Isenzo se-Skin sympathetic activity in human during the exposure to images-charged charges: i-2014)

IPhysiol yangaphambili. 2014; 5: 111.

ipapashwe kwi-intanethi ngo-Matshi 19, 2014. ikhonkco:  10.3389/fphys.2014.00111

Abstract

Nangona kuyaziwa ukuba ukuxhalaba okanye ukuvuswa kweemvakalelo kuchaphazela umsebenzi we-skin sympathetic nerve (SSNA), impendulo yesikhumba se-galvanic (GSR) yeyona parameter isetyenziswa kakhulu ukunyusa ukwanda kwe-SSNA ngexesha loxinzelelo okanye izifundo zengqondo. Kutshanje sibonise ukuba i-SSNA ibonelela ngomlinganiselo obuthathaka ngakumbi wemeko yeemvakalelo kuneempendulo zelungu lesiphumo. Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya ukuba ngaba kukho ukungafani ngokwesini kwiimpendulo ze-SSNA kunye nezinye iiparamitha ze-physiological ezifana noxinzelelo lwegazi, izinga lentliziyo, ukuhamba kwegazi kunye nokukhululwa kwe-sweat, ngelixa izifundo zijongwa imifanekiso engathathi hlangothi okanye ehlawulwe ngokweemvakalelo evela kumazwe ngamazwe. Inkqubo yeMifanekiso Esebenzayo (IAPS). Utshintsho kwi-SSNA luhlolwe kusetyenziswa i-microneurography kwizifundo ze-20 (i-10 yamadoda kunye ne-10 yabasetyhini). Iibhloko ze-positive-charged (i-erotica) okanye imifanekiso engafanelekanga (i-mutilation) iboniswe ngendlela engafanelekanga, ngokulandela ibhloko yemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi, kunye nebhloko nganye enemifanekiso ye-15 kunye ne-2 min. Imifanekiso ye-erotica kunye nokucwiywa kwamalungu kubangele ukwanda okubonakalayo kwi-SSNA, ngokunyuka okukhulu kumadoda ajonga i-erotica kunye nokungaphezulu kwabasetyhini ababukele ukonakala. Ukunyuka kwe-SSNA kwakudla ngokudibaniswa nokukhululwa kwe-sweat kunye ne-cutaneous vasoconstriction; nangona kunjalo, aba bamakishi abazange bahluke kakhulu kunezo ziveliswa ngokujonga imifanekiso engathathi hlangothi kwaye azihlali zihambelana nokunyuka kwe-SSNA. Sigqibe kwelokuba i-SSNA iyanda ngemifanekiso yeemvakalelo ehlawuliswa kakuhle kunye necharge, ukanti iyantlukwano ngokwesondo ikhona.

Internet: ulusu olunovelwano lwemithambo-luvo, ukusetyenzwa ngokweemvakalelo, umahluko ngokwesondo, ukukhutshwa kombilo, i-microneurography

intshayelelo

Imvakalelo yomntu kudala iphononongwa, kukho iithiyori ezininzi ezicetywayo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuphanda ukusabela kweemvakalelo kunye nokusebenza. Enye yeengcamango zokuqala zeemvakalelo ezisekelwe kuphando lwe-empirical yi-theory kaJames-Lange, ephakamisa ukuba iimvakalelo zenziwe ngenxa yeziganeko ze-physiological; umntu uziva elusizi kuba bayalila hayi ngenye indlela (uJames, 1884; Lange, 1885). Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo we-causation, kunye nolwazi olutsha malunga neenkqubo zeemvakalelo, luthetha ukuba ithiyori iye yalahlwa kakhulu (Ngokulula, 1953). Kusekho uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lweethiyori zeemvakalelo, nangona ngoku kucacile ukuba utshintsho kwimisebenzi yamalungu alawulwa yinkqubo ye-nervous autonomic (ANS) ibandakanyeka kutshintsho lwemeko yeemvakalelo (uLacey noLacey, 1970), njengaxa ukugungxulwa kwesikhumba (vasodilatation) kwenzeka ebusweni bomntu oneentloni xa ehlazekile ekuhlaleni.

Umsebenzi we-ANS kunye noluhlu lwayo olubanzi lokuphendula ngokusebenza kwengqondo ngoku lufundwa ngokubanzi ngexesha leemeko zeemvakalelo ezahlukeneyo okanye imingeni, kodwa impikiswano isekhona malunga nesiphumo esicacileyo solu phando (Hare et al., 1970; UCallister et al., 1992; Lang et al., 1993; Fox, 2002; URitz et al., 2005; UCarter et al., 2008; Brown kunye al., 2012). Kukho imbono eqhelekileyo yokuba iyantlukwano yesini kunye neemvakalelo zikhona. Ewe, kukho ubungqina obuvelayo bomahluko wesondo ekuqhubekeni kweemvakalelo, kunye nabasetyhini bafunyanwa benokuqonda ngakumbi ngokweemvakalelo kwaye bafumana iimvakalelo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuqina kunamadoda (Whittle et al., 2011), ukanti luncinane kakhulu uncwadi oluhlolisisa isini neemvakalelo. Ngelixa kusaziwa ukuba kukho iyantlukwano enzulu yezesondo ekuxhaphakeni kokuphazamiseka kweemvakalelo (Gater et al., 1998), kukho iziphumo ezixubeneyo kwezo zifundo ziphonononge iyantlukwano ngokwesondo ngokubhekiselele kwiinkqubo ezithile zeemvakalelo (uBradley et al., 2001; McRae et al., 2008; Domes et al., 2010; ULithari et al., 2010; UBianchin kunye noAngrilli, 2012).

Ke ngoko, injongo yolu phononongo lwangoku yayikukukwandisa kwisifundo sethu sangaphambili (uBrown et al., 2012) ukuze kuhlolwe ukuba ngaba iyantlukwano yesini ibe nefuthe kwiimpendulo ezizimeleyo ngexesha lokuboniswa kokungathathi hlangothi okanye okuhlawulweyo ngokweemvakalelo.uli. Ngokuvuselela ukuvuseleleka ngokweemvakalelo sithintele umkhethe okhoyo kwizifundo sisebenzisa uxinzelelo lwengqondo, olufana novavanyo lwegama lombala weStroop okanye izibalo zengqondo. Besifuna ukusebenzisa ukurekhodwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-microneurographic ye-skin sympathetic nerve nerve (SSNA) kwaye sithelekise oku kunye neempendulo zamalungu afana noxinzelelo lwegazi, izinga lokubetha kwentliziyo, ukuphefumla, ngakumbi ukukhutshwa kokubila kunye nokuhamba kwegazi, ngelixa sibonisa izifundo ezingathathi hlangothi okanye zihlawulwe ngokweemvakalelo. imifanekiso evela kwi-International Affective Picture System (IAPS)-isetyenzisi esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi se-visual stimuli (Lang et al., 1997). Kucace gca ukuba ukuvuseleleka ngokweemvakalelo kukhupha umbilo kwaye kunciphise ukuphuma kwegazi eluswini (oko kukuthi, ukubila okubandayo), kananjalo kubangela ukuba iinwele zime ngeenyawo (i-goosebumps); ezi mpendulo ze-effector-organ ziveliswa ngokudibanisa kwe-cutaneous vasoconstrictor, sudomotor, kunye ne-pilomotor neurons. Ngelixa ukurekhodwa kweyunithi enye ye-vasoconstrictor ye-cutaneous kunye ne-sudomotor neurons kuye kwenziwa (iMacefield kunye neWallin, 1996, 1999), nangona kungekhona ngexesha lokuvuselela iimvakalelo, ukurekhodwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-SSNA ngokuqhelekileyo kurekhodiweyo lweeyunithi ezininzi-oku kunika inzuzo yokuba ukuphuma okupheleleyo kovelwano ukuya kwindawo yesikhumba kunokulinganiswa. Njengoko ukukhutshwa kokubila kudla ngokusetyenziswa ukunyusa ukwanda kokuphuma kovelwano ngexesha lezifundo ngoxinzelelo kunye neemvakalelo, kwaye siyazi kuphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-SSNA kunye nokukhutshwa kokubila akubi, enye injongo yophononongo yayikukuqhubeleka ukuqinisa imbono eyalathisa. urekhodo lwe-SSNA lubonelela ngomlinganiselo owomeleleyo wokuphuma kovelwano lulonke eluswini emva koko ukukhupha ukubila kuphela.

tindlela

Inkqubo ngokubanzi

Izifundo zenziwa kwi-10 yamadoda kunye ne-10 yezifundo ezisempilweni zabasetyhini (iminyaka eyi-20-46 iminyaka) Isifundo ngasinye sanika imvume ebhaliweyo enolwazi ngaphambi kokuthatha inxaxheba kuphononongo, kwaye saxelelwa ukuba banokurhoxa kuvavanyo nangaliphi na ixesha, banikwe ukuba baxelelwe ukuba bebeya kubukela imifanekiso ephazamisayo. Uphononongo lwenziwe phantsi kwemvume yeKomiti yoPhando lwezoPhando loLuntu lweYunivesithi yaseWestern Sydney, kwaye yanelisa iSibhengezo saseHelsinki. Izifundo zihleli ngokukhululekileyo esitulweni kwindawo esemi-recumbent kunye nemilenze exhaswe ngokuthe tye. Kwathathwa ukhathalelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe imeko-bume ezolileyo nezolileyo ukunciphisa iimpendulo ezizenzekelayo. Ubushushu be-ambient obutofotofo bugcinwe (22°C), njengoko ukuphuma kovelwano eluswini kuchaphazeleka kutshintsho kwiqondo lobushushu. I-ECG (0.3–1.0 kHz) yarekhodwa nge-Ag-AgCl i-electrode yomhlaba esifubeni, isampuliwe kwi-2 kHz, yaze yagcinwa kwikhompyutha nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ze-physiological kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokufumana idatha esekwe kwikhompyutha kunye nenkqubo yokuhlalutya (i-hardware ye-PowerLab 16SP kunye ne-LabChart 7 software ; ADInstruments, eSydney, eOstreliya). Uxinzelelo lwegazi lurekhodwe ngokuqhubekayo usebenzisa i-finger-pulse plethysmography (i-Finometer Pro, i-Finapres Medical Systems, i-Netherlands) kunye nesampuli kwi-400 Hz. Ukuphefumla (DC-100 Hz) kwabhalwa kusetyenziswa i-transducer ye-strain-gauge (Pneumotrace, UFI, Morro Bay CA, USA) ehlanganiswe esifubeni. Utshintsho kumthamo wegazi lesikhumba lubekwe esweni nge-piezoelectric transducer efakwe kwipadi yomnwe; ukusuka koluphawu lwe-pulse amplitude lubalwe kusetyenziswa iCyclic Measurements feature kwiLabChart 7 software. Ukuncipha kwe-pulse amplitude kusetyenziswe ukubonisa ukuncipha kokuhamba kwegazi kwesikhumba. Ubuchule besikhumba (i-0.1-10 Hz; i-BioAmp, i-ADInstruments, eSydney, e-Australia) yalinganiswa kwisundu kunye ne-dorsum yesandla; utshintsho kwisakhono solusu lubonisa ukukhutshwa kombilo.

I-Microneurography

I-nerve ye-peroneal eqhelekileyo yayifumaneka kwintloko ye-fibular nge-palpation kunye ne-superficial stimulation yombane ngokusebenzisa i-surface probe (3-10 mA, 0.2 ms, 1 Hz) ngomthombo osisigxina ohlala njalo (i-Stimulus Isolator, i-ADInstruments, iSydney, e-Australia). I-microelectrode ye-tungsten e-insulated (i-FHC, i-Maine, eU.SA) yafakwa nge-percutaneously kwi-nerve kwaye iqhubela phambili ngesandla kwi-cutaneous fascicle ye-nerve ngelixa ihambisa i-pulses yombane ebuthathaka (0.01-1 mA, 0.2 ms, 1 Hz). I-microelectrode engaphantsi kwe-uninsulated subdermal isebenza njenge-electrode yereferensi kunye ne-electrode ye-Ag-AgCl engaphezulu emlenzeni njenge-electrode yomhlaba. I-cutaneous fascicle yachazwa ngolu hlobo ukuba ukukhuthazwa kwangaphakathi kwe-intraneural kubangele i-paraesthesiae ngaphandle kwe-twitches ye-muscle kwimisinga yokuvuselela okanye ngaphantsi kwe-0.02 mA. Nje ukuba kufakwe i-cutaneous fascicle, umsebenzi we-neural wandiswa (fumana i-104, i-bandpass 0.3-5.0 kHz) usebenzisa i-low-noise, i-electrical isolated, i-headstage (NeuroAmpEx, ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia). Ubuni be-fascicle buqinisekiswe ngokuvula i-mechanoreceptors ephantsi-ukubetha ulusu kwindawo ye-fascicular innervation. Indawo yencam yencam ye-microelectrode yahlengahlengiswa ngesandla de kwachongwa ukugqabhuka okuzenzekelayo kwe-SSNA. Ngeenjongo zokuchonga, ukugqabhuka komntu ngamnye kwe-SSNA kwaveliswa ngokucela umntu ukuba athathe impumlo ngokukhawuleza okanye, ngamehlo avaliweyo, anike uvuselelo olungalindelekanga-njengempompo empumlweni okanye ukukhwaza kakhulu. Umsebenzi we-Neural wafunyanwa (i-10 kHz isampuli), kwaye umsebenzi we-nerve onovelwano ubonakaliswe njenge-RMS-processed (ingcambu ye-square, i-avareji ehambayo ye-200 ms) uphawu kwaye ihlalutye kwikhompyutheni usebenzisa i-LabChart 7 software. Ngelixa i-traffic nerve traffic kunye ne-cutaneous blood flow kunye nokukhutshwa kokubila kuye kwalinganiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, kuyaziwa ukuba i-SSNA bursts ibonakala ngokubanzi ngendlela ehambelanayo kuzo zombini ingalo kunye nemithambo yomlenze, kwaye kukho ukusasazeka ngokubanzi. ukusebenza kwe-vasoconstrictor kunye neenkqubo ze-sudomotor ekuphenduleni ukuvuselela ukuvusa (uBini et al., 1980).

Ukuvuselela ngokweemvakalelo

Utshintsho lwemeko yovakalelo luye lwaveliswa ngokujonga imifanekiso esemgangathweni evela kwiNkqubo yeMifanekiso yeHlabathi eNgenentsingiselo (IAPS: Lang et al., 1997). Umfanekiso ngamnye osetyenzisiweyo kwisistim uvavanywe kakhulu kwaye unikwe ireyithi ye-valency (impembelelo yayo ephantsi, ukusuka kokubi kakhulu ukuya kokulungileyo kakhulu) kunye nokuvusa. Kwisifundo sethu, iimvakalelo ezintle zaye zavezwa ngokujonga imifanekiso ye-erotica kunye nemilinganiselo ephezulu ye-valence, ngelixa iimvakalelo ezimbi zikhutshwe ngokujonga imifanekiso yokuguqulwa kwe-valence ephezulu; zombini iiseti zinereyithingi ephezulu yokuvusa. Emva kokuba indawo efanelekileyo ye-intraneural ene-SSNA ezenzekelayo ifunyenwe kwaye isifundo sikhululekile, ixesha lokuphumla le-2-min lirekhodwe, emva kokuba isifundo siboniswe imifanekiso ye-30 engathathi hlangothi, umfanekiso ngamnye uhlala kwi-8 s, i-4 iyonke imizuzu. Oku kwalandelwa ibhloko yemifanekiso ye-15 (mhlawumbi i-erotica okanye i-mutilation) ehlala i-2-min. Imifanekiso ye-erotica okanye yokunqunyulwa yavezwa ngendlela engaqhelekanga ngexesha elingaziwayo kwizifundo, kunye ne-2-min block yemifanekiso ehlaziywe ngokweemvakalelo elandela i-2-min block yemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi. Iyonke, isifundo ngasinye sijongwe iibhloko ze-3 ze-erotica kunye neebhloko ze-3 zokuqhawula kunye neebhloko ze-6 ezingenelelayo zemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi. Zonke izifundo bezingenalwazi kwimifanekiso ye-IAPS.

uhlalutyo

Incopho yeamplitudes ye-SSNA, elinganiselwa kwii-1-s epochs ezilandelelanayo, ezidityaniswa nenani elipheleleyo lokugqabhuka kovelwano, zilinganiswe kwibhloko nganye ye-2-min. Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo, okudityaniswe nokuqondwa ngokuvayo komqondiso we-neural, kwasetyenziselwa ukuchonga ukugqabhuka komntu ngamnye kwe-SSNA. Ukongezelela, isiseko sachazwa ngesandla kwi-signal ye-RMS-processed kwaye ikhompyutha ibala ubuninzi be-amplitude ngaphezu kwesiseko. Uhlalutyo lwe-beat-beat luqhutyelwe kwizinga lentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, ukuhamba kwegazi kwesikhumba, amandla esikhumba, kunye nesantya sokuphefumula kwi-block nganye ye-2-min kunye nexabiso eliqhelekileyo kwibhloko nganye kwisifundo ngasinye. Ixabiso leqela eliphakathi kwibhloko nganye ye-2-min linokubalwa kwaye utshintsho olupheleleyo luvela. Utshintsho olupheleleyo kwisakhono solusu kunye nokuhamba kwegazi kolusu lwaluqhelekile kumntu ngamnye ngexabiso eliphakathi lokuphumla. Ukongeza kwiinguqu ezipheleleyo kwibhloko nganye ye-2-min, utshintsho oluhambelanayo oluqhelekileyo lokungathathi hlangothi lubalwe ixesha lokuphumla kunye nemifanekiso emihle kunye nemibi-umyinge webhloko nganye engathathi hlangothi yahlelwa njenge-100% ngoko ke, ixabiso kwezinye iibhloko zemifanekiso. zabonakaliswa ngokunxulumene nelo xabiso. Uhlalutyo lwenziwa kwidatha edityanisiweyo, kunye nasemva kokwahlula idatha kumaqela abesilisa nabasetyhini. Uhlalutyo lwemilinganiselo ephindaphindiweyo yokwahluka kwepharamitha ye-physiological nganye kuzo zonke iimeko ezintathu zokuvuselela, kunye novavanyo lwe-Newman-Keuls yokuthelekisa ezininzi, isetyenziswe kuhlalutyo lwamanani edatha (i-Prism 5 ye-Mac, i-GraphPad Software Inc, e-USA). Ukongeza, zidibene t-Iimvavanyo zazisetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa utshintsho oluhambelanayo (oluqhelekileyo ukuba lungathathi hlangothi) kwiiparitha ezahlukeneyo ze-physiological for erotica kunye neeseti zedatha ye-mutilation, kunye namaqela abesilisa nabasetyhini. Umgangatho wokubaluleka kwamanani wamiselwa p <0.05.

iziphumo

Iirekhodi zovavanyo ezivela kwindoda eneminyaka engama-21 ubudala, ejonga imifanekiso ye-erotica kunye nokulimala, ziboniswe kuMfanekiso Umfanekiso1.1. Ingabonwa ukuba i-SSNA inyuke ngokucacileyo ngexesha lokuvuselela zombini, nangona impendulo kwi-erotica yayinkulu.

Umzobo 1  

Iirekhodi zovavanyo lomsebenzi we-nerve sympathetic nerve, evezwa njengophawu oluluhlaza (nerve) kunye ne-RMS-processed version (RMS nerve), efunyenwe kwisifundo esiyindoda esineminyaka eyi-21 ngelixa sijonga imifanekiso yokulimala (A) okanye i-erotica (B). Qaphela ukuba novelwano ...

Ngokuhambelana nesifundo sethu sangaphambili (4), xa amadoda kunye nabasetyhini behlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​​​ixabiso elipheleleyo loxinzelelo lwegazi, ukubetha kwentliziyo, ukuphefumla, ukuphuma kwegazi, kunye nokukhutshwa kokubila kubonisa ukuba akukho tshintsho lubalulekileyo ngexesha lokujonga imifanekiso ehlaziywa yimvakalelo, xa kuthelekiswa ne ukujonga imifanekiso engathathi hlangothi okanye uphumle. I-SSNA nangona kunjalo, ibonise ukonyuka okubalulekileyo xa kujongwa imifanekiso ye-erotica okanye ukwenzakala xa kuthelekiswa nezigaba zokuphumla kunye nokungathathi hlangothi, nangona le yayiyeyokugqabhuka rhoqo kuphela (p <0.05), hayi ukugqabhuka kwe-amplitude. Amanani apheleleyo oxinzelelo lwegazi, izinga lentliziyo, izinga lokuphefumula kunye nenani elipheleleyo le-SSNA eliqhumayo ekuphumleni (akukho mifanekiso), xa ujonga imifanekiso engathathi hlangothi kwaye xa ujonga imifanekiso ye-erotica okanye ukunqunyulwa, iboniswe kuMfanekiso. Umfanekiso2.2. Ngokukwanjalo, utshintsho olunxulumeneyo oluqhelekisiweyo lokungathathi hlangothi lubonise iziphumo ezifanayo kuphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili, umahluko omkhulu kuphela obonwa kwi-SSNA burst amplitude (erotica). p = 0.044; ukucaphuka p = 0.028) kunye ne-frequency (erotica p < 0.0001; ukucaphuka p = 0.002) ngexesha lokujonga imifanekiso emihle kunye necharge-charged.

Umzobo 2  

Kuthetha ± SE amaxabiso apheleleyo oxinzelelo lwegazi (A), izinga lentliziyo (B), izinga lokuphefumla (C), kunye nenani elipheleleyo lokugqabhuka kwemisebenzi yemithambo-luvo (D) kuzo zonke iimeko ezine.. Njengoko kunokubonwa, akukho mahluko ngokwamanani akhoyo ngaphandle kwe-SSNA ...

Xa izifundo zahlulwa zaba ngamadoda nabasetyhini, nangona kunjalo, kwacaca ukuba kukho ukungafani ngokwesondo kwi-reactivity yovelwano. Ngelixa uxinzelelo lwegazi, izinga lokubetha kwentliziyo, ukuphuma kwegazi okucutaneous, kunye nokukhutshwa kokubila akubonisi mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwala maqela mabini, i-SSNA burst amplitude kunye nokuphindaphinda kwahluke kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini. Kwi-SSNA burst amplitude, xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba e-SSNA afunyenwe xa kujongwa imifanekiso engathathi hlangothi amadoda abonisa ukwanda okubalulekileyo ngelixa ejonge imifanekiso ehlawulwe kakuhle (p = 0.048), ngelixa abafazi babenokwanda okukhulu kwimifanekiso ehlawuliswa kakubi kuphela (p = 0.03). Kwi-SSNA iqhume i-frequency, kwakhona iqela lamadoda libonise ukwanda okukhulu ngelixa lijonge imifanekiso emihle (p = 0.0006). Nangona kunjalo, iqela labasetyhini ngoku libonise ukwanda okukhulu kubo bobabini abalungileyo (p = 0.0064) kunye nemifanekiso ehlawuliswa kakubi (p = 0.0005), nangona ukonyuka kwimifanekiso yokunqunyulwa kwaba kukhulu kunoko kwi-erotica. Utshintsho oluhambelanayo kwi-SSNA yokuqhuma kwesibalo kunye ne-amplitude, eqhelekileyo kwimeko yokungathathi hlangothi, iboniswa kumadoda kunye nabasetyhini kuMfanekiso. Umfanekiso33.

Umzobo 3  

Kuthetha ± SE utshintsho kwi-amplitude egqabhukileyo (A, C) kunye ne-frequency (B, D) ye-skin sympathetic nerve activity, kwixesha lokuphumla, imifanekiso emihle, kunye nemifanekiso engafanelekanga, yonke into eqhelekileyo kwimeko engathathi hlangothi, yahlulwe ngamaqela amadoda nabasetyhini.. I-Erotica ...

ingxoxo

Olu pho nonongo lubonise ukuba ulwahlulo lwezesondo lukhona kwiimpendulo zovelwano kwizinto ezibonakalayo ezihlawulweyo ngokweemvakalelo, nangona kuphela xa i-SSNA-ilinganiswa njengenani elipheleleyo lokugqabhuka kunye nokuqhuma kwe-amplitude-ilinganiswa ngokuthe ngqo.. Akukho tshintsho lubalulekileyo kwezinye iiparamitha ze-physiological, ezifana noxinzelelo lwegazi, izinga lentliziyo, okanye ukuphefumla kwafunyanwa phakathi kwamaqela. Ngelixa uphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili lolokuqala ukubonisa ukwanda okubonakalayo kwi-SSNA xa ujonga imifanekiso emihle kunye nebibi, Uphononongo lwangoku lubonisa ukuba ukonyuka kwe-SSNA kwabonakala ngakumbi kumadoda xa bejonga imifanekiso ye-erotica, ngelixa abasetyhini babenempendulo enkulu kwimifanekiso yokulimala. Nangona olu pho nonongo luqinisekisa ukuba ukunyuka kwe-SSNA kunokuvuswa yi-stimuli ebonakalayo yemvakalelo (kungakhathaliseki ukuba yi-valence), ibonisa ukuba kukho ukungafani kwezesondo kwimpendulo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokuvuselela. Mhlawumbi oku akumangalisi, kodwa umahluko onjalo awukwazanga ukuqondwa xa ujonga iimpawu ezingangqalanga zokuphuma kovelwano. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba akukho tshintsho lubalulekileyo ekuphumeni kwegazi le-cutaneous okanye ukukhutshwa kokubila kugxininisa uvakalelo olukhulu lokurekhodwa kwe-nerve ngokuthe ngqo kuvavanyo lokuphuma kovelwano kwesikhumba kunemilinganiselo engathanga ngqo yomsebenzi we-cutaneous onovelwano.

Nangona ukucinga okuqhelekileyo kubanjwe ukuba kukho ukungafani kwezesondo ekuphuhlisweni kweemvakalelo kunye nokulungiswa kweemvakalelo (amabhinqa asebenza ngakumbi, aqondayo, kwaye achaza ngeemvakalelo zawo kunamadoda), ubungqina obuninzi bunikezelwa ngedatha ezixeliweyo. Kutshanje nje, ngophando lwenzululwazi yezendalo, olu luvo lubonakala lunesiseko senyani (uKring noVanderbilt, 1998; UBradley et al., 2001). Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuvela kancinci ukuba iyantlukwano yezesondo kunye nempendulo ye-ANS kwimvakalelo ikhona, akukabikho bungqina bucacileyo beyantlukwano yezesondo, nokuba ilinganiswe ngeendlela ezithe ngqo okanye ezingathanga ngqo. Ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo engathanga ngqo yokuvula uvelwano, njengokukhululwa kokubila, ngexesha lokuvuselela iimvakalelo kuye kwavelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. UBradley et al. (2001) bafumanisa ukuba iimpendulo zokuziphatha kwesikhumba zibonise ukuba amadoda asebenza ngakumbi kunabasetyhini kwimifanekiso ye-erotica, kunye noKring kunye noVanderbilt (1998) ukufumanisa ukuba amabhinqa aye athetha kakhulu kunamadoda, kwizinto ezakhayo nezingalunganga. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa uBianchin noAngrilli (2012) ufumene ukwehla okukhulu kwisantya sentliziyo kwabasetyhini kwi-stimuli ebonakalayo emnandi, akukho ntlukwano yesini efunyenwe kwiimpendulo ze-skin conductance. Ngokufanayo, uLithari et al. (2010) ihlolisise iimpendulo ze-skin conductance kunye ne-EEG ehambelana nesiganeko (ERP) kwaye yafumanisa ukuba amabhinqa aphendule ngamandla ngokwemiqathango ye-ERP amplitudes kwizinto ezingathandekiyo okanye eziphakamileyo ezivuselelayo ezihambelana namadoda, kodwa azifumani zintlukwano zesini kwiimpendulo ze-skin conductance. Oku kuvumelana nophononongo lwethu lwangoku, apho nathi sifumene ukuba imilinganiselo engathanga ngqo efana nokukhutshwa kokubila ayinako ukwahlula phakathi kwesini ngemifanekiso emihle okanye emibi. Ngaphezu koko, ukudibanisa ngakumbi iiyantlukwano zesini kunye neemvakalelo, uVrana kunye noRollock (2002) wafunda iimpendulo zeemvakalelo kubathathi-nxaxheba abamhlophe nabamnyama (abama-Afrika-Amerika), kwaye bafumana ukungafani kwezesondo kuphela kubathathi-nxaxheba abamhlophe. Nangona uphononongo lwethu aluzange lwenzelwe ukujongana nokungafani kobuhlanga, kwisifundo sangoku, kunye nesifundo sethu sangaphambili (Brown et al., 2012), bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babeyiCaucasian, iMeditera okanye iAsia; akukho namnye owayengowamNtu okanye umAfrika waseMelika.

Kutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwe-neuroimaging esebenzayo kuye kwavela njengendlela yokuvavanya ukusetyenzwa kweemvakalelo. Ngokukodwa, ukuphanda umahluko ngokwesondo ekusebenzeni kwe-neural ehambelana neenkqubo zeemvakalelo kukhulile, nangona iziphumo azihlali zihambelana kwaye imida yokufunda ikhona (Wrase et al., 2003; Schienle et al., 2005; McRae et al., 2008; Domes et al., 2010). Nangona kunjalo, kukho iipatheni ezivelayo kwiiyantlukwano zesini, kunye nabasetyhini befunyaniswa benokuqonda ngakumbi ngokweemvakalelo kwaye bafumana iimvakalelo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuqina kunamadoda, ngelixa amadoda ecingelwa ukuba asebenza kakuhle kulawulo lweemvakalelo (Whittle et al., 2011). Ngokusebenza kwakhona kwintshukumo yeemvakalelo, yamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuba amadoda asabela ngakumbi kwisivuseleli esivuselela inkanuko yesini kunabasetyhini, kwaye oku kuye kwaxelwa kuzo zombini izifundo ze-neuroimaging kunye nezifundo ze-physiological (Hamann et al., 2004; Allen et al., 2007). Nangona kunjalo, nangona oku kwamkelwe ngokubanzi akubhalwanga kakuhle, nangona kuphononongo lwangoku umahluko ngokwesondo ubonwe phakathi kwemifanekiso ehlawuliswa kakuhle kunye nechargeki. Njengeqela kwakungekho nantlukwano kwiimpendulo ze-SSNA phakathi kwemifanekiso ehlawulweyo kunye nebibi, kodwa-njengoko kuphawulwe ngasentla-abasetyhini babenempendulo enkulu kunamadoda kwimifanekiso yokuqhawula, ngelixa amadoda aphendule ngakumbi kwimifanekiso evuselelayo. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo ethe ngqo ye-SSNA, efunyenwe nge-microneurography, inokuvelisa iziphumo ezibanzi kunye neziqinisekileyo kunokusebenzisa nje imilinganiselo engathanga ngqo, efana nesantya sentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, ukukhutshwa kokubila kunye nokuhamba kwegazi kwesikhumba, yedwa.

Imida

Ngelixa izinto eziguquguqukayo zeempawu ezinjengomoya kunye nobuntu, kunye nokungafani kwenkcubeko, ziya kuhlala zisithintelo kwizifundo zeemvakalelo, uninzi lwezifundo ezibandakanyiweyo kuphononongo lwangoku zibandakanya abantu abangazange bacinge kuphela kwimifanekiso ye-IAPS kodwa. Kwakhona waxela ukusabela okufanayo kwimifanekiso. Xa bebuzwa malunga neempendulo ekupheleni kovavanyo, zonke izifundo zixele ukuba ziphazanyiswe yimifanekiso yokwaphuka, ngelixa uninzi lwaziva lungathathi hlangothi kwimifanekiso ye-erotica, kungekho nto ikhutyekiswayo yi-erotica. Nangona kunjalo, iiyantlukwano zeempawu zinokuchaphazela inqanaba leempendulo phakathi kwabantu.

Omnye umda wokufunda iziphumo zefiziyoloji yemifanekiso ehlawulweyo ngokweemvakalelo kukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi phakathi kweebhloko zemifanekiso ehlawulweyo ngokweemvakalelo. Ngelixa ibhloko yangaphambili yemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubungakanani beempendulo ngexesha lemifanekiso ehlawulweyo ngokweemvakalelo, impendulo kwimifanekiso engathathi hlangothi kwabanye abantu inokuba phezulu kunabanye ngokuxhomekeke kumfanekiso ojongweyo (oko kukuthi, umfanekiso wenqwelomoya. emntwini onoloyiko lokubhabha). Ngokubhekiselele kwiyantlukwano yezesondo, umjikelo wokuya exesheni kunye nefuthe lawo ekusebenzeni kwemithambo-luvo kunye nemvakalelo yenye into ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngexesha lezifundo zeemvakalelo, njengoko umahluko ekusebenzeni komzimba ngexesha lezigaba ezahlukeneyo zokuya exesheni kufunyenwe (Goldstein). okqhubekayo., 2005; UCarter et al., 2013). Noko ke, kwisifundo sethu, oku akuzange kubekwe iliso kwaye iimpendulo zesetyhini zinikezelwa kunye kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi isigaba sokuya esikhathini; kunokuba kuhle ukuba kuphononongwe iziphumo zesimo sokuya exesheni kwizifundo ezizayo.

izigqibo

Ukusebenzisa i-microelectrodes ye-intraneural ukurekhoda ngokuthe ngqo kwii-axons ze-postganglionic ze-sympathetic ezijoliswe esikhumbeni, sibonise ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba iyantlukwano yezesondo ikhona kwiimpendulo ze-neural ezinovelwano kwimifanekiso ye-erotica kunye nokulimala. Loo mahluko wawungenakuqondwa ngeendlela ezingangqalanga zokuphuma kovelwano kulusu—ukuphuma kombilo okanye ukutyhutyha igazi elibukhali—kuquka nezinye iindlela ezingangqalanga zokuzimela geqe, njengokubetha kwentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi nokuphefumla.

Ukungquzulana kwintetho yomdla

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba uphando lwenziwe ngokungabikho naluphi na ulwalamano lwezorhwebo okanye lwezezimali olubhekiswa njengengxabano yenzuzo.

Imibulelo

Lo msebenzi wawuxhaswa yiBhunga leSizwe lezeMpilo kunye noPhando lwezoNyango lwase-Australia. Sinombulelo kuncedo olunikezelwe ngu-Elie Hammam kunye no-Azharuddin Fazalbhoy kwezinye zemifuniselo.

Ucaphulo

  • Allen M., Emmers-Sommer TM, D'Alessio D., Timmerman L., Hanzel A., Korus J. (2007). Uqhagamshelo phakathi kokuphendula ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo kwizinto ezicacileyo ngesondo: isishwankathelo soncwadi kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwemeta. Uluntu. I-Monogr. 74, 541–560 10.1080/03637750701578648 [Umnqamlezo]
  • UBianchin M., Angrilli A. (2012). Umahluko ngokwesini kwiimpendulo zeemvakalelo: isifundo se-psychophysiological. Physiol. Ukuziphatha. 105, 925–932 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.031 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Bini G., Hagbarth K.-E., Hynninen P., Wallin BG (1980). Ukufana kwengingqi kunye nokwahluka kwi-vaso ye-thermoregulatory kunye nethoni ye-sudomotor. J. Physiol. 306, 553–565 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  • Bradley MM, Codispoti M., Sabatinelli D., Lang PJ (2001). Uvakalelo kunye nenkuthazo II: iiyantlukwano zesini ekusebenzeni kwemifanekiso. Uvakalelo 1, 300–319 10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.300 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • UBrown R., uJames C., uHenderson L., uMacefield V. (2012). Iimpawu ezizimeleyo zokusetyenzwa ngokweemvakalelo: ukusebenza kwemithambo enovelwano eluswini ebantwini ngexesha lokuvezwa kwimifanekiso eneemvakalelo. Ngaphambili. Physiol. 3:394 10.3389/fphys.2012.00394 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Callister R., Suwarno NO, Seals DR (1992). Umsebenzi onovelwano uphenjelelwa bubunzima bomsebenzi kunye nokuqonda uxinzelelo ngexesha lemingeni yengqondo ebantwini. J. Physiol. 454, 373–387 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]
  • UCarter JR, uDurocher JJ, uKern RP (2008). Iimpendulo ze-Neural kunye ne-cardiovascular kuxinzelelo lweemvakalelo ebantwini. Am. J. Physiol. Umgaqo. Indibaniselwano Comp. Physiol. 295, R1898–R1903 10.1152/ajpregu.90646.2008 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • UCarter JR, uFu Q., uMinson CT, uJoyner MJ (2013). Umjikelo we-Ovarian kunye ne-sympathoexcitation kubasetyhini be-premenopausal. Uxinzelelo lwegazi 61, 395-399 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.202598 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Domes G., Schulze L., Bottger M., Grossmann A., Hauenstein K., Wirtz PH, et al. (2010). I-neural correlates yomahluko wesondo kwi-reactivity yeemvakalelo kunye nokulawulwa kweemvakalelo. Hum. Imephu yobuchopho. 31, 758–769 10.1002/hbm.20903 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Fox E. (2002). Ukusetyenzwa kwembonakalo yobuso beemvakalelo: indima yexhala kunye nokwazisa. Cogn. Ukuchaphazela. Ukuziphatha. Neurosci. 2, 52-63 10.3758/CABN.2.1.52 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Gater R., Tansella M., Korten A., Tiemens BG, Mavreas VG, Olatawura MO (1998). Iiyantlukwano zesini ekuxhaphakeni kunye nokufumanisa ukuphazamiseka kokudakumba kunye nokuxhalaba kwimimiselo yokunakekelwa kwempilo jikelele - ingxelo evela kwintlangano yezempilo yehlabathi isifundo sokubambisana kwiingxaki zengqondo kukhathalelo lwempilo jikelele. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55, 405-413 10.1001 / archpsyc.55.5.405 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Goldstein JM, Jerram M., Poldrack R., Ahern T., Kennedy DN, Seidman LJ, et al. (2005). Umjikelo weHormonal ulungelelanisa i-arousal circuitry kubasetyhini abasebenzisa i-imaging magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. 25, 9309–9316 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2239-05.2005 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • UGolightly C. (1953). Ithiyori kaJames-Lange: i-post-mortem enengqiqo. Philos. Sci. 20, 286–299 10.1086/287282 [Umnqamlezo]
  • UHamann S., uHerman RA, uNolan CL, iWallen K. (2004). Amadoda nabasetyhini bahluke kwimpendulo ye-amygdala kwi-sexual stimuli. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 411-416 10.1038 / nn1208 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Hare R., Wood K., Britain S., Shadman J. (1970). Iimpendulo ze-Autonomic kwi-affective visual stimulation. I-Psychophysiology 7, 408-417 10.1111 / j.1469-8986.1970.tb01766.x [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • UJames W. (1884). Yintoni imvakalelo? Ingqondo 9, 188–205 10.1093/ingqondo/os-IX.34.188 [Umnqamlezo]
  • Kring AM, Vanderbilt U. (1998). Umahluko ngokwesondo kwiimvakalelo: intetho, amava, kunye nephysiology. J. Pers. Soc. Ngokwengqondo. 74, 686–703 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.686 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • ULacey JI, uLacey BC (1970). Olunye unxibelelwano lwe-autonomic-central nervous system, kwiPhysiological Correlates of Emotion, ed Black P., umhleli. (ENew York, NY: I-Academic Press;), 205–227
  • Lang P., Bradley M., Cuthbert B. (1997). Inkqubo yeMifanekiso eSebenzayo yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IAPS): Incwadi yezobuGcisa kunye neeReyithingi ezisebenzayo. I-Gainsville, FL: Iziko le-NIMH lokufunda i-Emotion and Attention
  • ULang PJ, uGreenwald MK, uBradley MM, uHamm AO (1993). Ukujonga imifanekiso: ukusabela, ubuso, i-visceral, kunye nokuziphatha. I-Psychophysiology 30, 261-273 10.1111 / j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • ULange C. (1885). Iimvakalelo: isifundo se-psychophysiological. Iimvakalelo 1, 33-90
  • Lithari C., Frantzidis CA, Papadelis C., Vivas AB, Klados MA, Kourtidou-Papadeli C., et al. (2010). Ngaba amabhinqa asabela ngakumbi kwiimpembelelo zeemvakalelo? Uphononongo lwe-neurophysiological kuwo wonke ama-arousal kunye nemilinganiselo ye-valence. Ingqondo yeTopogr. 23, 27–40 10.1007/s10548-009-0130-5 [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Macefield VG, Wallin BG (1996). Indlela yokukhupha ii-neurones ezinovelwano ezinikezela ngamadlala ombilo womntu. J. Auton. Imithambo-luvo. Inkqubo. 61, 277–286 10.1016/S0165-1838(96)00095-1 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Macefield VG, Wallin BG (1999). Ukuphefumla kunye nokumodareyitha kwentliziyo ye-vasoconstrictor enye kunye ne-sudomotor neurones kulusu lomntu. J. Physiol. 516, 303–314 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.303aa.x [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • McRae K., Ochsner KN, Mauss IB, Gabrieli JJD, Gross JJ (2008). Umahluko ngokwesini kulawulo lweemvakalelo: uphononongo lwe-fMRI lokuphononongwa kwakhona kwengqondo. Inkqubo yeQela. I-Intergroup Relat. 11, 143–162 10.1177/1368430207088035 [Umnqamlezo]
  • Ritz T., Thons M., Fahrenkrug S., Dahme B. (2005). Iindlela zomoya, ukuphefumla, kunye ne-sinus arrhythmia yokuphefumla ngexesha lokujonga umfanekiso. I-Psychophysiology 42, 568-578 10.1111 / j.1469-8986.2005.00312.x [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Schienle A., Schafer A., ​​Stark R., Walter B., Vaitl D. (2005). Umahluko ngokwesini ekusetyenzweni kwemifanekiso enyanyekayo kunye neyoyikayo: isifundo se-fMRI. I-Neuroreport 16, 277-280 10.1097/00001756-200502280-00015 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Vrana SR, Rollck D. (2002). Indima yobuhlanga, isini, umxholo weemvakalelo, kunye neeyantlukwano zomxholo kwi-physiological, i-express, kunye neempendulo zeemvakalelo ezizixeliweyo kwimifanekiso. Cogn. Emot. 16, 165–192 10.1080/02699930143000185 [Umnqamlezo]
  • Whittle S., Yucel M., Yap MBH, Allen NB (2011). Umahluko ngokwesondo kwi-neural correlates yeemvakalelo: ubungqina obuvela kwi-neuroimaging. I-Biol. Ngokwengqondo. 87, 319–333 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.05.003 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]
  • Wrase J., Klein S., Gruesser SM, Hermann D., Flor H., Mann K., et al. (2003). Umahluko ngokwesini ekusetyenzweni kwezivuseleli ezisemgangathweni zembonakalo yeemvakalelo ebantwini: uphononongo olusebenzayo lokucinga ngemagnethi. Neurosci. Lett. 348, 41–45 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00565-2 [PubMed] [Umnqamlezo]