Inkuthazo? Ukuba ukhe waba nengxaki ngeentonga kwaye wabamba phezulu wafumanisa ukuba iimpuku ziye zahlafuna iiCheerios, iAmos edumileyo, iipakeji ezintathu zeRamen noodles, kunye nebhokisi yebhokhwe yombhaki oyithengileyo enesitayile " Manene e-Canyon
Imouse iyakwazi ukutya. Ihlala isithanda ukunambitha kokutya. Faka i-kibble emlonyeni wayo, kwaye iya kuhlafuna kwaye iginye, yonke ixesha ijikeleza iempumlo zayo ngokubonakalayo kuneliseko.
Sekusele kusekho, imouse ayiyi kuvuka isidlo sakusihlwa. Ingcinga nje yokuhamba kwinqanaba kunye nokuphakamisa iipelisi zokutya kwisitya isigcwalise ngokunganakwa. Yiyiphi inqaku, ngokuqinisekileyo, kulo lonke le nto yokutya nokugqithisa? Kutheni uzikhathaze? Ukugqithisa kweentsuku, imouse ayidli, ayinakuhamba, kwaye emva kweeveki ezimbalwa, iyazilambele ekufeni. Emva kwimeko yokubulala i-rodent ye-ennui yintlupheko eninzi ye-dopamine, enye yeemodoka ezibonakalayo ezibalulekileyo kwingqondo.
IDopamine ikwifashoni
I-Dopamine sele ihamba kakuhle, namhlanje "i-neurotransmitter, njengokuba i-serotonin" yayiyi "kwi-Prozac-laced '90s.
Abantu bathetha ngokufumana "i-dopamine speed" kwi-tsholatshi, umculo, imakethe yemasheya, i-BlackBerry buzz entanyeni - nantoni na eyenza intlonelo encinci, eyonwabileyo. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-vice efana ne-cocaine, i-methamphetamine, utywala kunye ne-nicotine ziyaziwa ngokukhuthaza i-circuits yengqondo ye-brain, njengoko kwenza ukuba i-Adderall kunye noRitalin bayakhuthaza kakhulu.
Kwiingcamango zomphakathi, i-dopamine imayelana nemivuzo, kwaye ivakalelwa kakuhle, kwaye ifuna ukuziva ulungile kwakhona, kwaye ukuba awuyikubukela, uya kukhwabanisa, ikhoboka lemizila yolonwabo ekuhambeni kwengqondo yakho. Hayi, kutheni ucinga ukuba zibiza ngokuba yi-dopamine?
Nangona uphando olutsha malunga ne-dopamine i-pice engenalo kunye nezinye izifundo zibonakalisa, umfanekiso wesifo se-dopamine njengeCaccus yethu encinci ebuchosheni ilahlekisa, njengokuba kwakunjalo imifanekiso ye-serotonin njengobuso obuvuyayo.
Qhuba kunye nenkuthazo
Kwimbono evelayo, exoxwa yinxalenye kuMbutho we-Neuroscience intlanganiso yesonto eledlule e-Chicago, i-dopamine ingaphantsi kokuzonwabisa kunye nomvuzo kunokuba kuqhutywe umqhubi kunye nokukhuthaza, malunga nokucinga oko kufuneka ukwenze ukuze usinde uze wenze. "Xa ungeke uphefumule, kwaye unokuthi udibanise umoya, ngaba uya kubiza ukuba uyonwaba?" Watsho uNora D. Volkow, umphandi we-dopamine kunye nomlawuli weSizwe soMgaqo-nkqubo wokuSebenzisa kakubi kweziyobisi. "Xa ulambile kakhulu ukuba udle into enyanyekayo, ngaba uyonwabile?"
Kuzo zombini iimpendulo, uDkt. Volkow uthe, ukutshisa i-oksijeni nokukhungula into enokuyichitha, indlela yokusebenzisa i-dopamine yeengqondo epheleleyo. "Ingqondo yonke ingomnye," watsho. "Ukuqhubezela ngamandla ukukukhupha kwiimeko zokunciphisa nokugcina uphila."
I-Dopamine inxalenye yecwecwe yecala yomtsalane, i-charge-of-this-device. "Awukwazi ukubeka ingqalelo kuyo yonke into, kodwa ufuna ukuba ngumntu ongenamalungu ekuqapheliseni izinto ezinomdla," kusho uDkt. Volkow. "Unokuthi ungayiqapheli inambuzane egumbini, kodwa ukuba loo ntaba yayiyi-fluorescent, iiseli zakho ze-dopamine ziya kutshisa."
Dopamine isignali
Ukongezelela, umtshini wethu we-dopamine oqhutywe ngumqhubi uya kugxila kwizinto eziqhelekileyo esiziphethe ngokubaluleka okukhulu, kokubili ezilungileyo kunye ezimbi: izinto esizifunayo nezinto esizoyikisayo. Ukuba sithanda i-tshokoleta, i-dopamine neurons yethu iya kuqala ukutshisa embonweni webhontshisi encane ye-chocolate elele kwi-counter. Kodwa ukuba sinoyike iindile, ezo zi-neurons ezifanayo zisenokubandezela ngakumbi xa siqaphela ukuba "inyosi" inemilenze emithandathu. Ukunandipha okukhethiweyo yetshokoleji nganye, nangona kunjalo, okanye uxhalaba lwe-cockroach phobia, mhlawumbi lube ngumsebenzi wezandla zamanye ama-molecule, njengama-opiates okanye ama-hormone oxinzelelo. I-Dopamine yenza nje into echaphazelekayo ibe nzima ukuyihoxisa.
Ukuba ingqondo ifuna ukungayinaki into engayiqaphela yona, i-dopamine ifanele igxilwe. Ukubika ngoku kutshatyalaliswa kweNational Neuroscience, uRegina M. Sullivan waseNew York University Medical Center, uGordon A. Barr weSibhedlele sabantwana baseFiladelphia kunye nabo basebenzisana nabo bafumene ukuba, kanti iiliti ezindala kuneentsuku ze-12 ziza kuhlakulela ngokukhawuleza ukuba ziphi na izivumba ezibanjwe Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamandla ombane, amagumbi amancinci angabonisa ngokukhethekileyo okokuvumba okunjalo xa oomama bebesondele xa i-jolt yafundiswa. Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba umoya omncinci we-Candide ukuxothwa komsebenzi we-dopamine kwi-amygdala, apho kuvela khona ukukhumbula izinto. Amakhwenkwe omntwana ayazi umama ngoovumba, uDkt. Sullivan wachaza, kwaye akufanele afunde ukumphepha, kuba umnyamekeli ophethe kakubi ungcono kunanoma ngubani.
Yintoni i-dopamine?
Inkulu njengoko impembelelo yayo ingaba, i-dopamine iyi-molecule edibeneyo, eyakhiwe i-atom ye-22, ene-knitine i-amine knob. (I-Dopamine, ngendlela, ithatha igama layo kwi-chemical composition yayo, kwaye ayinanto enxulumene negama elidityanisiweyo - njenge-heroin okanye ezinye iziyobisi zokuzonwabisa-okucingelwa ukuba zivela kwigama lesiDatshi elisezantsi.)
Igumbi lokuvelisa i-dopamine liyinto encinci. Ngaphantsi kweepesenti ze-1 yazo zonke i-neurons ezenza i-neurotransmitter, ininzi yazo kwimigangatho ye-midbrain njenge-substantia nigra, enceda ukulawula ukuhamba; kukungcoliswa kwala manani eeseli ze-dopamine eziphumela ekudakeni kunye nezinye iimpawu zesifo se-Parkinson.
Kukho umsebenzi we-dopamine ophezulu phezulu, kwi-correx ye-prefrontal emiswe ngasemva kwebunzi, loo ngqondo ebunzulu apho kubhalwe khona amabali eendaba, iimpembelelo ezilawulwayo kunye nezizathu zokuzimela. Kuthatyathwa kwe-aprontal dopamine kucinga ukuba negalelo kwi-schizophrenia.
Nomaphi apho isitishi sawo, iiseli zengqondo zisabela ekukhululweni kwe-dopamine enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezihlanu ze-dopamine ezifunyenwe zivela phezulu, iiprotheni zenzelwe ukuvalela kwi-dopamine kwaye ziphendule ngokufanelekileyo. Omnye umdlali oyintloko ngumthutha we-dopamine, uhlobo lomgcini-ntsimbi othabatha iimodlekli ze-dopamine ezisetyenziselwayo aze azifakele kwiiseli apho zizalelwe khona.
Izidakamizwa zokuzonwabisa ezifana ne-cocaine zivame ukuvimbela loo mthutha, ukuvumela i-dopamine ukuba ihlale kwi-vestibule ye-neuronal kwaye igcine isigxina sayo.
Dopamine kunye nenkuthazo
Abantu bahlukana omnye nomnye kwinqanaba le-dopamine matrix, kwisantya somnxeba we-dopamine neurons kwisiganeko somlilo, ukukhawuleza apho iiseli zihamba khona ekuphenduleni iimfuno okanye iindaba, kunye nokukhululeka apho iiseli ezixhasayo zibuyela kwisiseko .
Abanye abaphandi baye bajonga ukuhluka kofuzo kwiindidi ze-receptor zokuthintela ukungafani komntu. Ngokutsho kukaDan TA Eisenberg weYunivesithi yaseNyakatho-ntshona, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuxhomekeka okuthobekileyo phakathi kwenguqu ehlanganisiweyo yokufumana i-dopamine receptor No. 4 kunye nokunyamekela ukunyaniseka nokuziphatha ngokukhawuleza, ngokukodwa ukuthatha ingozi yemali.
Omnye akakwazi ukwenza ezininzi zale mibandela yokuqala kwi-genetics yokuziphatha, kodwa mhlawumbi ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe i-bailout elandelayo, simele sifune ukuba abo bhankini bavavanywe ngobungqina bengozi, abafumana iifom zexesha elide. Uqoqosho, i-dopamine.
NguNATALIE ANGIER, ENew York Times
Funda ngakumbi malunga nobudlelwane be-dopamine kunye nenkuthazo Apha.
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