Umvuzo wesondo kwiingcongolo zamadoda: Imiphumo yamava ezesondo kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo zendawo ehambelana nokunyuka kunye ne-intromissions (2009)

UHorm Behav. I-2009 kaJanuwari; 55(1): 93-97.

Ipapashwe kwi-intanethi ye-2008 ngo-Septemba 12. ikhonkco:  10.1016 / j.yhbeh.2008.08.012

PMCID: PMC2659494 NIHMSID: NIHMS93176

UChristine M. Tenk,1,* UHilary Wilson,3,* Qi Zhang,1 UKyle K. Pitchers,1,2 kwaye Lique M. Coolen1,2

Inguqulelo yokugqibela yomhleli yeli nqaku iyafumaneka apha UHorm Behav

Bona amanye amanqaku ku-PMC Wisdom nqaku epapashwe.

Abstract

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kunye nezifundo zibonelele ubungqina bokuthi indlela yokuziphatha kwamadoda ngokwesini kunomvuzo kunye nokomeleza izakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ulwazi oluncinci malunga namaxabiso axabisekileyo ezinto ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ke ngoko, olu phononongo lusebenzise imeko ekhethiweyo yendawo (CPP) ukujongana nokuba i-ejaculation kunye nokungenelela kwahlukile kumaxabiso abo okukhuthaza.

Sikwathethile nokuba amaxabiso ahlukileyo wokuvuza axhomekeka kumava angokwesondo kwangaphambili. Ngokwabelana ngesondo na mave kunye namava endoda afumene ukuhanjiswa okukunye kokuphuma ngaphakathi okanye ukumiswa kwegumbi elinye kwigumbi lebhokisi ye-CPP. Inani lexesha elichithwe kwigumbi ngalinye lezixhobo ze-CPP emva kokulinganiswa lalilinganiswa.

Omabini ama-naïve esabelana ngesondo kunye namava abelana ngesondo enza i-CPP yokuphuma emzimbeni, ngelixa, kuphela ngesondo i-na sexuallyve, kwaye engenamava ngokwesini, amadoda enza i-CPP yokungenelela. Ngaphezu koko, kwisini esili-naïve emadodeni, ukujiya okungafaniyo kwe-ejaculation kunye negumbi elichongiweyo kubangele ukuba isihlobo se-CPP kwigumbi lolawulo ligqunywe ngesibonakaliso sokungena ngaphakathi.

Ezi datha zixhasa i-hypothesis yokuba kukho isikhundla sendlela yokuziphatha okuhle ngokwesondo, kunye ne-ejaculation njengeyona nto inomvuzo kakhulu, kunye nokuba ixabiso elinomvuzo lokukhuthaza ezinye izinto zokuziphatha ngokwesondo zixhomekeke kumava angokwesondo angaphambili.

Internet: umvuzo, ukuthanda indawo okhethwe kuyo, ikopi, indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo, imfundo enxulumene

intshayelelo

Kwimidumba yamadoda, indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo kuyindlela enomvuzo kunye neyokuqinisa, edityaniswa ngezinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya nophando lokugcoba, ukunyuka, ukungena ngaphakathi, kunye ne-ejaculation. Ukuhamba ngokwenyani kubonakala kungoyena ndoqo wokuqina kwezesondo (Coolen et al., 2004; uphononongo jonga Pfaus kunye nePhillips, i-1991). Umzekelo, ngokwahlukileyo kumadoda avunyelweyo ukungena kwi-intromit okanye ekuphakameni, kodwa angamisi, amadoda avunyelwe ukulingisa kwi-ejaculation aphuhlise isantya esisebenzayo kwi-T-mazes (I-Kagan, i-1955), indlela yebalekile engalo (I-Lopez et al., 1955), okanye ukukhwela umqoboUSheffield et al., 1951). Ukongeza, i-ejaculation ibalulekile ekusetyenzisweni kokukhethwa kokukhuselekileyo komgaqo. Oko kukuthi, ukudibanisa ivumba le noveli kunye nowesifazane owamkelayo kukhokelela ekukhetheni, kunye nokuqhutywa kwesimo sokuziphatha ngokwesondo, ibhinqa elinamakhwiniba afanayo kumadoda avunyelweyo ukulingisa kwi-ejaculation, kodwa hayi emadodeni avumelekileyo ukuba abonakalise ukungena ngaphakathi ngaphandle kokuphumaI-Kippin kunye ne-Pfaus, i-2001).

Izinto ezivuzayo zokukhuphela zibonakalisiwe zisebenzisa indawo ekhethiweyo yendawo (CPP) paradigm (Pfaus kunye nePhillips, i-1991). Inkqubo yeparadigm ye-CPP isondela kwimpendulo kukhuthazo lwendalo ebikade idityaniswe ngeziganeko zokuqinisa kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ixabiso lokukhuthaza leziganeko zonwabisayo kunye nefuthe elinxulumene nomvuzo (UCarr et al., 1989). Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa i-CPP iqulathe amacandelo ahlukileyo ahlanganisiweyo ngokwahlukeneyo ngaphandle kwesimo esingenamibandela: elinye icala libhangqwe ngopopu lokuya kumjikelo, ngelixa elinye icala libhangqiwe lingenanto okanye lintshukumo yolawulo. Ewe, iigundane zesilisa ezivunyelwe ukulingisa kwi-ejaculation form zikhetha indawo yegumbi eligangqulwe ngale ndlela yokuziphatha (Agmo noBerenfeld, 1990; UMartinez kunye neParedes, i-2001). Nangona kunjalo, ayaziwa ukuba ngaba ukuphuculwa kwe-CPP kuxhomekeke ekubonisweni kwe-ejaculation, okanye ukuba ukuboniswa kwe-intromissions kwanele. Sibonisa ukuba i-ejaculation inomvuzo ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto zokuziphatha ngokwesondo ezinikwe izifundo zangaphambili ezibonisa iipropathi zayo zokukhuthaza.

Ke, iseti yangoku yovavanyo oluvavanyiweyo ukuba ngaba ukuvuvukala kunomvuzo ngakumbi kunokuboniswa kongenelelo oluninzi kusetyenziswa i-CPP paradigm. Ngaphaya koko, ifuthe lamava ezesondo kwixabiso elinomvuzo lokungena ngaphakathi okanye ophandweni abaphandiweyo.

Impahla nenkqubo

izilwanyana

Amadoda amadala uSprague Dawley amagundane (i-250-350g) afunyanwa kwielebhu zaseHarlan (Indianapolis, IN, USA) okanye uCharles River (Senneville, QC, Canada) kwaye agcinwa ngokukodwa kwisibane somjikelo wexesha le-12-umjikelo omnyama / omnyama (izibane zihamba nge-10 am ). Ukutya kunye namanzi kwakufumaneka ngamaxesha onke ngaphandle kovavanyo lokuziphatha. I-femus ye-Stimulus yayifakwe i-ovariectomised kwaye ifakwe nge-subcutaneous 5% 17-β-estradiol benzoate Silastic capsules (1.98 mm ubukhulu di, 0.5 cm cm, Dow Corning Corporation, MI, USA). Ukuphinda ubandakanyeke ngokwesondo kwabangelwa kukufakwa ngenaliti ye-progesterone (500 μg kwi-0.1 ml yeoyile yesesame) malunga neeyure ezine ngaphambi kweseshoni zokutshatisa. Zonke iinkqubo zamkelwa yiKomiti yoKhathalelo lweZilwanyana kunye nokusetyenziswa kweYunivesithi yaseCincinnati, kwiDyunivesithi yaseNtshona Ontario yokuKhathalelwa iZilwanyana, kwaye yangqinelana nezikhokelo ze-NIH kunye ne-CCAC ezibandakanya izilwanyana ezisesidlangalaleni kuphando.

Isixhobo esikhethiweyo sendlela okhetha kuyo

Indawo yesiqhelo ekhethwayo (CPP) izixhobo zokusebenza (iiMed Associates, iVermont, eUSA) ezinamagumbi amabini okuvavanya (28 × 22 × 21 cm) ahlukaniswe yindawo ephakathi (13 × 22 × 21 cm). Iiklabhu zahlulwe ngazo zombini iindlela ezibonakalayo nezithandwayo. Igumbi lovavanyo elinye lalineendonga ezimhlophe kunye nomgangatho wegridi yentsimbi, ngelixa elinye lalineendonga ezimnyama kunye nomgangatho ofanelana ngebar. Elona candelo liphezulu lalineendonga ezingwevu kunye nomgangatho egreyini egudileyo. Iminyango kumacala omabini ecandelo eliphakathi lahlula amagumbi, kwaye inokuphakanyiswa ukuze ivumele izilwanyana ukuba zihambe ngokukhululekileyo kuyo yonke into, okanye zithotyelwe kwindawo ethile.

Imeko yokuziphatha nokuhlolwa

Lonke uvavanyo lwenzeka kwinqanaba elimnyama (iiyure ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu emva kokuba izibane zicinyiwe). Ukuqala kokukhetha iziseko zesiseko kumiselwe ngomhla wokuqala kolu vavanyo ngesilwanyana ngasinye sanikwa ukufikelela simahla kuwo onke amagumbi esixhobo se-CPP kwimizuzu ye-15. Izihloko zavota, kwaye ixesha elichithwe kwigumbi ngalinye lahlalutywa kusetyenziswa iMicroscoft Excel Custom Macro Program. Isilwanyana sasithathwa sikhona kwigumbi ukuba sonke isiqu somzimba wesilwanyana, kubandakanya okhalweni, sasikho kwelo gumbi. Igumbi apho isilwanyana besichitha ixesha elincinci (icala langaphambili elingakhethwanga) lalilungiselelwe icala elichongwe ngesondo, kwaye elinye icala (icala ebelikhetha ekuqaleni) lalichongwe njengecala lokulawula. Imeko yenzeka ngeentsuku ezimbini nezithathu. Ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo, izilwanyana ezakhula kunye nebhinqa ezamkelayo kwikhaya labo, emva koko zatshintshelwa kwigumbi elinabantu ababelana ngesondo kwizixhobo ze-CPP kwimizuzu ye-30. Ngexesha lolawulo lwemeko yokulawula, izilwanyana zithathwe ngqo kwikhaya labo zaza zabekwa kwigumbi lolawulo lwezixhobo ze-CPP kwimizuzu ye-30. Isiqingatha sezilwanyana kwisilingo ngasinye sanikwa indawo yokulala ngesondo ngosuku lwesibini kwaye sabekwa kwigumbi lolawulo ngosuku lwesithathu. Izilwanyana ezaseleyo zanikwa amandla okubhanqa ngolwesibini kwaye ezokulala ngesondo ngosuku lwesithathu. Emva kwetyala elinye lokujonga imeko (elibandakanya iintsuku ezimbini zokuvuma imeko), ukuthanda izilwanyana kumagumbi kwaqwalaselwa kwakhona kusetyenziswa i-posttest ngomhla wokugqibela, wesine, usuku, olwalulandelana nenkqubo.

Uyilo lovavanyo

Iimvavanyo ezine zenziwe. Uyilo lweemeko kunye neenombolo zamaqela kulingo ngalunye kuboniswa kulo 1 Table. Kwilingo lokuqala, abesilisa be-naïve ngokwesondo bafumana i-ejaculation (n = 10) okanye i-Intromissions (ezintandathu anesibhozo zokungena ngaphandle kwe-ejaculation; n = 11) ebhangqiwe ngegumbi lokuqala elingakhethwanga ngelixa kungekho ndlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo eyabanjiswa ngegumbi langaphambili. Ukuboniswa kwe-ejaculation kwagqitywa ngokusekwe kwindlela yokuziphatha kwemoto eboniswa sisilwanyana kwi-ejaculation, kunye nobukho beplagi yelungu lobufazi kwiqabane lowasetyhini. Ukongeza, iqela lolawulo longezwa, elinamadoda (n = 10) athe abhencwa kumagumbi esixhobo se-CPP emva kokuphatha nokulawula ukukhohlisa, kodwa ngaphandle kokudibana, kwaye ke asebenza njengolawulo olungashukumiyo. Kwilingo lwesibini, kwasetyenziswa amadoda anamava ngokwabelana ngesondo. La makhwenkwe ebetshatiselwe kumjikelo omnye wokungena kwiiseshoni ezintlanu zokuzahlula ngaphambi kokuba imeko ye-CPP inyuswe. Kuphela ngamadoda abonise ukujikwa kwemisonto ezintathu kwezi seshini zintlanu abandakanywa kolu vavanyo. Njengakwilinge le-1, la malume anamava ngokwabelana ngesondo afumana ukuhlengahlengiswa nangayiphi na i-ejaculation (n = 10) okanye ukungena ngaphakathi (intactissions ezintandathu-nesibhozo ngaphandle kwe-ejaculation; n = 10) ebhangqiwe ngegumbi lokuqala elingakhethwanga ngelixa kungaziphathwanga ngokwesondo kunye igumbi. Kwilingo lesithathu, abesilisa be-naïve abesilisa ngesondo (n = 8) babonisa ukumiliselwa okwenziwe ngegumbi lokuqala elingafunwayo kunye nokuphuma ngaphakathi (ezintandathu kunye nesibhozo zokungena ngaphandle kokuphuma) ezihamba negumbi elinye (lolawulo). Okokugqibela, kuvavanyo lwesine, abesilisa ababesabelana ngesondo ngaphambi koluvavanyo. (N = 10) babonisa ukubekwa kwamalungu omzimba emzimbeni okanye ukungena ngaphandle (amagumbi amathandathu anesibhozo) ngaphakathi okubhalwe ngohlobo olungakhethwanga ngaphambili okanye kwigumbi lolawulo ngokwahlukeneyo, njengakwilingo langaphambili. Nangona kunjalo kolu vavanyo lokugqibela, inqanaba lemeko yandiswa ukuya kwiintsuku ezintandathu zokucwangcisa, ngelixa amadoda afumana ezinye izibini zokuthambisa okanye ukungenelela (i-3 yokuloba ngakunye). Isiqingatha samadoda sifumene i-ejaculation pairing ngomhla wokuqala wokubeka imeko, kwaye isiqingatha safumana i-intanethi yokungena.

1 Table  

Uyilo lweemeko kunye neenombolo zeqela kulingo ngalunye lokuhlola kwesini

Uhlalutyo lwedatha

Idatha yokuqala kunye neyaqokelelwa kuqokelelwa kwisimo sokuziphatha ngokwesondo i-CPP ivezwe njengokhetho lokukhetha (ipesenti yexesha elichithwe kwigumbi elinobunini besini) kunye namanqaku okwahluka (ixesha elichithwe kwigumbi lokulala ngesondo lixesha elichithwe kwi-non igumbi elinabantwaneni ngesondo). Uvavanyo lwe-t olubhangqileyo lwalusetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya ukubaluleka kwenqaku lokukhetha kunye namanqaku okwahlula phakathi kokuhle nokuphamba. Ukongeza, uvavanyo lwePearson Product Moment Correlation lwasetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya unxibelelwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kwamanani e-intromissions kunye nenqaku lokugqibela lokukhetha kunye nenqaku lokulinganisa phakathi kovavanyo ngalunye. Isikhombisi ngokubaluleka sasetwa kwi0.05.

iziphumo

Iziphumo zovavanyo lokuqala, zabonisa ukuba abesilisa abane-na sexuallyve abesilisa bafumana i-CPP ebalulekileyo kwigumbi elinamachaphaza, njengoko kubonisiwe kuthelekiso lwexesha elichithwe kumagumbi ngexesha lokugqibela nelokugqibela (Ikhiwane. 1). Zombini amanqaku okhetho (p= 0.023) kunye nolwahluko (p= 0.012) ibonise ukonyuka okukhulu kwexesha elichithwe kwigumbi lokuhamba-nge-ejaculation. Ukongeza, abesilisa be-naïve ngokwesondo baphinde bafumana i-CPP ebalulekileyo kwigumbi elingene ngaphakathi. Emva kokulungisa imeko, abesilisa be-naïve bachitha ixesha elininzi kwigumbi lokungena-elingena ngakwigumbi lokulawula (p= Inqaku lokukhetha le-0.006; p= 0.005 amanqaku okwahlula; Ikhiwane. 1). Amadoda olawulo anganyuswanga awenzanga loluphi ukhetho (Amanqaku okhetho: Umtsalane ngokuchaseneyo ne-Posttest: 35.8% ± 2.9 xa kuthelekiswa ne-38.3% ± 2.7, p = 0.47; umahluko amanqaku: Omuhle ngokuchaseneyo ne-Posttest: 168.4 sec ± 34.4 sec ± 152.4 sec = 33.3).

Umzobo 1  

Ukubhanqa omnye ngokuboniswa kwe-ejaculation (A, B) okanye ukungena ngaphakathi, C, D) yakhokelela kwi-CPP kumadoda alalanayo ngokwesini. (A, C) amanqaku okukhethwa kuqala, ipesenti yexesha elichithwe kumjikelo- (A) okanye kwangaphakathi- (C) kwigumbi lokubhanqa. (B, D) umahluko wenqaku, ixesha ...

Iziphumo ezivela kuvavanyo lwesibini kubonise ukuba amadoda afumene amava ezesondo ngaphambi kovavanyo lwe-CPP nawo enza i-CPP kwigumbi elenziweyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kukonyuka okubalulekileyo kumanqaku amabini akhethwayo (p<0.001) kunye nenqaku lokwahlula (p<0.001; Ikhiwane. 2). Nangona kunjalo, ngokwahlukileyo koko kufunyanweyo kwisini esili-naïve emadodeni, amadoda anamava ngokwabelana ngesondo awazange enze i-CPP kwigumbi elingena phakathi. Nokuba amanqaku okhethwayo (p= 0.183) okanye amanqaku umahluko (p= 0.235) itshintshe kakhulu emva kokuhlelwa (Ikhiwane. 2).

Umzobo 2  

Ukubhanqa omnye ngokuboniswa kwe-ejaculation (A, C), kodwa kungengeniso (C, D) yakhokelela kwi-CPP kumadoda anamava ngokwabelana ngesondo. (A, C) amanqaku okukhethwa kuqala, ipesenti yexesha elichithwe kumjikelo- (A) okanye kwangaphakathi- (C) kwigumbi lokubhanqa. (B, D) umahluko ...

Kwilingo lwesithathu nolwesine, i-hypothesis yokuba i-ejaculation inomvuzo ngakumbi xa ithelekiswa ne-intromissions yavavanywa. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonise, okokuqala, amadoda awayebelana ngesondo ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwe-CPP, akazange enze i-CPP kwigumbi elinamagumbi okuhamba nge-ejaculation kwigumbi lokungena-elinombhalo emva kokubhanqa omnye kuphela kwendlela yokuziphatha ngokwesondo eyahlukileyo kwigumbi (Ikhiwane. 3). Siye safumanisa ukuba ukudibanisa okukodwa kokuphuma emzimbeni kunye nokungenelela kwakungonelanga ukwenza umahluko ekubunjweni kwe-CPP kwizilwanyana ezikwabelana ngesondo. Ke ngoko, ulingelo lwesine lwenziwa kunye nexesha elandisiweyo lokufaka imeko kuhlobo ngalunye lovavanyo lokuvuma imeko. Ewe kunjalo, emva kokubhangqa kwezinto ezintathu zokungenelela kunye nokunyanga, amadoda abonise ulonyuso olubonakalayo kuzo zombini iindlela ezikhethwayo nomehluko (p<0.001 yokukhetha kunye namanqaku okwahlula; Ikhiwane. 3) ukulungiselela isixa-sokuhamba-mbini kwigumbi lokungena ngaphakathi. Ke, ngokudibanisa okuninzi, i-ejaculation yanyanzelisa ukwakhiwa kwe-CPP xa ithelekiswa nokubonisa ukungena ngaphakathi ngaphandle kwe-ejaculation.

Umzobo 3  

Ukubhanqa omnye ngokuboniswa kwe-ejaculation akuzange kubangele i-CPP kwisini se-naïve yamadoda xa igumbi lolawulo lalibhangisiwe ngokuboniswa kokungenelela (A, B). Ngokwahlukileyo, abesilisa ababesabelana ngesondo ngaphambi kokuqala kobume bokufunyanwa ...

Kuvavanyo ngalunye, xa kwakusenziwa izinto ezibini eziboniswa ngokusondelana, amadoda ayevunyelwe ukubonisa ubuchule be-6-8, kuba oku kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo nenani leenkqubo zokungena ngokwakudala ezenzekelayo (Coolen et al., 1996; Ipholile et al., 2003a). Ewe, uninzi lwamadoda kumaqela ahamba nge-ejaculation abonise i-8 okanye ubuncinci bokungeniswa ngaphambi kokufakwa emzimbeni. Nangona kunjalo, amanye amadoda kwisilingo ngasinye esaboniswa ngaphezulu kwe-8 intromissions ngaphambi kokufakwa emzimbeni. Ke ngoko, ukugweba unxibelelwano olululo phakathi kwamanani e-intomissions kunye nokwenziwa kwe-CPP, kwenziwa uhlalutyo lokunxibelelana. Olu hlalutyo lutyhile ukuba akukho lungelelwaniso kulo naluphi na uvavanyo phakathi kwamanani e-intromissions kunye nokuchazwa kwe-CPP.

ingxoxo

Uphononongo lwangoku luvavanye ii-hypotheses zokuba i-ejaculation inexabiso elikhulu ngakumbi xa ithelekiswa nokuboniswa kokungeniswa xa kuvavanywa ukusebenzisa iparadigm ye-CPP kunye namava ezesondo anefuthe kwiimpawu ezinomvuzo zokungenelela. Ewe, kwaboniswa ukuba i-ejaculation, kodwa hayi ukungena ngaphakathi kwakhokelela ekufumaneni kwe-CPP kwizilwanyana ezinamava ngokwesondo. Ngaphezu koko, abesilisa be-naïve abesilisa bafumana i-CPP yendawo yokuhamba nge-ejaculation phezu kwendawo enezinto zokungena ngaphakathi. Amava ezesondo achaphazele ixabiso elinomvuzo lokungeniswa (ngaphandle kokujikwa kwamalungu omzimba), kuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-ejaculation kwafunyanwa kuphela njengebalulekile kwi-CPP kumadoda anamava ngokwabelana ngesondo, njengoko amadoda ezokwabelana ngesondo kunye neveve ephuhlisiwe kwi-CPP elandelayo yokungena kunye ne-ejaculation.

I-CPP yiparadigm esekwe kakuhle esetyenziselwa ukufunda iipropathi ezinomvuzo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo (IHughes et al., 1990; I-Mehrara neBhaum, i-1990; IMiller kunye neBaum, i-1987). Ukwahluka okubini kwinkqubo ye-CPP, i-CPP yasemva kokugcina kunye ne-CPP yokukhuphela, kwahlukile ekubeni ukukhula kuyenzeka kwigumbi le-CPP okanye hayi (Pfaus et al., 2001). Kwinkqubo yokuqala, ebisetyenziswa kwisifundo sangoku, iigundane ezingamadoda zivunyelwe ukulingisa kwindawo eyahlukileyo kwaye emva koko zidluliselwe ngoko nangoko kwigumbi elinye lezixhobo ze-CPP. Kwinkqubo yesibini, ukukopishwa kwi-ejaculation kuvunyelwe ukuba kwenzeke ngaphakathi kwegumbi le-CPP ngokwayo. Zombini ezi nkqubo zikhokelela ekunikezelweni ngamandla nakwi-CPP ethembekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-CPP yasemva kokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo yayisetyenziswa kwisifundo esikhoyo ukuphelisa impembelelo yokulindelwa komvuzo wesini xa kwakusekwa i-CPP. Xa iigundane ezingamadoda zivulelekile kwimikhwa yendalo enxulumene nokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwangaphambili, inkqubo ye-mesolimbic iyenziwa isebenze (Balfour et al., 2004) bonisa ulindelo ngokuphendula kwimigangatho ebekiweyo. Ukusetyenziswa kweparadigm ye-CPP yokushicilela kuya kuthi ke kukhokelele kwiimpembelelo zokuvezwa kumakhonkco anemeko enxulumene namava okwabelana ngesondo kwangaphambili kwigumbi le-CPP. Ngenxa yoko, ukwenzela ukwahlula indima yokungenelela kunye ne-ejaculation kwi-naïve yesondo kunye nezilwanyana ezinamava ekwakhiweni kwe-CPP, inkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwe-postcopulatory yasetyenziswa.

Olunye uguquko kuvavanyo lwe-CPP linani lezilingo zokujonga imeko: nokuba inye (Straiko et al., 2007) okanye ezimbiniUGarcia Horsman kunye noParedes, 2004; IHughes et al., 1990; IMiller kunye neBaum, i-1987) isiphumo sokutsalwa kukungena kwi-CPP. Kuba enye injongo yesifundo esikhoyo yayikukuphanda impembelelo yamava ezesondo kwi-CPP eyabelwe isondo, isibini esinye sasetyenziswa ubukhulu becala lovavanyo ukwenzela ukuthintela ukufikelela kwisilinganisio se-CPP. Ewe, iziphumo zethu ziqinisekisile izifundo zangaphambili (Agmo noBerenfeld, 1990) ukuba isahlulo esinye sokwahlula-hlula kwimeko, yanele ukufunyanwa kwe-CPP emadodeni.

Kolu vavanyo lwangoku, abesilisa abahamba ngesondo bafumana i-CPP yendawo ejijeke ngumzimba ngaphezulu kwendawo enezinto zokungena ezibonisa ukuba ukwaluka kunexabiso elikhulu kunomvuzo. Esi siphumo siyahambelana nezifundo zangaphambili / zokuqiniswa kwezifundo kwi-T-mazes (I-Kagan, i-1955), indlela yebalekile engalo (I-Lopez et al., 1955), okanye ukukhwela umqoboUSheffield et al., 1951), ezibonisa ukuba i-ejaculation iyasomeleza ngakumbi kunamanani okanye ukungena ngaphakathi. Ukongeza, i-ejaculation ibalulekile ekusetyenzisweni kokukhethwa kokukhutshelwa komgaqo-nkqubo (I-Kippin kunye ne-Pfaus, i-2001). Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ziyaxhasa i-hypothesis ebekwe ngaphambili nguCrawford et. al. (1993) ukuba "amandla ezesondo njengesixhasi ahambelana ngqo nezifundo apho izifundo zizalisekisa khona ukulandelelana kokuziphatha".

Kolu vavanyo lwangoku, ukhetho olukhethiweyo kwindalo enxulumene nokuthathwa kwendlu ngaphezulu kwegumbi lokungena elingena ngaphakathi lwalufuna iimvavanyo zokujonga imeko ezininzi, kunye nokuxhonywa ngokukodwa kwakungekho ngokwaneleyo ukubambisa i-CPP. Enye inkcazo yeyokuba kwizilwanyana ezi-naïve ngokwesondo, ukuhambisa isikhombisi esinye akwanele ukwahlula ixabiso elinomvuzo lokuthambisa kunye nokungena ngaphakathi. Enye inkcazo kunokuba kukuba iipropathi ezinomvuzo zokungenelela kunciphisa ngamava ezesondo, ngokuhambelana nokufumanisa ukuba i-ejaculation iyimfuneko kwi-CPP kumadoda anamava ngokwesondo ngelixa i-intromissions ingena kwi-CPP kwizilwanyana ezingenamntu zesini.

Ukufumanisa ukuba i-ejaculation ineepropathi ezinomvuzo ngakumbi kunee-intromissions ixhasa i-hypothesis eyahlukeneyo yeendlela ze-neural ezikhoyo zokuqhubekisa imiqondiso ejongene ne-ejaculation- okanye imiqondiso ehambelana nokungena ngaphakathi. Ukuxhasa le hypothesis, uphononongo oluninzi kumqolo, i-hamster, kunye ne-gerbil isebenzisa i-Fos njengophawu lokuvula kwe-neural ibonakalise ukusebenza kwe-neural ngokukhethekileyo okuchukunyiswe yi-ejaculation, kodwa kungengamanani amakhulu okanye ukungena ngaphakathi, kwizitho ezincinci ze-medial amygdala, i-nucleus ye-bed i-stria terminalis, indawo efunyanwa kwangaphambili, kunye ne-posterior intralaminar thalamus (Coolen et al., 1996; Coolen et al., 1997; Ipholile et al., 2003a; UHeeb kunye no-Yahr, 1996; I-Kollack-Walker kunye neNewman, 1997). Sisanda kuvavanya ukuba ngaba ezi ndawo zisebenza nge-ejaculation-activated zifumana igalelo ukusuka kwintambo yomgogodla we-lumbosacral, kwaye sabonisa ukusebenzisa ukulandela umkhondo kunye nokuthathwa kwento ukuba i-ejaculation-activated subregion ye-posterior intralaminar thalamus, okt medial subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (mSPFp) ifumana igalelo elingafaniyo Ubuninzi be-neurons kwintambo yomgogodla ye-lumbar (Ipholile et al., 2003a; Ipholile et al., 2003b; UJu et al., 1987; NguTruitt et al., 2003b). Emva koko ezi seli zibonakalisa i-Fos ngokungafaniyo nge-ejaculation, kodwa hayi ngamanani amakhulu okanye ukuphuma ngaphakathi, ekuxhaseni kwendima yabo kwinkqubo yokulungisa ii-ejaculation-related cues (I-Truitt et al., 2003a). Ngaphaya koko, aba bantu baneseli ezisebenza ngokuse-lumbar mSPFp ezikwi-anatomical position yokufumana ii-ejaculation ezinxulumene nokuziva kwezinto eziphuma kwilungu lobuchwephesha kwaye baveze ii-neuropeptides ezininzi, kubandakanya i-galanin, cholecystokinin, kunye ne-opioid enkephalin (Ipholile et al., 2003b; UJu et al., 1987; UNicholas et al., 1999). Okwangoku, akwaziwa ukuba le ndlela kunye ne-neurotransmitters ngaphakathi, ngokusebenzayo zinegalelo ekuziphatheni okuyekwe kwi-ejaculation, njenge-CPP.

Isishwankathelo, iziphumo ezikhoyo zibonisa ukuba i-ejaculation lelona candelo lizuzisa kakhulu lokuziphatha kwamadoda ngokwesini kwiigundane. Ngaphaya koko, sigqiba kwelokuba amava ezesondo aphembelela iipropathi ezinomvuzo zecandelo lokuziphatha ngokwesondo, oko kukuthi, ukungena ngaphakathi, njengoko kungenisa i-CPP kwisini se-naïve, kodwa hayi kumadoda anamava ngokwesondo.

Imibulelo

Olu phando luxhaswe ngemali yezibonelelo ezivela kwiZiko lezeMpilo leSizwe (i-R01 DA014591) kunye namaZiko oPhando ngezeMpilo eCanada kwi-LMC.

Imihlathi

Iphepha elichazayo ukuba awusenanto oyifunayo: Le fayili yeFayile yombhalo wesandla ongabhalwanga owamkelwe ukushicilelwa. Njengenkonzo kumakhasimende ethu sinika le ngcaciso yokuqala kwincwadi yesandla. Umbhalo wesandla uza kufumana ukukopishwa, ukufakela, nokuphonononga ubungqina obunokubakho ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe kwifomu yayo yokugqibela. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngexesha lokuveliswa kweeprogram ezinokuthi zifumaneke ezinokuthi ziphazamise umxholo, kunye nazo zonke izisemthethweni ezichasayo ezisetyenziswa kwiphephancwadi.

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