NgoDisemba 3, 2015 ngu-Eric Bowman, Incoko Uninzi lwabaphandi luyavuma ukuba umahluko ophambili phakathi kobuchopho bomntu kunye nobezezinye izilwanyana ubungakanani kunye nokuntsonkotha kwethu i-cortex yecerebralUbume bengqondo engaphandle yethishu ye-neural. Sihlala sijolisa ingqalelo yethu kule ndawo, sikholelwa ukuba ubomi bethu obukhethekileyo bengqondo bubangelwe yile nto yobugcisa yendaleko.
Kodwa sihlala sityeshela iibits eziphantse zafana phakathi kwabantu nezilwanyana, njengeqela elincinci leeseli zengqondo zisebenzisa dopamine yekhemikhali Ukunxibelelana nabanye iiseli zobuchopho.
Amava anomvuzo
Dopamine yi ihlala ichazwa njenge "khemikhali yolonwabo", kodwa iyabandakanyeka kwinani elikhulu lomzimba kwaye iinkqubo zengqondo. Isetyenziselwa liqela le-neurons kwi-midbrain ukudlulisa imiyalezo kwezinye i-neurons. I dopamine i-neurons mancinci kwinani (~ 0.0006% yee-neuron kwingqondo yomntu) kwaye ziyajongwa kuzo zonke izilwanyana ezanyisayo kwaye nakwizilwanyana "ezilula" ezinjengeemfudu.
Kwii-1950s, abaphandi Fu maneka ukuba iigundane zibonakale zikonwabela ukukhuthaza isixokelelwano sezinzwa esidibanisa i dopamine I-neurons kunye neethagethi zazo ebunzini. Iigundane ziya kufunda ukucinezela i-lever ngoluhlobo lokukhuthaza, kwaye, xa lushiywe lungakhange lujongwe, lungakwenza amawaka amaxesha ngamini.
Uvavanyo olufanayo (kwaye alunanyani) lwenziwe kwi-1970 kwi isigulana somntu. Njengamagundane, isiguli safunda ukucinezela iqhosha ukukhuthaza isisu se-dopamine nerve, ngokucofa iqhosha ukuya kumaxesha e-1500 ngexesha leseshoni yeeyure ezintathu kunye nokubika iimvakalelo zokonwaba ngexesha lokukhuthaza.
Ukusukela ngoko, izifundo zibonise ukuba inkqubo yedopamine inokwenziwa isebenze ngothotho lwamava amnandi, njengokutya, ukuba nesondo, ukuziphindezela, ukuphumelela imidlalo yevidiyo, Mamela umculo, fumana imali kunye nokufunda iikhathuni ezihlekisayo. Inkqubo ye-dopamine ikwaphendula ngamandla kwizidakamizwa ezichasayo, kubandakanya ne-opiates, alcohol kwaye cocaine. La machiza anokuvuselela usebenze ngakumbi kunemivuzo yendalo kwaye, ngokungafani nemivuzo yendalo, ayibangeli satiety.
Ukucaciswa ngokuthe ngqo kwezi zibakala kukuba inkqubo ye-dopamine yi indlela yovuyo kwingqondo. Oku kunokuthi kuchaze ukuba kutheni izilwanyana kunye nabantu banokuvuma ukucofa amaqhosha okanye batyhilize ii-levers ukuze zisebenze i-dopamine neurons. Isenokuchaza ukuba kutheni amachiza enje umlutha. Ukusebenza okunamandla kunye nokuqhubekayo okwenziwa ngamachiza kunokusebenza "njengomvuzo ophezulu", okwenza iziyobisi zithandeke ngakumbi.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweziganeko zengqondo zenzeka kufutshane nexesha lomvuzo, kubandakanya neenguqu ezikhuthazayo, ukuvusa, ingqalelo, iimvakalelo kunye nokufunda. Umzekelo, khawucinge ngokudlula kumatshini wokuthengisa othengisa iilekese. Ukuba uchukunyiswa yindlala, ingqwalaselo yakho iya kutsalwa koomatshini kwaye uya kuphaphama ngakumbi xa usondela kuyo. Nje ukuba utye iilekese, uva uyolo, ingqondo yakho ifunda ukudibanisa umatshini wokuthengisa kunye nomvuzo, kwaye indlala yakho iyancipha. Kungenzeka ukuba inkqubo ye-dopamine ibandakanyeke kwezi nkqubo ezininzi kunokuba zonwabisa nje ngeseti.
Dopamine iindlela
Dopamine kuthelekiswa namandla
Enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-dopamine kukufunda. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ii-dopamine neurons ziguqula umsebenzi wazo xa ulindelo malunga nomvuzo lungangqinelani nenyani, isayina 'Impazamo yokuxela kwangaphambilieqhuba ukufunda. Umzekelo, ii-dopamine neurons zenziwa zisebenze ngeembuyekezo ezingalindelekanga, kodwa ziyacinezelwa xa kulindeleke umvuzo ukusilela ukwenza imizimba yenyama.
Iziganeko ezilandelwa kukunyuswa kwe-dopamine activation zinxulunyaniswa nomvuzo, kwaye ezo zilandelwa kukuncipha zidibaniswe nokudana. Ukuba imeko-bume ayitshintshi, zonke iingqondo zethu kufuneka zenze ukufumana umvuzo kukuthatha inxaxheba kwizenzo ezenza ukuba kusebenze ii-dopamine neurons kunye nokuthintela ezo zibaxinzelelayo.
Kuyinto engathandabuzekiyo ukuba sinolwazi oluninzi lokufunda olusebenza kwi-dopamine, njengokusenza sinamathele kwizinto esizidibanisa ngokungazi kunye nokusebenza kwe-dopamine. Oku kungazi kungachaza ukuba kutheni abantu besenza ukhetho olubonakala lungekho ngqiqweni okanye olungalunganga.
Khawufane ucinge umntu olikhoboka leziyobisi. Ngenxa yokuba uyolo oluvela kwi-cocaine aluthathi njengomvuzo wendalo, ukusebenza kwe-dopamine, kungoko ukufunda okuphethwe ziyobisi, kwenzeka ngokurhubuluza kombhobho wokuqhekeka, kusenza eyona mibhobho njengesixhobo esitsalwa likhoboka.
Inkosi yethu yemichiza?
Ngaba uphando lobuchopho lunokusetyenziselwa ukwahlula iimpembelelo ze-dopamine kwikhobokisa? Iingcali ze-Neuroscientist zisebenza ngoku ukudalwa kwamachiza ezithintela ukufundwa okwenziwe dopamine kumlutha. Nangona kunjalo, banayo impumelelo encinci, kuba kunzima ukwenza ichiza iibhloko zokufunda ngaphandle kokuthintela eminye imisebenzi ye-dopamine, enjengokuziva uphaphile, ushukumisekile kwaye wonwabile.
Isifundo esenziwa dopamine ngokuqinisekileyo ayisiyiyo yonke into ebangela ukuba likhoboka, kodwa ke sicebisa ukuba siqwalasele ukuba ukulutha yinto enokupheliswa kukabani ukuqiqa. Oku kunokusebenza kakhulu nakwezinye iintsilelo zemihla ngemihla zokunganikezeli ngamandla, njengokutya kakhulu.
Ezikhethekileyo zethu i-cortex yecerebral inokuba kulawulo lwezenzo zethu, kodwa inkqubo yethu ye-dopamine yangaphambili inokusebenza kakuhle njengomfundisi wayo.
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