Ukuhlala kwiBhokisi ye-Porn (2018). (Uhlalutyo lweeGrubbs zokuziphatha ezingathandekiyo)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1294-4

Uvimba woLuntu

NgoFebruwari 2019, Umqulu 48, Umba 2, i-449-453 |

UBrian J. Willoughby

Le ngxelo ibhekisela kwinqaku ekhoyo  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.

Nangona ukujonga kwezinto ezichazwe ngesondo kungekho nto entsha, ubudala bedijithali kunye nokufumaneka kwimihlambini yoonografi ekhompyutheni kubangele ukuba kuqhutywe kwi-scholarship ukufuna ukuqonda uhlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo zoononopopasho ezisetyenziswayo kunye nemiphumo yalo. Abaphengululi abahlola i-predictors, i-correlates, kunye neziphumo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi baye bahlala bexhomekeke ebhokisini eqhubekayo ekunciphiseni nje ukuqonda kwethu indlela abantu kunye nezibini ezithatha ngayo iziqulatho ezixhatshazwa ngokwesini, kodwa yintoni umphumo wokuba nokujonga okunjalo kunokuba kwenziwe ngabanye impilo. Le bhokisi ibonisa imbonakalo emncinci ukuba abaphengululi abaninzi, oogqirha, kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bathatha malunga neentlobo zoononografi (iifoto zoonografi zisoloko zibi okanye zihlala zilungile), kunye nokunciphisa indlela yokwenza le ndawo egcina ingqiqo yethu yokuqonda ingaphelelanga kwaye ayizalisekanga. Njengemibandela enxulumene nemimandla enxulumene nobulili kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendaba, iifoto zoonografi iyigama elibanzi elisetyenziselwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendaba eziqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwezicwangciso ngabantu abaninzi kunye nezibini. Iifoto zoonografi ayiyinto enye, kwaye iziphumo zayo zinokuhluka kwaye zincinci kuye kuxhomekeke kwimiba yeemeko. Ubume obuninzi boonografi basebenzise imali yokufunda ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezithile zolu hlobo kunokuba zenzeke ngokubanzi.

Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, noReid (2018) bagxile kuphononongo lwabo kunye nemodeli ecetywayo kwinto ebalulekileyo yokusebenzisa iphonografi, ukungaziphathi kakuhle okunokuvela phakathi kwabanye abantu abadla iphonografi kodwa abanamkhethe ngokuziphatha. Njengoko aba baphengululi besitsho, kukho ubungqina obomeleleyo bokuxhasa ukungaziphathi kakuhle kokuziphatha kunxulunyaniswa nokuphila gwenxa komntu kunye neengxaki ezibonakalayo kwimifanekiso engamanyala (iGrubbs, Exline, Pargament, Volk, & Lindberg, 2017; I-Grubbs kunye nePerry, 2018). Sekunjalo kumgudu wabo wokuqonda inxalenye encinci yepopayi ye-pornography, abalobi beqendu elijoliswe kuyo bawela emininzi yemingcipheko yomsebenzi wangaphambilini, ukugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokugqithiselela iingcamango ezingabalulekanga ngenye indlela xa zisetyenziselwa imeko efanelekileyo. Umbuzo ophakanyiswe yinqaku elijoliswe kuyo libhekiselele ekubeni ukuziphatha okungenakuziphatha ngokuqinisekileyo "yiyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuqhubela phambili ekusebenziseni iifoto zoononophala okanye ukuxhatshazwa koonwabo". a into kodwa eziphambili into ekuqondeni iziphumo zoonografi. Eli bango linengxaki kuba libonisa ukuba imodeli ecetywayo ibonakala ngokugqithiseleyo ekufundeni ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunokuba kunokwenzeka.

Makhe ndiqale ngezinye zezinto ezintle zemizekelo ecetywayo kwinqaku elijoliswe kuyo. Okokuqala, iGrubbs et al. (I2018) baye baqakambisa into ebalulekileyo yophando olunxulumene noonografi, ukuphakanyiswa okuphakanyisiweyo nokuvame ukunyaniseka kwabo bajonga iifoto ezingcolileyo kodwa bechasayo, ngokuqhelekileyo bevela kwiinkolelo zonqulo. Njengoko kuphawuliwe nguGrubbs et al., Ngoku kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokuthi abantu benkolo basengozini yokungasebenzi kakubi kunye neentlobo zoonografi ezisetyenziselwa ngenxa yokuziphatha okungenakuziphatha okuphakanyiswe nguGrubbs et al. kunye nabanye (Grubbs et al., 2017; UNelson, uPadilla-Walker, kunye noCarroll, 2010; Perry kunye ne-Whitehead, 2018). Oku kubalulekile kwiklinikhi nakwimfundo ebalulekileyo. Icebisa ukuba oogqirha kufuneka baqwalasele iinkolelo zonqulo nezenkcubeko kungenelelo lwabo njengoko ezo mbono zinokuba nefuthe ekuphenduleni ekusebenziseni iphonografi okuqhubekayo okanye okunyanzelekileyo. Ikwacebisa ukuba iinzame zemfundo kuluntu lwenkolo kufuneka zijolise kwimingcipheko yoonografi, ubunyani bokuba likhoboka, kunye neentsomi eziqhelekileyo zenkcubeko ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala. Konke oku mhlawumbi kuchazwe ngcono ekugqibeleni kwinqaku ekujolise kulo apho uGrubbs et al. Qaphela ukuba uphononongo lwabo lobungqina lubonisa ukuba iingxaki zoonografi ngenxa yokuziphatha okungathandekiyo (PPMI) yinto ebalulekileyo yokuqwalaselwa kweklinikhi enokuba nentsingiselo ukongeza kuvavanyo lwenyanzeliso lokwenyani. Ngokubanzi ngokubanzi, inqaku ekujoliswe kulo libonelela ngobungqina obongezelelekileyo bokuba iimeko zomxholo kunye nembono yobuqu ibalulekile xa kufikwa ekusebenziseni iphonografi. Lo mnxeba ungqalileyo wokubandakanya umbono wephonografi kuzo zombini izifundiswa kunye nomsebenzi weklinikhi kule ndawo ubalulekile kwaye yinto endiyibizileyo emsebenzini wam (iWilloughby neBusby, 2016). Ingaba kukho iinkolelo zomntu okanye ezinye izinto zangaphakathi okanye zangaphandle, ukuzama ukubiza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala kuya kuhlala kusekho uhlobo oluthile lempembelelo olusenokungabonwa ngqalelo ngabaphandi bobabini kunye nalabo abameli okanye abasebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala.

Nangona le mivuzo ebalulekileyo, imodeli ephakanyisiweyo ye-PPMI iwela ezininzi kwiimigibe ezifanayo njengoko ezinye iinzame zokutshintshwa ngokucacileyo iifrafikhi zisebenzisela enye imfundiso. Iinzame ezinjalo kwiingcamango eziqhelekileyo ziyimpumelelo zinikezelwe ngumbuso osisigxina apho le ndawo yokubhaliswa kwemali ihlala khona, kwaye ibonisa ukuba inqanaba lokulumka kuthathwe ngabaphengululi okanye nabani na umntu ngaphambi kokuba enze nayiphi na isigqibo malunga nendlela efanelekileyo okanye yokuziphatha engathandekiyo. Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo behlabathi jikelele bafuna ukubonisa ukuba ukubukela umxholo wecalaphina okwenza okanye engenzi nto kubo bonke abantu abawujongayo. Abaphengululi babonakala bebanelisekile ukunyanzelisa, njengoko uninzi lwaphando oluphandle kwiinkcukacha zoonografi luye lwazama ukubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa koonografi kuhambelana nemiphumo emibi kunye neembambano okanye ukuba loo mibutho ihlaseleyo. Inqaku elijoliswe kuyo lihlala liwela kulo mgibe, njengoGrubbs et al. bavame ukubonakala befuna ukuba imodeli yabo yePPMI incede ekuchazeni ubuninzi beempembelelo ezifunyenwe kwi-scholarship yangaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, loo mabango angikhumbuze enye indawo enokuphikisana nayo yokubhalisana: imiphumo yokudlala imidlalo yevidiyo. Amabango amaninzi afana nalawo ayenziwe kwinqaku elijoliswe kuyo kunye nakwezinye iinjongo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi kuya kufana nokuzama ukubiza ukuba ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo kubakhokelela kwimiphumo emihle okanye emibi. Njengemibutho engahambelaniyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa koononografi, ukuzinyameka, kunye neenkolelo zokuziphatha, ukuba umntu afune ukudibanisa ukusetyenziswa kwemidlalo yevidiyo kunye nemimandla eyahlukeneyo yempilo, ukulawula izinto ezithile ngomlinganiselo omhle, iziphumo ziya kuhlukahluka. Emva koko, omnye umntu odla ngokudlala imidlalo enobudlova yedwa iiyure ngosuku uya kuba neziphumo ezahlukileyo kakhulu xa efaniswa nomnye umntu odlala rhoqo imidlalo egxininiso kunye nabahlobo kunye namalungu entsapho. Uphando luze lube neengxabano ezihlukeneyo, zibonisa ukuba umdlalo onobundlobongela unokuba nemiphumo emibi (Anderson et al., 2017), Ngelixa umdlalo wentlalontle nabanye unokuba nezibonelelo (Coyne, Padilla-Walker, Stockdale, & Day, 2011; UWang, uTaylor, kunye neLanga, 2018). Ngendlela efanayo yokufunda iiporografi, ukuzama ukwenza ukubanzi ngokubanzi kwimidlalo yevidiyo kulahlekelwa uphawu kuba lilahlile ukuhluka kunye nokuxakeka kwento ephantsi kokufunda.

Imodeli ephakanyisiweyo ye-PPMI ngokwemvelo yayo ibonakala ingafanelekanga ukuba imodeli ebanzi kwaye isebenzayo yokusetyenziswa kweentlobano zesini. Ukucaca, ingqwalasela yale modeli yangoku iyancinci. Isiphumo somdla yaqonda iingxaki ngenxa yoononografi (ngokuchasene neenqobo zekliniki ezijoliswe kuzo ezinokuthi zenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo ukusetyenziswa koononografi okusetyenziswayo okanye ezinye iinjongo zokuvavanya inhlalakahle). Umzekelo ohlongozwayo ugxile kuphela kulabo bantu abanokuchasana nokuziphatha kweefografi. Oku kusenokuba kugxininise ingqwalasela yomzekelo ngakumbi. I-PPMI ixhaphake njani kwaye ifanelekileyo njani umzekelo kuluntu jikelele? Kunzima ukuthetha. Kwiingxoxo zabo ze-PPMI, i-Grubbs et al. (I2018) yayifake phantse akukho ngxoxo malunga naluphi udidi lwabasebenzisi bezithombe ezingamanyala. Kunoko, i-Grubbs et al. kubonakala kuqulethwe ngokugqithiselela imodeli yabo ngokuphindaphinda ngokuphindaphinda "abantu abaninzi" apho kuthethwa khona ukuziphatha okungathandekiyo kokuziphatha. Olu lwimi lubonakala malunga namaxesha amathandathu kwinqaku kodwa alizange lixhunywe kwinani elithile labantu abanesiseko esinamandla kwiimifanekiso engamanyala basebenzise ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo kokuziphatha. Kwam nolwazi, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akazange akhankanywe nguGrubbs et al. (I2018), kukho ulwazi oluncinane malunga nokuba yeyiphi ipesenti yabasebenzisi boononografi abanokwenene ngokukhawuleza ukuziphatha kakubi kweentlophu zoonografi ukuze benze uhlobo lokuziphatha okungabonakaliyo kweGuibbs et al. ba cebisa. Oku akusiyo ingxaki entsha: iingxabano kunye nokuchasene noxhatshazo (Halpern, 2011; Reid kunye neKafka, 2014) kunye nokusetyenziswa kweengcamango ezingcolileyo kwimiba edla ngokungayekiyo ukubaluleka kwemiba enjalo kwaye kukhokelela ekuthandweni kwezifundo eziye zaphonononga ukuba yeyiphi iipesenti zabasebenzisi beonografi abanenkinga okanye ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokuqala. Enyanisweni, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba xa kuziwa ekuvunyelweni kokusetyenziswa koonografi, abaninzi abantu bayayamkela. UCarroll et al. (I2008) bafumanisa ukuba malunga ne-70% yabasetyhini abaselula kwiesampula zabo bavumile ukuba ukusetyenziswa koononografi kuyamkeleka, ngelixa phantse isiqingatha sabasetyhini abasetyhini bavumelana nalo mvo. Kutshanje, ixabiso, i-Patterson, iRegnerus kunye neWalley (2016) efunyenweyo kwi-General Social Survey ukuba kuphela incinci yamadoda nabasetyhini bakholelwa ukuba ukuononophala kakubi mthethweni. Ngoxa ubungqina bukuncinci, ezo zifundo zibonisa ukuba ukungavumi kwezithombe ezingamanyala kubonakala kungabonakaliyo phakathi kwabantu abadala kunye nabantu abadala. Ngokuqinisekileyo kunzima ukuphikisa ukuba ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo kuyinto eqhelekileyo kubantu abaninzi ukuba abaninzi abantu abanalo uluvo olubalulekileyo oluya kubangela ukuba bangabikho.

Nangona i-pornography esebenzise abantu abajongene nokuziphatha okungabonakaliyo, ingaba yincinci, inxalenye encinci ibonakala iyingxaki ezibonakalayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Umsebenzi wangaphambili nguGrubbs, Volk, Exline, kunye neParament (2015) kubonakala ukuqinisekisa oku. Ngokomzekelo, ekuphuhlisweni kwazo kwe-CPUI-9, izifundo ezintathu zikaGrubbs et al. (I2015) zisetyenziselwe ukuba zenzeke ngaphezu kwe-600 ngabantu. Kwinqanaba ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwi sixhenxe apho omnye umele umlinganiselo ophantsi kakhulu weengxaki ezibonwayo, imilinganiselo phakathi kwezi zifundo ezintathu zingu 2.1, 1.7, kunye ne-1.8. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba abaninzi abantu kwisampuli babecelwa ngokungenanto kwinqanaba leengxaki ezibonwe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Abanye abaphengululi baye baqaphela into efanayo, ngeHal and Malamuth (2008) ekuqapheliseni ukuba amadoda namabhinqa bavame ukuvakalisa okungcono kunokuba babe nemiphumo emibi ekusebenziseni kwabo uonografi. Kwiindawo ezibonakalayo ziphumo, kuya kubonakala ukuba imiphumo emibi ibonakala ibe yincinci.

Ukubanjiswa kunye, umzekelo ohlongozwayo wePPMI uza kubonakala ukhankanywe ngokukodwa, ukuphela komncinci wabasebenzisi boonografi abanemvume yokuziphatha efunekayo ekudaleni ukungathandabuzeki kokuziphatha kunye neyona ncinane encinane yeqela elibika iingxaki eziziwayo. Ugxininiso oluncinci alukho ngxaki. Grubbs et al.'S (2018) kugxininiswa kubonakala kubangelwa kwiiHal and Malamuth (2008) baye baceba "iziphumo ezizimeleyo" kwaye loo miphumo ibalulekile kwaye ibalulekile ukuyiqwalasela. Ezi ndlela ezinokubaluleka zinokubaluleka ekuncediseni iinzame zempilo kunye nezemfundo ezichaphazelekayo. Njengoko sele ndiqaphele, ngale ndlela ndlela imodeli ecetywayo inika umnikelo obalulekileyo onokuba luncedo kwiimeko ezithile. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kunokumkela le galelo, uGrubbs et al. babonakala benqwenela ukugqithisa umzekelo wabo kwaye basebenzise ukugxininisa kwabo ngokubanzi ngokubangela ukungabikho kokuziphatha okungabonakaliyo kunye neengxaki ezibonakalayo ezinxulumene noonografi ezisetyenziswayo kubonakala ngathi yinto enye: eqhelekileyo. Ababhali bakhawuleza ukuphikisa ukuba kungekuphela nje ukuhambelana nokuziphatha koononografi, kodwa ukuba "uninzi lwale [iinthombe zoonografi] ezibhalisa iimiphumo ezimbi ezibhekiselele ekuziphatheni kakubi kwimiba yecalaphina zingabonakalisa imiphumo emibi yokuziphatha kakubi." ukuba iziphumo ezintle ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa koononografi ziphela nje ukuveliswa kokuziphatha okungenangqiqo kodwa kubonakala kungabonakali banike ubungqina obukhankanywe ngasentla kwaye ibango elinjalo liyakubonakala lingenakwenzeka ukuba liqhube uphando olusondeleyo.

Mhlawumbi enye imbambano yoluvo olukhokelela kwiinkcazo ezibanzi kukuba i-Grubbs et al. (I2018) kubonakala ukudibanisa ukubaluleka kwamatriki okanye ubungakanani besisindo ngobukhulu besampula. Ngelixa ezi zimbini zinxulumene, ngokuqinisekileyo azihambi ngesandla. Nangona ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo kunokuba namandla manani Iziphumo kwizifundo ezininzi, oku kunokuba ngenxa yesuntswana lesampulu apho isiphumo esikhulu sokuqhuba ukubaluleka kwamanani, ukufihla inani elikhulu lesampulu apho ukungangqinelani okunjalo kungabalulekanga kangako. Izifundo ezininzi ngokuqinisekileyo zicebisa ukuba ukungaziphathi kakuhle, xa kukho, kuyinto ebalulekileyo yeengxaki ezibonakalayo, kodwa kwakhona, kunqabile ukuba zithethe ngendlela eqhelekileyo ngayo le micimbi. Ukuba kukho nantoni na, le yifowuni yophando olongezelelekileyo, kubandakanya nofundo lweendlela ezisisiseko kunye neepateni xa kufikwa ekusebenziseni iphonografi. Njengoko kuphawuliwe kumzekeliso 1 wenqaku ekujoliswe kulo, emva koqwalaselo lwabo ngononophelo loncwadi, uhlalutyo lweemeta ezichazwe kwinqaku ekujoliswe kulo libandakanya kuphela izifundo ze-12. Ukuthelekisa, uhlalutyo lweemeta lwakutshanje kwisiphumo sokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kukhuseleko lokuncamathisela kusetyenziswa izifundo ze-54 (I-Fairbairn et al., 2018), ngelixa uhlalutyo lwama-meta olutshanje olwenziwe ngabazali kunye nokuziphatha okungaphandle kwezilwanyana ezisetyenziswe kakuhle kwizifundo ze-1000 (i-Pinquart, 2017). Ukulungelelanisa, ngakumbi ukunciphisa ukugxilwa kwazo, iincwadi ezincinci naziphi na iimpawu-meta ezihlalutyo ziza kululeka. Nangona kunjalo, oku kunika ubungqina obunye bokuba ubungqina obanzi malunga nomzekelo ohlongozwayo mawuthinte.

Omnye umzekelo wemizamo engxaki yokwenza ulungelelaniso lwendawo kunye nolwazi olunganeleyo lokugqibela ukuhlaziywa kweencwadi kwinqaku elijoliswe kuyo. Apha, iGrubbs et al. (I2018) uzame ukuphikisa ukuba "ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo kukubaluleke kakhulu kweengxaki zokuzibona ezijongene nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Okokuqala, iphinda idibanise iinjongo zokufunda. Iingxaki ezizimeleyo zibalulekile ukuba ziqwalasele kodwa azikho kuphela iziphumo ezibalulekayo xa kuziwa kuonografi. Enyanisweni, oku kugxininisa apho mhlawumbi uphando olunonophelo luye lwaba lubhekiselele kuononografi basebenzisa iincwadi: iziphumo zobudlelwane. Njengoko kuboniswe uhlalutyo lwama-meta lwakutshanje nguWright, Tokunaga, Kraus, kunye neKlann (2017), Unxibelelwano oluncinci kodwa oluhambelanayo phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokwabelana ngokonwaba okanye ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo mhlawumbi lolona hlobo luhambelana kakhulu phakathi kokubukela iphonografi kunye neziphumo kuncwadi lwangoku. Izifundo ezikhulu kunye nezikhulayo zicebise ukuba ukubonwa kwamanyala ngamanyala omnye okanye omabini amaqabane kunxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga, kubandakanya ukwahluka kulwalamano (iBridges neMorokoff, 2011Umgangatho wesondo (Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013), Uhlengahlengiso lolwalamano (Muusses, Kerkhof, & Finkenauer, 2015, Ukungathembeki (Maddox, Rhoades, & Markman, 2011), kunye nokusebenzisana nabasebenzi bezesondo (Wright, 2013).

Njengophando olujolise ebantwini, olu phando lobudlelwane alunazo iingxaki zalo (ukuphononongwa, jonga uCampbell noKohut, 2017) kwaye iziphumo zibonakala zijongene nenani leemeko zomxholo. Ngokomzekelo, nokuba imifanekiso engamanyala ibukwa yedwa okanye ibonakala ibonakala ibe nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwindlela ukujonga okunjalo kuhambelana neenguquko zomtshato (Maddox et al., 2011). Ubulili bubonakala njengowomodareyitha obalulekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngabanye ngabalingani besilisa abonakala njengoluhlobo lokujonga oluhambelana neziphumo ezimbi kakhulu (uPoulsen et al., 2013). Le ngxowa-mali ye-dyadic ibonisa ukuba izimo zobudlelwane ziyinto enye ebalulekileyo yokuqonda indlela ukusetyenziswa koonografi kuhambelana nentlalo-ntle. Izidalwa ezinxulumene nolwalamano nazo zibonakala ziphambili kuzo zombini ukuphuhliswa kunye nemiphumo yokuziphatha kakubi kubantu abanobudlelwane. Ukungahambisani nokuziphatha komntu omnye kunokuchaphazela iziphumo zomnye njengokusetyenziswa kweentlophu zoogqirha, ukuxoxisana, okanye ukucinywa. Umongo onjalo okanye ingxoxo engekhoyo kwiprogram yePPMI ukuba kunokuba ibonakale ilungiswe kwiingxaki ezizicingayo njengemiphumo yenzalo kuphela.

Kukho ezinye iindlela apho umzekelo ophakanyiswa nguGrbs et al. (I2018) igcina abaphandi kule bhokisi yokwenza ngaphezulu kunye nokusikelwa umda kwendlela. Njengabanye abaninzi, uGrubbs et al. Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "ukusebenzisa iphonografi" ngeendlela ezingakhathaleliyo iingxaki zendalo zokusebenzisa igama eliqhelekileyo ukufunda ukubonwa kwezinto ezibonisa isondo. Umsebenzi wam (iWilloughby kunye neBusby, 2016) uqaphele ukuba igama elithi "iphonografi" lineentsingiselo ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni ubuza kubani kwaye ukusebenzisa igama elithi iphonografi kuvavanyo lokuzihlola kuyingxaki ngokwendalo (yenye indlela yokulinganisa kwangoko, jonga uBusby, Chiu, Olsen, & Ngalo, 2017). Abantu abatshatileyo, ababhinqileyo, kunye nabo bakholwayo bahlala benenkcazo ebanzi yephonografi kwaye babhale ezinye iintlobo zemifanekiso engamanyala ezesondo apho abanye babona amajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo (okanye iintengiso) angenawo umxholo ocacisa ezokwabelana ngesondo. Ukuthotyelwa kokwahlulahlula konke okucacileyo ngokwesini phantsi kwelebheli enye kuyaphikisana nomzimba omncinci kodwa okhulayo woncwadi ophakamisa ukuba umxholo wokubukela iphonografi kubalulekile ukuba uqwalaselwe (UFritz noPaul, 2017; ULeonhardt kunye noWilloughby, 2017; Ngobunzima kunye neBusby, 2016). Kunokuba acinge ukuba iPPMI yinto nje yecandelo lokusetyenziswa koonografi, kubalulekile ukuba abaphengululi baqwalasele indlela ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo kubakho kuphela kwiintlobo ezithile zomxholo wesondo okanye indlela ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo kuhambelana ngayo neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendaba zozesondo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. abantu.

Ngaphandle kwemibandela enjalo, kukho ezinye iimbono ezifunekayo phambi kokuba i-PPMI ingathanjiswa njengenkcazo yeengxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Omnye umcimbi obalulekileyo ukuphawula malunga neGrbs et al.'S (2018Imodeli kukuba nokuba ukungaziphathi kakuhle kungumbandela wabasebenzisi abathile bephonografi, ukungaziphathi kakuhle okanye inkolo ehlala ingemva kwayo ayicimi unxibelelwano phakathi kwezonografi kunye nempilo okanye impilo. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuba sempilweni kuhlala, nasemva kokulawula inkolo okanye amanye amaxabiso asisiseko (Perry & Snawder, 2017; Ngaba uWilloughby, uCarroll, uBusby, noBrown, 2016; Wright, 2013). Umzekelo, ngelixa uPerry kunye neSnawder (2017) yafumanisa ukuba umbutho phakathi kokusetyenziswa koonografi nokusetyenziswa komgangatho ongaphantsi kwabazali wawuphakamileyo phakathi kwabantu bezenkolo, isiphumo sasiqhubeka kubo bonke abantu nangona belawula ukukholelwa kwezenkolo. Ukusetyenziswa koonografi kuye kwafunyanwa kudibaniswa neenguqu kwiingcinga zesondo, nangona ukulawula ukujonga iingcinga kunye neenkolelo (Wright, 2013). Mhlawumbi obona bungqina bulungileyo bokusebenza ngokungagungqiyo okubonakala kungaguquguquki nokuba kukho inkolo okanye isimilo esisesikweni phakathi koncwadi lokufundisana apho iphonografi ibisoloko inxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezibi zobudlelwane nasemva kolawulo lwamaxabiso asisiseko okanye inkolo (IDoran neXabiso, 2014; Maas, Vasilenko, kunye noWilloughby, 2018; Poulsen et al., 2013; Willoughby et al., 2016).

Beka ndawonye, ​​kugxininiswe eGrubbs et al. (I2018) libonakala lithe ngqo kwaye lincinci kakhulu ukuba libe ngumzekelo osebenzayo kubo bonke okanye nakubaninzi abathengi boonografi. Imodeli iphinda iwele eminganisweni efanayo eyahlupha kakhulu i-pornography ekufundiseni ukuba isicelo sayo sizama ukugubungela umhlaba kunye nemeko emininzi. Ibhokisi elincinci elincinci kakhulu le-pornography liyabonakala linelisekile ukuhlala kulo, ibhokisi yeengcinga apho uonografi ngumsebenzi olula omele ukukhokelela kwimiphumo embalwa kuphela yeziphumo, uqhubeka. Ewe, ukuziphatha ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuyimfuneko ebalulekileyo ekuqwalaseleni nasekuhloliseni xa uhlola ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nemiphumo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ukuba indlela enjalo yokuziphatha engathandabuzekiyo ihambelana nomxholo wezinto eziphathekayo ngokubhekelana ngesondo, ukujonga kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwimeko enjalo yokusebenzisa, okanye ukuvuma ukuba mhlawumbi umncinci wabathengi bezentlalo ezingcolileyo, abanomdla wokuziphatha, umzekelo wePPMI unamathela kwinqanaba elincinci lebhokisi elininzi lweencwadi zoonografi. Grubbs et al. ukubiza umzekelo wabo kunokunceda ukuxazulula i-puzzle ye-pornography usetyenziso, ngokuqaphele ukuba "kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni ixesha elichithwe libukele iiposentili, mhlawumbi ukuba iingxaki eziziwayo, ezifana nenkolelo enomdla wokugqithisa i-pornography, nto ibalulekileyo ekuqondeni ngokuchanekileyo impembelelo yangempela Ukusetyenziswa koononografi kusebenze kwimpilo nangentlalo kwaye ngoko ke kugxininiso oluphambili lophando oluqhubekayo. "Le" mpe mbelelo yonyani "inokunyuka ngokugqithiseleyo ngaphaya komngcipheko kunye nokugxininisa ngokukodwa kwimiphumo emibili yokuzibona kunye nokuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo. NjengoGrubbs et al. Kuphawulwe, uphando oluthile luye lwaphakamisa ukuba iingxaki ezizibona ngokuzimeleyo aziqhelaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwezithombe zoonografi, zibonisa ukuba ezinye iimpawu zentlalo ezihlala zixhunyaniswe nokusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala zingaba ziindawo ezingcono zokufunda. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho abantu abathile banqwenela ukuziphatha kakubi kweentlobo zoononografi kunye nokungahloneli okunjalo kubangela ukuba i-correlates yabo isebenzise ngokungahambisani nokuziphatha kwabo kunye neenkcukacha zabo. Ukubambisana okunjalo kusekelwe kwiingcamango ezinjalo zokungaxubusha kwengqondo eziye zakuba yingxenye yentsimi yezobugcisa bezenhlalakahle (uFestinger, 1962). Nangona imodeli ecetywayo ingasetyenziswa xa isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo, abaphengululi kufuneka baqikelele ekucingeni ukuba umzekelo onjalo usebenza kwiimeko ezininzi ezibonakalayo.

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