Ukusetyenziswa kwamanyala amanyala Sebenzisa kunye nokuBakho kweNdlela eNgajonganga ndlela (2018). (Uhlalutyo lweemodeli zokuziphatha ezingalunganga zeGrubbs)

Uvimba woLuntu

NgoFebruwari 2019, Umqulu 48, Umba 2, i-455-460 |

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1277-5

UPaul J. Wright

Le ngxelo ibhekisela kwinqaku ekhoyo  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.

Kule mpendulo, emva kokubonelela ngokufutshane imvelaphi yam kunye nemigqaliselo yophando malunga nezihloko ezifunyenwe yiGrbs, i-Perry, i-Wilt, ne-Reid's (2018) Iifografia Iingxaki Ngenxa yokuziphatha okungabonakaliyo kokuziphatha (PPMI), ndihlaziya iimviwo ze-PPMI, ukulungiswa kwazo, kunye nenkxaso yazo. Ndiza ke ndicebise imibuzo emihlanu (kunye nemibuzo engaphantsi kwemibuzo) malunga ne-PPMI yabalimi bayo ukuba bacinge. Le nto ifanele iyenze ukuba imodeli ifanele iqwalasele "ukukhanyela iingxaki zoonografi ngenxa yokuzibophelela komthetho" indlela, ukuba umzekelo wokubonakaliswa kwendlela ethile ethi "ukuziphatha ngokungathandabuzekiyo" kuvulela umnyango kwinani elingenammiselo leendlela ezinokwenzeka, nokuba ingahambi ngendlela engafanelekanga inokukhethwa kwindlela ekhoyo yangoku-ehamba phambili, impembelelo yomzekelo wonyango, kunye neendlela ezinokuthi zenziwe ngendlela. Ngelixa i-PPMI inethemba lokwandisa kwiindidi ezibonakalayo "iingxaki zoononografi," ndigxila ekubhekisweni kwezilwanyana ezingcolileyo zobulili, njengokuba oku kuguquguqukileyo okuye kugxininiso lweyona nkalo yophando kwaye iyona ingxaki.

UkuQinisekisa nokuQinisekisa

Uphando lwezenzululwazi kwintsimi ethile lunokuthiwa zineentetho ezintathu: (i-1) ezinye izazinzulu ezibandakanya udidi olufanayo, (2) nezinye izazinzulu ezingabalulekanga kulo mmandla, kodwa zenza umdla kuwo, kwaye (3) uluntu olunomdla (umz., abafundi be-undergraduate, ababhali bezesayensi). Ukubaluleka kwempendulo evela kwintsimi esithile ekhethekileyo kwingingqi enye iyazibonakalisa kwaye ibonakaliswe kwiinkqubo zokuphonononga oontanga zamaphephandaba ezenzululwazi. Ingxelo evela kubantu abangabalulekanga kwingingqi okanye abangaqeqeshwayo ukwenza uphando lwezenzululwazi kubalulekile, nangona kunjalo, njengoko ezi zifundo zifundwa, zitshilwa, zixubushe, kwaye ziyakuchukumiseka ngophando olubhekiselele kulo.

Wam Ph.D. encinci yayikuphuhliso lwabantu nophando lweentsapho, kwaye ndifunda, ndiphonononga, kwaye ndifundisa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwizentlalo nezentlalo. Kodwa imfundo kunye noqeqesho lwam ngokuyinhloko kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano kunye nemiphumo (igraduate degree in communications, master in theory of communication, ugqirha omkhulu kwizonxibelelwano). Nangona ndishicilele kwindawo yokuziphatha ngokwesini, izi zifundo zijolise ekunxibelelaneni kwezempilo kunye nokuzibandakanya komsebenzi (umzekelo, uWright, 2010, 2011; UWright noMcKinley, 2010). Ngokufanayo, ngoxa iifoto zoononophelo zihlala zijoliswe ngophando lwam (umzekelo, uWright, 2018; UWright, Bae, kunye noFunk, 2013; Wright, Ilanga, kunye noSteffen, 2018), Ndiyayigxininisa ekuhlaleni, kungekhona ukutshatyalaliswa. Ndizahlula, ngoko, njengososayensi unomdla kwizihloko ezixutywe yi-PPMI, kodwa ingengcali. Ndiyacela ukuba abafundi beli gqabaza bahlale bekhumbula engqondweni yabo njengoko bajonga ukuphononongwa kwam nokuvavanya, kwaye ukuba ababhali be-PPMI banomonde kum naluphi na ukungaqondi okanye iinkcazo ezibonisa ukungabikho kwamakhono. Ngokumalunga nokugqibela, ndiyakhuthaza abaphuhlisi be-PPMI ukuba bakhumbule ukuba ndibe ngumfuziselo weengcali ezingafaniyo eziza kufunda isicatshulwa kwaye ziqwalasele iimpendulo zabo kwisicatshulwa sam njengethuba lokucacisa kunye nokuqonda okuxhasayo phakathi kweli candelo labalandeli abanomdla .

PPMI Model

I-PPMI ibeka iseti ethe ngqo yobudlelwane phakathi kwenkolo, ukungaziphathi kakuhle, ukusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuzikhohlisa. Okokuqala, imodeli iqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kufuneka kukhokelele abanye abantu ukuba babone ukuba bangamakhoboka oonografi. Ngelixa ukwamkela ukungabikho kwedatha enzima kuvavanya iingxoxo zethiyori ezenziwe ngu-Cooper, Young, kunye nabanye malunga nendlela yokufumana ubuchwephesha bale mihla (okt, kwi-intanethi) iphonografi inokudibana nobuntu kunye nezinto ezinokubangela ukuba kubekho ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi (Cooper, IDelmonico, kunye neBurg, 2000; Selula, 2008), i-PPMI ichaza ubutyebi bobuqu bobuqu obuveliswa zizilwanyana ezingcolileyo zoonografi kunye nabakliniki abafuna uncedo, kunye nolwazi oluninzi (umzekelo, Reid et al., 2012), ukuxela ukuba kukho abasebenzisi abanobuqhetseba obuninzi boonografi abangayivakalelwa ngathi ukuziphatha kwabo kusemgangathweni. Oku kubonakala kunengcamango ecacileyo, enikwa ukufikelela okungahambiyo kunye nokungabikho kokufikelela kwimifanekiso engamanyala efumaneka kwi-intanethi, amandla okwenza ngokwesondo ukuguqula amazwe asempilweni, imivuzo yomzimba ephuma kwi-orgasm, kunye nezibonakaliso zokuxilonga ezibonisa ukulungiswa phakathi kokusetyenziswa kunye nokulutha Ubuncwane obunxulumene nezinye izinto ezizibandakanyekayo kodwa ezingekho izixhobo zokuziphatha ezinjengokuthi "ukutshajaza okanye ukugembula" (uMbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika, 2016; Li, van Vugt, kunye neColarelli, 2018; Spinella, 2003). Idatha efumanekayo ixhasayo le PPMI ukubikezela, kunye nomlutha wokuzibona ngokuzimeleyo uhambelana ngokufanelekileyo kwizinga elimodareyitha kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kweefografi.

Okwesibini, i-PPMI ithi phakathi kwabasebenzisi boononografi, inkolo iyahambelana nokuziphatha okungathandekiyo okujikeleze ukusetyenziswa koonografi kwaye ukungaziphathi kakuhle kuyenza ukuba umntu aziphathe kakubi. Ngokunikwa ukwamkelwa koononografi phakathi kwabantu behlabathi kunye nokuchaswa okukhulu koonografi phakathi kwezenkolo (Arterburn, Stoeker, & Yorkey, 2009; E Dallas, 2009; UPawulos, 2007; Weinberg, Williams, Kleiner, kunye no-Irizarry, 2010), inembile ukuba inkolo ephakamileyo iya kuhambelana nokuziphatha okuphezulu kokuziphatha. Kwakhona kunembile ukuba ukubandakanyeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekuziphatheni okuchasene kakhulu kuya kukhuthaza ukuvakalelwa (okungukuthi, ukuba ngumlutha). Idata efumanekayo nayo ixhase ezi ziprofeto ze-PPMI, ngokukholelwa kwenkolo ngokucacileyo ukuziphatha okungathandabuzeki kokuziphatha nokuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo ngokuqinileyo ukuxilisa ngokuzimela.

Okwesithathu kwaye ekugqibeleni, i-PPMI iyaxela ukuba ukuziphatha okungathandekiyo kokuziphatha kuya kuba yindlela enamandla yokuzibamba umlutha kunokubakho ukusetyenziswa kwexesha. Le nto ingengqiqo enengqiqo, ngezizathu ezintathu. Okokuqala, imbono yokuziphatha kakubi ihambelana nemibono yemiphumo emibi (oko kukuthi, abantu baqaphela kuphela ukuziphatha njengento "yokuziphatha okubi" xa bawabona beyingozi). Okwesibini, zombini impilo yezobugcisa kunye nemibutho yokuncedisa ukuzithethelela ukuqhubeka nokuziphatha ngaphandle kweempembelelo eziphambili njengoko zikhankanya ukuphindaphinda ukuziphatha kwazo (i-Alcoholics engaziwa, 2018; Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika, 2016; IWorld Health Organization, 2018). Okwesithathu, kudlalwa ngabaculi ukuba "ukukhanyela kukubonakalisa umlutha" (Lancer, 2017-E, abaninzi abasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo banokuphika). Ukulungelelanisa, kunengqiqo ukuqikelela ukuba ukuziphatha okungenakucinganiswa komzimba kuya kuqikelela ukuba umlutha wokuzibona unamandla ngaphezu kwexesha lokuziphatha ngenxa yokuba (i-1) ukuchongwa kokuziphatha njengengozi kuyimfuneko yokuba uqikelele ukuba umlutha kunye nokuvavanywa kwingozi kunye nokuziphatha kakubi kunye (kunye ne-2) ngokweengcali ezininzi eziluthayo abaziqondi ngokwaloo nto ngenxa yokuba bayayiphika kwimiphumo emibi yezenzo zabo (Weiss, 2015). Idata efumanekayo nayo ixhasa le projekthi ye-PPMI, njengemibutho phakathi kokuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo kunye nokuziqhelisa okuzimeleyo kuye kunamandla kunemibutho phakathi kobungakanani bokusetyenziswa kunye nokuzikhohlisa.

Ngokomlinganiselo, i-PPMI yenziwa ngumgaqo ochanekileyo kunye wangaphakathi weengcamango malunga nendlela inkolo yokuziphatha, ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolileyo, kunye nokuxhaswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kunye nenkxaso ekhoyo yedatha nganye yesibonakaliso somzekelo.

Imibuzo yokuqwalasela

Indlela yokuLahla?

Njengoko kuchazwe ngaphambili, kukubona ingozi ekhokelela ekubonweni kokuziphatha kakubi kunye nomntu onomlutha, kuphela uyazibona nje ukuba ngaba bazibona ukuziphatha kwabo kuyingozi. I-PPMI ibeka ukuba abanye abantu abazinikeleyo bajonga iifografi njengokuba kunobungozi kangangokuba ngisho neendulgences ezimbalwa zingakhokelela kwisigqibo esingafanelekanga sokuthi ukuziphatha kwabo kuqhubekile. Ezi ziganeko zingabizwa ngokuba ziziganeko zobuxoki zokuzixilonga ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kokuziphatha okubi.

Kodwa uthini malunga nesiphelo esichaseneyo sokuqhubeka? Njengokuba kukho abantu ababona yonke iphonografi isetyenziswa njengeyingozi, kukho abo abanobungakanani obulinganayo bokuqina kwembono bathi ngaphandle kokuba iyinto engenakuphikiswa, ekhawulezileyo nengqalileyo yobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo, iphonografi ayinakuba neziphumo ezibi (jonga uHald , Ulwandle, kunye neLinz, 2014; ILinz kunye neMalamuth, 1993). Ukuba umntu uzimisele ngokusesikweni kwintlepho engamanyala, ngaba akulandelanga ukuba baya kubaphatha kakubi kubo kunye nabanye kubangelwa ukusetyenziswa kwabo okudityaniswe nantoni na ngaphandle kwesizathu sinyani? Laba bantu bangabizwa ngokuba yi-self-diagnostic negative negatives ngenxa yokuzibophezela kobuninzi bobuhlanga.

Iindlela ezingaqhelekanga ezingenangqondo?

I-PPMI ibeka ezimbini iindlela zokuzijonga ngokugqithisileyo. Kwindlela yokuqala, ukusetyenziswa komntu woononografi kuluhlu kakhulu kwaye kubonakala kunzima ukuba abanakho ukhetho kodwa bagqibe ekubeni banengxaki. Kwindlela yesibini, umntu unemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni imifanekiso engamanyala kodwa uyaqhubeka ukuyisebenzisa, kwaye ukungafani phakathi kokuziphatha kwabo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo kubangela ukuba bazibonele ngokwasemthethweni.

Le ndlela yesibini ibizwa ngokuba "ziingxaki zephonografi ngenxa yokungaziphathi kakuhle" kuba ukungaziphathi kakuhle phakathi kweembono zomntu ngokuchasene nemifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi kukhokelela ekucingeni ukuba bangamakhoboka. Ukuchongwa ngokuthe ngqo kwendlela "yokungaziphathi kakuhle" kuphakamisa umbuzo wesidingo sezinye iindlela ezinokubakho, ezinje "ngeengxaki zokujonga iphonografi ngenxa yokungaziphathi kakuhle kwezemali," "iingxaki zephonografi ngenxa yokungaziphathi kakuhle," kunye "neengxaki zephonografi ngenxa yokungaziphathi kakuhle" (IiCarnes, iDelmonico, kunye neGriffin, 2009; USchneider kunye noWeiss, 2001). Kwindlela yokungahambisani nezimali, umntu uyazibona iifoto zoononophala zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ngenxa yokuba abanakho ukuhlawula ukuhlawula ukuhlawula iifayili zoonografi kodwa baqhubeke bekwenza njalo. Kwindlela yokudityaniswa komzimba, umntu uyazibona iifoto zoonografi zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ngenxa yokuba iqabane liye lathi liya kuphelisa ulwalamano ukuba ukuziphatha kwabo kuqhubeka, kodwa baqhubeka beyisebenzisa nangona bengathandi ukuba ubuhlobo buphele. Ngendlela yokuziphatha engabonakaliyo, umntu uyazibona iifoto zoonografi zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ngenxa yokuba umqeshi wabo unomgaqo ochasene nokubukela iphonografi emsebenzini, kodwa bayaqhubeka bekwenza njalo.

Le mizekelo embalwa nje enokuthi ukungafani phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nesizathu esivakalayo sokuba kutheni bangaboni ukubukela imifanekiso engamanyala kunokukhokelela ekubeni "unomlutha." Ngenxa yokuba kuninzi imvelaphi enokungqubanayo , umbuzo uphawula ukuba ingaba indlela eyona ndlela ihamba phambili yokwakha isakhiwo semodeli kukuchonga indlela entsha yohlobo oluthile lwenkohlakalo.

Ukunganyaniseki?

Njengoko ukunyuka kwama-pornography okunyukayo kwimimandla ephathekayo kunye noluntu jikelele, ngokubanzi, indima yokuchasa ekunciphiseni ukuziphatha kakubi kwezilwanyana, kunye nokugxininiswa kweenkolo ezininzi kunye neenkolelo zonqulo kwiindawo ezinobungozi boonografi. ngakumbi ukukhathazeka kwimiphumo emibi yexesha elizayo kunye nefuthe lokuziphatha kwabo kunokuba abasebenzisi bezentlalo ezingcolileyo babechule? Yaye ukuba xa abasebenzisi bezonqulo zoononophelo bezenkolo beqhubeka beziphatha kwabo nangona ukuzaliseka kweengozi (ngokwenene kunye nabangenako), baziva ngokukhawuleza ukukwazi ukunyanzeliswa kwemisebenzi yabo kunabasebenzisi abangabonakaliyo boonografi? Ukuphindaphinda usebenzisa igama eliqhelekileyo kwiincwadi zokubuyiselwa komlingo, ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba abasebenzisi bezonqulo ezilahlayo zonqulo banokuthi baqonde ukuba "batshabalalisa" kwaye badinga uncedo kunokuba abasebenzisi abangabonakalisi boonografi bangabonakali?

Olu luvo luthathe ukuba izigqibo zokuziphatha zinxulumene ngqo nembono yeziphumo ezibi; Kungenxa yokuba isimilo sithathwa ngokuba siyingozi ekubhekisweni kubo njengokuziphatha gwenxa. Kukwacebise ukuba ukuzazisa njengomlwelwe kunokwenzeka xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba indlela abaziphethe ngayo iyingozi kodwa baqhubeke nokuzibandakanya kuyo. Ukusuka kolu luvo, iphonografi engalawulekiyo isebenza nokunxibelelana neembono zokuziphatha malunga nokujonga iphonografi ukuqikelela ukuba likhoboka lokuzibona, kunye neembono zokuziphatha ngenxa yeembono zengozi. Ukuziphatha okungalunganga kulinganiswa nemibuzo enjengokuthi "Ukubukela iphonografi kuyasokolisa kwisazela sam" kwaye "Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ukubukela iphonografi kwi-Intanethi akulunganga" (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015). Ekubeni iimbono zonqulo ezijongene noonografi zigxininisa iintlobo ezahlukileyo (umz., Ukuphazanyiswa kobudlelwane, ukunciphisa ubuqili, ukuzithiba, ukunyamekela abafazi, ukusasazwa kweentlobano zesini, kuquka ezo zibandakanya uhlanga, ukulahleka kwemali-uFoubert, 2017), abasebenzisi bezonqulo ezilahlayo zonqulo bangabonakalisa ukubonakalisa okanye nokuba nemiphumo emibi kangcono kunokuba bangakholelwayo. Ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa iphonografi naphezu kokubona okanye ukuqonda amandla ayo okwenzakalo kukukhawuleza ukucinga ukuba utywala. Abanye abasebenzisi abangabonakaliyo boonografi abangabonakaliyo baya kufikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwakuya kufuna ukuba babe namandla ngakumbi kunye nexesha elide, kwaye bafuna ukufumana iimiphumo ezingathintekiyo.

Ngokubaluleka, le ngxelo iphakamisa indlela yokuqonda ukuzithobela i-pornography eyaziwayo ezibandakanya ukukholelwa kwezitho zoonografi, ezibandakanya inkolo, ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo, ukuchithwa kwamanyala, kunye nokungafani komntu, kodwa kubonisa indlela enye (bona umzobo. 1). Ulwahlulo oluthile lomntu lwandisa amathuba okudambisa iifrafikhi, kodwa ukuba le dysregulation iyavuma ixhomekeke kwimibono yengozi. Iingcamango zengozi, nazo zichaphazeleka ngolo hlobo lwenkolo, kunye nokuziqonda kunye novelwano kwabanye. Abasebenzisi bezentlalo ezingcolileyo abanobuqhetseba abanomdla kunye novelwano baya kukhawuleza ukubona indlela ukuziphatha kwabo kuchaphazela ngayo ubomi babo kunye nempilo yabanye.

Vula umfanekiso kwiwindow entsha

Umzobo 1

Indlela engafanelekanga yokuqonda ukunyanzeliswa koonografi

Impembelelo Yonyango?

Indlela emxinwa ekhokelela kulindelo olwahlukileyo kunyango. Abantu abawela kwindlela yokuqala (abantu abasebenzisa iphonografi ngokusesikweni "ngokwenyani" kulawulwa) baya kufuna uhlobo oluthile lwenkqubo ukubanika iarhente ukuba bayeke okanye balungelelanise ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwephonografi. Ingaphaya kwenqanaba lale ngcaciso ukuphonononga kwaye kuvavanye uphando olunxulumene nendlela "yokwamkelwa kunye nonyango lokuzinikela" (Twohig & Crosby, 2010) ezichongiwe kwiCandelo elijoliswe kuyo, kodwa kubonakala ngathi liyindlela ethembisayo yokuguqula indlela yokuziphatha. Ukunxibelelana koontanga, kunye nokucebisa abanye ababenamava amaninzi okulawula ukusetyenziswa kwabo koonografi, banokusebenza ngempumelelo (Wright, 2010).

Unyango abantu abayifumanayo abawela kumzila wesibini alucaci kangako (oko kukuthi, abantu abanombono wobugqwetha obunobunono bobulili bubangelwa ukuziphatha kakubi). Xa umntu eqhuba ukuziphatha okukhathazayo isazela sakhe sokuziphatha, banokukhetha okubini: ukunciphisa ukuziphatha kwabo ukufanisa ukuziphatha kwabo okanye ukuphucula ukuziphatha kwabo ukufanisa ukuziphatha kwabo. I-Article Target ibonakala ibonisa ukuba zombini ezi zikhetho. Ngokubhekisele kwixesha langaphambili, eli nqaku libonisa "isisombululo seengxabano zangaphakathi ezinxulumene nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha." Ngokubhekiselele kulo mva, le nqaku ichaza "iinzame zokuphucula iipatheni zokuziphatha ezincinci." Kuba kuya kuba nzima ukukholisa inkolo ukuba imigaqo yabo yokuziphatha isondo ukuxhatshazwa kwaye kufuneka bavume ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwezonografi, iiklinikhi zishiywe ngokunceda abantu abanqulo ukuba bayeke ukusebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha loononophelo loononophelo lonqulo lufuna uncedo lwezonyango, mhlawumbi sele bezama ukuyeka amaninzi kwaye abaphumelelanga. Oku kukubuyisela i-Commentary kwindlela engafanelekanga, ebonisa ukuba unqulo olungabonakaliyo oluthatyathwa ngumsebenzisi wezithombe ezingamanyala, lufana nolunye uhlobo, kwaye ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha okulungileyo kumnye kuya kuba kuhle (nangona mhlawumbi iinkqubo ezingezizo zonqulo kunye nonqulo lwezenkolo).

Ukuba uonografi womntu wenkolo uyisebenzise kuye kwaba yimiqathango kunye nokuhlolisiswa kunye nokugula kwabo kuphela yesazela esiphikisanayo, inkqubo yokonyango ingaba mfutshane. Icala linikezelwa ngumxhasi; iiklinikhi zithi "Ukuba kukukhathaza, ungenzi nto," kwaye ikhosi yonyango iphethwe. Ukuba, njengokuba iCandelo elijoliswe kulo libonisa, abaninzi abantu abanokuzilahla abaye bawaxhomekeke kulolu hlobo, ziindaba ezilungileyo. Isikhumbuzi esisodwa-okanye ezimbini-isikhumbuzo sokuba indlela engcono yokuziva ungalunganga malunga nokuziphatha kukuphepha ukuba kulungele. Njengazo zonke iindaba zoononophelo, ukusetyenziswa koononografi akudingekile ukuba uphile ngokusebenza, kwaye olu hlobo lomsebenzisi lulawula ngokupheleleyo ukuziphatha kwabo naphezu kwezenzo zabo zesondo ezenzelwe inkolo. Ngenxa yoko, unyango akufanele lube nzima ngakumbi.

Iindlela?

Iingcebiso ezintathu ezinxulumene nendlela yokusebenza zavela ngelixa kufundwa iNqaku elijolise kulo. Okokuqala, uninzi lwezifundo ezenza uhlalutyo lweemeta ezisetyenzisiweyo kuvavanyo lwento enye yephonografi zisebenzisa rhoqo. Ngelixa izinto ezingamanyala ezisebenzisa iphonografi zibonakalise ukuguquguquka kunye nokuqikelela okuqinisekileyo kwizifundo ezininzi ezinamacandelo kunye nokuvavanywa kokuvavanywa ukuthembeka kwizifundo ezininzi ezide, ubungakanani besiphumo esivelisayo bunokuncitshiswa kancinci kumaxabiso anokuthi aveliswe anezinto ezininzi amanyathelo asetyenzisiwe. Ngamanye amagama, kunokwenzeka ukuba iziphumo ze-meta-analytic zinokujongela phantsi amandla okwenyani obudlelwane phakathi kokuphindaphindeka kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuzikhohlisa (iWright, iTokunaga, iKraus, neKlann, 2017). Okwesibini, ngelixa iphethini yeziphumo iphakamisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bajonga ezabo iindlela zokusebenzisa iphonografi xa bephendula imibuzo enxulumene nokuziphatha kwabo bengavisisani noonografi, oku kufanele kuchazwe ngokucacileyo kwimibuzo ebuza le mibuzo. Kungenzeka ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bacinge ngephonografi yabanye basebenzise ngakumbi kunabo xa bephendula imibuzo enje ngala "Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ukubukela iphonografi kwi-Intanethi akulunganga." Ukuba abantu bahlengahlengisa ukusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi kodwa bagwebe ukusetyenziswa kwabanye, oku kunokuba yingxaki (Rojas, Shah, & Faber, 1996). Okwesithathu, xa uguqulela ukungabikho kobudlelwane phakathi kokugqithiswa kwezilwanyana ezingcolileyo kunye noonografi basebenzisa ixesha elide, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba abantu abaninzi baphinda bafumana ibinzana elithi "emva kokuba umlutha, usoloko unomlutha" (uLouie, 2016). Abantu abachacha ngokusesikweni kunye nabantu abangavuswanga ngokusesikweni abaye bafunda malunga nokuchongwa ngale mantra baya kuphendula ngokuqinisekileyo kwimibuzo enje ngala "Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ndilikhoboka lephonografi ye-Intanethi" nangona eyona nto bayisebenzisileyo iphantsi okanye icinyiwe. Ngenxa yoku, kunye nenyani yokuba uninzi lweemodeli zokulutha zigxininisa kwiziphumo kwaye zilawula ngaphezulu kokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo, mhlawumbi ayimangalisi into yokuba ukubonwa ngokwakho okwangoku akuqinisekisi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba iphonografi isebenzisa amaxesha amaninzi kamva (Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, & Ingxoxo, 2018).

isiphelo

Imodeli yePPMI yindlela yokuthakazelisa nokubaluleka kweengcinga kunye nophando ngokukholelwa kwimiyalelo yokuziphatha, ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe zoonografi kunye nokuzikhohlisa. Iinjongo zam kule mpendulo zimele zidumise abaqalayo bemodeli ngomsebenzi wabo onzima kunye nobuchule kwaye banikele ngeengcamango ezinokwenzeka malunga nekamva kunye nophando. Ukuzibonakalisa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuzibonakalisa njengomlingo wezonyango, kunye nokungafani kweengcamango phakathi kwabaphandi kunye neengcali malunga nendlela yokuhlenga nokubanceda abantu abanjalo, ifuna ukuba ukudibanisa umsebenzi kule ndawo kuqhube phambili.

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