo. Esinye isazinzulu ngesini sabhala, "Kukho inzululwazi ngengqondo kunye ne-neuroscience, kodwa akukho nanye kwezi echaphazela isayensi yezesondo." Ngokuchasene noko, abo bafundiswe kwibhayoloji baya kusiqonda ngakumbi indima ephambili yobuchopho kuyo yonke imisebenzi yabantu. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, zombini izini zesini kunye ne-neuroscientists ngokufanayo kufuneka baqonde ukuba amalungu esini athathe ii-odolo zabo zokumasha kwingqondo, ilungu lesini eliphambili.
UDonald L. Hilton Jr, MD, FACS, FAANS ungumfundisi onxulumene ne-neurosurgery kwiYunivesithi yaseTexas yezeNzululwazi yezeMpilo eSan Antonio, umlawuli wobudlelwane bomlingo kunye nomlawuli we-neurosurgical training ku-Rotist Hospital ukujikeleza. Ubhale amanqaku amaninzi kwaye uthetha ngelizwe nakwamanye amazwe kwi-neurobiology yokusetyenziswa koononophelo.
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