Inendima ye-nucleus i-accumbens kunye ne-rostral anterior cingulate cortex kwi-anhedonia: Ukuhlanganiswa kokuphumla kwe-EEG, i-FMRI, kunye neendlela zokuzikhupha (2009)

Neuroimage. I-2009 Meyi 15; 46 (1): 327-37. i-Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2009.01.058. Epub 2009 Feb 6.

NguJan Wacker,^1,2 UDaniel G. Dillon,² kwaye UDiego A. Pizzagalli²

Ulwazi loMbhali ► Ulwazi lobunikazi kunye neelayisensi ►

Inguqulelo yokugqibela yomhleli yeli nqaku iyafumaneka apha Neuroimage

Bona amanye amanqaku ku-PMC Wisdom nqaku epapashwe.

Abstract

I-Anhedonia, ubungakanani obuncitshisiweyo bokufumana ulonwabo, yinto ethembisayo yokuphela kokuphela kunye nobuthathaka bokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kubandakanya uxinzelelo kunye ne-schizophrenia. Kwisifundo esikhoyo, sisebenzise ukuphumla kwe-electroencephalogram, ukucinga ngemagneti kunye nokuhlalutya komthamo ukuze kufunyanwe ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye nokwahluka komntu ngamnye kwiindawo eziphambili zenkqubo yomvuzo wobuchopho kwisampulu engeyiyo yeklinikhi. Sifumanise ukuba i-anhedonia, kodwa ingezizo ezinye iimpawu zoxinzelelo okanye uxinzelelo, yadityaniswa kunye nokuphendula okucothisiweyo kwe-nusus (NAcc) kwimivuzo (inzuzo kwimali yokulibaziseka yenkuthazo yemali), yanciphisa ivolumu ye-NAcc, kwaye yonyusa ukuphumla kobuninzi be-Delta yangoku (oko kukuthi, kunciphile umsebenzi wokuphumla) kwi-costex cterex cortex (rACC) yindawo eyayifudula inamava amahle. Ukongeza, iimpendulo ze-NAcc zembuyekezo zazinxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi wokuphumla kwe-RACC, ukuxhasa istresi esibonisa ukuba ukuloba ngentlawulelo kungangqinelana ngokusemthethweni nomsebenzi ngaphakathi kwesekethe yomvuzo wobuchopho. Ithathiwe kunye, ezi ziphumo zinceda ukucacisa isiseko se-neural ye-anhedonia kwaye yomeleze ingxoxo ye-anhedonia njenge-endophenotype yoxinzelelo.

Internet: uxinzelelo, i-anhedonia, i-striatum, umvuzo, i-cortex yangaphandle

intshayelelo

Iingcali zaphambi kwexesha zacetyisa ukuba i-anhedonia, ubungakanani obuncitshisiweyo bokufumana ulonwabo, inokudala umngcipheko wokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kubandakanya iMajor Depression Disorder (MDD) kunye ne-schizophrenia (umz. Meehl, 1975; I-Rado, 1956). Ngokuhambelana nolu luvo, i-anhedonia njengangoku ithathwa njenge-endophenotype ethembisayo ye-MDD, kuba luphawu olubonakalayo lophazamiseko kodwa lubonakala lungangqinelani, lucaciswa ngokulula, kwaye lubotshelelwa ekungasebenzi kakuhle kwimvumelwano ye-neural ejikelezayo, ekhula kakuhle- iyaqonda (Hasler et al., 2004; Pizzagalli et al., 2005). Ke, ulwazi kulungelelwaniso lwe-nehedonia ye-anhedonia inokunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kwi-pathophysiology kunye ne-etiology yeengxaki zengqondo kwaye ekugqibeleni inokuvumela ukuphawulwa kwangoko kwabantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu.

Iinkqubo ze-neural eziphantsi komvuzo nolonwabo kudala ziyinto yokuhlolwa kwesayensi (ukuphononongwa ngokutsha, yabona IBerridge kunye neKrankelbach, i-2008). Ukuqala kwizifundo zokuzivuselela kwangoko kwiintonga ezenziwe ngu Endala kunye neMilner (1954), umzimba omkhulu wezilwanyana ugxininise indima yeendlela ze-mesocorticolimbic kwimigudu yokukhuthaza kunye namava okonwaba. Kwanangaphambi kokuqala kobugcisa bobuchwephesha bale mihla, Heath (1972) kubonise ukuba ukwenziwa kwezi ndawo kunamandla, kunye nefuthe elishukumisayo ebantwini ngokubhala ngokuzithemba okukhuthazayo kwisigulana esifakwe zii-elektrode kwisithili se-dopamine-rich mesolimbic septum / nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Kutshanje, uvavanyo olusebenzayo lwe-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) kunye ne-positron emission tomography (PET) ichaze ukwanda kokusebenza kwi-basal ganglia, kubandakanya ne-ventral striatum, ekuphenduleni iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutya (jonga Phan et al., 2002, uphononongo). Ngaphaya koko, izifundo ze-PET zisebenzisa i-dopaminergic tracers zibonise ukuba iziphumo ezichanekileyo ze-amphetamine zidityaniswa kunye ne-receptor binding kwi-ventral striatum (umz. Drevets et al., 2001; Leyton et al., 2002; I-Oswald et al., 2005). Ke, indima ye-ventral striatum ekusebenzeni kwemivuzo isekwe ngokuqinileyo kusetyenziswa iindlela ezininzi.

Izifundo ze-Neuroimaging zikwanxibelelanise amava obumnandi kunye nomsebenzi we-neural kwi-cortex yangaphambili ye-medial (IBerridge kunye neKrankelbach, i-2008; Phan et al., 2002). Ngokukodwa, iRoll kunye noogxa (de Araujo et al., 2003; IGrabenhorst et al., 2008; Iiroll et al., 2003, 2008) ndiluchaze umanyano phakathi kwemilinganiselo yokulinganisa ubumnandi yokwahluka okwahlukeneyo ukusuka kwiimodyuli ezahlukeneyo kunye neempendulo kule ntshukumo kwi-cortex yecortex (vmPFC) ye-rostral kunye ne-rostral anterior cingate cortex (rACC) (Umzobo 1). Ezi ndawo zecortical zifumana igalelo dopaminergic yegalelo (I-Gaspar et al., 1989), iprojekthi eya e-striatum (ngokukodwa i-NAcc) kunye nendawo yecandelo lokuthontelana (Haber et al., 2006; Öngür kunye nexabiso, i-2000; I-Sesack kunye nePickel, 1992), bonisa imisebenzi yonyuka ekuphenduleni kumachiza e-dopamine.Udo de Haes et al., 2007; IVöllm et al., 2004), kwaye ziye zanyanzeliswa kwizigqibo zokhetho (umz. UPaulus noFrank, 2003), ehambelana nendima yokwenza izigqibo ezikhokelwa ngumvuzo (URushworth et al., 2007).

I-LORETA yonke-ingqondo ihlaziya. Iziphumo zokunxibelelana kwe-voxel-by-voxel phakathi kwenqanaba le-Anhedonic Depression yeMood kunye ne-Anxcare Syndrome yeMibuzo (MASQ AD) kunye ne-log-eguqulweyo ye-delta (1.5-6.0 Hz) uxinaniso lwangoku. Imephu yezibalo incitshisiwe ...

Ukufezekisa oku kufunyanisiweyo, ubungqina obuvela kwizifundo ze-neuroimaging kwiisampulu zeklinikhi zibonisa ukuba iimpawu ze-anhedonic zidityaniswa kunye neempendulo zomvuzo kwiindawo eziphambili zenkqubo yomvuzo (U-Epstein et al., 2006; UJuckel et al., 2006a, 2006b; Keedwell et al., 2005; Mitterschiffthaler et al., 2003; Tremblay et al., 2005). Umzekelo, U-Epstein et al. (2006) Yachaza ukuba izifundo ezixinzelelweyo zibonakaliswa kukuphendula okucothayo kwempendulo yefomathi kwimifanekiso elungileyo, kwaye amandla ezi mpendulo adityaniswa kakubi kunye ne-anhedonia yokuzazisa. Ngokufanayo, kwisampula yezigulana ezilishumi elinambini ezine-MDD, Keedwell et al. (2005) Ndifumene unxibelelwano olubi phakathi kwe-anhedonia (kodwa hayi uxinzelelo oluxinzelelweyo) kunye neempendulo zangaphakathi zestriatal kwizizathu ezakhayo. Okubangela umdla kukuba, ababhali bafumana ezintle unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye neempendulo kwi-vmPFC (BA10) kunye ne-rACC (BA24 / 32). Koko kubonakala kungokuphela kophando olunomdla wokuhamba kwengqondo ye-anhedonia kwizifundo ezisempilweni, UHarvey et al. (2007) Khange babone unxibelelwano lubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye neempendulo zestriatal yempendulo kwimifanekiso emihle. Benza, nangona kunjalo, baphindaphinda Keedwell et al.'s (2005) Ukuqwalaselwa kwe ezintle ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye neempendulo kwisikhuthazo esihle kwingingqi kwi-vmPFC, iphinde yandise kwi-RACC. Ukwengeza, UHarvey et al. (2007) ifumanise ukuba i-anhedonia inxulunyaniswa nomthamo othotyiweyo kwimimandla ye-caudate eyandisa kwi-NAcc.

Xa zidityanisiwe, ezi ziphumo zangaphambili zibonisa ukuba i-anhedonia inokunxulunyaniswa neempendulo ezibuthathaka kwisikhuthazo esincomekayo kunye nokunciphisa ivolumu kwi-striatum, kunye nokunyuka kweempendulo kwisikhuthazo esifanelekileyo kwi-vmPFC / rACC. Umbutho wokugqibela uyamangalisa, unikezwe ukuba umsebenzi kwi-vmPFC / rACC ikwanxulumene ngokuchanekileyo nokulinganiswa kolonwabo njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla (umzekelo, de Araujo et al., 2003; IGrabenhorst et al., 2008; Iiroll et al., 2008; Iiroll et al., 2003). Ngokubalulekileyo, amanani e-vmPFC / rACC ngokubonakalayo kuthungelwano lwengqondo olungasebenziyo, olusebenza ngexesha lokuphumla, ilizwe elingenamsebenzi kwaye liyekiswe ukusebenza xa abathathi-nxaxheba benza umsebenzi (I-Buckner et al., 2008). Ewe, ukuguqula imigca yobungqina kuphakamisa amathuba okuba unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye nokusebenza okunxulumene nomsebenzi kwimimandla yaphambi kwembali inokubonakalisa ukungafani komntu ekubuyiseleni umsebenzi kurhulumente.

Okokuqala, uxinzelelo lunxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi wokuphumla okungenamsebenzi kwi-vmPFC / rACC, kwaye ezinye izifundo zokwenza ingxelo zancipha (umz. Drevets et al., 1997; Ito et al., 1996; UMayberg et al., 1994kunye nabanye banda (umz. UKennedy et al., 2001; IVidebech et al., 2002) umsebenzi, kunye nokuncitshiswa kokuphumla kwe-RACC kufunyenwe ukuxela impendulo engentle kunyango (UMayberg et al., 1997; Mülert et al., 2007; Pizzagalli et al., 2001). Okwesibini, ukusebenzisa zombini i-PET kunye nemilinganiselo yomsebenzi we-electroencephalographic (EEG), I-Pizzagalli et al. (2004) uxele ukunciphisa umsebenzi wokuphumla (okt, kuncitshiswe i-glucose metabolism kunye nomsebenzi owandisiweyo we-delta) kwi-ACC (BA 25) yezigulana kwizigulana ezine-melancholia - isalathiso esiphantsi koxinzelelo nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Okokugqibela, iimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nezifo ezibonakaliswa kukuncipha kokuphumla kwemisebenzi ye-PFC inxulunyaniswa nokwehlisa ukusebenza kwe-PFC yokwenziwa komsebenziUFletcher et al., 1998; UKennedy et al., 2006; ILustig et al., 2003), kunye nezinto ezifunyaniswe kamva ngu Grimm et al. (2008) bonisa ukuba oku kunokusebenza nakuxinzelelo. Ngokukodwa, aba babhali baqwalasele ukusebenza okuncinci okwenziwe kukudakumba kubantu abaxinezelekileyo ngokuchasene nolawulo kwiindawo ezininzi zenethiwekhi emiselweyo, kubandakanya indawo ehambelana ngokusondeleyo nezo ziphenjelelwe ngu Keedwell et al. (2005) kwaye UHarvey et al. (2007). Ngokudibeneyo, oku kuqaphelekayo kubonakalisa ukuba umanyano obonakalayo obonakala uphela phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye ne-vmPFC / i-rACC isebenze ekunokwenzeka ukuba ibekho ngenxa yomanyano phakathi komsebenzi osisiseko osisiseko kule ndawo kunye ne-anhedonia, okubangela ukungasebenzi kancinane ngexesha lokuvuselelwa. Ngolwazi lwethu i-hypothesis yombutho phakathi kokuphumla kwe-vmPFC / umsebenzi we-RACC kunye ne-anhedonia ayikavavanywa ngaphambili.

Ukuba umbutho onjalo ukhona, unokubonakala kwicandelo le-EEG rhoqo. Njengoko I-Knyazev (2007) kutshanje kuqatshelwe kuhlolisiso lwayo lweendima ezisebenzayo ezahlukeneyo ze-EEG oscillations, inani elijongiweyo liyayixhasa ingcinga yokuba isigqi esimdaka sisityikityi sokulungiswa kwemivuzo kunye nokufunyanwa kwesisitayile. Kuqala, izifundo zezilwanyana zichonge ii-generator zomsebenzi we-delta kwiindawo eziphambili zenkqubo yomvuzo wobuchopho, njenge-NAcc (I-Leung kunye neYim, i-1993), i-ventral pallidum (I-Lavin kunye neNceba, 1996), kunye ne-dopaminergic neurons yommandla wokukhula kwengqondo (Ubabalo, 1995). Okwesibini, nangona umsebenzi wombane kwi-striatum awunakulinganiswa kukungasebenzi kubantu, izifundo zomthombo wolwakhiwo lwe-EEG zenze impembelelo yendawo engaphambi kwendawo yangaphambili kwisigaba sokwenza izinto zentengiso.UMichel et al., 1992; 1993). Ngokubalulekileyo, le mithombo igcwele imimandla exhumaxhuma kwindawo yendawo enezixhobo zomoya kwaye ivele kwizifundo ze-fMRI ngokunxulunyaniswa neempendulo zolonwabo ezixeliweyo (jonga apha ngasentla). Okwesithathu, idatha yezilwanyana efumanekayo iphakamisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine kwi-NAcc kuyayanyaniswa nokuncipha komsebenzi we-delta (Chang et al., 1995; UFerger et al., 1994; I-Kropf kunye neKuschinsky, i-1993; I-Leung kunye neYim, i-1993; Luoh et al., 1994). Okwesine, i-opioid kunye ne-cocaine yolawulo zidibene neenguqu zomsebenzi we-delta ebantwini (I-Greenwald kunye neRoehrs, 2005; Reid et al., 2006; UScot et al., 1991). Nangona kunjalo, ngokuchaseneyo nedatha yezilwanyana, ukunyuka esikhundleni sokuncipha komsebenzi we-delta kwaqwalaselwa (jonga kwakhona Heath, 1972). Ngelixa oku kungangqinelani okukhoyo phakathi kwezilwanyana kunye nedatha yabantu okwangoku akunakusonjululwa, ubungqina obukhoyo bucebisa ukuba umsebenzi we-EEG delta unokunxulunyaniswa nokulungisa umvuzo. Ke ngoko isifundo esikhoyo sijolise ekwandiseni ngakumbi ikhonkco eliphakanyisiweyo phakathi komdatha kunye nomvuzo.

Xa zizonke, ezona njongo ziphambili zophando olukhoyo ngoku: (1) ukuvavanya ukuba i-anhedonia ayichaphazeli kakuhle kwaye inxulumene nokuphendula komvuzo kwi-ventral striatum kunye ne-vmPFC / rACC, ngokwahlukeneyo, njengoko kuvavanywa yi-fMRI ngokudibeneyo nokulibaziseka kwemali. Umsebenzi owaziwa ngokufumana uthungelwano lomvuzo wobuchopho (UDillon et al., 2008); (2) ukuphindaphinda UHarvey et al.'s (2007) ukuqaphela komanyano olungenanto phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye nomthamo we striatal; (3) ukuphanda ukuba ngaba i-anhedonia inxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kokunyuka kwe-EEG delta yangoku (oko kukuthi, ukunciphisa umsebenzi wokuphumla) kwi-vmPFC / rACC; kunye (4) ukufumana ikhonkco lonxibelelwano olucetyiswayo phakathi komsebenzi we-EEG delta kunye nenkqubo yembuyekezo yobuchopho (Knyazev, 2007) ngokuvavanya ulungelelwaniso phakathi kweempendulo zembuyekezo yestriatal ngokulinganisa nge-fMRI kunye nokuphumla kokuxinana kwe-EEG yangoku kwi-vmPFC / rACC.

Impahla nenkqubo

nxaxheba

Idatha evela kwingxelo yangoku isuka kwisifundo esikhulu esidibanisa indlela yokuziphatha, umbane (uphumla i-EEG, izinto ezinxulumene nomsitho), kunye neuroimaging (fMRI, ulwakhiwo lwe-MRI) kunye ne-genetics yemfuza yokuphanda i-neurobiology yokuhlawula umvuzo kunye ne-anhedonia isampulu engeyiyo yezonyango. Ukupapashwa kwangaphambili kwesi sampulu kugxile kugcino-lwazi olunxulumene nomsitho oluqokelelwe ngexesha lomsebenzi wokuqinisa (I-Santesso et al., 2008), kunye nengxelo yokunxibelelanisa phakathi kohlobo lokuvavanywa kunye nedatha ye-fMRI ilungiselelwe (uDillon, uBogdan, uFagerness, Holmes, Perlis, kunye nePizzagalli, ngolungiselelo). Ngokungafaniyo neengxelo zangaphambili, injongo ephambili yesifundo esikhoyo yayikukuphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi kolwahlulo lomntu kwi-anhedonia kunye (1) niphumle idatha ye-EEG, kunye (2) nemilinganiselo yokusebenza kunye nemilinganiselo ye volumetric yemimandla enxulumene nomvuzo we-basal ganglia. Uhlalutyo lwesibini olujolise ekuvavanyeni unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi ndlela zintathu ze-neuroimaging.

Kwiseshoni yokuqala yokuziphatha, abantu abadala be-237 abasempilweni phakathi kwe-18 kunye ne-40 yeminyaka ubudala bagqibe umsebenzi wokuzikhethela ngendlela emibini apho ukuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo komnye wemibono emibini kuvuzwa ngakumbi. Umsebenzi ongaphambili kwiisampulu ezizimele zeklinikhi kunye nezesampuli ezingezizo zekliniki ziveze ukuba lo msebenzi womvuzo we-probabilistic unovakalelo kwiiyantlukwano ekuphenduleni komvuzo kunye ne-anhedonia (I-Bogdan kunye nePizzagalli, i-2006; Pizzagalli et al., 2009; Pizzagalli et al., 2005). Ngokusekwe kwintsebenzo yabo kwiseshoni yokuqala, i-47 yezifundo ze-170 zokuhlangana nezifundo zokufakelwa uvavanyo lwangoku (isandla-ekunene; ukungabikho kwezifo zonyango okanye ze-neurology, ukukhulelwa, utywala obunje / iziyobisi, ukutshaya, ukusebenzisa amayeza e-psychotropic ngexesha lokugqibela Iiveki ze-2, okanye i-claustrophobia) zamenyelwa kwi-EEG kunye neeseshoni ze-fMRI (i-odolo yeseshoni inxamnye). Abathathi-nxaxheba bakhethwa ukuba babhekise kuluhlu olubanzi lokwahlukahlukana kwimfundo yomvuzo njengoko ilinganiswa ngumsebenzi womvuzo we-probabilistic: ngokuthe ngqo, saqala sachonga abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-20 ephezulu nangaphezulu ye-XSUMX yokuhambisa ukufundwa komvuzo, emva koko sakhetha abathathi-nxaxheba abaseleyo ngenjongo ukufezekisa ukuqhubeka kokufunda komvuzo oya kuba ngummeli wabantu bonke (kwiinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngeendlela zokhetho, yabona I-Santesso et al., 2008).

Kwezi nxaxheba ze-47, i-41 (5 African American, 5 Asia, 29 Caucasian, 2 nezinye) zavuma ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiseshini ye-EEG, kwaye i-33 kwezi zigqibe iseshoni ye-FMRI. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba be-41 (kuthetha ubudala: Iminyaka ye-21.2, i-SD: 3.1; kuthetha imfundo: iminyaka ye-14.2, i-SD: 1.5; i-20 eyindoda) yayinokusebenziseka kokuphumla idatha ye-EEG. Kubathathi-nxaxheba be33 abagqibezele zombini iiseshini, abahlanu ababandakanywa kuhlalutyo lwe-fMRI ngenxa yokuhamba kakhulu kwezinto zobugcisa ezakhokelela kwisampulu yesampulu N = I-28 yokuhlaziywa kwe-fMRI (kuthetha ubudala: iminyaka ye-21.5, SD: 3.5; kuthetha imfundo: iminyaka ye-14.5, SD: 1.6; 14 eyindoda). Ngaphandle komthathi-nxaxheba omnye onesifo esithile sokudinwa kunye nesinye esineengxaki zokudakumba ezincinci, akukho namnye kwabathathi-nxaxheba onengxaki yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, njengoko kumiselwe kwi-Clinical Clinical Udliwanondlebe lwe-DSM-IV. Kwakukho ubungqina be-Axis I ye-pathology yangaphambili kubambalwa abathathi-nxaxheba (kwi-MDD yangaphambili: n = 1; uxinzelelo lwangaphambili lokudakumba olungachazwanga ngenye indlela: n = 1; ingxaki yokutya eyadlulayo: n = 1; elidlulileyo anorexia nervosa: n = 1; Utywala obudlulileyo: n = 1).

Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana malunga ne- $ 12, $ 45, kunye ne- $ 80 yokuziphatha, i-EEG, kunye neeseshini ze-fMRI, ngokwahlukeneyo, kumvuzo womsebenzi kunye nokubuyiselwa ngexesha labo. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babonelela ngemvume ebhaliweyo enolwazi kwaye zonke iinkqubo zamkelwa yiKomiti yokuSetyenziswa kweeZakhono zoLuntu kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard kunye neBhodi yamaQabane ejongene noPhononongo lwangaphakathi lwe-Massachusetts General.

Procedure

Iseshoni yokuziphatha

Kuzo zombini iiseshoni zokuziphatha kunye ne-EEG, ingxelo emfutshane ye-Mood kunye ne-Anxiety Syna uphawu yeMibuzo (MASQ, UWatson et al., 1995) yabhalwa ukulinganisa iimpawu zoxinzelelo oluthile (Ukudakumba ku-Anhedonic, AD), iimpawu ezithile zoxinzelelo (i-Anxious Arousal, AA) kunye neempawu zoxinzelelo ngokubanzi ezixhaphakileyo zombini kuxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo (Ukubandezeleka ngokubanzi: Iimpawu zoxinzelelo, GDD; , I-GDA). Uphononongo lwangaphambili lubonisa ukuba onke amanqanaba e-MASQ anentembeko yokuthenjwa (i-alpha eyaneleyo: .85-.93 kwisampulu yabantu abadala kunye nomfundi) kunye nokuguqula / ukuchasana okuqinisekileyo ngokubhekisele kwamanye amaxhala oxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo (umz. UWatson et al., 1995). Kwisampulu yangoku, ukuthembeka kokubuyela kwakhona kwakhona phakathi kweseshoni yokuziphatha kunye ne-EEG (isithuba esiphakathi = I-36.6 yeentsuku; iintsuku ze-2-106) ze-AD, GDD, AA, kunye ne-GDA isikali .69, .62, .49, kunye .70, ngokulandelanayo, ibonisa ubungakanani bokuzinza okuphezulu. Koluhlalutyo lwangoku sahlalutya kuphela amanqaku e-MASQ ukusuka kwiseshoni yokuziphatha ukuze (i-1) ibonise ubuqikelelo bokwenyani kwamanyathelo okuchaza ingxelo kumanyathelo omzimba, kunye (2) ukunciphisa impembelelo yemiphumela yesimo kwi-MASQ-physiology Unxibelelwano ngokuqinisekisa ukuba zombini amanyathelo e-EEG kunye ne-fMRI afunyenwe kwiseshoni eyahlukileyo kwidatha ye-MASQ. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ezifanayo ziye zavela xa kwakuhlalutywa i-avareji yolawulo lwe-MASQ ezimbini (idatha ekhoyo xa iceliwe). Ukongeza, uguqulelo lombuso lweShedyuli elungileyo kunye neLungelo lokuHlala oluMbi (i-PANAS, UWatson et al., 1988) yenziwa kuzo zombini iiseshoni zokuziphatha kunye ne-EEG ukuvavanya imeko yangoku.

Ukuphumla iseshoni ye-EEG

Abathathi-nxaxheba bayalelwa ukuba bahlale bathule kwaye baphumle ngelixa i-EEG yokuphumla irekhodwa imizuzu esibhozo (imizuzu ye-4 ngamehlo avulekileyo, imizuzu ye-4 ngamehlo evaliweyo ngokulandelelana ngokuchaseneyo). Emva koko, abathathi-nxaxheba baphinda-phinda umsebenzi wokufumana umvuzo osetyenziselwe ukhetho lwezifundo ngexesha lokuchwetheka okunxulumene nomsitho (I-Santesso et al., 2008).

Iseshoni ye-MRI

Emva kokuqokelelwa kwe-MRI yedatha yesakhiwo, abathathi-nxaxheba benze umsebenzi wolibaziseko wokukhuthaza inkuthazo (MID) ngexesha lokucinga. I-MID ichazwe ngaphambili kwisampulu yokuzimela (UDillon et al., 2008). Ngokufutshane, abathathi-nxaxheba bagqibe iibhloko ze-5 zeemvavanyo ze-24. Ulingo ngalunye luqale ngokuboniswa yenye yeendlela ezintathu ezinokubakho ngokufanayo (ixesha: i-1.5 s) etyikityhileyo iingeniso zemali (+ $), akukho kukhuthaza (0 $), okanye ilahleko (- $). Emva kwesithuba sokukhuthaza ukuvuselela (ISI) se3-7.5 s, kwavezwa isikwere esibomvu apho abathathi-nxaxheba baphendula ngomatshini wokucofa iqhosha. Ukulandela i-ISI eguqulweyo yesibini (i-4.4-8.9 s), ingxelo iye yahanjiswa ebonisa inzuzo (uluhlu: $ 1.96 ukuya kwi- $ 2.34; kuthetha: $ 2.15), akukho lutshintsho, okanye isohlwayo (Uluhlu: - $ 1.81 ukuya- $ 2.19; kuthetha - $ 2.00). Abathathi-nxaxheba baxelelwa ukuba ixesha labo lokuphendula (i-RT) kwithagethi ichaphazele iziphumo zokuvavanya oko ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-RTs yonyusa amathuba okufumana iziphumo kwaye inciphise amathuba okufumana izohlwayo. Ngapha koko, i-50% yomvuzo kunye novavanyo lokulahleka kubangele ukuhanjiswa kunye nezohlwayo, ngokulandelanayo (bona UDillon et al., 2008, ngeenkcukacha ezithe vetshe). Ukuhanjiswa kwesiphumo kudityaniswe kwimpendulo kule fashoni ukuze kuvumeleke uyilo olululo ngokugqibeleleyo, nenani elilinganayo lezilingo ezinesiphumo ngasinye. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina ukuthembeka komsebenzi kunye nokuzibandakanya, kwizilingo ezikhokelela kwisiphumo esichanekileyo (umzekelo, impumelelo kwiimvavanyo zomvuzo), ixesha lokuchongwa ekujoliswe kulo elihambelana ne-85th percentile ye-RTs eqokelelwe ngexesha leseshoni yokuvavanywa kwe-40 eyalawulwa kwangoko phambi kokuvavanywa; kuvavanyo olucwangciselwe ukuvelisa iziphumo ezingalunganga (umzekelo, akukho nzuzo kuvavanyo lomvuzo), ixesha ekuchazwe kulo kujolise kwi-15th percentile ye-RTs. Ukulandelelwa kokunikezelwa kwesiphumo kusekwe kulandelelwano lwangaphambili lokumisela ukwenziwa kweenkcukacha ze-fMRIDale, 1999).

Ukuqokelelwa kweDatha kunye noHlahlelo

Ukurekhodwa kwe-EEG

Ukuphumla i-EEG kurekhodwa kusetyenziswa i-128-channel Electrical Geodesic system (EGI Inc., i-Eugene, OKANYE) kwi-250 Hz ene-0.1-100 Hz yokucoca i-analog ekubhekiswa kuyo kwi-vertex. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kugcinwe ngezantsi kwe50 kΩ. Idatha iphinde yacaciswa ngaphandle komgca kwi-avareji esekwe. Emva kokulungisa izinto ezihamba ngamehlo kusetyenziswa uHlaziyo lweZinto eziZimeleyo olusetyenziswe kwi-Brain Vision Analyser (Iimveliso zeBongo GmbH, eJamani), idatha yafumana amanqaku ngokusetyenzwa kwezinto ezikhoyo, kunye neendlela ezonakeleyo zatolikwa zisebenzisa i-spline translate.

Ukulandela iinkqubo zangaphambili (umz. Pizzagalli et al., 2001, 2004, 2006), I-Electronics ye-Electromagnetic Tomography ephantsi (i-LORETA, IPascual-Marqui et al., 1999) yayisetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ukuphumla kokungaphakathi koxinano lwangoku kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokuhamba. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uhlalutyo olubonakalayo lwenziwa okokuqala kwi-epochs engenasisekelo ye-2048-ms isebenzisa i-discrete ezineier kunye ne-boxcar yefestile. I-LORETA emva koko yasetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ukusasazeka koxinano lwangaphakathi kwezi bendi zilandelayo: i-delta (1.5-6.0 Hz), i-theta (6.5-8.0 Hz), alpha1 (8.5-10.0 Hz), alpha2 (10.5-12.0NX I-1-12.5 Hz), beta18.0 (2-18.5 Hz), beta21.0 (3-21.5 Hz), kunye ne-gamma (30.0-36.5 Hz). Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zangaphambili (umz. Knyazev, 2007; Pizzagalli et al., 2004; Scheeringa et al., 2008), imisebenzi ye-delta yayiyeyona nto iphambili kumdla; ezinye bendi ze-EEG ziye zahlalutywa ukuvavanya ukubaluleka kweziphumo ezinokubakho.

Kwi-voxel nganye (n = 2394; isisombululo se-voxel = 7 mm³), uxinaniso lwangoku lubalwe njengobungakanani obulinganisiweyo bexinzelelo lwangaphakathi lwentsimbi nganye kwibhanti yamaxesha osibhozo (icandelo: amperes ngemitha yesikwere, A / m²). Kwisifundo ngasinye kunye nebhendi, amaxabiso e-LORETA ahlelwe eqhelekileyo ukuba abe lilungelo le-1 kwaye emva koko uluhlu lwaguqulwa ngaphambi kokuhlalutywa kweenkcukacha. Ukudityaniswa kweVoxel-by-voxel Pearson kulungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye ne-log-eguqulwayo ye-delta yangoku yabalwa kwaye yaboniswa kwitemplate ye-MRI esemgangathweni (isithuba se-MNI) emva konyawo p <.001 (engachanekanga).

Ukongeza kwi-voxel-by-voxel ulungelelwaniso, sihlalutye uxinzelelo lwangoku ngokuhlileyo kuqala Imimandla echaziweyo yemdla (ROIs) kwi-ACC. Le ndlela ikhethwe ukuba (i-1) yonyuse amandla eenkcukacha-manani, (2) ukuvumela ukuthelekiswa phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye nolunye u-MASQ isikali esingafakwanga ngokokubalwa kwamanani (oko kukuthi, uvavanyo lweempawu ezithile), kunye (3) ukuvumela ukuthelekiswa phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo e-ACC ( okt Uvandlakanyo lwendawo ethile yommandla). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwisifundo ngasinye kunye nebhendi, i-avareji ukuxineka okwangoku kwaqokelelwa kolu hlulo lwe-ACC (kwiinkcukacha jonga Bush et al., 2000; Pizzagalli et al., 2006): i-rostral ethe kratya, "eyokuxhasa", kubandakanya I-BA25 (ii-voxels ze-17, ii-5.83 cm³), I-BA24 (ii-voxels ze-12, ii-4.12 cm³), kunye ne-BA32 (ii-voxels ze-17, ii-5.83 cm³), kunye nokuhanjiswa okungakumbi okubhaliweyo, "oqondayo", kubandakanya i-BA32 ′ (ii-voxels ze-20, i-6.86 cm³) kunye ne-BA24 ′ (ii-voxels ze-48, i-16.46 cm³). Indawo kunye nobungakanani bokwahlulahlulahlulo kwacaciswa ngokusekwe kwiiMephu zoLwakhiwo-I-lancaster et al., 1997kunye neempawu zemihlaba (Devinsky et al., 1995; Vogt et al., 1995), njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili kwiinkcukacha (Pizzagalli et al., 2006). Ngokomyinge, uqikelelo lokuphumla uxinano lwangoku lwalusekwe kwii-epochs ze-110.7 ze-epochs (SD: 37.2, uluhlu: 37-174). Uxinano oluguquliweyo lwe-delta yangoku kwi-BAs 24, 25, kunye ne-BA32 khange idityaniswe nelinani elipheleleyo lezinto zakudala ezingenasiphene okanye ipesenti ye-epochs evulekileyo yamehlo enegalelo kumndilili ophakathi, zonke rs (39) ≤ .10, p ≥ .52.

idatha ye-fMRI

Iprothokholi yokucinga kunye nomsinga wokulungiswa kwe-FMRI zichazwe ngaphambili (UDillon et al., 2008; I-Santesso et al., 2008). Ngokufutshane, idatha ye-fMRI ifunyenwe kwiskena se-1.5 T Symphony / Sonata (I-Nokia Medical Systems; Iselin, NJ). Ngexesha lokucinga, ukusebenza kwe-echoplanar ye-gradient ecadplanar ifunyenwe kusetyenziswa ezi paramitha zilandelayo: TR / TE: 2 / 2500; FOV: 35 mm; matrix: 200 × 64; I-64 izilayi; Iivolumu ze-35; ii-voxels: 222 × 3.125 × 3.125 mm. Isilinganiselo esiphakamileyo se-T3-enomthamo wobunzima be-MPRAGE yaqokelelwa ukuze kufunyanwe indawo kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-ROIs yesakhiwo kusetyenziswa iiparamitha eziqhelekileyo (TR / TE: 1 / 2730 ms; FOV: 3.39 mm; matrix: 256 × 192; 192 slices; voxels: 128 × 1.33 × 1.33 mm). Padding yasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwentloko.

Uhlalutyo lwenziwe kusetyenziswa i-FS-FAST (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu) kunye neFreeSurfer (I-Fischl et al., 2002; I-Fischl et al., 2004). Ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kubandakanya intshukumo yokulungisa kunye nokuhamba kwexesha, ukususwa kwemilinganiselo yokuhamba kancinci, ubungakanani bendlela, kunye nokuhambahamba komhlaba ngesicoci se-6 mm FWHM Gaussian. Icebo lokucoca ulwelo lwexeshana lalisetyenziswa ukuqikelela kunye nokuchaneka kokugqobhoza komsindo kwingxolo. Emva koko, umsebenzi we-gamma (ekujongwe ukuba ube ngumzekelo wempendulo ye-hemodynamic) wenziwa waqinisekiswa ngokuqala kwenkuthazo, kwaye imodeli yomgca ngokubanzi yavavanya ukulunga phakathi kwemodeli nedatha. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanokunyuka (ukuya kwi-volume-to-volume) okanye ukunyakaza kwentloko okungaphezulu kwe-3.75 mm okanye iidigri basuswa kuhlalutyo (n = 5). Kubathathi-nxaxheba abaseleyo, iiparamitha ezishukumayo zazibandakanywa kwimodeli njengee-nuisance regressors.

Kolu phononongo, iziphumo eziphambili ze-fMRI zomdla yayizinto zokudibanisa (ubunzima be-beta) ezikhutshwe kwizinto ezine ze-basal ganglia (NAcc, caudate, putamen, kunye ne-globus pallidus) kunye ne-RACC.¹ Ezi ROIs zachazwa ngendlela eyiyo ye-FreeSurfer's cortical and sub-cortical parcellation algorithms, ezinokuthenjwa kakhulu kwaye zithelekisa ngokufanelekileyo kwiindlela ezisisikhokelo (Desikan et al., 2006; I-Fischl et al., 2002; I-Fischl et al., 2004). Kumthathi-nxaxheba ngamnye kunye ne-ROI, kuthetha ukuba iintsimbi zebeta zakhutshwa ukuze kuhanjiswe izibonelelo zemali, izohlwayo zemali, kunye nengxelo engatshintshi. Ukulungiselela ukungaguquguquki nomsebenzi wangaphambili wokunxibelelana, apho i-anhedonia inxulunyaniswe nokusebenza kobuchopho ukuya kukhuthazo oluqinisekileyo (U-Epstein et al., 2006; UHarvey et al., 2007; Keedwell et al., 2005), i-fMRI ihlalutya igxile kwizimpendulo kwiziphumo. Ngokwesicelo somvavanyi ongaziwayo, kuthetha ukuba iintsimbi zebeta zaye zakhutshwa ngenxa yomvuzo ukuvavanya ubume bolungelelwaniso ne-anhedonia vis-à-vis yokutshutshiswa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba alindelweyo wokulungiswa komvuzo.

I-algorithms yeFreeSurfer ikwabonelela ngolwazi lwe-volumetric ye-ROI nganye kunye nomthamo opheleleyo we-intracranial. Ukulungelelanisa isini kunye nevolumu yangaphakathi, thina z-ukukhumbula ubungakanani be-intracranial yevolumu kunye neevoluyum ze-ROIs nganye phakathi kwezitshixo zIiglasi ze ROI nganye kwi z-Izixhobo zevolumu yangaphakathi. Le ndlela yokuhlengahlengisa yonyulelwa ukunqanda ukwazisa ngokwahluka ngokwesondo ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wezinto ezingaphakathi kwindoda ezihambelana nabasetyhini. Lonke uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha manani eziguquguqukayo zomthamo zenziwa kunye nentsalela ethathwe kolu hlaselo.

Uhlalutyo lweSatisati

Idatha ye-fMRI yahlalutywa nee-ANOVA ezixubeneyo zisebenzisa ingxelo (ukuzuza, ukutshintsha, ukohlwaya) kunye Gender (oyindoda, umfazi) njengezinto. Imimandla ye-basal ganglia, Ihlabathi (ekhohlo, ekunene) kunye Ummandla (I-NAcc, i-caudate, i-putamen, i-pallidus) yongezwa njengezinto ezongezelelweyo ngaphakathi kwezihloko zezihloko. Ukulungiswa kweGreenhouse-Geisser kwasetyenziswa xa kufanelekile. Ukudityaniswa kwePearson kunye nokunxibelelana ngokuyinxalenye kwabalwa ukuvavanya ii-hypotheses eziphambili. Umahluko phakathi kwee-coefficients ezixhomekeke kokudityaniswa kwavavanywa kusetyenziswa ifomula ecetywayo I-Steiger (1980). Iziphumo zixelwa ngenqanaba le-alpha le-0.05 (ezimbini-tailed) ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela. Ngokukhanya kokufunyenweyo kwangaphambili (U-Epstein et al., 2006; UHarvey et al., 2007), i kuqala I-hypotheses zoqhakamshelwano olubi phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye (1) ye-Nacc ivolumu kunye (2) impendulo ye-NAcc kwimivuzo yavavanywa ngomsila omnye. Uhlalutyo lokuqala lubandakanya ukuhanjiswa okuqikelelwa ezintlanu (umthamo we-anhedonia-NAcc, impendulo ye-anhedonia-NAcc yokufumana, impendulo ye-anhedonia-yokuphumla ye-RACC, impendulo ye-NAcc kwimisebenzi yokuphumla kunye nokuphumla kwe-RACC. Lonke olunye unxibelelwano lwenziwe ukuze kuvavanywe ukufunyanwa kwezinto eziphambili ezintlanu; ngenxa yoko, izilungiso zovavanyo oluninzi azange zisetyenziswe.

iziphumo

Intercorrelations of MASQ kunye nePANAS Scales

Njengoko kuboniswe kuyo 1 TableIzikali ze-MASQ zazinokulingana ngokulingeneyo kunye nochaphazeleko olubi lwePANAS kuzo zombini iiseshini. Nangona kunjalo, ukujonga ukubonwa kwangaphambili (UWatson noClark, 1995), ngu-MASQ AD kuphela obonise ukudibana okungalunganga okunokuchaphazeleka kwesimo sePANAS kwisibini iseshini. Ukuphambuka kokuthetha kunye nomgangatho we-MASQ AD (enikwe ubunzima besini) ayifani kumaxabiso axelwe ngu UWatson et al. (1995, 1 Table) kwisampulu yabafundi enkulu, t(1112) = 1.28, p = .20, F(40, 1072) = 1.07, p = .35.

I-Intercorrelations phakathi kweMikali ye-MASQ kunye neLizwe elifanelekileyo kunye neFoji eNachaphazelekayo

I-Basal Ganglia kunye neempendulo ze-RACC kwizibonelelo zemali kunye nezohlwayo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-basal ganglia yenziwe yimali ngenxa yomsebenzi we-MID, sibala u-a ingxelo × Ummandla × Ihlabathi × Gender I-ANOVA. Iziphumo zifumene iziphumo eziphambili ze ingxelo, F(2, 51.5) = 8.00, p = .001, kunye nokubaluleka ingxelo × Ummandla ukusebenzisana, F(3.3, 85.6) = 6.97, p = .0003 (jonga Umzobo 2A). A priori Ukuthelekiswa okucacileyo kubonise ukuba yonke imimandla esisiseko se-ganglia yenziwe yenziwa ngokuqina ngakumbi ngokufumana okuchaseneyo nenguqu, F(1, 26) ≥ 4.43, p ≤ .045. Ngokukodwa, i-NAcc kuphela eyayanyaniswa nomsebenzi ophungulwayo emva kwezohlwayo ezinxulumene nengxelo engaguqukiyo, F(1, 26) = 3.83, p = .06. Ke ngoko, kwi-hemispheres kunye nesini, i-basal ganglia yasebenza ngokuthembekileyo ngokufumana, kwaye yi-NAcc kuphela eyabonisa iimpawu zokungasebenzi emva kokohlwaywa okunxulumene nengxelo engaphendulwanga.

Iintsimbi zebeta (kunye neempazamo ezisemgangathweni) kwi (AI-zone ezine ezisisiseko ze-ganglia kunye (BI-RACC ekuphenduleni kwimali efumanekileyo, ukungatshintshi ingxelo, kunye nezohlwayo zemali (eziphakathi kumhlaba obekiweyo). Qaphela ukuba kuphela yi-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) ebonisiweyo ...

Ukuvavanya ukuba ingaba i-RACC ROI echazwe kakuhle yenziwa yimali, safaka i-a ingxelo × Gender I-ANOVA kwaye yafumana isiphumo esiphambili ingxelo, F(1.9, 50.4) = 5.63, p <.007 (Umzobo 2B). A priori Ukuthelekisa okuthethiweyo kwatyhilelwa ukusebenza okuphezulu ekuzuzeni ngokuchaseneyo nenguquko, F(1, 26) = 12.48, p = .002, kunye nokusebenza ngaphezulu ukuya kwisohlwayo xa kuthelekiswa nenguquko, F(1, 26) = 4.18, p = .051.

UkuSebenza ngokuSebenzayo kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-Anhedonia

Ubudlelwane kunye neempendulo ze-NAcc zokufumana kunye nezohlwayo

Njengomxholo obanzi, i-anhedonia njengoko ilinganiswe yi-MASQ AD yayinxulunyaniswa ngokungalunganga neempendulo ze-NAcc zokufumana umndilili kuzo zonke iihemispheres, r(26) = −.43, p = .011, ithayile enye (jonga 2 Table kwaye Umzobo 3A). Akukho lungelelwaniso lubalulekileyo luye lwaphawulwa phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye neempendulo ezinxulumene nokufumana nayiphi na eminye imimandla emine yomdla (putamen, caudate, pallidus, rACC). Ukuqaqambisa ukucaciswa kwezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo, akukho nalinye lamanqaku eMASQ adityaniswa kakhulu nempendulo ye-NAcc yokufumana (bona 2 Table), kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye ne-NAcc ukufumana iimpendulo kuhlala kungatshintshiwe emva kokuba kwangaxeshanye kuvule amanye amanqaku ama-MASQ amathathu, r(23) = −.35, p = .041, ithayile enye. Ngapha koko, unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye neempendulo ze-NAcc kwiziphumo zahluke kakhulu kulungelelaniso (olungabalulekanga) phakathi konxibelelwano lwe-MASQ AD kunye ne-NAcc kwizohlwayo, r(26) = .25, p = .20, z = 2.41, p = .016, okanye akukho lutshintsho ingxelo, r(26) = .11, p = .58, z = 2.30, p = .021. Nangona kungagxilwe kakhulu kolu phononongo lwangoku, iimpendulo ze-NAcc kwizohlwayo zadityaniswa kakuhle namanqaku e-MASQ GDA (bona 2 Table), ebonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi abaxakekileyo babonisa iimpendulo ze-NAcc ezinamandla kwizohlwayo.²

Izikhuselo zoqhakamshelwano (A) phakathi kwenqanaba loxinzelelo lwe-Anhedonic ye-Mood kunye ne-Anxonomy Syna uphawu yeMibuzo (MASQ AD) kunye nempendulo ye-NAcc kwiinzuzo zemali, (B) phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye ne-NAcc ivolumu ilungisiwe kwisini kunye nevolumu ye-intracranial ...

Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kweZikali ze-MASQ, iNumasi yeAcumbens (NAcc) yeVolumu kunye neeMpendulo kwiNgxelo, kunye nokuBuyisa umsetyenzana weDelta eRostral Anterior Cingate Regions

Ukuphononongwa kuhlalutya iimpendulo zokufumana umvuzo awuvezi naluphi na unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo kunye ne-MASQ AD ye-NAcc, r(26) = .12, p = .54, okanye nayiphi na enye ii-ROI ezine, |r(26) | ≤ .25, p ≥ .20. Ukongeza, unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye neempendulo ze-NAcc kwiinzuzo lwalunamandla ngakumbi kunolungelelwaniso olubandakanya iimpendulo ze-NAcc ukuvuyisa ii-cuees, z = 2.03, p = .04, ebonisa ukuba umbutho wawenzelwe ukuvuza ukusetyenziswa kunokulindelwa.

Ubudlelwane ngevolumu ye-NAcc

Njengoko kuboniswe kuyo 2 Table kwaye Umzobo 3BI-MASQ AD ibonakalisa ukungqinelani okungalunganga ngevolumu ye-NAcc (elungelelaniswe ngokwesini kunye nomthamo we-intracranial) okwahlala ubalulekile emva kokudibanisa ezinye izikali ezintathu ze-MASQ, r(23) = −.38, p = .03, ithayile enye. Akukho mibutho iphambili yaqwalaselwa phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye nemiqulu ehlengahlengisiweyo yeminye imimandla ye-basal ganglia, .22 ≥ r(26) ≥ .02, ps ≥ .27. Ngaphezulu, ivolumu ye-NAcc kunye neempendulo zomvuzo we-NAcc kwiziphumo azizange zinxibelelane (2 Table), ebonisa ukuba zozibini ezi ntlobo ziinguqu ezichazayo ezahlukeyo ze-MASQ AD umahluko (jonga ngezantsi).

Ubudlelwane kunye nokuphumla kwe-EEG delta wiens yangoku

Ukuqulunqwa konxibelelaniso lwe-voxel-by-voxel phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye nenguqu eguqulweyo ye-delta yangoku ichongiwe kuphela iqela elinye lolungelelaniso oluchanekileyo kwi p <0.001. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi Umzobo 1, le ndlela echaziweyo yokusebenza ye-ROI (i-16 i-voxels contiguous, i-5.49 cm³) ibikhona kwimimandla ye-RACC eyayigubungele neendawo eziphuma kwizifundo ze-fMRI ze-anhedonia kunye nemilinganiselo yolonwabo. Ngaphaya koko, i-MASQ AD yayihambelana kakuhle nokuxinana kwabantu bokuxinanisa okwangoku kwisithathu ngasinye kuqala Ukwahlulahlulahlulo olucekeceke lwe-ACC (BAs 24, 25, kunye 32; bona Umzobo 3C kwaye 2 Table).

Uhlalutyo lolawulo lubonisa ukuba oku kufunyanwayo kubonakaliswa kukhethekileyo. Kuqala, amanqaku e-MASQ AD khange alungelelanise noxinano lwe-delta yangoku kwindawo engakumbi yokutsala, ukwahlula-hlula kolwahlulo lwe-ACC (rs = .12 kunye .04 ye-BA24 ′ kunye ne-BA32'a, ngokulandelanayo), kugxininisa ubunyani bengingqi. Okwesibini, lonke unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye ne-delta wiens yangoku eboniswe ngaphakathi 2 Table ihlale ibalulekile emva kokudibana kwangaxeshanye amanye amanqanaba amathathu e-MASQ, r(36) ≥ .33, p ≤ .042, egxininisa ukubaluleka kweempawu. Ngokwahlukileyo, unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-MASQ GDD kunye ne-delta wiens yangoku kwi-BA32 kunye ne-ROI echaziweyo esebenzayo. 2 Table) Azisabalulekanga emva kokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-MASQ AD, r(38) =. 09. Ukongeza, i-MASQ AD-delta yangoku uxhulumaniso lwengxinano yahlala ibalulekile emva kokudityaniswa kwamanani abathathi-nxaxheba bezimo ezilungileyo nezinefuthe elibi ngexesha lolawulo lwe-MASQ kunye nokurekhodwa kwe-EEG, r(33) ≥ .39, p ≤ .021, iphakamisa ukuba imibutho eqwalaselweyo ibingaxhomekekanga kubume bomntu ochaphazelekayo ngexesha leseshoni zovavanyo.³ Okokugqibela, njengoko kwenziwe u-hypothesised, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanqaku e-MASQ AD kunye nomsebenzi wokuphumla we-EEG babenamandla kwiqela le-delta.⁴

Ubudlelwane phakathi kokuphumla kwe-EEG Delta Density yangoku kunye neempendulo ze-Nacc kwiNzuzo

Njengoko kuboniswe kuyo 2 TableIimpendulo ze-NAcc zokufumana inzuzo, kodwa hayi izohlwayo, zinxulunyaniswa ngokungafanelekanga noxinano lwangoku lwe-delta zombini kwi-ROI echazwe kakuhle nakwi kuqala Izahlulo ezichaziweyo ze-RACC, rs (26) ≤ −.41, ps ≤ .031. Ngapha koko, olu nxibelelwano luhlukile (1.60 ≤ z I-2.62, p I-.11) ukusuka kulungelelwaniso lwe-analogous kunye neempendulo ze-NAcc nokuba zizohlwayo, rs (26) ≤ .16, ps ≥ .42, okanye akukho ngxelo yenkuthazo, rs (26) ≤ .07, ps ≥ .71. Ukugxininisa ukucaciswa komanyano phakathi kokuphumla komsebenzi we-delta kwi-RACC kunye neempendulo ze-NAcc kwiinzuzo, akukho lungelelwaniso luvele phakathi koxinano lwe-delta yangoku kwi-RACC kwaye nayiphi na impendulo ekufumaneni nakweyiphi na enye imimandla ye-baslia ganglia okanye iimpendulo zokufumana umvuzo kwi-NAcc .

Ulawulo lweempembelelo ezinokubakho zesini kunye nabathengisi

Lonke udibaniso olubalulekileyo kwi 2 Table igcinwe okungenani ibalulekile ngokomda (p ≤ .05, itayara enye), xa zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo zaqala ukumiswa ngaphakathi kwisini kunye nolungelelwaniso lwesikhundla se-Spearman endaweni yokuhambelana noPearson. Yiyo ke loo nto umahluko phakathi kwabesini kunye nabathengisi bangaphandle beqhuba umbutho. Ukongeza, akukho naluphi na unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo kwi 2 Table bamodareyitha kakhulu isini, kubonakalisa ukuba ulungelelwaniso olufanayo lwaqwalaselwa kumadoda nabafazi.

I-Multivariate Model Ukuqikelela i-Anhedonia

Ukuvavanya igalelo elingafaniyo nelongezelekayo lokuguquguquka kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwezomzimba kwi-anhedonia, iimpendulo ze-NAcc kwiinzuzo, umthamo we-NAcc, kunye nokuphumla kokuxineka okwangoku koxinzelelo kwi-RACC (i-ROI esebenzayo) ngaxeshanye yangena kulwandlo oluninzi lokuxelwa kwamanqaku e-MASQ. Iziphumo zophando ziveze ukuba zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo zazibabikezeli abaphambili be-anhedonia (iimpendulo ze-NAcc kwiinzuzo: beta = −.30, p = .05, ithayile enye; Umthamo we-NAcc: beta = −.43, p = .005, ithayile enye; uxinano lokuphumla kwe-delta rACC yangoku: beta = .37, p = .024, ezimbini zomsila). Ngokuhambelana, iinxalenye ze-MASQ AD umahluko ezichazwe ziguquguqukayo ezintathu zazizimele ngokuyinxenye, ngaphandle konxibelelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwala manyathelo omsebenzi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, imodeli ichaze i-45% yantlukwano kwiimpawu ze-anhedonic, R² = .45, F(3, 24) = 6.44, p = .002.

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Olu phando luhlanganisiweyo lokuphumla i-EEG, ulwakhiwo lwe-MRI, kunye ne-fMRI yokuchonga ulungelelwaniso lwangaphakathi lwe-anhedonia, into ebalulekileyo ye-endophenotype kunye nomngcipheko wokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (umzekelo, Ukulunga et al., 2005; Hasler et al., 2004; Umaleko, i-1996; Pizzagalli et al., 2005). Njengobhaptizo, sabona (i-1) umanyano olubi phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye ne-NAcc yokuphendula impendulo (okt, imali yemali), (2) umanyano olubi phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye nevolthi ye-NAcc, kunye (3) umanyano olungileyo phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye nokuphumla i-EEG Umsebenzi we-delta (okt, umsebenzi ophantsi wokuphumla) kwi-RACC. Ngokuchasene ne-hypotheses yethu, akukho lungelelwano phakathi kokuvula kwe-RACC ukuvuza ingxelo kunye ne-anhedonia evelayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphumla kwe-RACC yomsebenzi we-delta kwakunxulunyaniswa ngokungalunganga neempendulo ze-NAcc zokufumana, ebonisa ukuba isingqisho esimdaka ngokwenyani sinxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi wokuvuselela amandla kumjikelezo womvuzo wengqondo njengoko ucacisiwe I-Knyazev (2007). Ke ngoko, izinto ezifunyenweyo zangoku zibonelela ngokubonakala kwenoveli kuzo zombini iindlela zobuchopho ezinxulunyaniswa ne-anhedonia kunye nolungelelaniso olusebenzayo lomsebenzi we-EEG delta.

Ulwakhiwo lwe-Anhedonia kunye ne-NAcc kunye noMsebenzi

Ukuphinda umsebenzi wangaphambili (U-Epstein et al., 2006; Keedwell et al., 2005), sifumene unxibelelano olubi phakathi kweempawu ze-anhedonic kunye neempendulo ze-NAcc kwisikhuthazo (inzuzo yemali) elilinganiswe kwiseshini eyahlukileyo (kumndilili, ngaphezulu kwenyanga enye kamva). Ngokungafaniyo nezifundo zangaphambili, uhlalutyo lwangoku luveze ukuba olu nxibelelwano lwaluthe ngqo kwiimpawu ze-anhedonic (ngokuchasene nexhala loxinzelelo okanye uxinzelelo ngokubanzi, njengoko kuvavanywa amanye amasikali ama-MASQ amathathu), ukuya kwi-NAcc (ngokuchasene neminye imimandla emithathu ye-basal ganglia), ukuvuza impendulo (ngokuchasene nokohlwaya kunye nengxelo yokungathathi hlangothi), nakwisiqendu sokusebenza (ngokuchaseneyo) sokulungiswa komvuzo. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-anhedonia ibikezela iimpendulo zestriatal yokuvuselela umvuzo hayi kwizigulana ezixinzelelweyo (U-Epstein et al., 2006; Keedwell et al., 2005), kodwa nakwizifundo eziphantsi, kwaye ugxininise ukucaca okukhulu phakathi kweempendulo ezinxulumene nomvuzo ze-NAcc kunye ne-anhedonia. Ukubonelela ngokuboniswa kokuqala kokuya kwicala lokuqhubela phambili okwenzeka kulo mbutho, Schlaepfer et al. (2008) kutsha nje kubonise ukuba ukuvuselela okunzulu kwengqondo kwi-NAcc kwandise imetabolism endaweni yesifo kwaye kunciphisa i-anhedonia kwizigulana ezintathu ezineendlela zokunyanga uxinzelelo. Ithathiwe kunye, oku kuqaphelekayo kuphakamisa ukuba ukusebenza gwenxa kwe-NAcc kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubonakalisweni kwe-anhedonia.

Ukuphinda okuphindiweyo nge UHarvey et al. (2007), siqwalasele umanyano oluthile olubi phakathi kwe-MASQ AD (kwaye hayi enye isikali se-MASQ) kunye nevoluyumu ye-NAcc. Ngokuchasene nesifundo esingaphambi koko, le ntlangano yayithe ngqo kwi-NAcc kwaye ayizanga nakweminye imimandla ye-basal ganglia (umzekelo, i-caudate). Into enomdla kukuba, umahluko kwi-anhedonia eyenzelwa iinguqu kubume be-NAcc awuzange ugqume ngomehluko onxulumene nokungafani komntu kwiimpendulo ze-NAcc zokufumana. Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuba ngaba icandelo lolwakhiwo libonisa umahluko kwi mfanelo i-anhedonia, ngelixa icandelo elisebenzayo linokusekelwa kakhulu kwiiyantlukwano ezithile ku Lumente i-anhedonia. Ubuncinci bezinto eziqatshelweyo zithetha oku. Okokuqala, iimpendulo ezisebenzayo kwizikhuthazi zavavanywa kwiseshoni eyahlukileyo, eyenzekileyo, ngokomndilili, ngaphezulu kwenyanga emva kolawulo lwe-MASQ. Ke ngoko, kuphela yimeko ezinzileyo yozinzo olunokubangela ukuba imibutho ibukele. Okwesibini, siphinde sabala ikhonkco emva kokulinganisa amanqaku e-MASQ AD kuzo zonke iiseshoni zokuziphatha kunye ne-EEG. Olu hlalutyo lubonise ukonyuka kokunxibelelana kweempendulo ze-Nacc, r(26) = −.49, kodwa hayi ngevolthi ye-NAcc, r(26) = −.20 (Thelekisa amaxabiso kwi 2 Table). Ngenxa yoko, kubonakala ngathi kunokwenzeka ukuba ulwakhiwo kunye nokuhluka kokusebenza kwi-NAcc thepha kwimicimbi eyahlukeneyo yokuhlawulwa komvuzo we-neural okunokuthi zombini zibe nokuhambelana ne-anhedonia.

Kwisifundo sangoku, asikwazi ukukhomba ezi zinto zahlukileyo. Ukongeza, umsebenzi owongezelelweyo uya kudinga ukubala iminikelo yesixa sokulindelekileyo kunye neendlela zokunyanzeliswa kokulungiswa komvuzo kwi-anhedonia. Umsebenzi wezilwanyana, "ukuthanda" i-hedonic kudibene nomsebenzi we-NAcc opioid, ngelixa i-NAcc dopamine ibonakala inamathele ngokusondeleleneyo kukhuthazo (“ukufuna”) kunye nokusebenza kokuziphatha (EBerridge, 2007; Salamone et al., 2007) kwaye zombini "ukuthanda" kunye "nokufuna" kunokuphikisana kwi-anhedonia. Kwisampulu yethu, unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye neempendulo ze-NAcc zazicacelwe kunyanzeliso ("ukuthanda") kunoko kulindelekile ("ngokufuna") isigaba sokulungiswa komvuzo. Oku kufunyaniswa kuthelekiswa kwedatha yamva nje kwizigulana ezinesifo sengqondo, apho iimpawu ezingalunganga (kubandakanya i-anhedonia) ziye zadityaniswa neempendulo zestriatal kwiindlela ezilindelekileyo zoluhlobo olufanayo lomsebenzi we-MID (UJuckel et al., 2006a, 2006b). Ukongeza kwiyantlukwano ecacileyo yokwakheka kweqela (abaguli abane-schizophrenia dhidi yezifundo zempilo yengqondo), umahluko kuyilo lomsebenzi unokuchaza ukungangqinelani phakathi kwezinto ezifunyanwa ngoku kunye neJuckel. Ngokukodwa, ngokungafani nezifundo zangaphambili, apho i-66% yeemvavanyo zomvuzo zikhokelele ekufumaneni ingxelo (UJuckel et al., 2006a, 2006b), kufundo lwangoku, izibonelelo zangeniswa kwi-50% yeemvavanyo zomvuzo, kwaye ngenxa yoko zazingalindelekanga. Kuba iimpendulo zestratiatal zifunyanwe zingangaphezulu xa imbuyekezo ingalindelekanga (umzekelo, Delgado, 2007; ODoherty et al., 2004), uyilo lwangoku kunokuba lukonyusele amandla ethu okuchonga unxulumano olusemthethweni phakathi kweempendulo ze-NAcc zenzuzo kunye ne-anhedonia kule sampuli yempilo yengqondo. Ngokusekwe koku kungangqinelani, sikholelwa ekubeni kungaphambi kwexesha ukuba ichaze ukuba ngaba i-anhedonia iphawuleka ngokungasebenzi kwizigaba ezilindelweyo zokuphelisa umvuzo. Izifundo zexesha elizayo zisebenzisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokuvavanya kunye / okanye iinkqubo zekhemikhali zedopamine neenkqubo ze-opioid ziya kufuneka ukucacisa indima "yokufuna" kunye "nokuthanda" kwi-anhedonia.

I-Anhedonia kunye nomsebenzi we-RACC

Kwisifundo esikhoyo, umanyano olungileyo phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye nomsebenzi wokuphumla we-EEG delta kwimimandla ye-RACC yavela. Olu nxibelelwano lwaluchaphazela i-anhedonia (ngokuchasene nezinye izikhokelo ze-MASQ), i-rostral (ngokuchasene nokutshixeka, ukuqondisisa ngakumbi) ukuthotyelwa kwe-ACC, kunye nebhendi yefrikwensi (ngaphandle kokuhambelana okunjalo kodwa okunobuthathaka kulungelelwaniso kwicandelo le-theta; bona umbhalo osemazantsi we-4) . Ngapha koko, iqela elibonisa olona lwalamano luqilima phakathi kwengxinano yangoku ye-delta yangoku kunye ne-anhedonia egqagqeneyo nemimandla apho ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-anhedonia / uxinzelelo kunye nomqondiso we-FMRI ekuphenduleni ubumnandi obufunyenweyo buye bafunyanwa emsebenzini wangaphambili (umz. UHarvey et al., 2007; Keedwell et al., 2005). Ngenxa yokuba ukuphumla kwe-oscillation ye-delta kudityaniswa ngendlela engathethekiyo kunye nokuphumla kwengqondo yokusebenza komntu ngamnye (I-Niedermeyer, 1993; Pizzagalli et al., 2004; UReddy et al., 1992; Scheeringa et al., 2008), oku kuqapheleyo kuxhasa imvo eqingqiweyo yokuba i-anhedonia inxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi weqondo ophantsi wethoni kwindawo yengqondo enxulunyaniswe nemilinganiselo yolonwabo yokuphendula ukuphenduka kwesimo esivela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo (de Araujo et al., 2003; IGrabenhorst et al., 2008; Iiroll et al., 2008; Iiroll et al., 2003). Ngaphaya koko, kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba ukujonga kwethu ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye noxinzelelo lwangoku lwe-ACC (BA25) evela kwindawo eyi-ROI iphicotha i-dovetails efanelekileyo ngezinto ezifunyenweyo zangaphambili zokuxinana okuphezulu kwengqondo (kunye nomsebenzi ophantsi we-metabolic) kwi-BA25 kwizifo ezixinzelelekileyo ze-melancholia (okt., uxinzelelo oluphambili lokudakumba okuphawuleka kakhulu okubonakaliswa yi-anhedonia, Pizzagalli et al., 2004).

Ithathiwe kunye, iziphumo zangoku (i-1) zibonisa ukuba i-anhedonia, endaweni yoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo, uxinzelelo okanye ezinye iimpawu kunye neemeko eziphakamileyo eziphantsi koxinzelelo, zinokunxulumana nokusebenza kwengqondo eguqulweyo kwi-RACC, kunye (2) iphakamisa ukuba i-anhedonia ayinakuba kuphela iphawuleka ukuphendula kokuphendula kwe-NAcc kwimivuzo, kodwa nangomgangatho ophantsi wokuphumla kwi-RACC. Ukuqwalaselwa kokugqibela inoveli kodwa kuhambelana nobungqina obuninzi bokuba amanani e-RACC aphakamileyo kumjikelezo womvuzo wobuchopho. Ifumana indawo yokuhlala dopaminergicI-Gaspar et al., 1989) neeprojekthi eziya e-striatum (ngokukodwa i-NAcc) kunye nendawo yecandelo lendawo yokuthontelana (Haber et al., 2006; Öngür kunye nexabiso, i-2000; I-Sesack kunye nePickel, 1992). Kwiigundane, ukukhuthaza i-RACC yonyusa iipatheni zokuqhushumba kwiindawo zangaphakathi zethala le-dopamine neurons (IGariano kunye neeGroves, i-1988; UMurase et al., 1993), kwaye ezi ndlela zigqabileyo zokudubula zonyusa ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine kwi-NAcc (Schultz, 1998), ethe yachukunyiswa kukukhuthazeka kwesisikhuseli kunye nokusebenza kokuziphatha (jonga ngentla). Emntwini, i-RACC ibonisa umsebenzi ukonyuka ekuphenduleni kumachiza afaka i-dopamine (Udo de Haes et al., 2007; IVöllm et al., 2004), ukuncitshiswa konxibelelaniso olusebenzayo kunye neendawo eziphephezelayo emva kokupheliswa kwempefumlo (UNagano-Saito et al., 2008), imiqondiso yokufunda encitshisiweyo yokufunda kuxinzelelo lwonyango olunganyangekiyo (Kumar et al., 2008), kwaye yenzisiwe kwiziphumo zoloyiso lwengqondo (jonga ngentla) kunye nezigwebo zokhetho (umzekelo, UPaulus noFrank, 2003).

Ngokucacileyo, i-RACC nayo ithathwa njengeyona ndawo iphambili yenethiwekhi engagqibekanga (okt, uthungelwano lweengingqi ezinxibeleleneyo ezenziwa ngexesha lokuphumla kunye nokusebenza ngochuku ngexesha lokuzibandakanya, I-Buckner et al., 2008), Kunye Scheeringa et al. (2008) Ibonakalise ukuba umphambili we-delta yangaphambili / ye-theta isebenzisana ngokunxibelelene nomsebenzi kwinethiwekhi emiselweyo. Ke ngoko, kujongwe kulo mbono, iziphumo zangoku zibonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye nomsebenzi othungelweyo kwinethiwekhi engasasebenziyo, ecinga ukuba "ilungiselele ukuvavanywa kwengqondo okufanelekileyo okusebenzayo - ukuboniswa - ukubonelela ngendlela yokulindela kunye nokuvavanya iziganeko ezizayo phambi kokuba kwenzeke ”(I-Buckner et al., 2008, iphe. 2). Izigulana ezixinzelelekileyo ziyakujongela phantsi ukubakho kwesizathu esifanelekileyo esaziswa kubo (umz. Misa kancinci et al., 2003) kwaye ulindele iziphumo ezimbalwa ezilungileyo kungekudala ((IMacLeod neSalaminiou, 2001; IMacLeod et al., 1997; UMiranda noMennin, 2007; Moore et al., 2006). Olu luqwalaselo luphakamisa amathuba anomdla wokunciphisa umsebenzi wokuphumla kwindawo ye-RACC yenethiwekhi emiselweyo inokubangela ubunzima obunamandla okujonga okujolise kwikamva (oko kukuthi, ukubekelwa ecaleni kweziganeko ezithandekayo zangaphambili kunye nokusilela kokucinga iimeko ezintle zekamva). Izifundo ezizayo ziya kufuneka ukuvavanya olu qikelelo.

Nangona i-RACC nayo yayinokuthenjwa kusebenze Ngempendulo yomvuzo kumsebenzi we-MID, asikhange siwubone umanyano olindelekileyo phakathi kokuphendula komvuzo kule ndawo kunye ne-anhedonia (UHarvey et al., 2007; Keedwell et al., 2005). Siqaphele, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ubudlelwane obuqinisekileyo phakathi kwe-anhedonia / ukudakumba kunye neempendulo ze-RACC kunikwe ingxelo rhoqo ngokungaguquguqukiyo kwimeko yemeko yangaphambili ye-RACC ukungasebenzi Ukuvuselela ngokweemvakalelo, ngolawulo olusempilweni kunye nabantu abaphantsi kwi-anhedonia ebonisa ezizezona zikhankanyiweyo (Gotlib et al., 2005; I-Grimm et al., 2008; UHarvey et al., 2007). Kuyenzeka ke ukuba abantu abaneempawu ze-anhedonon bangabonisi ukwenza-umsebenzi okuchukumisayo kule ndawo yothungelwano lobuchwephesha bengqondo ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo ophantsi ngokungaqhelekanga kule ndawo ephantsi kophumlo. Olu luvo luxhaphakileyo, olunokuthi luchaze unxulumano olukhangeleka ngathi luyinto ethandabuzekayo phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye neempendulo zomvuzo we-RACC ezifunyenwe kwezinye zezifundo (UHarvey et al., 2007; Keedwell et al., 2005), inokuvavanywa ngokulula kwizifundo zokudibanisa amanyathelo e-fMRI yokusebenza kwento enxulumene nomsebenzi kunye ne-PET okanye amanyathelo e-EEG omsebenzi wokuphumla.

Umsebenzi weRostral ACC Delta kunye neempendulo zeMbasa ye-NAcc

Ukomelela okungqongqo kunye nokuthile okungahambelaniyo okubonwe phakathi koxinzelelo lwangoku lwe-delta kwindawo yempikiswano engaphezulu, uthatho-nxaxheba olusebenzayo lwe-ACC kunye nempendulo ye-NAcc yokufumana ubungqina bubonisa inoveli kubantu abaphilayo ngengqondo yokuba isingqisho esimdaka se-EEG sinxulunyaniswa nokulungiswa kwemivuzo kwi-ventral striatum (Knyazev, 2007). Isalathiso sesi siphumo sihambelana nedatha yezilwanyana ebonisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine kwi-NAcc kudityaniswa nomsebenzi we-Delta onciphileyo.Chang et al., 1995; UFerger et al., 1994; I-Kropf kunye neKuschinsky, i-1993; I-Leung kunye neYim, i-1993; Luoh et al., 1994) kunye nengxelo yamva yokwanda komcimbi onxulumene nomnqweno we-delta kwisifo esingaphambi kwesifo sika-Huntington, ukuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo okunxulumene nokuncitshiswa okuphawulweyo kwi-striatal dopamine D1 kunye ne-D2 receptor density (Beste et al., 2007). Ukucaciswa kwesiphumo esiya kwi-RACC kunye ne-NAcc kwenza inkxaso ethe kratya kwindima edityanisiweyo ye-delta njengesalathiso sokulungiswa komvuzo we-neural.

Njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, i-RACC ngokwayo iyindawo ebalulekileyo yokujikeleziswa komvuzo wobuchopho kunye nezifundo zenzululwazi kwiinkawu zibonise ukuba imimandla ye-RACC kuqala iprojekthi kwi-NAcc xa ithelekiswa neminye imimandla ye-striatal (Haber et al., 2006). Nangona ubonelela ubungqina obomeleleyo bonxibelelwano phakathi konxweme kunye nomvuzo, iziphumo zangoku zokuphumla idatha ye-EEG azithethi kwimisebenzi echanekileyo yomsebenzi we-delta ekusebenzeni komvuzo. UCohen, uElger noFell (2008) Kutshanje kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba umsebenzi ongaphambili we-delta yangaphambili uyancipha ngexesha lokulindelwa kokulahleka kunye nokufumana ingxelo kunye nokunyuka kwempendulo kwingxelo ngokwayo, ngakumbi kwingxelo yokuphumelela engalindelekanga. Ezi datha zibonisa utshintsho olwahlukileyo lomsebenzi we-delta kwisigaba sokulindeleka kunye nesokugqibela sokulungiswa komvuzo kwaye sibonisa indlela abaphandi abanokuthi basebenzise ngayo imali kwisigqibo esigqibeleleyo se-EEG ukuze bafumane umahluko okhoyo kwimandla eyenziweyo yomvuzo we-neural.

Izithintelo kunye neziphetho

Ngaphandle kwamandla aliqela (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezininzi ze-neuroimaging, ubungakanani beesampulu ezinkulu kunezifundo zangaphambili), kufuneka siqaphele neminye imikhawulo ebalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba isampulu yethu yayinabafundi abancinci abancinci, kuya kuhlala kubonakala ukuba iziphumo ezikhoyo ziya kuthi zenzeke ngokubanzi kwezinye iisampuli ezizezinye. Okwesibini, nangona sithathe amanyathelo okhuseleko okulawula iimpembelelo ezinokubakho zorhulumente kumanyano oluphawulweyo phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye ne-EEG yokuphumla (uvavanyo kwiiseshini ezahlukileyo, ukungafani kokuchaphazeleka kwelizwe), asinakucacisa ukuba imeko echaphazelekayo yenegalelo kwiziphumo zangoku. Izifundo ezinophononongo oluphindaphindeneyo lokuphumla kwe-EEG zinokubonelela ngolwazi olunomdla ngokubaluleka kwesizwe kunye nemirhumo yomkhondo kwiyantlukwano yomsebenzi we-RACCIHagemann et al., 2002). Okwesithathu, uphononongo olunomlinganiso ofanayo wokuphumla i-EEG kunye ne-PET kwiisampulu ezaneleyo ezifanelekileyo zichazwe ngokucacileyo zokuxhasa ukucaciswa kwethu kwe-LORETA yoqikelelo loxinano lwe-delta yangoku kwi-RACC njengesalathiso esingalunganga somsebenzi wobuchopho kulo mmandla, ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni ukudityaniswa (okuphantsi) ) I-metabolism ye-delta kunye ne-glucose ye-glucose inokuthi ingangqinelani kwiisampulu zeklinikhi (Pizzagalli et al., 2004). Okwesine, nangona ulungelelaniso oluhlanu kuvavanyo kuhlalutyo lokuqala lwaluxelwa kwangaphambili kuqala esekwe kwiziphumo zangaphambili kunye / okanye kwiimpikiswano zethiyori, iziphumo zangoku zilindele ukuphindaphinda ngenxa yokungabikho kolungiso kuthelekiso oluninzi. Okokugqibela, njengazo zonke izifundo ezinxulumene nolungelelwaniso, iziphumo ezikhoyo azithethi ukuba zibekho, nokuba iphambili kwicala lokuhamba. Ngokuhambelana, okwangoku akukaziwa ukuba umthamo we-NAcc oncitshisiweyo, umzekelo, yinto enobungozi okanye isiphumo se-anhedonia. Izifundo zexesha elizayo kusetyenziswa uyilo olude, ulinge lokulinganisa kwimisebenzi yecriatal kunye ne-medic ye-PFC (umzekelo, Schlaepfer et al., 2008), kunye / okanye ejolise kwi-genetics yemfuza yokucwangciswa kwembuyekezo (umz. UKirsch et al., 2006) Uya kudinga ukuphanda ngakumbi i-hypothesis ecocekileyo malunga ne-neurobiological substrates of anhedonia.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokusebenzisa indlela yeemodal ezahlukeneyo zemodemine, sabonisa ukuba i-anhedonia idityaniswa neempendulo ze-NAcc ezibuthathaka kwimali efumanekayo, inciphise ivolumu ye-NAcc, kwaye yandise nomsebenzi wokuphumla we-EEG (oko kukuthi, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwengqondo) kwimimandla ye-RACC kwisampula yabancinci amavolontiya. Ngokudibeneyo, la manyathelo omzimba amathathu achaze i-45% yokuhlukahluka kwiimpawu ze-anhedonic. Zombini i-anhedonia kunye nemimandla yenkqubo yomvuzo wobuchopho oboniswe kwisifundo esikhoyo zidibene neziphazamiso zengqondo ezinzima, kubandakanya uxinzelelo kunye ne-schizophrenia. Ke, iziphumo zethu zibonelela ngenkxaso engaphezulu yokuqonda i-anhedonia njengento ethembisayo ye-endophenotype kunye nokuba semngciphekweni kwezi ngxaki, kwaye sicebisa ukuba izifundo ezongezelelweyo kwisiseko se-neural se-anhedonia kubantu abaphilayo banokukunceda ukoyisa umda we-nosology yengqondo yangoku kwaye unikezele ngokubaluleka ukuqonda kwi pathophysiology.

Imibulelo

Olu phando luxhaswe zizibonelelo ezivela kwi-NIMH (R01 MH68376) kunye ne-NCCAM (R21 AT002974) enikwe i-DAP. Umxholo wayo luxanduva lwababhali kuphela kwaye ayimeli izimvo ezisemthethweni ze-NIMH, i-NCCAM, okanye amaZiko ezeMpilo kaZwelonke. UGqirha Pizzagalli ufumene inkxaso yophando evela kwi-GlaxoSmithKline kunye neMerck & Co, Inc. yeeprojekthi ezingadibaniyo nolu phando. UJan Wacker waxhaswa sisibonelelo esivela kwi-G.-A.-Lienert-Stiftung zur Nachwuchsförderung kwi-Biopsychologischer Methodik ngethuba lokuhlala kwakhe kwiSebe lezeNzululwazi, kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard.

Ababhali bangathanda ukubulela uJeffrey Birk kunye no-Elena Goetz ngoncedo abanobuchule, u-Allison Jahn, uKyle Ratner, noJames O'Shea ngegalelo labo kwinqanaba lokuqala lolu phando, i-Dekk Foster yenkxaso yezobugcisa, kunye noNancy Brooks noChristen Deveney Indima yabo ekufuneni le nkqubo.

Imihlathi

¹Kwenye uhlalutyo olungenye, safumana i-avareji yemilinganiselo ye-beta yee-ROI ezi-spherical ezine-8 mm radius egxile kwindawo efanelekileyo yoqhakamshelwano lwephiphu phakathi kwe-anhedonia kunye ne-BOLD impendulo ekhuthazayo kwi-CCC yasekhohlo nasekunenex = ± 8, y = 44, z = −7) njengoko kuxeliwe UHarvey et al. (2007) kwaye Keedwell et al. (2005). Iziphumo zazifana kakhulu nezo zichazwe apha kwi-RACC.

²Ukuqaqambisa ubungakanani beli khonkco, olu nxibelelaniso lwahlukile kwimibutho engabalulekanga ebonwe phakathi kwe-MASQ GDA kunye ne-NAcc kwiimpendulo, r(26) = −.19, p = .34, z = 2.07, p = .038, kwaye akukho lutshintsho ingxelo, r(26) = −.00, p = .99, z = 1.71, p = .087, kwaye yahlala ibalulekile emva kokuhlukaniswa kwangaxeshanye namanye amanqanaba amathathu e-MASQ, r(23) = .41, p = .041. Ngaphandle kokucacisa okucacileyo, ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-MASQ GDA kunye ne-NAcc iimpendulo kwizohlwayo zemali kufuneka litolikwe ngononophelo, kuba ayizange ixelwe kwangaphambili kwaye yayingayi kufikelela kubalo lwamanani emva kokulungiswa kovavanyo oluninzi.

³Abathathi-nxaxheba ababini babephulukene nedatha okungenani enye yezimo zabo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ezichaphazela imilinganiselo kwaye ke ngenxa yoko akunakubandakanywa kolu hlalutyo.

⁴Ezifanayo kodwa ezincinci zihambelana phakathi kwamanqaku e-MASQ AD kunye nobungqingqwa bangoku, rs (39) = .35, .30, and .45, for BAs 24, 25, and 32, ngokulandelanayo, p ≤ .06. Ngapha koko, ngaphandle konxibelelwano phakathi ko-MASQ AD kunye ne-beta1 uxinaniso lwangoku kwi-BA32, r(39) = .33, p = .035, akukho manyano abalulekileyo aqwalaselweyo phakathi kwe-MASQ AD kunye noxinano lwangoku kwezi ndawo nakweziphi ezinye iindawo ze-EEG frequency.

Iphepha elichazayo ukuba awusenanto oyifunayo: Le fayili yeFayile yombhalo wesandla ongabhalwanga owamkelwe ukushicilelwa. Njengenkonzo kumakhasimende ethu sinika le ngcaciso yokuqala kwincwadi yesandla. Umbhalo wesandla uza kufumana ukukopishwa, ukufakela, nokuphonononga ubungqina obunokubakho ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe kwifomu yayo yokugqibela. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngexesha lokuveliswa kweeprogram ezinokuthi zifumaneke ezinokuthi ziphazamise umxholo, kunye nazo zonke izisemthethweni ezichasayo ezisetyenziswa kwiphephancwadi.

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