Ukubetha ithagethi: Ukuqwalaselwa kokwahlulahlula uxilongo xa kunyangwa abantu abathile kusetyenziso olunengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi (2018). (Uhlalutyo lweeGrubbs zokuziphatha ezingathandekiyo)

Uvimba woLuntu

, Umqulu 48, Umba 2, i-431-435 |

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1301-9

UShane W. Kraus, uPatricia J. Sweeney

Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, noReid (2018aWacebisa imodeli yokuqonda iingxaki zabantu ngabanye kunye noonografi ngenxa yokungaziphathi kakuhle (PPMI). Ngokukodwa, babonisa ukuba abanye abasebenzisi boonografi bafumana uxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye nezinye iingxaki kuba indlela abaziphethe ngayo ayihambelani namaxabiso abo (okt, isimilo esingathandekiyo), kwaye uphando lwangaphambili luye lwaxhasa le modeli icetywayo (iGrubbs, Exline, Pargament, Volk, & Lindberg, 2017; I-Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, kunye neKraus, 2018b; IVolk, uTomas, uSosin, uYakobi, kunye noMoen, 2016).

Kwinqaku yabo, uGrubbs et al. (I2018a) kucetywayo ezimbini iindlela zokusetyenziswa kweengcamango ezingcolileyo. Inkqubo i-1 ibonisa ukuba iingxaki zoonografi ezinxulumene noonografi zibangelwa ukutshatyalaliswa komzimba (oko kukuthi, ukusetyenziswa ngokunyanzeliswa), kunye neNdlela 2 ichaza iingxaki zoononografi ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi. Ezo zombini iindlela ziqwalasela amava okuzithobayo esivumelanayo yimbambano ebalulekileyo ekujonganeni nabantu abafuna unyango ngokusetyenziswa kweengxaki zoonografi. Kwindlela yethu yokliniki, siye safumanisa ukuba amava aphantsi kokubandezeleka, okubangelwa kukudibanisa uxhalaba, ihlazo, kunye / okanye ityala, lidla ngokuba luncedo kubathengi abafuna uncedo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kunikezelwe iingcebiso ezifanelekileyo zonyango kubantu ngabanye, kubandakanywa nalabo abazibiza ngokuthi "izilonda zonyango," kufuneka sikwazi ukulinganisa iqondo lokuba bangalawula njani ukuziphatha kwabo ngokwesondo. Sifumene ukuba abathengi abaninzi abafuna unyango ukusetyenziswa kweengxaki zoononografi kubonisa ukuxinezeleka okukhulu kunye nemigudu emininzi engaphumeleli yokumodareyitha okanye yokuyeka ukuziphatha, amava okuba nemiphumo emibi okanye emibi ekusebenziseni kwabo, kwaye baqhubeke besisebenzisa nangona bengenakuvuyela.

Isakhelo sokuchonga malunga nokuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo ngokwesondo (CSB) kuye kwaxoxwa kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo (iKraus, Voon, kunye nePotenza, 2016b). I-CSB iye yacatshulwa njenge-addictional sex (Carnes, 2001), ukuxhatshazwa koxhatshazo (Kafka, 2010), Ukunyanzelwa ngokwesondo (IBancroft kunye neVukadinovic, 2004) okanye isimilo sokuziphatha (Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013). Njengoko le mpikiswano iqhubekile, siye saxabisa iingxaki eziphakanyiswe ngabaphandi abaninzi (uMoser, 2013; Winters, 2010) ngokubhekisele ekuzibandakanyeni kokuziphatha okungaphaya kokuziphatha ngokwesondo, yiyo loo nto sikholelwa ekubeni kubalulekile ukujonga ubukho beendlela zokuziphatha okanye izalathi ezongezelelweyo zenjongo yokuba imisebenzi yesondo rhoqo inengxaki kwaye ayilawuleki (Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016a).

Njengoko kuxoxwe nguKraus et al. (I2018), Uphando oluthe kratya kunye nedatha eyomeleleyo iyafuneka ukuxhasa uphuhliso lwesakhelo esichanekileyo sokuqonda isifo se-CSB, kubandakanya nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi (iGola kunye nePotenza, 2018; Walton kunye neBhullar, 2018). Ukongezelela, siyavumelana noGrubbs et al. (I2018a) ukuba ukuqonda kwangoku ukukhwabanisa okubonakalayo kwimiba yecalografi kunemiqathango yenkcubeko ukususela kwizifundo zangaphambili ezenzeka kwiNtshona, kumazwe ashishino kunye neesampuli zamaKristu. Oku kuyimfuneko ebalulekileyo yokuqwalasela indlela ukusetyenziswa kweengcamango eziphathekayo ezijongene neengxaki ezichazwe kwaye ziphathwa ngayo kuba iinkqubo, iinkqubo zokuxabisa kunye namava abantu ngabanye abavela kwiminye imvelaphi yenkcubeko ingahluka kwiindawo ezifundwa kakuhle zaseJudeya zobuKristu malunga nokusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesini . Uphando olongezelelweyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweefosografi kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuxilonga azichanekanga kuphela kodwa ziguqulelwe nakwiinkcubeko.

I-Disputed Residential Disorder Disorder (CSBD): Ukuqwalaselwa ngokuchaneka kokuhlukana

Kungekudala, iWorld Health Organization (2018) Kunconywa kubandakanywa i-CSBD kwikhompyutha ye-11th ezayo Ulwahlulo lwaMazwe ngamazwe (6C72). Inkqubo ekhuselekileyo yathathwa, kwaye i-CSBD yahlelwa njengengxaki yokulawula ingqondo ngenxa yobungqina bokuba uphando alukwanelanga ukuyiphakamisa njengendlela yokuziphatha umlutha. Ngenxa yoko, imigaqo ye-CSBD ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

I-CSBD ibonakaliswa ngumzekelo oqhubekayo wokungaphumeleli ukulawula iminqweno yesondo ephindaphindayo okanye iminqweno ekhokelela ekuphindaphindeni kokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Iimpawu zinokubandakanya ukuphindaphinda imisebenzi yesondo ibe yinto ephambili ebomini bomntu ukuya kwinqanaba lokungahoyi impilo kunye nokhathalelo lomntu okanye ezinye izinto onomdla kuzo, imisebenzi kunye noxanduva; iinzame ezininzi ezingaphumelelanga zokunciphisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo; kunye nokuqhubeka nokuziphatha okuphindaphindayo ngokwesondo ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi okanye ukufumana ulwaneliseko oluncinci okanye ukungafumani kwa. Umzekelo wokungaphumeleli ukulawula amandla, inkanuko yesini okanye iminqweno kunye nesiphumo sokuphindaphinda indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kubonakaliswe ixesha elide (umz. emsebenzini, okanye ezinye iindawo ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza. Uxinzelelo oludibene ngokupheleleyo nezigwebo zokuziphatha kunye nokungavumi malunga nesini, iminqweno, okanye indlela yokuziphatha azonelanga ukuhlangabezana nale mfuno (Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, 2018).

Impawu ezibonakalayo ze-CSBD ziphindwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo zokuzama ukulawula okanye ukuthintela indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo ebangela ukuxakeka nokuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni, kwaye "uxinzelelo lwengqondo ngenxa yokuziphatha ngokwesondo aluvumelekanga ukuxilongwa kwe-CSBD" (Kraus et al., 2018, iphe. 109). Ezi ngongoma ezibalulekileyo ekuqwalaseleni kwindlela yokusebenza kliniki apho izithako eziphambili kwiphina inkqubo yokucwangcisa imeko kunye neprogram yonyango ziqala ngovavanyo oluchanekileyo kunye nokuxilongwa ngokufanelekileyo kokuhlukana. Siye saqulunqa i-algorithm kwifayile. 1 ukunceda iiklinikhi zicinga ukuxilongwa kunye neendlela zokwelapha kubaxhasi ababonisa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezonografi.

Ukuncedisa ukuqonda, ngoku siza kuxubusha imizekelo emithathu yabathengi bangempela abafuna unyango malunga nokusetyenziswa kweengcamango ezingcolileyo kwiSebe leMantshi e-Veterans (VA). Imimiselo yonke ichongiweyo ukwenzela ukukhusela imfihlo yabathengi.

Umzobo 1

Iingcamango ezingcolileyo zengxaki zisebenzisa i-algorithm yonyango

Umntu ngamnye nge-PPMI kunye ne-CSBD

Umnumzana S ngumntu ozalwa kunye nomntu ongatshatanga naye, indoda engatshatanga naye, indoda engatshatanga eneminyaka engama-20 ubudala osebenza isigxina ngelixa esiya ekholejini. Uyanyangwa kwiziko lonyango e-VA yoxinzelelo lwasemva koxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo olunxulumene nokulwa komkhosi. Umnumzana S naye wafuna unyango kuba wazichaza njenge "likhoboka lamanyala kunye nezokwabelana ngesondo" kwaye waxela ukuba usebenzisa iphonografi ukusukela ebusheni. Uye wathi usebenzisa iphonografi yonke imihla. Uchaze iinzame ezininzi zokuyeka ukusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo nabantu obaziyo kunye nabathengisi ngesondo abahlawulwayo. Umnumzana S wazichaza njengomvangeli ongumKristu ohlaziyiweyo kwaye wathi ukusebenzisa kwakhe iphonografi kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngokwesondo "zazilihlazo" kwaye "zinesono" kuye nto leyo eyakhokelela kuxinzelelo olukhulu lwengqondo. Umnumzana S wakhanyela naluphi na unyango lwangaphambili lwe-CSBD kodwa waxela ukuya kwiqela lamadoda ecawe ngenkxaso ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwakhe iphonografi.

Ngexesha leklinikhi, iimpendulo zikaMnu S kwi inkqubo yovavanyo zilandele umkhondo wendlela ephakathi kweFi. 1. Wavuma iPPMI ekubeni izenzo zakhe zesondo azihambisani neenkolelo zakhe zonqulo. Ngembali yakhe kunye neengxelo zeengxaki zangoku, wadibana neendlela ezipheleleyo ze-CSBD. Ngelishwa, uMnu S akazange akhathaze unyango olulandelayo kunye neklinikhi yakhe enomdla wakhe ekufuneni uncedo kuphela ngecawa yakhe. Ngaphambi kokupheliswa kwangoko kwangaphambili, iingcebiso zonyango kuMnu S ziquka ukuchaza imithi (naltrexone) ukujongana nesifiso sakhe kunye nokunika unyango lokuziphatha kwengqondo ekujonganeni neenkolelo kunye nokuziphatha okubangelwa ukunyanzelisa kwakhe ukugqithisa.

Umntu ngamnye nge-CSBD kuphela

Umnumzana D ngumntu waseCaucasus, isini esahlukileyo, indoda eyindoda etshatileyo ekwiminyaka engama-30 ubudala enembali yoxinzelelo owazibiza ngokuba "likhoboka lamanyala." Waqala ukusebenzisa iphonografi rhoqo kwiminyaka yakhe yeshumi elivisayo kwaye waziphatha gwenxa kwimifanekiso engamanyala kule minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo, ngakumbi ukubukela iphonografi ixesha elide xa umfazi wakhe esiya emsebenzini. Waxela ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo kunye nenkosikazi yakhe nangona wayeziva ukuba ukusebenzisa kwakhe iphonografi kuphazamisa ubudlelwane bakhe kunye nolwalamano naye. Umnumzana D uchaze ukusebenzisa kwakhe iphonografi njengokunyanzelwa kwaye waxela okuncinci kukungoneliseki kuko. Uye waxela ukuba unomdla wokubukela iphonografi emva kweentsuku ezininzi zokuncitshiswa okwakhokelela ekusebenziseni kwakhe.

Ngexesha leklinikhi, uMnu D akazange avume ukuxinezeleka ngenxa ye-PPMI kodwa wafumana ubunzima bokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwakhe koonografi. Wavavanywa waza wafunyaniswa ukuhlangabezana neenkcukacha ezipheleleyo ze-ICD-11 ze-CSBD njengoko kuboniswe kumzobo. 1. Umnumzana D wanikwa amayeza (i-naltrexone, i-50 mg / imini), kwaye wathatha inxaxheba kwiiseshoni ezizodwa zonyango lokuziphatha ngokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezazitshintshelwa ukujongana nengxaki yokusebenzisa iphonografi. Ngaphezulu kwonyango, uMnu.Unciphisile ukusebenzisa iphonografi kwaye wakwazi ukumelana neminqweno yakhe. Uye waxela ukwanda kokuzibandakanya kwizinto ezonwabisayo kunye nenkosikazi yakhe kunye nabahlobo bakhe njengokuhamba uhambo kunye nokuhamba.

Umntu ngamnye ngePPMI kuphela

Umnumzana Z ngumntu wase Caucasus, indoda eyindoda engatshatanga naye ongatshatanga naye ekwiminyaka engamashumi amane ubudala etshatile iminyaka eliqela. Uqeshwe kwaye unomntwana omnye. Umnumzana Z uxele ngembali yoxinzelelo kunye nokusebenzisa iphonografi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo ekhokelele kwimpikiswano namaqabane athandanayo, kubandakanya umfazi wakhe wangoku. Wakhanyela ukusebenzisa iphonografi ngamaxesha apho wayesabelana ngesondo kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, kodwa wathi ebengathandani naye iminyaka eliqela. Okwangoku, wayejonga iphonografi kube kanye okanye kabini ngeveki ukuphulula amaphambili kodwa wakhanyela nabuphi na ubunzima bokuyeka okanye ukunciphisa. Uxele ukusebenzisa iphonografi ikakhulu kuba engenayo enye into ayisebenzisayo, kodwa ukusebenzisa kwakhe iphonografi kumenza azive "eyoyikeka" kwaye "enyanyekile" kuba indlela aziphethe ngayo ibingahambelani neenkolelo zakhe malunga nendlela amadoda "ekufuneka aziphathe ngayo" kwimeko yomtshato. Waba noxinzelelo olunzulu, ngakumbi uxinzelelo, olunxulumene nenqanaba lokungaziphathi phakathi kwexabiso lakhe kunye nokuziphatha kwakhe ngokwesondo.

Ngexesha leklinikhi, uMnu Z uthe akazange afune unyango kule ngxaki ngaphambili. Wavuma amava okuzimela ngokubaluleka ngenxa ye-PPMI kwaye wadibana neendlela zokuxilonga kuzo zombini uxinzelelo kunye neengxaki zokuxhalabisa kodwa kungengomsebenzi we-CSBD omelelwe kumzobo. 1. Ulwaphulo lomntu ngamnye lujolise ekunciphiseni ukukhathazeka kukaMnu Z ngokuqaliswa kokulala ngesondo nomkakhe. UMnu Z nomkakhe nabo bathathe inxaxheba kwizonyango ezithandanayo apho umphathiswa onikwe imisebenzi engeyonto yovuyo yeso sibini ukuyenza ngelixa landisa ukunxibelelana kwabo. UMnu Z wachaza ukwehla koononografi esebenzisa xa yena nomfazi wakhe babuya ubuhlobo bokwenyama. Kwakhona wachaza ukunxibelelana okwandisiweyo nomfazi kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo kunye nokuxhalaba okwamenza wayeka unyango.

Izimvo zokugqibela

Injongo yethu nale ngxelo iqhubela phambili incoko efunekayo malunga nokuxilongwa kwabathengi abafuna unyango malunga nokusetyenziswa kweengxaki zoonografi. Njengoko kuthethwa nguGrubbs et al. (I2018a). Ubungqina bucebisa ukuba abanye abantu baxele imiba ebalulekileyo yokumodareyitha kunye / okanye ukulawula ukusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi okukhokelela ekubonakaliseni uxinzelelo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwiindawo ezininzi zokusebenza kwengqondo (Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015b). Ngokungeniswa kwe-CSBD kwi-ICD-11 kunye nokuxhaphaka okukhulu kweentlobo zoononografi ezisetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi aseNtshona, silindele ukuba abantu abaninzi baya kufuna unyango lweengxaki zoononografi ezijongene nengxaki kwixesha elizayo. Nangona kunjalo, akubona bonke abafuna unyango lweengxaki zoononografi ezijongene neengxaki zoononophala ziya kuhlangabeza imigaqo ye-CSBD. Njengoko kuxoxwe ngaphambili, ukuqonda izizathu ezenziwa zizigqibo zabathengi ekufuneni uncedo ekusebenziseni iingxaki zoonografi kuyingozi kubalulekile ukuba kuchaneke ngokuchanekileyo ukucutshungulwa kunye nokucwangcisa unyango kwabaxumi.

Njengoko kubonisiwe yimizekelo yabathengi bethu, kubalulekile ukuba sikhuphe imeko yeengxaki zokusebenzisa iphonografi ukucacisa isifo kunye neengcebiso ezifanelekileyo zonyango eziza kwenziwa. Unyango oluninzi sele luphuhlisiwe kwaye lwalingwa kwi-CSB, kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi. Ubungqina bokuqala buxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwengqondo kunyango lokuziphatha (Hallberg, Kaldo, Arver, Dhejne, & Öberg, 2017), Ukwamkelwa konyango lokuzinikela (Crosby & Twohig, 2016)) 2017; Ukuthatha kwakhona, iBramen, uAnderson, kunye neCohen, 2014). Ukongeza, bukhona ubungqina bokuxhasa ungenelelo lwe-pharmacological (iGola kunye nePotenza, 2016; Klein, Rettenberger, kunye neBriken, 2014; IKraus, iMeshberg-Cohen, iMartino, iiQuinones, kunye nePotenza, 2015a; URaymond, uGrant, kunye noColeman, 2010). Njengoko kuboniswe kumzekelo yethu yomxhasi kunye nomdwebo. 1, abathengi abaneengxaki zoononopopasho basebenzisa iintetho ezahlukeneyo zeeklinikhi kunye nezizathu zokufuna uncedo. Ngoko ke, uphando oluzayo lufunekayo ukuphucula unyango olulungelelanisa ukulungelelanisa kunye nemiba yezinto ezijongene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezonografi.

amaNqaku

Inkxaso

Lo msebenzi oxhaswa yiSebe leeMantshi, ii-Veterans Health Administration, i-VISN 1 New England yokugula ngengqondo, i-Education, kunye neZiko leMpilo.

Ukuthotyelwa kweMigangatho yokuHlola

Ukugqubana kwemidla

Ababhali abanalo iimbambano zentsingiselo yokuchazela umxholo wesi sifundo sangoku. Iimbono ezichazwe zizo zabalobi kwaye akubonakali ukuba zibonakalise isikhundla okanye umgaqo-nkqubo weSebe leMantloko, eMerika.

Ukuvunyelwa kokuziphatha

Zonke izikhokelo zokuziphatha zilandelwa njengoko kufunwa yiSebe lezeMfuyo. Eli nqaku aliquki naluphi na uphando lwezifundo zabantu okanye izilwanyana ezenziwa ngabani nababhali. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-vignette zeefayili ezichongiweyo zifakwe kwiinjongo zoqeqesho kuphela.

Ucaphulo

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