YBOP Iingxelo: oku kulandelayo impendulo kwi Uvavanyo lweEEG (Steele et al. 2013) epapashwe ngoJulayi, i-2013 yi-SPAN Lab. Uphononongo lukhuthazwe nguNicole Prause njengomngeni omkhulu kwiingcamango zokuxhatshazwa koononopopayi kunye nesondo. I-YBOP yahlalutya le sifundo ngokungafaniyo ngexesha elipapashwe ngalo: I-Lab Lab Ithintela Isifundo Sokuzikhumbuza Sokuzikhupha Njenge-Ground-Breaking. Bona kwakhona - Izifundo ezininzi zikhohlisa ibango lokuba isini kunye neziyobisi ezingamanyala "banomnqweno ophezulu wesondo"
LINK KWIPAPHA YOKUBHALA
UDonald L.Hilton, Omnci., MD*
Isebe le-Neurosurgery, iYunivesithi yase-Texas Health Sciences Centre eSan Antonio, eU.SA
Ishicilelwe: 21 Februwari 2014
Eli liCandelo eliFikeleleyo lokuFikelela lihanjiswe phantsi kwemiqathango ye-Creative Commons CC-BY License ye-4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), ukuvumela abantu besithathu ukuba bakopishe kwaye baphinde bahlaziye kwakhona impahla nakweyiphi na indlela okanye ifomathi baze bahlaziye, baguqule, baze bakhe phezu kwento ethile, nangaphandle kwezorhwebo, banikezele umsebenzi oqalayo kwaye uchaza ilayisenisi yayo.
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Ukusebenza kwempikiswano kuxhomekeke kwisandi sendawo yaso. Kwiphepha lwakutshanje nguSteele et al., Izigqibo zisekelwe ekuqalisweni kokuqala kweengcaciso eziphathelele 'umnqweno' kunye 'nokulutha'. Ezi nkcazo zisekelwe kwichungechunge lweengqiqo kunye neziqinisekiso, ekunciphisweni kwazo ezifunyenwe ngabalobi ekuqaleni, kodwa zingakhange zikhohlwe ngokucacileyo ekufikeleleni kwizigqibo eziqinileyo abalobi abazenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqina kwezi zigqibo akuvumelekanga, kungekhona nje ngokuba ngumphumo weengxaki zokuqala ezinengxaki kodwa nangenxa yendlela yokwenza ingxaki.
Cinga, umzekelo, ingcamango 'yesondo'. Umhlathi wokuqala uyavuma ukuba 'iminqweno yesondo kufuneka ilawulwe ngokuqhubekayo ekulawuleni iziphathamandla zesondo, kwaye kufuneka ilawulwe xa ingekho mthethweni (i-pedophilia) okanye ingalunganga (ukungathembeki). Umhlathi uphela ngegama lokuba igama elithi 'umlutha wesondo' alichazi into ebomngcipheko ngecala, kodwa lichaza nje i-subset yabantu abanamanqanaba aphezulu.
Umhlathi olandelayo ubhekisa kwiphepha likaWinters et al., Elicebisa ukuba 'ulwabelwano ngesondo ... inokuba nje luphawu lomnqweno wesini ophezulu kunye noxinzelelo olunxulunyaniswa nokulawula inqanaba eliphezulu leengcinga zesini, iimvakalelo kunye neemfuno' (Winters, Christoff , Kunye neGorzalka, 2010). Isekelwe kwezi ngcamango ezithi uSteele et al. ke uqhubeka ukubuza umzekelo wesifo kule 'xinzelelo' ehambelana nokulawula isondo 'umnqweno'. Ukuqhathaniswa kweempawu ezihlukeneyo 'zomnqweno', ukubukela ithelevishini kubantwana kusetyenziswa njengomzekelo. Izivakalisi ezibini zokugqibela kule mhlathi ziqinisekisa ukuba zonke ezinye iphepha lizama ukubonisa:
Unyango ugxininise ekunciphiseni inani leeyure ezibukela ukuziphatha komabonwakude ngaphandle kwesifo esibanjelwe 'njengomlutha weTV' kwaye sisebenza kakuhle. Oku kuphakamisa indlela efana nayo ingafaneleka isifiso sofuba esiphezulu if Imodeli yesifo ecetywayo ayongezi amandla achazayo ngaphezulu komnqweno wesini ophezulu. (USteele, uStaley, uFong, kunye noPrause, 2013)
Ngokusekelwe kulo mzekeliso, umnqweno wokubukela i-TV kubantwana kunye nomnqweno wokulala ngesondo kubantu abadala, abalobi baqalisa ingxoxo kwiingxaki ezinxulumene nesiganeko (ERPs) kunye nenkcazo elandelayo yoyilo lwabo lokufunda, olulandelwe iziphumo kunye nengxoxo, kwaye igqitywe kwisishwankathelo esilandelayo:
Ekugqibeleni, amanyathelo okuqala e-neural reactivity kwi-stimuli ebonakalayo yesondo kunye nokungaboni ngesondo kwisampula zokubika iingxaki ezilawula ukubukela kwabo okufanayo okuhlulekayo ukubonelela ngemilinganiselo yokuxhatshazwa koxhatshazo ngokwesifo, njengoko kulinganiswa ngamanqaku. Ngokukodwa, ukungafani kwindwangu ye-P300 phakathi kwezesondo kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwachazwa ngumnqweno wesini, kodwa kungekhona nayiphi na (emithathu) imilinganiselo yoxhatshazo. (Steele et al., 2013)
Ngale ngxelo abalobi bafaka phambili ukuba umnqweno ophakamileyo, nokuba ngaba yingxaki kulabo bafumanayo, akusiyo i-pathologic, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umphumo.
Abanye baye bachaza ukukhawuleka okukhulu kwesi sifundo. Ngokomzekelo, umbhali uNicole Prause wathetha ngodliwano-ndlebe, 'Ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa zeziyobisi, ezifana ne-cocaine, kukhombise indlela yokuphendula ingqondo ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso yecandelo lokusetyenziswa kakubi, ngoko saxela ukuba kufuneka sibone indlela efanayo kubantu iingxelo zengxaki zesondo xa kunjalo, ngokwenene, umlutha '. UJohn Johnson ubonise imiba emininzi ebalulekileyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-Dunning et al. (I2011) iphepha elichaza njengesiseko sokuthelekisa noSteele et al. iphepha. Okokuqala, i-Dunning et al. iphepha lisetyenziselwa ukulawula ezintathu: abasebenzisi be-cocaine abangabikhoyo, abasebenzisi bamanje, kunye nokulawulwa kwezidakamizwa. USteele et al. iphepha alikho iqela lokulawula laluphi uhlobo. Okwesibini, i-Dunning et al. iphepha lilinganisa ii-ERP ezahlukeneyo kwingqondo, kubandakanywa kwangaphambili kokungabikho komsebenzi (EPN), kucinga ukubonisa ingqwalasela yokuqala, kunye nokunika ithuba elihle lokugqibela (LPP), kucinga ukubonisa ukuqhutyelwa phambili kwezinto eziphathekayo ezibalulekileyo. Ukongezelela, isifundo se-Dunning sahlula iinqununu zokuqala kunye nexesha elide le-LPP, kucinga ukuba liboniswe ngokuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu koko, i-Dunning et al. iphepha elihlukileyo phakathi kwezi-ERP ezahlukeneyo ngokungabonakalisi, okwangoku kusetyenziswa, kunye namaqela okulawula impilo. USteele et al. Kodwa, iphepha, lalijonga kuphela kwi-ERP enye, i-p300, eyenziwa yi-Dunning ngokuthelekiswa nefestile yokuqala ye-LLP. USteele et al. Ababhali bade bavuma le mpazamo ebalulekileyo ekwakheni: 'Enye inokwenzeka kukuba i-p300 ayiyona indawo efanelekileyo yokuchonga ubudlelwane kunye nefuthe lokuziphatha ngesondo. I-LPP emva kamva ibonakala ixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-motivation '. I-Steel et al. bavume ukuba abakwazi ukuthelekisa iziphumo zabo kwi-Dunning et al. ukufundisisa, kodwa izigqibo zabo zenza okuthelekisayo. Ngokuphathelele uSteele et al. ukufundisisa, uJohnson wasifingqa, esithi, 'Ukufumana okubalulekayo okubalulekayo akuchazi nto ngomlutha. Ukongezelela, oku kufumanisekileyo kukufumana ezimbi ulungelelaniso phakathi kwe-P300 nomnqweno wesondo kunye nomlingane (r = -0.33), ebonisa ukuba ubukhulu beP300 buhlobene ezantsi umnqweno wesondo; oku kuhambelana ngqo nokutolika kwe-P300 phezulu umnqweno. Akunakuqhathaniswa kwamanye amaqela omlutha. Akunakuqhathaniswa ukulawula amaqela. Izigqibo ezithatyathwe ngabaphandi zixhamla kwi-data, ezingatsho nto malunga nokuba abantu abavakalisa ingxaki ekulawuleni ukujonga kwabo imifanekiso yesondo okanye abanakho ukuphendula ngengqondo efana ne-cocaine okanye nayiphi na intlobo yokulumkisa (ukuthetha, John A. Johnson, PhD, 2013).
Nangona ezinye iimpazamo ezinzulu kule nkqubo yokufunda ziquka ukungabi nxaxheba kweqela elaneleyo lokulawula, ukuchithwa kwe-sampuli yesampula, kunye nokuhluleka ukuqonda ukulinganiselwa kwekhono le-P300 ukuze kulungelelanise kwaye kulandelelanise kwaye kuhlukanise phakathi 'kwesifiso esinqwenela ngesondo' kunye ne pathologically ukunyanzeliswa kwezesondo ezingafunekiyo, mhlawumbi ilahleko ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele ekusebenziseni nasekuqondeni kwegama elithi 'umnqweno'. Kucacile ukuba ekwakheni leli qonga elincinane, abalobi banciphisa umxholo womnqweno ngegama elithi 'nje'. Isifiso, njengento enxulumene neenkqubo zezinto eziphilayo kwiimeko zesini, yinto eyinkimbinkimbi ye-mesencephalic drive ye-dopaminergic ne-telencephalic cognitive and affective mediation and expression. Njengento ebalulekileyo yokuziphatha ngesondo, i-dopamine iyabonakala njengento ebalulekileyo kwisistim sezesondo, esilondolozwe ngokubanzi kumthi wokuziphendukela kwemvelo (Pfaus, 2010). Imfuza enxulumene noyilo kunye nokubonisa inkuthazo yezesondo ibonwa kwi-phyla kunye nobunzima be-intra-phyla. Ngelixa kukho umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwesini, ukufuna ukutya, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha, ezibalulekileyo kwimpilo yomzimba, ngoku siyazi ukuba kukho ukufana koomatshini beemolekyulu apho 'umnqweno' ophuma kuyo uvela. Ngoku siyazi ukuba ezi ndlela zenzelwe ukuba 'zifunde', ngendlela yokuxhuma kunye neendlela zokumodareyitha. Njengoko umthetho ka-Hebb usitsho, 'IiNeurons ezitshisa kunye, iingcingo kunye'. Saye sazi ukuba amandla engqondo okutshintsha unxibelelwano lwayo kunye nokufunda umvuzo kwincwadi yokuqala enxulumene nesiyobisi, kodwa ngoku sibonile kwimfundo esekwe kumvuzo nge-neuronal kunye neminqweno yendalo ebonakala yahlukile ngokunxulumene nokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokunqwenela ityuwa.
Iinkcazo ezinxulumene nomnqweno zibalulekile apha; intetho yezinto eziphilayo, okanye 'ukufuna', yinto enye, ngoxa sicinga ukuba 'ukulangazelela' ukuba neempembelelo ezininzi njengoko zisetyenziswe kwiincwadi ezinxulumene nokuxilwa kweziyobisi kunye nokubuyela kuphinda. Ububungqina bubonisa ukuba amazwe anomnqweno ophathelene nokufunwa kwezinto ezifunekayo zezinto eziphilayo ezibalulekileyo njengetyuwa kunye nesondo - ukunyanzelwa okulandelwa ngu-satiation-inkqubo ye-neuroplastiki equka ukulungiswa kunye nokuxubusha kwe-connections neuronal (Pitchers et al., 2010; Roitman et al., 2002). Ngokucacileyo, umnqweno onqwenelayo uyenziwa ngokufunwa kwezinto ezichaphazelekayo ezichaphazelekayo kunye nezimo ezibonisa ukufa kwasemzimbeni njengokwenziwa kwetyuwa, okubangela ukuba isilwanyana siphele kwaye siphephe ukufa. Ukuxhatshazwa kwezidakamizwa kubantu, ngokukhawuleza, kunokuchaphazela ukufuna ukufana nokukhokelela ukuxhalaka okufanayo ukuxhamla naphezu komngcipheko wokufa, ukuguqulwa kweli qela lokuqalisa. Iimeko ezifanayo zifumaneka kunye nezilingo zendalo, ezifana nomntu ogqithisekayo kunye nesifo esiyingozi se-heart continuing to consume a fat fat fat, okanye omnye onomdla wokuziphatha ngokwesondo oqhubekayo ekubandakanyekeni izenzo zesondo ezingaqhelekanga kunye nabantu abangaziwayo nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba izifo ezithathelwana ngesondo ezifana ne-HIV kunye ne-hepatitis. Loo mfuziselo ubeka ukutshintsha kweempawu ezifunekayo kulo mgaqo-mkhono wokukhanga zifana nxamnye nokukhwela iziyobisi kunye neyona nto iminqweno yemvelo, ityuwa, isekela ukuxotsha, inxaxheba yokubamba umlutha (Liedtke et al., 2011). Siphinde siqonde ukuba iinkqubo eziyinkqubo ezinxulumene nazo kwaye zenza ukuba utshintsho olubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwamathambo, iimveliso kunye nabaxhasi be-DeltaFosB, i-orexin, i-Cdk5, i-neural plasticity regulator-protein-related protein (ARC), i-protein protein tyrosine phosphatase ( STEP), nabanye. Ezi zixhobo zenza i-cascade ebonisa ukutyhafaza, okubalulekileyo ekufundeni i-neural.
Oko sikufumanayo ngokufana 'nokuthanda', okanye 'umnqweno omkhulu,' ngumkhiqizo we-mesencephalic kunye ne-hypothalamic impetus apho iprojekthi, inxaxheba kuyo, kwaye iyinxalenye yokucubungula i-cortical ngenxa yokulethwa kolwazi olungenanto nolwazi. Njengoko siboniswe kwiphepha lethu le-PNAS lwakutshanje, ezi zinto zendalo zibonisa ukuba 'zibonakalisa ukuguqulwa kweenkqubo ezidlulileyo zezinto eziphilayo ngokubaluleka kokuhlaziywa kwama-indulgences' (i-Liedtke et al., 2011, I-PNAS), ngokuba siye safumanisa ukuba ezi zethimba zeenqwenela zetyukliya ezifanayo zadlulelwe ngaphambili kunye ne-cocaine ne-opiate umlutha. Ukubonakaliswa kwengcamango yalesi 'nqwenelo', oku kugxininisa ekufumaneni umvuzo, 'ukuthanda' ukuvavanya kwakhona kukubonakalisa 'ukuchaneka' kwindlela efanelekileyo yokuhlala kunye ne-phyolgenetically primitive drive evela kwi-hypothalamic / mesencephalic axis. Xa kubangela ukungalawulwa kwaye-xa kubonakaliswa-ukukhanga okubi komvuzo, sinokuhlula njani iinwele ze-neurobiological kwaye sikhetha 'nje' umnqweno ophezulu kunokuba umlutha?
Omnye umba unxulumene nokungaguquki. Akukho ndawo kwi-Steele et al. Kwiphepha kukho ingxoxo malunga nokuba kutheni aba bantu 'benomnqweno omkhulu'. Ngaba bazalwa benjalo? Iyintoni indima, ukuba ikho, yendalo esingqongileyo kuwo omabini umgangatho wokulinganisa kunye nobungakanani balo mnqweno? Ngaba ukufunda kungayichaphazela iminqweno ubuncinci kolu hlolisiso lwabantu? (Hoffman kunye neSafron, 2012). Umbono wababhali kule meko uswele ukuqonda kwenkqubo yokumodareyitha rhoqo kumanqanaba eselfowuni kunye nemacroscopic. Siyazi, umzekelo, ukuba olu tshintsho lwezinto ezincinci ezibonwe ngokufunda kwe-neuronal zinxulunyaniswa notshintsho olukhulu. Izifundo ezininzi ziqinisekisa ukubaluleka kweplastikhi, njengoko uninzi luye lwanyanzelisa ukuba: 'Ngokuchasene nokucinga ukuba utshintsho kuthungelwano lobuchopho lunokwenzeka kuphela ngexesha elinzima lophuhliso, i-neuroscience yanamhlanje yamkela umbono wobuchopho beplastikhi ngokusisigxina' (Draganski kunye noMeyi, 2008); 'Ingqondo yomntu yokucinga icacise utshintsho kulwakhiwo kumcimbi ongwevu nomhlophe owenzeka ngokufunda… ukufunda kubeka ubume bengqondo' (iZatorre, Field, & Johansen-Berg, 2012).
Okokugqibela, jonga kwakhona igama lombhali 'ngumnqweno ophezulu wesini'. IGeorgiadis (2012Kutshanje ndicebise indima ephambili yedopaminergic ebantwini kule midbrain ukuya kwistriatum pathway. Kuyo yonke imivuzo yendalo, i-orgasm yesondo ibandakanya eyona spike iphakamileyo kwi-striatum, ngamanqanaba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200% yesiseko (Fiorino kunye nePhillips, 1997), ethelekiswa ne-morphine (iDi Chiara kunye neImperato, 1988) kwiimodeli zokulinga. Ukunciphisa, ukunciphisa, kunye ne-pathologize ukuziphatha ngokwesini ukunyanzela ukungaqondakali indima ebalulekileyo yezobulili kwimpembelelo yabantu kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ibonisa i-naiveté ngokubhekiselele kwinto eyiyo ngoku ukuqonda ukufumana umvuzo we-neuroscience, ngoku ukuba ifuna isondo ngohlobo oluthile, olungenakuguquguquka, kunye nolwazi olukhuselweyo lwe-immune ukusuka kunokwenzeka ukuba utshintsho lunobunjani okanye buninzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngakumbi, njengoko kuboniswa nguSteele et al. iphepha, kukuba le mfundiso ye-myopic ayiphumeleli ukuqonda inyaniso yokuba i-neuroscience ngoku isitsho ukuba 'umnqweno ophezulu,' xa iphumela ekuziphatheni okunyanzelekileyo, okungafunekiyo kunye nokuwonakalisayo, 'kungumlutha'.
Ucaphulo
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UZatorre, RJ, Field, RD, kunye noJohansen-Berg, H. (2012). Iplastikhi engwevu nomhlophe: Utshintsho lwe-Neuroimaging kulwakhiwo lobuchopho ngexesha lokufunda. I-Nature Neuroscience, 15, 528-536. PubMed Abstract | I-PubMed Central Text epheleleyo | Umshicileli opheleleyo
*UDonald L. Hilton 4410 Medical Drive
Suite 610
San Antonio
ETexas, 77829
i-USA
email: [imeyile ikhuselwe]
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