IZIMVO: Enye impikiswano ejikeleze i-dopamine kukuba ingaba isemva kweemvakalelo zolonwabo. Kufunyaniswe kakuhle ukuba i-dopamine ivelisa umnqweno kunye neminqweno okanye "ukufuna", kodwa ingaba ibandakanyeka "ekuthandeni". Abaphandi baye bahlula ukuthanda ekufuneni kuvavanyo lokutya, kwaye i-dopamine ezimiseleyo ayibandakanyekanga kwimiba ye-hedonic yokutya. Kodwa ngaba oku kusebenza nakwizesondo, intsebenziswano yobuhlobo kunye nothando? Izifundo zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iingxelo zolonwabo zilingana namanqanaba e-dopamine.
Iposti yeBlog eyenziwe yiBrain Stimulant
Ngaba ingqondo ye-neurotransmitter i-dopamine ibandakanyeka kulonwabo lweemvakalelo? Ibhlog yeNeuroscientifically Challenged inengxoxo egqwesileyo malunga nokungavisisani phakathi kwesazinzulu esikholelwa ukuba i-dopamine ayilamleli ulonwabo lweemvakalelo kodwa enye into, umnqweno.
"Xa ikhonkco phakathi kokuhanjiswa kwe-dopamine kunye namava anomvuzo (umzekelo ukutya, isondo, iziyobisi) yasungulwa, ibangele ukuba abaninzi baqonde ukuba i-dopamine yayinoxanduva lwamava ethu okuzonwabisa."
Kodwa isayensi ekugqibeleni yafumana i-hype xa abaphandi baqala ukuqaphela ukuba i-dopamine ayihambelani ncam nolonwabo.
Umphandi uKent Berridge wenze uphando olubanzi kule ndawo. Ufumanise ukuba i-dopamine ayiwatshintshi amava e-hedonics yokungcamla. Ngokusisiseko oku kuthetha ukuba i-dopamine ayitshintshi indlela ukutya okulungileyo ngayo. Ke oku kuguqulela njani kwihlabathi lokwenyani? Kulungile, utywala, umzekelo, bunokwenza incasa yokutya ibe ngcono. Yiyo loo nto abantu basela utywala kunye nepizza kunye.
Utywala busebenzisana nenkqubo ye-opioid yomntu kwaye oku kunokwenzeka ukuba ngunobangela wokwandiswa kwencasa yehedonics. Ukusebenza kwe-mu-opioid receptor kwiindawo ezithile zobuchopho kunokwenza amava okungcamla okuzivayo athandeke ngakumbi. Ke ipizza eqhele ukuba yifodder inokungcamla ngokumangalisayo emva kokusela utywala okanye i-opiate efana neheroin. Ukwandisa i-dopamine kwelinye icala ayenzi izinto zibe ngcono (uthatha i-cocaine ngokomzekelo).
Iindawo ezithandwayo zeHedonic
UBerridge wenze uvavanyo oluninzi kwizilwanyana kwaye ufumene into ayibiza ngokuba zii "hedonic hotspots" kwingqondo.
Kwiindawo ezishushu iglosi ye-hedonic ekhulisa uyolo lwendalo ipeyintiwe ziikhemikhali zobuchopho ezifana ne-mu opioids kunye ne-endocannabinoids, eziyinguqulelo yendalo yobuchopho beheroin kunye nentsangu. Ukuba sivula ezo zamkeli zemithambo-luvo (ngokutofa ngokungenazintlungu kwamathontsi amancinane echiza ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo ene-hedonic hotspot) siyakwandisa ukusabela ‘kokuthanda’ okubangelwa bubumnandi.”
Ngoko ukwandisa ukusebenza kwee-opioid receptors kunye ne-endocannabinoid receptors zinokwenza incasa yokutya ibe ngcono (ubuncinci kwiimpuku kunye neempuku). Uyazi njani ukuba impuku okanye impuku iyakonwabela ukutya? Ngokucacileyo abaphandi banokujonga ubuso bempuku (okanye iimpuku) ukuxelela ukuba ikuthanda kangakanani ukutya ukutya okuthile. Inkangeleko yobuso babo inika iimvakalelo zabo ngendlela efanayo nobuso bomntu. Nangona kunjalo ingaba ilungile kangakanani into enambitha igama elichanekileyo lokuchaza ulonwabo? Ulonwabo kufuneka luchazwe ngandlela thile kwaye andiqinisekanga ukuba incasa ye-hedonics iyinto eyonwabileyo nganye. Ndiyakwazi ukucinga umntu onokuthi afumane ukutya ukuze angcamle kakuhle, kodwa afune ukuziva anhedonic ngokubanzi.
Anedonia
Ireyithingi ye-subjective anhedonia iquka izinto ezininzi zokalalo ezinokufumaneka kule sayithi "Inyathelo leSimpawu esiNegative". Izinto ezikwisikali zibandakanya; ukuphindaphindwa kwamava olonwabo ngexesha lonxibelelwano lwentlalo, ukuphindaphindwa kwamava olonwabo ngexesha leemvakalelo zomzimba, ukuqina kwamava olonwabo ngexesha lemisebenzi yolonwabo / yobugcisa. Ke kwesi sikali somgangatho wolonwabo, akukho kukhankanywa kwe-hedonics yokungcamla (nangona ke ezinye izikali zibandakanya lo mlinganiso kwizinto zabo zokukala). Ke i-hedonics yokungcamla inokwahlulwa kolunye ulonwabo lweemvakalelo ezinjengokonwatyiswa kwezesondo okanye intshukumo yentlalo ebonisa ukuba ii-neurotransmitters ezahlukeneyo zibandakanyeka kwizinto zokulinganisa ezahlukeneyo.
Eminye imikhondo yendima ye-dopamine kulonwabo ivele kwizifundo zeempuku (bona Kent Berridgeiwebhusayithi). Kolunye uphononongo olwenziweyo, abaphandi baye banciphisa i-dopamine kwi-nucleus accumbens yeempuku nge-99%. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba iimpuku azisayi kuphinda zitye ukutya ngokwazo. I-Dopamine inefuthe elivuselelayo jikelele ekuziphatheni kwaye ukucinezela umsebenzi wayo ngokubanzi kunciphisa inkuthazo yesilwanyana okanye umntu ukuba enze izinto kwaye ibashiye bedangele. Abaphandi banyanzelise ukutya kweempuku kwaye bajonga inkangeleko yobuso babo ukuba baxelele ukuba ukonwabele kangakanani ukukutya.
I-Hedonics
Phantsi kwezi meko, iimpuku zifumene ukutya okunencasa njengaxa unamanqanaba aqhelekileyo e-dopamine abonisa ukuba ukuncipha kwale neurotransmitter akunciphisi “ulonwabo” lokutya. Kolunye uphononongo olwenziweyo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba iimpuku eziguqukayo ezinamanqanaba e-dopamine anyukileyo abonisa “ukufuna” okuphezulu kodwa “akuthandi” ukutya okuswiti kweswekile. Oku kuthetha ukuba babenokutya ukutya, kodwa babonisa ukuba akukho kwanda incasa hedonics.
Mna ngokobuqu ndicinga ukuba ubungqina bokubandakanyeka kwe-dopamine kwimiba ethile yolonwabo lweemvakalelo kulungile kwaye andivumelani nabaphandi abayibekela ecaleni indima yabo ngokupheleleyo. Enye into eyaziwayo ngamanye amaxesha ukuba i-anti-psychotics evimba i-dopamine receptors ikholisa ukunciphisa inkuthazo kunye nokubangela i-anhedonia. Ke kusenokuba kuphambi kwexesha ukwahlula inkuthazo (umnqweno) kumvuzo. I-Dopamine inokuthi ibandakanyeke kuzo zombini ezo mvakalelo. Kukho ingxaki yokuba i-receptors ye-dopamine yenza izinto ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ke ukwenza kusebenze ii-receptors kwinkqubo ye-mesolimbic (i-nucleus accumbens) inokunxulunyaniswa nolonwabo ngelixa kwezinye iindawo zobuchopho i-dopamine receptor activation inokunxulunyaniswa neempendulo ezahlukeneyo njengomnqweno.
Dopamine agonist ichiza
I-Pramipexole ichiza le-dopamine agonist elivuselela i-D2/D3 uhlobo lwe-dopamine receptors kwaye lubonakaliswe ukuba luneempawu ezichasene ne-anhedonic. Le yinkcukacha ebalulekileyo ebonisa ukuba i-dopamine ibandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kulonwabo lweemvakalelo njengoko ibonisa ukuba ukwandisa i-dopamine receptor activation kunokuphucula ngokuthe ngqo ulonwabo lomntu. Ndakhe ndathetha nge-D2 dopamine gene gene therapy eye yandisa le receptor kwindawo yomvuzo wengqondo ukunciphisa ukunqwenela iziyobisi. Kuyaziwa kakuhle ukuba icocaine inokubangela ulonwabo olukhulu (okt ulonwabo) kunye ne-anhedonia ngenxa yokurhoxiswa kweziyobisi ngenxa yokulawulwa kwe-receptor. I-Kent Berridge ibonakala ngathi iyayithomalalisa indima ye-dopamine kwaye ukholelwa ukuba ilamla “ubuchule benkuthazo” (okt ukufuna okanye umnqweno) hayi ulonwabo. Akayedwa phakathi kweembono zakhe.
Sicebise ukuba ulonwabo 'ukufuna', endaweni 'yokuthanda', eyona nto ibamba okwenziwa yi-dopamine. Ngesiqhelo 'ukuthanda' kunye 'nokufuna' kuhamba kunye kwinkuthazo eyonwabisayo, njengamacala amabini engqekembe yengqondo efanayo. Kodwa iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba 'ukufuna' kunokwahlulwa kwingqondo 'kukuthanda', kwaye iinkqubo ze-mesolimbic dopamine zilamla 'ukufuna' kuphela.
Omnye kufuneka alumke kakhulu malunga nokwahlulahlula uyolo lweemvakalelo kwaye kufuneka athathele ingqalelo ukwahlula incasa ye-hedonic kulonwabo oluvela kwisini okanye ekuhlaleni. Iziyobisi zeDopaminergic ziyaziwa ngokuba zombini ngokwesondo kunye ne-pro-social. Kubonakala ngathi zinokwandisa uyolo olufunyanwa ngumntu ngokuba neentlobano zesini okanye ekuhlaleni.
Ukudibanisa i-neurotransmitters kunye nolonwabo lweemvakalelo
Ngaba ngokwenene sinokuyinxibelelanisa i-neurotransmitter ethile kunye nolonwabo lweemvakalelo? Kum kuyimpazamo ukucinga ukuba inkqubo enye ye-neurotransmitter ilamla ulonwabo lweemvakalelo. Ubuncinci amachiza amathathu awohlukeneyo aneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza anomvuzo. Ukwandisa i-dopamine, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-NMDA ye-receptor kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kwe-mu-opioid zonke ziindlela ezizimeleyo ezivuzayo zesenzo seziyobisi (oku kuthetha ukuba zibangela ulonwabo). Esona siphumo sinomvuzo sokutshintsha oku kugxininiswa kwe-neurotransmitters kunokuba kungenxa yokuncipha kokonwaba kwe-medium spiny neurons kwi-nucleus accumbens.
Ke endaweni ye-neurotransmitter ethile, inokuba sisiphumo sabo somnatha kumsebenzi we-neuron ngokubanzi kwaye kubonakala ngathi ii-neurotransmitters ziyadibana kwaye zinxibelelane kumanqanaba anokungacaci ngoku okanye antsonkothe kakhulu ukuba angaqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Zininzi ezinye ii-neurotransmiters kunye ne-intracellular cascades ezinokuthi zibandakanyeke nomvuzo, ngoko ke ukunika ixabiso elipheleleyo kwi-neurotransmitter enye kunokuba ngaphambi kwexesha. Abaphandi badla ngokufudukela ekunciphiseni kwaye banamathele kwi-neurotransmitter ethile xa benxibelelanisa imeko ethile yokuziphatha.
Kwenzeka ntoni engqondweni?
Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwengqondo kufundisa ukusixelela ukuba yeyiphi i-neurotransmitter enxulunyaniswa nemeko ethile yengqondo ayingomlinganiselo upheleleyo. Umzekelo ngowokuba uvuselelo lwemagnethi lwe-transcranial okwangoku lusetyenziswa njengobuchule bokwenza imaphu obungachaphazelekiyo obunokuthi busebenze okanye bunkqonkqoze imimandla ethile yobuchopho ukumisela umsebenzi wabo. Ukuba umsebenzi kummandla othile wobuchopho uyacinezelwa (njengoko 'kukhutshiwe') ngokuvuselelwa kwe-TMS kwaye isifundo senza kakubi ngakumbi kumsebenzi othile, oku kunika abaphandi ingcamango yokuba loo ndawo ibandakanyeka kuloo msebenzi. Nangona kunjalo ixelela izazinzulu kuphela ukuba ummandla unxulunyaniswa naloo msebenzi akunyanzelekanga ukuba ube kukubandakanyeka okuqinisekileyo.
Ukusebenzisa iziyobisi ukuvavanya ithiyori kuyafana nokwenziwa kwenkqonkqo kwindawo yobuchopho. Ichiza lineziphumo ezininzi ezingakhethiyo kwingqondo ngokubanzi "ezingezizo ezendalo". Xa i-dopamine agonist inokunciphisa iimvakalelo ze-anhedonia, oko akusixeleli ukuba i-dopamine ibandakanyeka ngokupheleleyo kulonwabo. Njengo "kunkqonkqoza" imimandla yobuchopho nge-TMS inokusixelela nje ukuba i-dopamine inxulunyaniswa nolonwabo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. I-dopamine D2/D3 agonist ngelixa inolwazi, isenza inoveli yokusebenza kwengqondo. Ngokomzekelo, i-agonist ye-D2/D3 inokunciphisa ngokungaqhelekanga ukusebenza kwe-D1 receptor subtype (ngenxa yokunciphisa amanqanaba engqondo ye-dopamine ukusuka kuvuselelo lwe-D2/D3 autoreceptors). Ke amachiza anokuba neziphumo ezininzi ebezingalindelekanga ekunzima ukuzilinganisa nokulinganisa.
Uphando oluninzi olufunekayo
Ndicinga ukuba abaphandi be-neuroscientist babambeke kakhulu ekucingeni ukuba banokuyiqonda ingqondo kwaye bayichaze ngokunxibelelanisa isimilo esithile sokugxila kwi-neurotransmitter okanye i-receptors. Ingxaki kukuba ingqondo lilungu elintsonkothileyo kwaye nayiphi na inkohliso iguqula ngokwenene ukusebenza ngeendlela ezingalindelekanga. Abanye abaphandi balindele ukufumana indlela yokugqibela eqhelekileyo yeemolekyuli yolonwabo kwixesha elizayo. Nangona kunjalo, loo ndlela ihlala iguquka ekuphenduleni ukukhohlisa kwangaphandle kwaye izazinzulu zisenokungaze zifumanise ukuba utyikityo lwemolekyuli yomvuzo. Ukuba imisayino yemolekyuli yomvuzo ayiqinisekanga ukuba imile kwaye ayinakuguqulwa.
Ubuchopho bune-100 yeebhiliyoni zee-neurons kunye neetriliyoni ze-synapses ezinoluhlu olukhulu lweeprotheyini ze-receptors kunye ne-neurotransmitters. Ubuchopho bomntu ngamnye bunepateni eyodwa yento kunye namava ahlukeneyo omntu. Izazinzulu zinokunxibelelanisa utshintsho oluthile lwe-neurotransmitter concentrations, iiproteni ze-receptor, okanye ukusebenza kwengqondo / ukungasebenzi kunye namava okuziphendulela. Nangona kunjalo ngalo lonke ixesha kusenziwa ukuguqulwa kukho utshintsho olufihlakeleyo ekusebenzeni kwasekuqaleni kwengqondo. Ndingayibiza le Heisenberg ngokuba “nguMgaqo wokungaqiniseki” wengqondo. Xa ucacisa umsebenzi wobuchopho, awukwazi ukulinganisa inkalo ethile yengqondo ngaphandle kokuguqula amava aphathekayo ngendlela enokuthi ingaziwa.
Ngelixa elizayo
Isenzo sokulinganisa ingqondo (njengokusebenzisa iziyobisi) sitshintsha ukusebenza kwengqondo ngendlela entsha ngokupheleleyo senza ukuba umlinganiselo opheleleyo wokusebenza kwengqondo ungenzeki. Singasathethi ke ngenkcazelo epheleleyo yeemvakalelo ezininzi zeemvakalelo zinokuntsonkotha ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Igama elithi uyolo lisenokuba neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kubantu abahlukeneyo, ngaloo ndlela ukusetyenziswa kwalo kusenokulinganiselwe ngandlel’ ithile. Kuthetha ukuthini oku kwi-dopamine? Ndicinga ukuba kukhuselekile ukuthi inxulunyaniswe okanye ibandakanyeka kulonwabo, kodwa ibali elipheleleyo ngokucacileyo lintsonkothile kakhulu.
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