Iingqikelelo zethiyori kwiiNgxaki zePhonografi ngenxa yokuNgaziphathi kakuhle kwiindlela zokuziphatha kunye neendlela zokuSebenzisa gwenxa okanye eziSinyanzelo zoTyhila: Ngaba ezi "ziMeko" zibini zahlukile njengethiyori njengoko kucetyisiwe? (Uhlalutyo lweeGrubbs zokuziphatha ezingathandekiyo)

Uvimba woLuntu

, Umqulu 48, Imiba 2, i-417-423 |

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1293-5

Matthias Brand, UStephanie Antons, UElisa Wegmann, UMarc N. Potenza

intshayelelo

Inqaku elijoliswe nguGrabbs, Perry, Wilt, noReid (2018) idibana nesihloko esibalulekileyo nesifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo malunga neengxaki abantu abanokuziva ngazo malunga nokusetyenziswa koonografi. Grubbs et al. sichaza ukuba kukho abantu abathile abazibonakalisa bexhatshazwa kwiimifanekiso engamanyala ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo. Grubbs et al. ukubonisa umzekelo weengxaki zoononografi ngenxa yokuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo kokuziphatha (PPMI) "onokukunceda ekuchazeni iincwadi zokunyanzelisa i-pornography, ngokugxininisa ngokukodwa indlela ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo-ngokubanzi, amava okubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi ephula imithetho ephathekayo yokuziphatha-ingakhokelela kwiingxaki ezizibonayo ezivela kwiinkcanya. "

Imodeli kwi-PPMI kufanelekile ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo. Inani elishwankathela imodeli (jonga Ikhiwane. 1 eGrubbs et al., 2018) kubandakanya "uxinzelelo" njengoyena ndoqo uxhomekekileyo, ukwahlula amanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo: ukungahambelani / uxinzelelo lwengqondo, uxinzelelo phakathi kwabantu / ubudlelwane, kunye noxinzelelo lwenkolo / lokomoya. Inkqubo ezicetyiswayo ezikhokelela kuxinzelelo zibandakanya iindlela ezimbini eziphambili: Indlela 1, ekubhekiswa kuyo njenge "ngxaki zoonografi ngenxa yokudakumba" kunye nePathway 2, ebizwa ngokuba "ziingxaki zamanyala ngenxa yokuziphatha gwenxa." Grubbs okqhubekayo. Xela ukuba iPathway 1, ebonisa iindlela zophuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kokulutha ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi, ayisiyiyo eyona nto kugxilwe kuyo kwimodeli kwaye, endaweni yoko, bayayifanisa nezinye iimodeli ezithile (umzekelo, imodeli ye-I-PACE) (Brand , Oselula, uLaier, uWölfling, kunye noPotenza, 2016b). Nangona kunjalo, iGrubbs et al. bagqiba ekubeni ba ndakanye le ndlela ye-1 kwimodeli yabo, kwaye le ndlela iqulethe imiba emininzi yokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ezingcolileyo. Ezinye iinkalo zale ndlela zixhunyaniswe neendlela ze-PPMI, umzekelo, zombini "ukutshatyalaliswa" kunye "nokuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo" kufuneka kuthintele ngokuthe ngqo "iingxaki zeengxaki zoonografi eziziboneleyo," eziza kubangela uxinzelelo.

Siphikisa ukuba le ndlela-ukubandakanya indlela ekusebenziseni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kunye nokuxhuma le ndlela ngePMMI-ingacatshangelwa nguGrubbs et al. (I2018). Ukususela kumbono wethu, bekuya kuba ngcono ukucacisa ngakumbi ukudibanisa phakathi kwezinto eziphambili zeendlela ezimbini kunye nokuqwalasela ngokubanzi iinkcukacha, ngokubhekiselele kwezinye iimeko ezingakhange ziqwalaselwe ngokucacileyo kwinqaku, malunga nomzekelo, izizathu zokuziyeka ukungaphumeleli kokuzithiba kwezi zicwangciso. Ngaphezulu, uGrubbs et al. unokubeka imodeli ngaphakathi kwimizekelo yeendlela ezikhoyo zokujonga iifografi kunye nokuziphatha okulumkileyo kwiimeko zonqulo.

Iingxelo ngeNdlela 1 yeModeli: Ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolileyo

Indlela yokuqala kwimodeli ngumzekeliso olula weenkqubo ezichaphazelekayo ekuphuhliseni nasekugcineni oko uGrubbs et al. ichaza njengetyala lokulahla okanye ukunyanzelisa. Le ndlela, kwifom yayo yangoku, ibandakanya imizekelo embalwa yohlukwano (umz., Ukungafuneki, ukufunwa kwemvakalelo, ukujongana nokulahlekelwa), njengento ebangela ukuba usebenzise imifanekiso engamanyala elandelwa kukutshatyalaliswa. Isalathisi sibonisa ukuba ukuziphatha kakubi kukukhokelela ekubandezelekeni, kokubili ngokuthe ngqo nangendlela engathanga ngqo, malunga neengxaki ezihlobene neeposografi ezizimeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, izinto eziphambili ezinxulumene nokudityaniswa kwezinto eziphathekayo zoonografi zikhankanywe ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye zilungelelaniswa nguGrbsbs et al. (I2018). Nangona le ndlela ayiyiyo ingqwalasela yomzekelo, yayiza kuxhamla ngokubandakanya ulwazi oluthe vetshe malunga nokuphuhliswa kokusetyenziswa koonografi ukuze kulungelelanise (okanye ukudibanisa) iindlela ezimbini.

Izifundo ezininzi sele zigxininisile ukuba kukho izinto ezizezinye ezinokukhuthaza ukukhula komlutha okanye ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi. Imizekelo ephambili ibandakanya ukonwaba ngokwesondo kunye nenkuthazo (iLaier kunye neBrand, 2014; Lu, Ma, Lee, Hou, kunye noLiao, 2014; Stark et al., 2017), Ukuqondwa kwezentlalo (Whang, Lee, & Chang, 2003; Yoder, Virden, kunye neAmin, 2005), kunye ne-psychopathology (Kor et al., 2014; Schiebener, iLaier, kunye neBrand, 2015; Whang et al., 2003). Ezi mpawu zinokungabinampembelelo ngqo kubungqongqo beempawu zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-ponografi, kodwa iziphumo zimodareyithwa kunye / okanye zixolelaniswe ngempembelelo kunye nokuqonda okuphendulayo kwizinto zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo (inhibitory control) ekhokelela kwisigqibo sokusebenzisa iphonografi ( UAllen, uKannis-Dymand, kunye noKatsikitis, 2017; I-Antons kunye neBrand, 2018; Brand et al., 2016b; Schiebener et al., 2015; I-Snagowski kunye neBrand, 2015). Eyona ndawo iphambili ekusebenziseni iphonografi okuluthayo kukuphinda wenze-into kunye nokunqwenela iimpendulo (umz. 2018; Brand, Snagowski, Laier, kunye neMaderwald, 2016a; Gola et al., 2017; IKraus, iMeshberg-Cohen, iMartino, iiQuinones, kunye nePotenza, 2015; ILaier, iPawlikowski, iPekal, iShulte, kunye neBrand, 2013; Snagowski, Wegmann, Pekal, Laier, kunye neBrand, 2015; Weinstein, Zolek, Babkin, Cohen, kunye neLejoyeux, 2015). Kuye kwaxelwa ukuba ukufumana uxhamla xa usebenzisa iinthombe zoonografi kuyomeleza-ngenxa yeenkqubo zenkqubo (Banca et al., 2016; EKlucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, eSchweckendiek, eKruse, naseStark, 2016; ISnagowski, iLaier, iDuka, kunye neBrand, 2016) -Iempendulo ezikhankanyiweyo ngasentla kwiimpawu eziphathekayo zoonografi, ezikhokelela ekusebenziseni ngokugqithiseleyo imifanekiso engamanyala (cf. Brand et al., 2016b). Uphando olwangaphambili lubonisa ukuba utyalo lweenkqubo zemivuzo yengqondo, ngokukodwa ezo ziquka i-ventral striatum, zidibaniswa nokwanda kwenkanuko kunye nezinye iimpawu zokusetyenziswa koononopopasho okuluthayo (Brand et al., 2016a; IGola, iLizwiecha, iMarchewka, kunye neSescousse, 2016; Gola et al., 2017).

Ngokomzekelo wabo, uGrubbs et al. (I2018) inokuthi ixhamle ingcamango eyaziwa kakhulu yecala phantsi kwexesha lokudityaniswa kweengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhanga kuninzi kunokudityaniswa kweemvakalelo, kuba kubonisa iimpendulo zengqondo, ezithandayo, kunye nezomzimba kwi-stimuli enxulumene neziyobisi (uCarter et al. 2009; UCarter kunye noTiffany, 1999; UTiffany, uCarter, kunye no-Singleton, 2000) Isiphumo sokuziphatha kunye nokuphepha (Breiner, Stritzke, & Lang, 1999; URobinson kunye neBerridge, 2000). Ukubaluleka kokufunda iinkqubo zokulangazelela ngokunxulumene neziphumo ezivezwe yiCyber ​​Pornography Sebenzisa i-Inventory-9 (CPUI-9) (Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015bkuye kwaqatshelwa, ngakumbi njengeziphumo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-ponografi (njengoko kuqhutywa ngumbono "onyanzelekileyo wokunyanzelwa" we-CPUI-9) ubonakale unomdla kuzo zombini izizathu zokuthintela iphonografi kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo xa uzama ukuyeka (UFernandez, Tee, kunye noFernandez, 2017).

Icandelo "lokuzilawula okuphantsi" kumzekelo nguGrubbs et al. (I2018) inokubandakanya okanye ibhekisele kwimisebenzi elawulayo yokunciphisa kunye nokulawulwa kwe-inhibitory, njenge-inhibitors yezimpendulo zokuthanda (Bechara, 2005), ethi iphinde iququzelele ukunciphisa ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa koononografi. Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweendlela zolawulo, ezinje ngokusebenza kwesigqeba, xa ujongene nemifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokujamelana noxinzelelo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba bahlwempuzekile kubantu abanotyekelo lokusebenzisa gwenxa iphonografi (iLaier kunye neBrand, 2014; ILaier, iPawlikowski, kunye neBrand, 2014a; ILaier, iPekal, kunye neBrand, 2014b). Ukutshatyalaliswa kweentlobo zoononografi kunokubangela ukuphendula ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu zobulili ezingcolileyo kunye nokuthanda, kunye nokunciphisa iindlela zokulawula ezikhuthazwa ziziganeko ezinjengezizathu eziphakamileyo zesondo, i-loneliness, i-psychopathology (i-Brand et al. 2016b; Stark et al., 2017), kunye nokunyanzeliswa (iiAntons kunye neBrand, 2018; URomer Thomsen et al., 2018; I-Wéry, i-Deleuze, iCanale, kunye neBillieux, 2018). Kwimodeli kaGrubbs et al., Le mibutho eyinkimbinkimbi iyanqunyanyiswa kwisilinganiselo esisodwa esishwankathela ngokuthe ngqo ezinye zezinto. Nangona kunjalo, ukubonakalisa ubunzima be-Pathway 1 kuya kunceda ekuhlukaniseni ngokuchanekileyo phakathi kwe-etiology yeengxaki ezinxulumene noonografi ngokubanzi, nokuba ngaba kunokubangelwa ukuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo kunye / okanye ukusetyenziswa komlingo okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi.

Iingxelo ngeNdlela 2 yoMzekelo: Iingxaki ezinamava ezinxulumene noononografi Sebenzisa ngenxa yokunyuka kwengqondo

Ngokusekelwe kwizifundo zangaphambili, uGrubbs et al. (I2018) ibonisa ukusebenzisana kweengcamango ezininzi ezixhomekeke kwi-PPMI. Nangona iziphumo zisekelwe kuphando olushicilelwe ngaphambili, zixhomekeke kwiingcamango "malunga nokulutha komlingo" kwaye mhlawumbi ziza kubangela ukuchithwa kobuxoki ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokwakha kunye nokulinganisa ukusebenza, kunye nokusekelwe kwinani elincinci lokufunda okungapheliyo kwenziwa kuze kube yimhla.

Grubbs et al. (I2018) ukuxoxa ukuba inkolo sisisongelo sokuqala seengxaki ezinxulumene nokujonga iphonografi kunye neemvakalelo zokubandezeleka kwendlela 2. Ukugweba kwiintolo, uGrubbs et al. kubonakala ngathi icebisa (ubuncinci buso) isiphumo esithe ngqo kwinkolo ukuya kwiingxaki zokuzibona. Ukongeza, iGrubbs et al. kubandakanya utolo olusuka kwinkolo malunga nokuziphatha okungamkelekanga kwimifanekiso engamanyala kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi ukuya ekuziphatheni okungalunganga kwaye emva koko uziqonde ngokwakho iingxaki ezinxulumene noonografi kunye neemvakalelo zoxinzelelo (jonga Ikhiwane. 1 eGrubbs et al., 2018). Oku kubonakala kubonisa ukuxhatshazwa ngokukodwa kwiinkonzo eziza kubonwa ziinkcenkcazo kunye neengxaki zoxinzelelo kwaye abalamlamli bangaba nokunyaniseka kokuziphatha, ukusetyenziswa koonografi kunye nokuziphatha okungathandabuzekiyo. Kule meko, kuya kuba lunomdla ukubona ukuba zeziphi izinto ezongezelelekileyo ezinokufaka isandla ekusebenziseni iifoto zoonografi njengoko inkolo kunye nezithethe zokuziphatha zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Ngamanye amagama: Kutheni abantu abaneempawu ezithile zokuziphatha bazisebenzisa iinthombe zoononophala, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwephula ukuziphatha kwabo?

Enye into ekufuneka ibhekiswe kuyo kukuba iiphononongo zifakwe kwi-meta-analysis eyenziwa ngokubanzi ngabantu abangamaKristu. Ngokomzekelo, kwisifundo seGrabbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, naseCarlisle (2015a), I-59% yabathathi-nxaxheba babengamaKristu (i-36% yamaProtestanti okanye amaKristu angamaVangeli, ama-23% amaKatolika amaKatolika), ephakamisa umbuzo ukuba umzekelo wenzelwe i-subgroup ethile yabantu. Ukongezelela, malunga nesinye kwisithathu (i-32%) yabathathi-nxaxheba kule sampuli babengenayo inkolo engabonakaliyo kunye nabakholelwa kuThixo kunye nama-agnostics. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nendlela indlela ye-2 yomzekelo kwi-PPMI inokuba yinto efanelekileyo kubantu abangenayo inkolo xa unqulo luyena kuqala. Kukhona intsebenziswano engakumbi phakathi kweempawu zabantu kunye nonqulo olunokuthi lubandakanyeke ekujonganeni noxinzelelo olunxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi okungahambelana nomxholo woononopopasho. Ngokomzekelo, kubantu abane-orientation-non-sexual orientation (ubuncinane i-10% yabathathi-nxaxheba eGrubbs et al., 2015a), kunokubakho ukungavisisani phakathi kwenkolo yomntu kunye nokuziqhelanisa / ukuthanda izinto zesini (ezinokuthi zaphule iinkolelo zonqulo), kwaye ezo ngxabano zinokuchaphazela iimvakalelo zoxinzelelo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi (umzekelo, umxholo ongafaniyo nesini). Unxibelelwano olunokubakho kubalulekile ukuba luqwalaselwe xa kuhlolisiswa iziphumo zonqulo kwi-PPMI. Kwangokunjalo, ngokujonga iphonografi ngoku kubonisa ubundlobongela kwabasetyhini kunye nemixholo eyaziwayo yokudlwengula kunye ne-incest (Iibhlorho, iWosnitzer, iScharrer, iLanga, kunye neLiberman, 2010; O'Neil, 2018), ngaba umxholo onjalo unokuqwalaselwa xa uhlola ukuziphatha okungenakuziphatha? Ngelishwa, ezo zizathu zokukhuthaza kunye nezocografi-izinto ezinxulumene nomxholo azibandakanyi ngokucacileyo kwindlela / imodeli. Sithetha ukuba izinto ezikhokelela ekusebenziseni iinthombe zoononophala nangona ukuziphatha ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngokuziphatha kunye / okanye iinkolelo zenkolo kubonakala kunzima kwaye kunamaxabiso kunokuba kwenziwe.

Iinkalo ezongezelelweyo zifuna ukuba ingqwalasela ingabandakanya imiba ethile yemicimbi kunye neempawu ezithile. Imizekelo yemicimbi ethile yeendaba, eziye zishwankathelwa nguGrubbs et al. (I2018), ziyakwazi ukufikelela, ukungaziwa, kunye nokufikeleleka (injini ye-triple) njengoko kucetyiswa yi-Cooper (1998), kunye nokujonga ukuba i-intanethi ye-intanethi inikezela ithuba lokubaleka kwizinto eziyinyani, njengoko kucetyiswa kwi-ACE-Model by Young (2008). Izinto ezikhokelela ekusebenziseni iinthombe zoononophala, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwephula imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunokuhlala kunye neziganeko ezizimeleyo, ezifana nesishukumiso sokuziphatha ngokwesini (Stark et al., 2017). Amava adlulileyo anxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi (umz., Ukuxhamla nokufumana ukwaneliseka ngokwesini) (cf. Brand et al., 2016b), isenokwandisa amathuba okusebenzisa iphonografi (ngokuqhubekayo), ngenxa yokuba isimilo sokuziphatha ngokwesondo siqinisa ngokwendalo (cf.Georgiadis kunye neKringelbach, 2012).

Inqaku lethu eliphambili kukuba ukudibanisa ngakumbi phakathi kweendlela ezimbini kubalulekile ukuqikelela. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ukususela kuGrubbs et al. (I2018) baxela ukuba bazimisele ukufaka isandla "ekuchazeni iincwadi zoononophala zoononophala." Ukongeza, i-Grubbs et al. I-state: "Kulula nje, njengoko sihlolisisa ngezantsi, ukugqithiswa komlingo (njengoko kuye kwaqwalaselwa kwiincwadi zangaphambili) ngokuqhelekileyo kusebenza njengommeli kwiimbono eziqhelekileyo zoonografi zisetyenziselwa ingxaki ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi."

Sivumelana "nomlutha obonakalayo" kungekhona ixesha elifanelekileyo kwaye elinokuba yingxaki enkulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanqaku apheleleyo e-CPUI-9 ekuchazeni "umlutha obonakalayo" akubonakali ukuba kufanelekile ukuba ezi zihlomelo ezintathu zivavanye ngokungafaniyo iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokulutha. Umzekelo, ukukhangela akukwaneliswanga ngokwaneleyo (jonga ngasentla), umlutha awuchazwa ngamanyathelo / amanqanaba amaninzi (oku kuyahluka ngokubanzi kwiimeko zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa; jonga kwakhona ingxoxo ngobuninzi / amanani amanqanaba anxulumene namaqela e-CPUI-9 eFernandez okqhubekayo., 2017), kunye nezinye iinkalo ezinxulumene nezilingo aziqwalaselwanga ngokwaneleyo (umzekelo, ukuphazamiseka ubudlelwane, umsebenzi, isikolo). Imibuzo emininzi ye-CPUI-9, njengaleyo enxulumene nokukhathazeka kwengqondo kwaye ivela kwiimilinganiselo ezixhomekeke kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha / yenkolo, ayilinxulumani kakuhle kunye nezimbini ezinxulumene kakhulu kunye neCPII-9 ezixhomekeke ekunyanzeleni nasekufikeleleni (Grubbs et al. , U 2015a). Ngenxa yoko, abanye abaphandi (umzekelo, uFernandez et al., 2017) zathi, "ukufunyaniswa kwethu kubangela ukungathandabuzeki ngokufaneleka koxinzelelo lwe-Emotional Distress subscale njengenxalenye ye-CPUI-9," ngokukodwa njengenxalenye yoxinzelelo lwengqondo ehlala ingabonakali ulwalamano nobungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolileyo. Ukuqhubela phambili, ukufakwa kwezi zinto kwinqanaba elichaza "umlutha obonakalayo" kunokubangela ukufunyanwa kukunciphisa igalelo ekufunyaneni ukunyanzeliswa nokunyanzeliswa kwegalelo lokuziphatha okungabonakaliyo (Grubbs et al., 2015a). Nangona le nkcazelo ingabonelela ngenkxaso yokuhlukaniswa kwezi zinto kwabanye abakwizinga (mhlawumbi ekuxhaseni imodeli ecetywayo), izinto zijolise kuphela xa ziziva zigula, zihlazo, okanye zixineke xa zibukela iphonografi. Iimvakalelo ezimbi zimelela kuphela i-subset echaphazelekayo yeziphumo ezinxulumene ne-intanethi-ukusetyenziswa koonografi, kunye nezinto ezixhomekeke ngokucacileyo kwiinkalo ezithile zeenkolelo zonqulo. Ukuxhatshaza ukusetyenziswa komlutha kunye ne-PPMI, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ungaboni nje kuphela kwicala lePPMI, kodwa kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kweendlela zokusebenzisa umlutha okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kunye nalabo abanegalelo kwi-PPMI ukwenzela ukuba baqonde kangcono le miqathango mibini nokuba ngaba, hlukile. Grubbs et al. (I2018) (ngecandelo: "Kuthiwani ngendlela yesithathu?") ukuba kukho enye indlela engaphezulu yeengxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweentlotiki, nto leyo inokudibanisa nokufumana "i-dysregulation yenjongo" kunye ne-PPMI kanyekanye. Siphikisa ukuba ukudibanisa zombini iindlela ezingahle kube yinto yesithathu, kodwa mhlawumbi isisombululo esichaza "iimbini" iingxaki zokusetyenziswa kweentlotiki. Ngamanye amazwi, sichaza ukuba ezinye iinkqubo ezinxulumene neziyobisi kunye nezizathu zokukhuthaza zikwazi ukusebenza kwi-PPMI kunye "nokusetyenziswa okudityanisiweyo." Oku kufana nokuba ixesha elichithwe ukubukela iifotoliyo lingahluka ngokuphathelele ukuvelisa uxinzelelo okanye ukuphazamiseka kwi-PPMI kunye " ukusetyenziswa kakubi. "" Kwiimeko zombini, "imifanekiso engamanyala isetyenziselwa okungakumbi kunokubangela ukuba kube nemiphumo emibi kunye noxinzelelo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingamanyala kuqhutyelwa ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi. Iinkqubo zengqondo eziphantsi kokusetyenziswa okunjalo zinokufana, kwaye ezi zifanele ziphandwe ngeenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Iingxelo malunga noNxibelelwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kweNdlela ezimbini kunokuPhakamisa iNdlela yesithathu

Imibuzo ebalulekileyo ebalulekileyo ihleliyo: Yintoni uhlobo lwe-PPMI ngokwemiqathango yenkqubela yengqondo? Ngaba abantu ababika i-PPMI banomvakalelo wokunciphisa ukulawulwa kwabo (abancinane okanye abaphakathi) basebenzisa imifanekiso engamanyala? Ngaba baziva ukuba kunzima ukulwa nokusebenzisa iifoto zoonografi? Ngaba bafumana ukungquzulana phakathi kwesishukumisi esiphezulu sokusebenzisa iphonografi ngakwesinye icala kunye kunye nevakalelo yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolileyo kuyakuvunyelwa ngenxa yeempawu zokuziphatha ngakwelinye icala? Kubalulekile ukuqonda kangcono uhlobo lomnqweno kunye nesishukumiso sokusebenzisa iiporografi (Brand et al., 2011; Umchweli, uJanssen, uGraham, uVorst, kunye neeWicherts, 2010; Stark et al., 2015, 2017) kubantu abane-PPMI. Umnqweno kunye nenkuthazo yokusebenzisa iphonografi, amandla okuphendula kunye nokuqonda xa usebenzisa iphonografi- umzekelo, ngokwemiqathango yenkuthazo yokuzibandakanya kunye neenkqubo ezimbini zenkqubo yokulutha (Everitt kunye neRobbins, 2016; URobinson kunye neBerridge, 2000) -Kwaye ngenxa yoko iingxaki ezinamava zokulawula ukusetyenziswa, zinokufana kubantu abane-PPMI nakwabo basebenzise kakubi / basebenzise iziyobisi. Kule meko, isihloko esibalulekileyo sinqwenela (jonga ngasentla). Ngaba abantu abanika ingxelo ngamava e-PPMI benqwenela kunye nomnqweno wokusebenzisa iphonografi kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla? Ngaba baxakeke kukusebenzisa iphonografi? Ngaba bahlala becinga ngokusebenzisa iphonografi okanye malunga nokophula amaxabiso abo xa besebenzisa iphonografi? Ngaba baneemvakalelo ezingakhiyo xa bengenalo ithuba lokusebenzisa iphonografi? Le mibuzo kufuneka ijongisiswe kwizifundo ezizayo kwi-PPMI ukuze uyiqonde ngcono i-etiology yale nto. Ukongeza, isihloko esinomdla wokwahlula phakathi kwe-PPMI kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwe-ponografi iya kuba kukulindelwa okunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala, njengoko kubonisiwe kolunye uhlobo lokuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni i-Intanethi, isimilo sokuziphatha, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa iziyobisi (IBorges, Lejuez, & UFelton, 2018; Taymur et al., 2016; Wegmann, Oberst, Stodt, kunye neBrand, 2017; Xu, Turel, & Yuan, 2012). Ngaba abantu ekuthiwa yi-PPMI basebenzise iphonografi ukuthintela ukungonwabi okanye ukumelana noxinzelelo lwemihla ngemihla? Ngaba balindele ukoneliseka okunamandla (Cooper, Delmonico, Griffin-Shelley, & Mathy, 2004) engenakufezekiswa ngomnye umsebenzi? Ngaba zikhona iimeko ezithile apho baziva bengenakukwazi ukulawula ukusebenzisa kwabo iphonografi (Kraus, Rosenberg, Martino, Nich, & Potenza, 2017) nokuba ngaba kuphulwa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha?

Ukuqhagamshelana okunokwenzeka phakathi kweendlela ezimbini kuya kuba mnandi kakhulu kwaye kungakhuthaza uphando olusasa. Abaphandi banokuphazamisa iziganeko ezibonisa abanye abantu abazibona banomdla wokujonga iifografi okanye i-PPMI, ngokulandelanayo, nangona kunokwenzeka ukungalingani kwimiba-mboleko-sebenzisa ubuninzi okanye ubude.

Unxibelelwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kweendlela ezimbini zi nokuba:

  • Impikiswano phakathi kokulangazelela nokuziphatha okufanelekileyo xa ijongene neempatho eziphathekayo zoonografi

  • Impikiswano phakathi kweenkqubo zokulawula inhibitory-inhibitory kunye nokuthanda

  • Impikiswano phakathi kweempembelelo zokusebenzisa iifografi kunye neempawu zokuziphatha

  • Ingquzulwano phakathi kwesitayela sokuziphatha kunye neenkqubo zokulawula inhibitory-inhibitory

  • Impikiswano phakathi kokuthatha izigqibo ngokumalunga nomvuzo wesikhashana (ukuxhaswa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa koononografi) kunye nemiphumo emide yexesha elide ukujonga iimilinganiselo zokuziphatha

  • Imiva yentloni kunye netyala emva kokusebenzisa iiporografi, ezinokubangela iziganeko ezimbi kwaye ziyakwandisa amathuba okusebenzisa iphonografi kwakhona ukwenzela ukujamelana neemeko eziphazamisayo kunye neemvakalelo zokubandezeleka

Sithetha ukuba kuyafaneleka ukuqwalasela ukusebenzisana okunokwenzeka kwiinkqubo zokubandakanywa ezingenakulinganiswa kwiinkqubo ezibonisa ingxaki. Oku kunokukunceda ukuphazamisa iindlela ezithile neziqhelekileyo kwiimodeli ezicetywayo. Uphando lwexesha elizayo luza kuxhamla ngombono ongakumbi wokubambisana kunokulandela iindlela ezimbini eziphambeneyo zophando ezibonisa ubuchule beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa koonografi.

Iingxelo malunga neziphumo zeCliniki

Grubbs et al. (I2018): "Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umntu ufumana ukusetyenziswa koonobumba obugqithiseleyo (umz., umlutha) okanye i-PPMI, siyavuma ukuba zombini izibonakaliso zonyango zidibene neentlungu zengqondo, ukubandezeleka kwengqondo, kunye nemiphumo ebalulekileyo yomntu. Kungenxa yoko siqhubela phambili imodeli yethu ye-PPMI njengenye indlela yokucwangcisa ukunceda ukukhanyisa ukuba yintoni ekujoliswe kuyo ekliniki. "Siyavumelana nembono yokuba zombini iimeko (kunye nabanye) zifanelwe ingqalelo kwiiklinikhi ukuba abantu abafuna amava amayeza asebenzayo ukukhubazeka okanye uxinzelelo. Ngokukodwa, njengoko kuphawulwe ngaphambili ngabaphandi (uFernandez et al., 2017), kubalulekile ukuqwalasela izinto ezithile zekliniki ezibandakanya ezo ziphathelele ekuziphatheni komzimba. Nangona kunjalo, ukwahlukana kwekliniki yokusetyenziswa kwezilonda zoononophala kunye ne-PPMI, ukuqonda okungcono iindlela eziqhelekileyo kunye neendlela ezahlukileyo zezi zinto zimbini ziyimfuneko. Siyaqhubeka sichaza ukuba ukudibanisa iinkqubo ezithintekayo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa iifoto zoononophelo zingabangela uxinzelelo lweengqondo, ukusetyenziswa ngokunyanzeliswayo, kunye nezinye izinto ezithathwa ngabantu ngabanye kwaye kufuneka ngoko ziphathwe ngabanye.

Grubbs et al. (I2018): "Ngamafutshane, sibeka ukuba i-PPMI ziingxaki zokwenyani ezineziphumo zokwenene zengqondo, kodwa ukuba i-etiology yezo ngxaki yahlukile kumlutha wokwenyani. Kwimeko zeklinikhi, ukukwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwezi zinto zahlukileyo ze-etiological kubalulekile. ” Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, siyavumelana noluvo lokuba omabini la macala-i-PPMI kunye nokusetyenziswa okungalunganga- kufanelekile ukuba iqwalaselwe kuseto lweklinikhi. Sithanda ukugxininisa le ngongoma njengoko sikholelwa ukuba izimvo ezithunyelwe nguGrubbs et al. akufuneki itolikwe njengokunciphisa impembelelo yokusebenzisa iphonografi kubantu kunye nokusebenza kwabo. Oko kukuthi, sikholelwa ngamandla ukuba imodeli ye-PPMI akufuneki isetyenziselwe ukunciphisa impembelelo yeklinikhi yokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweefografi kwiinkqubo zayo ezahlukeneyo okanye ukufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukubukela iphonografi kubantu abane-PPMI ecetywayo akunabungozi, kuyasebenza kakhulu, okanye kungenjalo akubalulekanga. . Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba iinkqubo zophuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kokubini okunyanzelekileyo / okukhobokisayo kunye ne-PPMI azicacanga kancinci kunokuba kucetyiswe nguGrubbs okqhubekayo. kwaye kunokubakho ukuhambelana okanye okunokubakho kokudibana endaweni yeendlela zomzimba ezichaza uxinzelelo lwengqondo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uxinzelelo lunokutshintsha xa kuthelekiswa nezigaba zokulutha kwaye le modeli kufuneka ivavanywe kwiindawo ezininzi zeklinikhi (umz., Ukufuna unyango ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokuxolelwa), kunikwa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuqonda ngokunxulumene noxinzelelo kunye nefuthe. Kuyacaca ukuba i-etiologies yazo zombini ukusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo / okukhobokisayo kunye noxinzelelo lokuziphatha kwabelana ngezinto eziphambili ezikhuthazayo, ezichaphazelekayo kunye neenkqubo zokuqonda. Siyakholelwa ukuba kukho imibuzo evulekileyo enxulumene ne-etiology kunye nonyango lokunyanzelwa / ukusetyenziswa gwenxa okanye uxinzelelo lokusetyenziswa koonografi, kunye nezinto zokuqonda ezingaphaya kwezo zithathwe yi-CPUI-9 kwaye zafundwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ziyafuneka ukuqhubela phambili uphando kunye nokuziqhelanisa neklinikhi. Kule nkqubo, ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto ezininzi zokubonisa kubalulekile, kubandakanya inkuthazo yokufuna unyango, ifuthe lokujonga iphonografi, kunye neenjongo zonyango. Ngamanye amaxesha, kunokuba sengqiqweni ukusebenzisa ubuchwephesha boKwamkelwa kunye nokuzibophelela, njengoko kucetyisiwe nguGrubbs et al. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko, ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango lokuziphatha ezinokuba luncedo ukuba injongo yomthengi kukuhlangabezana ngcono neminqweno yakhe kunye neminqweno yokusebenzisa iphonografi kunye nokuqonda kwakhe, ulawulo lwe-inhibitory, kunye nolindelo olunxulumene nemifanekiso engamanyala (Potenza, Sofuoglu, Carroll, kunye neRounsaville, 2011). Imiba emininzi kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa abantu abafumana iingxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwamanyala befuna unyango (IKraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016). Ngoko ke, iinkalo ezininzi-ukuziphatha okungenakuziphatha kunye neendlela zokwenza umlutha, njengokwenqwenela, ukulawulwa kokuthintela, ukuthatha izigqibo-kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo xa zihlola iingxaki zabantu ezihlobene neentlophu zoononophelo zisetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngokufanelekileyo, unyango lwabantu ngabanye.

amaNqaku

Ukuthotyelwa kweMigangatho yokuHlola

Ukugqubana kwemidla

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba abanakho ukungqubana kwemfuno. UDkt Brand ufumene (kwiYunivesithi yaseDuisburg-Essen) izibonelelo ezivela kwi-German Research Foundation (DFG), i-Federal Federal Ministry yoPhando kunye neMfundo, i-Federal Ministry of Health, kunye ne-European Union. UDkt Brand ubenze ukuhlolwa kwegranti kwii-arhente eziliqela; lihlele amacandelo amaphephancwadi kunye namaqaku; unike iintetho zezifundo kwiindawo zonyango okanye zezenzululwazi; kwaye ivelise iincwadi okanye izahluko zeencwadi kubavakalisi bempilo yengqondo. UDkt. Potenza uye wacebisana naye kwaye wacebisa i-Rivermend Health, i-Opiant / Lakelight Therapeutics, kunye neJazz Pharmaceuticals; ufumane inkxaso yocwaningo (eya kwiYale) esuka kuMohegan Sun Casino kunye neZiko leSizwe leMidlalo yokuGembula; bacebisana okanye bacebise iinkampani zomthetho nezokugembula kwiinkalo ezinxulumene nokulawulwa kwefuthe kunye nokuziphatha komlutha; unikezelwa ngononophelo lweklinikhi ehambelana nokulawula umgudu kunye nokuziphatha komlutha; kwenziwa uhlolo lwesibonelelo; amaphephandaba / amaphephancwadi ehleliweyo; unikezelwa iintetho zemfundo ngeenxa zonke, iziganeko zeCME, kunye nezinye iindawo zonyango / izenzululwazi; kwaye ivelise iincwadi okanye izahluko kubapapashi bempilo yengqondo.

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