Ukubuyiselwa nguMdumo oDumeleyo: Ukuhlaziywa okulandelelanayo kwiMbali yoPhando loLwabizo lokutya (2015)

Yiya e:

Abstract

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imbono yokulutha ngokutya ifumene ukuthandwa nangakumbi. Le ndlela ivuma ukufana okukhoyo phakathi kokuphazamiseka kwento ekusetyenzisweni kweziyobisi kunye nokutya okuthe gqolo kokutya okunencasa kakhulu, kunye nekhalori ephezulu. Inxalenye yale ngxoxo ibandakanya ukuba ukutya "okunesifo esinamandla amakhulu" kunokuba nakho ukubakho ngenxa yokonyuka kwamandla ngenxa yezondlo ezithile okanye izongezo. Nangona le ngcinga ibonakala ngathi intsha, uphando malunga nokulutha ngokutya luquka amashumi eminyaka, isibakala esihlala singaziwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwesayensi kwegama likhoboka ngokubhekisele kwitshokholethi kwanomhla ubuyela kwinkulungwane ye-19th. Kwinkulungwane ye-20th, uphando ngeziyobisi luye lwashenxiswa ngokutshintsha kwezinto, kubandakanya ukutshintsha kwe-anorexia amanosa, bulimia amanosa, ukukhuluphala, okanye ukuphazamiseka kokutya. Ke, injongo yolu phononongo kukuchaza imbali kunye nobume bobugcisa bophando lweziyobisi kunye nokubonisa ukuphuculwa kwawo kunye nokuphuculwa kweenkcazo kunye neendlela.

Internet: isiyobisi, ukutya, ukutyeba kakhulu, i-anorexia, i-bulimia, ukuxhomekeka kweziyobisi, itshokholethi

intshayelelo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imbono yokulukuhlwa kokutya iye yathandwa ngakumbi. Le ngqondo ibandakanya umbono wokuba ukutya okuthile (okuhlala kusetyenzwa kakhulu, kuthandeke kakhulu, kwaye ukutya okunes caloric kakhulu) kunokuba nakho ukukhohlisa kwaye iindlela ezithile zokutya kakhulu zinokumela isimilo. Olu lwando longezwayo alubonakali kuphela kwinani elikhulu leengxelo zosasazo nokubeka uncwadi [1,2], kodwa kukonyuka okukhulu kwenani leempapasho zesayensi (Umzobo 1) [3,4]. Kwi-2012, umzekelo, incwadi ebanzi yokutya kunye nesiyobisi yashicilelwa kuba "isayensi ifikelele kwisininzi esibalulekileyo de incwadi ihlelwe ngokufanelekileyo" [5]. Le nzala yonyukayo ibonakala ngathi idale umbono wokuba umbono wokulutha ukutya uye waba ofanelekileyo kwinkulungwane ye-21st ngenxa yokwanda kokufumaneka kokutya okusekwe kakhulu kwaye nombono wokulutha ukutya uye wakhuliswa kumzamo wokuchaza ukwanda kwamanani okuxhaphaka kokutyeba kakhulu. [6]. Abanye babaphengululi bade babhekise kwizityholo zomsebenzi wophando malunga nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi ngokuchaza amanqaku apapashwa kule nkulungwane [7,8].

Umzobo 1 

Inani lezipapasho zesayensi kwizidakamizwa zokutya kwiminyaka ye-1990-2014. Amaxabiso abonisa inani leentsimbi ezisekwe kukhangelo lwewebhu lwezeNzululwazi olwenziwa kunyaka ngamnye ngokwahlukeneyo, kusetyenziswa igama lokucingisisa "umlutha wokutya" kunye nokukhetha "isihloko" ...

Njengoko kuya kuboniswa kulo lonke iphepha, olu luvo malunga nokulutha kokutya luyinto entsha, eqale kwiminyaka yamuva nje kwaye enokuthi ichaze ubhubhane wokutya kakhulu, ayilunganga. Ke ngoko, eli nqaku libonakalisa ngokufutshane ukuphuculwa kophando lweziyobisi. Injongo enye kukubonisa ukuba imbali yayo, nangona ingumhlaba omtsha wophando, ibandakanya amashumi eminyaka kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kokutya kunye nokulutha kude kube yiminyaka ye-19th century. Kwinkulungwane ye-20th, iindawo ekugxilwe kuzo kunye nezimvo malunga nokulutha kokutya zitshintshe ngokuguqukayo, ezinje ngohlobo lokutya kunye nengxaki yokutya ekucetywayo ukuba inxulumene nokulutha kunye neendlela ezazisetyenziselwa ukuphanda indlela yokutya kwimbono yokulutha (Umzobo 2). Inqaku langoku, nangona kunjalo, alizimisele ukubonisa ngokucacileyo ukufana okufana kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye ukuxela malunga neziphumo ezinokubakho zento yokuchaphazeleka kokutya kunyango, ukuthintela, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu. Yonke le micimbi iye yaxoxwa ngokubanzi kwenye indawo [9-21]. Okokugqibela, eli nqaku alizimisele ukuvavanya ubunyani bengcinga yokutya okuchasene nokutya.

Umzobo 2 

Ezinye iindawo ekugxilwe kuzo zineereferensi ezikhethiweyo kwimbali yophando ngeziyobisi.

Ukuhamba kwexesha kwe-19th kunye ne-20th yasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane: iziqalo zokuqala

The Ijenali ye-Inebriety yenye yeencwadana zokuqala zomlutha kwaye zapapashwa ukusuka kwi-1876 ukuya kwi-1914 [22]. Ngeli xesha, amagama ahlukeneyo asetyenziswa ukuchaza utywala obuninzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (umzekelo, ukunxila, inebriety, ebriotic, dipsomania, narcomania, oinomania, inxila, kwaye likhoboka). Okubangela umdla, ikota likhoboka njengoko isetyenziswe kwi Ijenali ye-Inebriety ngokuyintloko ekubhekiseleni ekuxhomekekeni kwiziyobisi ngaphandle kotywala kwaye kwavela okokuqala kwi-1890 ngokubhekisele kwitshokholethi [22]. Emva koko, izinto ezinokuthakazelwa kukutya "okukhuthaza" zaye zachazwa nakweminye imiba yejenali [17]. Umzekelo, uClouston [23] wathi "xa ingqondo ixhomekeke ekuvuseleleni ukutya kunye nesiselo ukuze iphinde ibuyiselwe xa idiniwe, kubakho umnqweno ongathethekiyo wokufumana ukutya kunye neziselo xa kukho ukudinwa."

Kwi-1932, uMosche Wulff, omnye woovulindlela kwi-psychoanalysis, upapashe inqaku ngesiJamani, isihloko salo esinokuthi siguqulwe njenge "Kwi-Oral Symbom Complex kunye nobuDlelwane bayo noKuvuma" [24]. Emva koko, Ameva25Ubhekise kulo msebenzi, esithi "IWulff inxibelelanisa ukutya kakhulu, okukubiza ngokuba likhoboka lokutya, kunye nomthetho womgaqo-siseko kwaye ukwahlula phakathi kwe-melancholia kwinto njengoko umlutha wokutya umisela ngokuchanekileyo endaweni yobudlelwane besini ngelixa i-melancholic ibandakanya into enobubi. Ngendlela etshabalalisayo. ”Ngelixa le ndlela yokusebenza kwengqondo yokutya ngokutya idla ngokuphelelwa lixesha kwaye ibonakala ngathi iyahambelana, namhlanje kuyaphawuleka ukubona ukuba umbono wokuchaza ukutya ngokugqithisileyo njengeziyobisi ubusele ukho kwi1930s.

I-1950s: Ukudityaniswa kwegama 'ukuKutya okuKutya'

Igama elithile utywala yaziswa okokuqala kwiincwadi zesayensi nguTheron Randolph kwi1956 [26]. Uyichaze “njengokuziqhelanisa nokutya okukodwa okanye okungaphezulu okuthe rhoqo okuphathwa kukutya okunesidingo somntu [okubonisa indlela eqhelekileyo yeempawu ezichazayo ezifanayo nezinye zeenkqubo ezizezamayeza.” Ukanti waphawula ukuba "uninzi Rhoqo kubandakanywa yingqolowa, ingqolowa, ikofu, ubisi, amaqanda, iitapile kunye nokunye ukutya okutyiwa rhoqo.27].

URandolph yayingenguye kuphela owayethetha isigama sokutya esijikeleze eli xesha. Kwinqaku elipapashwe kwi-1959, ingxoxo yephaneli ejikeleze indima yendalo kunye nobuntu kulawulo lwesifo seswekile kwathiwa [28]. Ngelixesha le ngxoxo, nguAlbert J. Stunkard (1922-2014) [29], ugqirha wezengqondo onenqaku awayelichaze ekuqaleni echaza ukuba unesifo sokutya kakhulu (BED) lapapashwa kwangalo nyaka [30], udliwanondlebe. Umzekelo, wabuzwa, "Enye yeengxaki eziqhelekileyo nezingxaki esijongene nazo kukuba likhoboka lokutya, zombini isifo seswekile kunye nonyango lwaso. Ngaba zikho izinto ezibandakanya ukubandakanyeka kulomatshini okanye ngaba zizinto zonke zengqondo? Kunxulumene nantoni na ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi notywala kunye neziyobisi? ”[28]. UStunkard uphendule ngelithi akacingi ukuba igama elithi "likhoboka lokutya" livumelekile ngokwento esiyaziyo ngokuba likhoboka lotywala nakwisiyobisi. Kodwa ke, okubaluleke ngakumbi kuvavanyo lwembali kweli nqaku libonisa ukuba Isigama sokutya sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, esixhasa ngakumbi ukuba umbono wokuba likhoboka lokutya wayesaziwa kakhulu phakathi kwezazinzulu noluntu ngokubanzi kwangethuba njengee-1950s.

I-1960 kunye nee-1970s: I-Overeaters engaziwa kunye ne-Occimional Mentions

I-Overeaters Anonymous (OA), umbutho ozincedayo ngokusekwe kwinkqubo ye-12-yenqanaba le-Alcoholics Anonymous, yasekwa kwi-1960. Ngokuhambelana, i-OA ikhuthaza inkqubo yokulutha kakhulu, kwaye eyona njongo yeqela kukuyeka ukusebenzisa izinto ezichaziweyo (oko kukuthi, ukutya okuthile). Uphando oluncinci lwenziwe kwi-OA kwiminyaka yayo engaphezulu kwengama-50, kwaye nangona abathathi-nxaxheba bayavuma ukuba i-OA ibeluncedo kubo, akukho sivumelwano malunga nendlela i-OA "esebenza" ngayo31,32]. Nangona kunjalo, i-OA ibingayi kuhlala iyiloo nqkuqha yokuzinceda kunye nokujonga kakubi ukutyisa, njengoko amaqela ancedisayo afanayo asekwa kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo [17].

Uphando lwenzululwazi malunga nomxholo wokulutha ukutya, nangona kunjalo, wawungekho kwi-1960 kunye nee-1970s, kodwa abanye abaphandi balisebenzisa ixesha elifutshane eli gama kumanqaku abo. Umzekelo, iziyobisi zokutya kwakukhankanywa kunye nezinye iingxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kumaphepha amabini nguBell kwii-1960s [33,34] kwaye ikhankanywe kwimeko yemeko yokutya kunye ne-otitis media kwi-1966 [35]. Kwi-1970, iSwanson kunye neDinello bathumela iziyobisi ngokutya ngokweemeko eziphakamileyo zokufumana ubunzima emva kokulahleka kwesisindo kubantu abatyebileyo [36]. Ukuqukumbela, nangona kungekho nzame zokuphanda ngokucwangcisiweyo umba wokunganyaniseki kokutya kwii-1960 kunye nee-1970s, yayisetyenziswa ngamaqela anoncedo ngenjongo yokunciphisa ukutya kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswe kumanqaku ezenzululwazi kwimeko yemeko okanye njengesiqhelo isenzi

I-1980s: Gxila kwi-Anorexia kunye neBulimia Nervosa

Kwi-1980s, abanye abaphandi bazame ukuchaza isithintelo sokutya esiboniswe ngabantu abane-anorexia nervosa (AN) njengemikhuba yokuziphatha (okanye "ukuxhomekeka yindlala") [37]. Umzekelo, Szmukler kunye noTantam [38] Ucacise ukuba "abaguli abane-AN baxhomekeke kwimeko yengqondo kunye nemeko yempilo. Ukonyuka kwesiphumo sokunciphisa umzimba ukusuka ekunyamezeleni ukuya kwindlala enyanzelisa ukuthintelwa kokutya ukuze ufumane isiphumo esifunayo, kunye nokuphuhliswa kweempawu zokungakhathali malunga nokutya. "Olu luvo kamva lwenziwa emva kokufunyanwa kwendima yeenkqubo ze-opioid ze-AN [39,40]. Qaphela, nangona kunjalo, indima ye-endorphins nayo yaxoxwa kwimeko echaseneyo, oko kukuthi, ukukhuluphala [41,42]. Ngokufanayo, ukutyeba kakhulu kuphandwe phantsi kwesakhelo sobukhoboka bokutya kwisifundo esipapashwe kwi-1989, apho abantu abatyebileyo bathelekiswa nolawulo oluqhelekileyo lobunzima kumanqanaba abo “okumelwa kwento” [43].

Kukho nezifundo ezenziwa nge-bulimia amanosa (BN) kumbono wokulutha, ovela kwicandelo lobuchwephesha bengqondo. Ezi zifundo zachaphazelwa ngamanqaku amabini avela kwi1979, eyathi yanika amanqaku aphezulu kumlinganiso wobuntu obungaqhelekanga [44] kodwa amanqaku asezantsi kokubini abantu abanochaphaza kunye nabantu abatyebileyo xa kuthelekiswa nabantu ababhemayo [45]. Izifundo zothelekiso phakathi kwamaqela axhomekeke kwinto exhomekeke kwizigulana nakwizigulana ezivelisayo zivelise iziphumo ezingangqinelaniyo, ezinye izifundo zifumana amanqaku afanayo kumanqanaba obuntu kumaqela athile kunye nezifundo ezithile ezifumana umohluko [46-49]. Olu phononongo kubuntu obumlutha kwi-BN beluhamba kunye nokufundwa kwetyala, apho ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kufunyanisiwe ukuba kuyimodeli efanelekileyo kunyango lwe-BN [50] kunye nophuhliso lweNkqubo yokuNyangwa kweQela loHlelo lweFoodaholics.51].

I-1990s: Utywala kunye neengxelo eziNgcacisayo

Ukulandela ezi nzame zokuqala zokuchaza iingxaki zokutya njengesiyobisi, kukho uhlolo olupheleleyo olupapashiweyo kwii-1990 kunye nakwi-2000, apho imodeli yokulutha yeengxaki zokutya yaxutyushwa ngokunzulu isekelwe kwimbono, yokomzimba, kunye nokunye ukuqwalaselwa [52-55]. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwamanqaku ambalwa, ezimbini apho ubuntu obuthathekisayo kubantu abaneengxaki zokutya okanye ukutyeba kakhulu baphandwa [56,57] kwaye ezimbini apho iimeko ezingekho mthethweni zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwekhathuni kuxeliwe [58,59], ukugxila kophando olutsha kubonakala ngathi kuqalile: itshokholethi.

Itshokolethi yeyona nto isoloko inqwenelwa ukutya kwiindawo zaseNtshona, ngakumbi phakathi kwabafazi [60,61], kunye nokutya okuxhaphakileyo ebantwini kunengxaki yokulawula ukusetyenziswa [27,62]. Sele kuqatshelwe kwi1989 ukuba itshokholethi inokudityaniswa kwamafutha aphezulu kunye nomxholo oneswekile eninzi, eyenza ukuba ibe "yinto elungileyo kakhulu"63] - umbono ohambelana noqikelelo malunga nokutya "okunesifo esinamandla amakhulu" ezinye iziyobisi ze25 emva kweminyaka [3,27]. Ukongeza ekwakhiweni kwe-macronutrient yetshokholethi, ezinye izinto ezinje ngeempawu zayo zovakalelo okanye izithambiso zengqondo ezinjenge-caffeine kunye ne-theobromine nayo yaxoxwa njengabanegalelo kubuchwephetsha-benkangeleko yecokethi [64,65]. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ze-xanthine-ezisekwe kwitshokholethi zifunyenwe zingenakucacisa ukuthanda i-chocolate okanye ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengesiyobisi [61].

Zimbalwa izifundo eziye zenziwa apho kwakusenziwa uphando okubizwa ngokuba zii-"chocikhoics" okanye "iziyobisi itshokholethi". Enye yayisisifundo esichazayo ukunika ingxelo ngokunqwenela kunye neepatheni zokusebenzisa phakathi kwezinye izinto [66]; enye yathelekisa amanyathelo afanayo phakathi “kotywala lwetshokholethi” kunye nolawulo [67]; Kwaye isifundo esinye sithelekise amaqela anjalo ekuphenduleni kwe-subjential kunye nasempilweni kukuvezwa kwetshokholethi [68]. Isiphoso esikhulu kwezi zifundo, nangona kunjalo, ukuba "ikhoboka le-chocolate" lalisuselwa ekuzaziseni, esengozini yokutsala kwaye isemthethweni kwaye isikelwe umda kukuba uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba olungenzi nzuzo alunantsingiselo ichanekileyo yokulutha. Okokugqibela, zimbini izifundo eziphonononge unxibelelwano phakathi kwento ethi "ikhoboka leswekile" kunye neziyobisi kwezinye izinto kunye neendlela zokuziphatha zaza zafunyanwa zilungile, kodwa zincinci kakhulu, ubudlelwane [69,70].

I-2000s: Iimodeli zezilwanyana kunye neNouroimaging

Kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-2000s - malunga ne-40 iminyaka emva kokusekwa kwe-OA-isifundo esishicilelweyo sapapashwa apho kunyangwa ingxelo yezigulana ezinesifo esixineneyo kunye nesidala ngenkqubo yamanyathelo e-1271]. Ngaphandle kwale ndlela yonyango, nangona kunjalo, ugxininiso lwale minyaka ilishumi yayikukuvavanywa kweendlela zemvelo eziphantsi kokutya kakhulu nokutya kakhulu okunokuhambelana nokufunyenwe kukuxhomekeka kwizinto. Emntwini, ezi nkqubo ze-neural ziphononongwe ngokuyintloko nge-positron emission tomography kunye ne-imaging resonance imaging esebenzayo. Umzekelo, inqaku eliqhekezayo nguWang noogxa bakhe [72] uxele dopamine Dopase osezantsi2 Ukufumaneka komntu kubantu abatyebileyo xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, abathi ababhali balutolike njengesiqulatho se- "defence defence syndrome" efanayo nento efunyenwe kubantu abaxhomekeka kwizinto [73,74]. Olunye uphononongo, umzekelo, lufumaniseke ukuba iindawo ezifanayo zobuchopho zenziwa ngexesha lamava okutya kunye nokunqwenela iziyobisi, kunye nezifundo apho iimpendulo ze-neural zokushukunyiswa kokutya okuphezulu kwekhalori zafunyanwa ukuba abantu abane-BN kunye ne-BED babonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kokunxulumene nomvuzo. Iindawo zobuchopho ngokuthelekiswa nolawulo, njengabantu abaxhomekeke kwizixhobo babonisa imisebenzi ephezulu enxulumene nomvuzo ekuphenduleni izinto ezinxulumene nezinto75,76].

Omnye umgca obalulekileyo wophando lokutya okuchasene nokutya kule minyaka ilishumi yayiyimodeli yeentonga. Kwenye yezi paradigms, iigundane kukutya okuncitshiswa mihla le ngeeyure ze-12 emva koko unikwe i-12-iyure yokufikelela kwisisombululo seswekile kunye ne-chow [77]. Iigundane ezaziphantsi koluhlengahlengiso lokufikelela rhoqo kwiswekile nakwi-chow kwiiveki ezininzi zafunyanwa zibonisa iimpawu zokuziphatha okufana nokurhoxa xa kususwa iswekile, kwaye zabonisa nenguquko yemithambo-luvo [77,78]. Olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba iigundane ezibonelelwa ngokutya okunesikali esikhulu sekhabhathi “esine-cafeteria” sifumene ubunzima bomzimba, obuhamba kunye nokucaphukiswa kwe-striatal dopamine D2 Ii-receptors kunye nokuqhubeka kokusebenzisa ukutya okuthandekayo ngaphandle kweziphumo ezigwenxa [79]. Ukuqukumbela, ezi zifundo zicebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweswekile kunokukhokelela ekuziphatheni okufana noku kwaye, ngokudibeneyo nokutya okunamafutha aphezulu, ukuzuza ubunzima kwiimpuku [80] kunye nokujikeleza kwe-neural ejikelezayo kubandakanyeka ekusebenzeni kokutya kunye neziyobisi ezinxulumene neziyobisi kunye nokulawulwa kokuziphatha kokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ngokulandelanayo.

I-2010s: Uvavanyo loLongezelelo lokutya ebantwini kunye nenkqubela phambili kuphando lwezilwanyana

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi bazamile ukuchaza ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokuvavanywa kwesiyobisi. Umzekelo, uCassin no-von Ranson [81] ukubhekiswa endaweni ka "Into" kunye "nokutya okuzinkozo" kudliwanondlebe oluhlelisiweyo lweekhrayitheriya zokuxhomekeka kwinto kuhlaziyo lwesine I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities (DSM-IV) kwaye yafumanisa ukuba i-92 ipesenti yabathathi-nxaxheba nge-BED ifezekisile iikhrayitheriya eziqinisekileyo zokuxhomekeka kwinto. Enye indlela yayikukuphuhliswa kwe-Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), eyindlela yokunika ingxelo yokuvavanywa kweempawu zokuxhomekeka kokutya okusekwe kwimilinganiselo yovavanyo yokuxhomekeka kwento kwi-DSM-IV [82]. Ngokukodwa, i-YFAS ilinganisa iimpawu ezisixhenxe zokuxhomekeka kwezinto njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-DSM-IV nazo zonke izinto ezibhekisa kukutya nakutya: I-1) ithatha into ngesixa esikhulu okanye ixesha elide kunokuba bekucwangcisiwe (umzekelo, “Ndizifumana ndiqhubeka. Ukutya ukutya okuthile nangona ndingasalambanga. ”); I-2) umnqweno ongapheliyo okanye imizamo engaphumelelanga yokuyeka (umzekelo, "Ukungatyi iintlobo ezithile zokutya okanye ukunciphisa uhlobo oluthile lokutya yinto endikhathazayo ngayo."); I-3) ndichitha ixesha elininzi ukufumana okanye ukusebenzisa iyeza okanye ukubuyela kwimeko leyo (umzekelo, "Ndifumanisa ukuba xa ukutya kungafumaneki, ndiza kuphuma ndiye kuzifumana. Umzekelo, ndiza kuqhuba ndiye esitolo ukuthenga ukutya nangona ndinokufumana okukunye ekhaya. ”); I-4) ukuyeka izinto ezibalulekileyo zentlalo, zomsebenzi, okanye zokuzihlaziya ngenxa yokusebenzisa iziyobisi (umzekelo, “Kukho amaxesha apho bendihlala ndisitya ukutya okuthile rhoqo okanye izixa ezikhulu kangangokuba ndiye ndaqala ukutya ukutya endaweni yokusebenzela, ukuchitha ixesha kunye nolwam. usapho okanye izihlobo, okanye ukubandakanyeka kweminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo okanye izinto zokuzonwabisa endizithandayo. ”); I-5) ukuqhubeka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi naphezu kwengxaki yengqondo okanye yomzimba (umzekelo, "bendisoloko ndisitya iintlobo ezifanayo zokutya okanye inani elifanayo lokutya nangona bendinengxaki yemvakalelo kunye / okanye yomzimba."); I-6) ukunyamezelana (umzekelo, "Ixesha elingaphezulu, ndiye ndafumanisa ukuba kufuneka nditye ngakumbi ukuze ndikwazi ukufumana imvakalelo endiyifunayo, ezinje ngokunciphisa iimvakalelo ezingathandekiyo okanye ukonwaba okwandayo."); kunye ne-7) iimpawu zokurhoxa (umz., "Iimpawu zokurhoxisa ezinje ngokuphazamiseka, ixhala, okanye ezinye iimpawu zomzimba xa ndinciphisile okanye ndamisa ukutya okuthile."). Izinto ezimbini ezongeziweyo zivavanya ubukho buphazamiso olubalulekileyo lweklinikhi okanye uxinzelelo olubangelwa kukudla kakhulu. Ngokufana ne-DSM-IV, isiyobisi sokutya “sinokuchongwa” ukuba ngaba iimpawu ezintathu kuyahlangatyezwa kwaye kukho ulwazelelo olubalulekileyo kunyango okanye uxinzelelo [82,83].

I-YFAS iqashwe kwinani elithile lezifundo kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ye-6, ebonisa ukuba abantu abanokungakwazi ukukufumanisa oko kutya “banokuchwechwa” banokwahlula phakathi kwabo bangenalo “isifo” kuxinzelelo oluninzi oluvela kumanyathelo okunika ingxelo ngokwendlela yokutya. , I-psychopathology, ukumiselwa kwemvakalelo, okanye ukunyanzeliswa kumanyathelo omzimba kunye nokuziphatha okunjengeprofayili yemvelo yemililo enxulunyaniswa nokusayina dopaminergic okanye iimpendulo zemoto kwii-high-calorie zokutya62]. Nangona i-YFAS ibonakalisile ukuba sisixhobo esiluncedo kuphando oluthengisayo-njengokutya, kunjalo, alugqibekanga kwaye ubunyani bayo buthandisiwe [84]. Umzekelo, kufumaniseke ukuba malunga ne-50 yeepesenti yabantu abadala abatyebileyo abane-BED bafumana uxilongo lwe-YFAS kwaye aba bantu babonisa ukutya okuphezulu okunxulumene nokutya kunye nonyango lwengqondo oluphakamileyo kunabantu abadala abagugileyo abane-BED abangafumaniyo isifo i-YFAS85,86]. Ngokukhanya kwezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo, kuye kwaxoxwa ukuba umlutha wokutya njengoko umlinganiswa kunye ne-YFAS unokumela uhlobo olubi kakhulu lwe-BED [87,88]. Ngapha koko, imodeli yokulutha ngokutya iyaqhubeka nokuba sisihloko ekuxoxiswana ngaso kakhulu nabanye abaphandi baxhasa ubunyani bayo [3,7,21,89-91], ngelixa abanye bephikisana nayo ngokusekwe kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo zokuphila kweziyobisi zokuxhatshazwa kunye nezondlo ezithile ezinje ngeswekile, ingqwalaselo yeengcinga, neminye imicimbi [84,92-97]. Kutshanje, kucetywe ukuba nokuba kukho uhlobo lokutya olunokubizwa ngokuba sisiyobisi, igama elithi kukutya okukhohlakeleyo kugqwethwa ngendlela engeyiyo njengearhente ecacileyo yokulutha, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kufanele kuthathwe njengokuziphatha isiyobisi (oko kukuthi, "ukuba likhoboka lokutya") [98].

Uphando ngezilwanyana ngokuchasene nokutya sele kuhambile nakwiminyaka yakutshanje. Oku kubandakanya, umzekelo, inani elininzi lezifundo ezibonakalisa iimpembelelo ezahlukileyo zezinto ezithile zezakha-mzimba (umzekelo, ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu, ukutya okuneswekile eninzi, ukutya okunokudityaniswa okunamafutha aphezulu kunye noshukela, okanye ukutya okuneprotein eninzi kwindlela yokuziphatha I-neurochemistry [99,100]. Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba ezinye iindlela zokutya nazo zinokuchaphazela abantwana kwiintonga. Umzekelo, kufunyenwe ukuba ukuvezwa kwe-utero kukutya okutya okunempembelelo kakhulu kukuphembelela kokutya, ukudodobala, ukusebenza komvuzo wobuchopho, kunye nomngcipheko wokutyeba kakhulu [99,101]. Iiparadigms ezintsha zokuvavanywa kokuziphatha-okufana nokuziphatha sele zisebenzile, ezilinganisa, umzekelo, ukutya okunyanzelekileyo phantsi kweemeko eziphikisayo [102]. Okokugqibela, ukusetyenziswa kwamachiza athile, anciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwiigundane, kufunyanwe ukunciphisa ukubetheka-njengokutya okuthandabuzekayo [103].

Iziphetho kunye nemiyalelo yexesha elizayo

Isigama esisisiyobisi sasisele sisetyenziswa ukubhekisa ekutyeni ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye19. Embindini wenkulungwane ye-20th, igama elithi umlutha wokutya lalisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kungekuphela nje phakathi kodweliso, kodwa naphakathi kwenzululwazi. Nangona kunjalo, yayingalunganga (ukuba ngaba) yayichaziwe, kwaye eli gama lalidla ngokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokutshekishwa. Amanqaku empirical ajolise ekuqinisekiseni umxholo wokulutha kokutya ebantwini ubunqongophele uninzi lwamashumi eminyaka ye-20th century, kwaye imodeli yokulutha yokuphazamiseka kokutya kunye nokukhuluphala yaxoxwa ngakumbi ngokuphela kwenkulungwane. Uphando lokulutha ngokutya luye lwasuswa kwiindlela ezininzi zokutshintsha, ezazibandakanya, umzekelo, ukugxininisa ukutyeba embindini wenkulungwane ye-20th, ugxininiso kwi-AN kunye ne-BN kwii-1980s, ugxile kwitshokholethi kwii-1990s, kunye nokugxila kwi-BED kunye -Iphinde-ukutyeba kakhulu kwii-2000s ngokukhanya kweziphumo ezivela kwizilwanyana kunye nezifundo ze-neuroimaging.

Ke ngoko, nangona uphando ngesiyobisi sokutya sikhuphuke kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo, ayisiyonto intsha okanye ayizange icaciswe ukuchaza ukunyuka kwamanqanaba okuxhaphaka kokutyeba kakhulu. Injongo yeli nqaku kukwandisa ulwazi malunga nembali ende yengcinga yokutya nokutshintsha okuguqukayo kwe paradigms yesayensi kunye neendlela. Ukuba abaphandi bacinga ngalembali, kunokuba lula ukufumana isivumelwano malunga noko kuthethwayo sisiyobisi kwaye oko kungakhuthaza amanyathelo afanelekileyo ekufuneka ethathiwe, kwaye, ke, inkqubela phambili kolu luhlu lophando luya kuqhutywa [104].

Umzekelo, imixholo emininzi evuselelekileyo kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo sele ixoxiwe kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo. Oku kubandakanya, umzekelo, izifundo kubuntu obumakhobisi oaphantsi kokubambisa nokusebenzisa iziyobisi [105,106] okanye umbono wokuthatha into njengesiyobisi [107,108], nezihloko zombini zibakhona kwangoko nge-1980s. Umbono wokuthatha i-BN njengesiyobisi [109] iqala kwakhona emva kwamashumi eminyaka. Ke ngoko, kubonakala ngathi kugxilwe ekutyebiseni ngakumbi imeko yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwiminyaka yamuva (umzekelo, [13,110]) kubonakala ngathi kukho impazamo egqithileyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo yokuba abaphandi bathi amashumi eminyaka adlulileyo ukuba ukutya-okufana nokutya akunxulwanga kubantu abanengxaki yokutya kakhulu okanye ukutyeba kakhulu kungalinganiswa nokulutha ukutya [28,50].

Omnye umxholo ophindaphindiweyo ubonakala uchaphazela umlinganiselo wokulutha kokutya. Njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, bekukho ezinye izifundo kwii-1990s apho ikhoboka lokutya lalisekwe kwisazisi sakho. Lo mbandela waphinda waqwalaselwa kwakhona kwizifundo zamva nje, obonisa ukuba kukho ukungangqinelani okukhulu phakathi kokuhlelwa kokulutha ngokusekwe kwi-YFAS kunye nesiyobisi sokutya [111,112], ngaloo ndlela kuthetha ukuba inkcazo yabantu okanye amava okuchazwa kokutya akuhambelani nemodeli yokusetyenziswa kwento echazwe yi-YFAS. Nangona abaphandi bengavumelani malunga neenkcazo ezichanekileyo zeempawu zokulutha ngoku [84,113], kubonakala ngathi amanyathelo asemgangathweni afana ne-YFAS ayimfuneko ukuthintela ukuhlelwa okungaphezulu kokuhlelwa kweziyobisi. Nangona imbali engasemva kwe-YFAS, eyile yokuguqula indlela yokuxhomekeka kwento kwi-DSM ekutyeni nasekutyeni, ithe ngqo, iye yagxekwa njengoko yahlukile kwiinkcazo abanye abaphandi abanazo malunga nokulutha [93,98]. Ke ngoko, indlela ebalulekileyo kwikamva inokubakho ukuba kwaye ingaba umlutha wokutya unokulinganiswa njani ebantwini ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-YFAS.

Ukuba uphando lokulutha ngokutya luya kukhokelwa kukuguqulelwa kweendlela zokuxhomekeka kwento ye-DSM ekutyeni nasekutyeni kwixesha elizayo, umbuzo obalulekileyo uya kuba yintoni utshintsho olusuka kwi-diagnostic criteria yokuxhomekeka kwento kuhlaziyo lwesihlanu lwe-DSM yokutya umlutha [114]. Umzekelo, ngaba zonke iikhrayitheriya zokulutha (njengoko zichaziwe kwi-DSM-5) ziyasebenza ngokufanayo kwindlela yokuziphatha kwabantu? Ukuba akukhange kubenjalo, ngaba oko kuyawushenxisa umba wokutya okuchaseneyo?

Ngaphandle kwale mibuzo isisiseko malunga nenkcazo kunye nomlinganiso wokulutha kokutya, ezinye iindlela ezibalulekileyo zophando lwexesha elizayo zisenokubandakanya, kodwa kungaphelelanga apho: Ngaba kufanelekile oko ukubonwa kwesiyobisi ngokuchasene nokunyanga okanye ukutya kakhulu kunye nokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu? Ukuba kufanelekile, ingaphunyezwa njani kakuhle [17,91]? Zeziphi izinto ezingeloncedo (ukuba zikhona) zoluvo lweziyobisi [115-119]? Zingaphuculwa njani iintlobo zezilwanyana ezifana nokutya okuchaswe iziyobisi njengokubabonisa ngakumbi iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ebantwini [120]? Ngaba ukutya utyekelo olufana nqwa nokutya okunokuncitshiswa kukuchaphazeleka kwiziphumo zento enye okanye ezingaphezulu okanye kufanelekile ukuba "likhoboka lokutya" lithathelwe indawo "likhoboka lokutya" [98]?

Nangona umlutha wokutya sele uxutyushwe kuluntu lwezenzululwazi amashumi eminyaka, ihlala ingumbandela ophikisanayo kakhulu kwaye, ngesihloko, esenza ukuba ibe yindawo enomdla kakhulu yophando. Ngaphandle kokuba isiphumo sesayensi kwesi sihloko sikhula ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, uphando lwenkqubo yayo isesebancinci, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, imizamo yophando iya kukonyuka kakhulu kwiminyaka ezayo.

Imibulelo

Umbhali uxhaswa sisibonelelo seKhansile yoPhando yaseYurophu (i-ERC-StG-2014 639445 NewEat).

izifinyezo

ANanorexia nervosa
 
BNbulimia amanosa
 
UKUZALWAUkugula kakhulu
 
DSMI-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities
 
OAI-Overeaters engaziwa
 
YFASYale Food Addiction Scale
 

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