Ukutya kunye nomvuzo: Iiprogram ezivela kwiiMathathu zeeModyuli zeBinge yokutya (2012)

Physiol Behav. Umbhalo obhaliweyo ifumaneka kwi-PMC 2012 Jul 25.

Ishicilelwe kwifomu yokugqibela ehleliweyo njenge:

IPhysol Behav. I-2011 Jul 25; I-104 (1): 87-97.

Ipapashwe kwi-intanethi ye-2011 ngoMeyi 1. doi: 10.1016 / j.physbeh.2011.04.041

PMCID: PMC3132131

I-NIHMSID: I-NIHMS295966

URebecca L Cowin,¹ UNicole M. Avena,^2,³ kwaye UMary M. Boggiano⁴

Abstract

Uphando lugxile ekuqondeni ukuba ukutya kakhulu kunokuchaphazela njani iindlela zokuvuza kwengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okulandelayo, kokubini kwangaphambili kunye nakwiisetingi zophando lweklinikhi. Lo msebenzi ngokuyinxenye uqhutywa yimfuneko yokutyhila i-etiology kunye nonyango olunokwenzeka kubhubhani wokutyeba oqhubekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukutya ngokugqithisileyo, okanye indlela yokuziphatha engeyiyo i-homeostatic, ingenzeka ngaphandle kokutyeba. Ukwahlula ukwahluka kokutya kakhulu kwisiphumo sokwanda kobunzima bomzimba luncedo olukhulu, njengoko kusaziwa kakuhle ukuba ukonyuka kobunzima bomzimba okanye ukutyeba kunokunika ezazo iziphumo ezibi kwi-physiology, iinkqubo ze-neural, kunye nokuziphatha. Kolu hlaziyo, sinikezela ngedatha evela kwimodeli yezilwanyana ezintathu ezikhethiweyo zokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kobunzima bokungaphanzi kwe-homeostatic eziye zachatshazelwa kakhulu nguBart Hoebel's 40+-yr yokufunda ukukhuthaza, ukondla, ukomeleza, kunye neendlela ze-neural ezithatha inxaxheba kulawulo. kwezi nkqubo. Okokuqala, imodeli ye-sugar bingeing ichazwa (i-Avena / Hoebel), apho izilwanyana ezinokufikelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwisisombululo seswekile ziphuhlisa ukuziphatha kunye nokutshintsha kwengqondo okufana nemiphumo yezinye izidakamizwa zokusetyenziswa kakubi, ezikhonza njengemodeli yezilwanyana zokuqala. lokukhotyokiswa kokutya. Okwesibini, enye imodeli ichazwa (i-Boggiano) apho imbali yokutya kunye noxinzelelo inokuthi iqhubekisele phambili ukutya okudliwayo kokutya okunencasa kunye nokungekho mnandi. Ukongeza, imodeli (i-Boggiano) ichazwa evumela izilwanyana ukuba zichazwe njenge-binge-prone vs. binge-resistant phenotype. Okokugqibela, kuchazwa imodeli yofikelelo olulinganiselweyo (Corwin) apho iimpuku ezingabalelwayo ekutyeni ezinokufikelela okulinganiselweyo okulinganiselweyo kokutya okunamafutha aphezulu ziphuhlisa isimilo sohlobo lokuzinkcinkca. Ezi modeli ziqwalaselwa ngaphakathi kumxholo weziphumo zazo kwiinkqubo zomvuzo wobuchopho, kubandakanya i-dopamine, i-opioids, iinkqubo ze-cholinergic, i-serotonin, kunye ne-GABA. Ngokudibeneyo, idatha evela ekusetyenzisweni kwezi modeli ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iziphumo zokuziphatha kunye ne-neuronal zokuzinkcinkca ngokutya okunencasa, nokuba kubunzima bomzimba obuqhelekileyo, zahlukile kwezo zibangelwa kukutya nje ukutya okunencasa kwindawo ongayityiyo. indlela. Ezi ziphumo zinokubaluleka ekuqondeni ukuba ukutya kakhulu kunokuchaphazela njani ukuziphatha kunye nekhemistri yengqondo.

Internet: i-bulimia nervosa, ukuphazamiseka kokutya, i-dopamine, umlutha wokutya, i-opioids, ukutya okunencasa

intshayelelo

Ukutya ngokugqithisileyo kuye kwafundwa ngokuqhubekayo kuzo zombini uphando lwangaphambili kunye nophando lweklinikhi. Oku ngokuyinxenye kuqhutywa ngumdla wenzululwazi ekuqondeni i-etiology kunye nokuphuhlisa unyango lobhubhani wokutyeba oqhubekayo. Izifundo ezininzi zisebenzise ukutya okunencasa ukukhuthaza ukutya kakhulu kunye nokutyeba kakhulu kwiimpuku kunye neziphumo ezifanelekileyo kwi-neurobiology yokulutha kuxelwe [1-4]. Nangona kunjalo, ukutya ngokugqithisileyo, okanye indlela yokuziphatha engeyiyo i-homeostatic, ingenzeka ngaphandle kokutyeba. Kuyaziwa ukuba ukwanda kobunzima bomzimba okanye imeko yokutyeba iyodwa inokunika iziphumo ezibi kwi-physiology, iinkqubo ze-neural, kunye nokuziphatha. Kubalulekile ngokulinganayo ukuqonda ukuba ezi parameters zichaphazeleka njani ngesenzo sokutya kakhulu.

Ngembeko ye-festschrift ka-Bart Hoebel, siza kubonisa idatha evela kwiimodeli ezintathu zezilwanyana ezikhethiweyo zokuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kwe-non-homeostatic feed ethe yaphenjelelwa kakhulu yi-40 + yeminyaka yakhe yokufunda inkuthazo, ukondla, ukomeleza, kunye neendlela ze-neural. abathatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwezi nkqubo. Umxholo oqhelekileyo odibanisa ezi modeli kunye kweli phepha kukuba zigxile ekufanekiseni indlela yokuziphatha ngokutya, indlela eqhelekileyo yokutya engaqhelekanga ebonwa kukuphazamiseka kokutya, ukutyeba kakhulu kunye nabantu abancinci [5-7]. Iziqendu zokuzinkcinkca ziphawulwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kokutya okuninzi ngexesha elifutshane kunokuba ngokuqhelekileyo kutyiwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo kwaye ngexesha elifanayo. Ukongeza, ukuzinkcinkca kukhatshwa yimvakalelo yokungakwazi ukulawula [8]. Ukuzinkcinkca ngamanqam, kwaye kuba yingxaki xa kusenzeka rhoqo, oko kukuthi amaxesha amaninzi ngeveki kangangeenyanga okanye iminyaka. Ukuxhaphaka kokutya rhoqo eUnited States malunga ne-5% kunye nobudala obuphakathi kweminyaka eyi-12.5 [5, 6]. Malunga nama-35 ekhulwini abo bazinkcinkca rhoqo batyebe kakhulu okanye batyebe kakhulu, kodwa ukuxhaphaka kokuzinkcinkca kuyanda nge-BMI. Ngaphaya koko, umngcipheko wokuphinda ufumane ubunzima emva kokuba unyango luphezulu ekuzinkcinkceni ngaphezu kwezifundo ezingatyiyo [5-7]. Phakathi kwabo bazinkcinkca ngotywala, malunga ne-76% yabantu abadala kunye ne-85% yabakwishumi elivisayo bafumana iingxaki zengqondo ezifana nokuxhalaba, imvakalelo, ukulawula impembelelo okanye ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi [5, 6]. Ukukwazi ukusebenza ekhaya, emsebenzini, esikolweni, kwindawo yobuqu okanye ekuhlaleni kukwaphazamiseka phakathi kwabo bazinkcinkca ngotywala. Ngokomzekelo, i-78% yabantu abane-bulimia nervosa kunye ne-62.6% yabo banesifo sokutya ngokutya (BED) babika ukuphazamiseka kwendima [5, 6]. Iingcamango zokuzibulala kunye neenzame zokuzibulala ziphezulu ngendlela eyothusayo kulutsha oluzintyintya ngokutya kunakwabo bangakwenziyo oko. Phakathi kolutsha olungenangxaki yokutya, i-11.2% yafumana iingcinga zokuzibulala kwaye i-3% yazama ukuzibulala. Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwabaselula abane-bulimia nervosa, i-53% kunye ne-35.1% ibike ingcamango yokuzibulala kunye nokuzama ukuzibulala, ngokulandelanayo; phakathi kolutsha olufikisayo olune-BED, iipesenti ngokwazo zazingama-34.4% kunye ne-15.1% [6]. Ngamafutshane, ukuzinkcinkca kuxhaphakile kwaye kunxulunyaniswa ne-co-morbidities eyenza unyango lube nzima. Ukusetyenziswa kwemizekelo yezilwanyana, njengalezo zichazwe kolu hlaziyo, kuya kuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwethu le ndlela enzima yokutya okungahambi kakuhle kwaye ibeke isiseko sokuphuhliswa kwezicwangciso ezintsha zokungenelela.

Iimodeli ezichazwe apha zidibana nenkcazelo ye-DSM-IV yesiqendu sokuzinkcinkca ngeenjongo, oko kukuthi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amaninzi ngexesha elicacileyo kunokuba ngokuqhelekileyo lisetyenziswe phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo ngexesha elifanayo [8]. Umceli mngeni ekuphuhlisweni kwezi modeli yayikukwahlula ukutya okuqhelekileyo ekudleni okugqithisileyo ngexesha lokutya okungaqhelekanga. Amagalelo kaBart Hoebel kwicandelo lokuziphatha kokutya abe yinxalenye yophuhliso lwale mifuziselo, kwaye abeka uninzi lwesiseko sezifundo zokutyisa kunye nomvuzo othe wavela kusetyenziso lwazo.

Imodeli yokuXhasa iShukela

Ukuzinkcinkca ngeswekile kubangela ukuziphatha okufana nokukhobokisa

Kubekho ii-akhawunti ze-anecdotal apho abantu bathi "bangamakhoboka" kukutya okuthile, kwaye olu mlutha lubonakala njengokutya kakhulu, ukuziva uxinezelekile xa ukutya okunencasa kungekho, kunye nokulangazelela ukutya okuthile [9]. Ezi ziyobisi zokutya zidla ngokugxila kukutya okunencasa kakhulu, ukutya okuxineneyo, okanye kwabanye abantu, iicarbohydrates ezisulungekileyo. Ngokufana nomntu okhotyokiswe ziziyobisi, abo baziva bengamakhoboka okutya okuthile bakufumanisa kunzima ukuyeka ukutya kakhulu, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekufumaneni ubunzima bomzimba kwabanye abantu.

Nangona igama elithi "ukukhotyokiswa kokutya" lihlala lisetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo, inkcazo yalo yesayensi isavela ngoku, kwaye ubungqina buyanda ukubonisa ukuba ukutya okugqithisileyo kokutya phantsi kweemeko ezithile, eneneni, kunokuvelisa izimilo kunye notshintsho kwingqondo efana nokulutha. -njengelizwe. Abazichongileyo abasebenzisa ukutya okusulungekileyo basebenzisa ukutya ukuze bazenzele unyango; batya xa beziva bediniwe, benexhala, bedakumbile okanye becaphukile ukuze babalekele isimo sengqondo esibi [9]. Ukuseka izikhokelo zokuchonga abantu abanjalo, iYale Food Addiction Scale, yaphuhliswa. Esi sixhobo sisikali sokuqala esiqinisekisiweyo ngokwasengqondweni ukuseka indlela yokuxhomekeka ekutyeni, esekwe phezu kohlengahlengiso lwenkqubo ye-DSM-IV yokuxhomekeka kweziyobisi [10]. Ukongeza ekusekweni kweendlela zokuziphatha ezicacileyo, izifundo zobuchopho kunye nemfuza zikwaxhasa uluvo lokuba ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kokutya okunencasa kuhambelana nokuba likhoboka. Amanqaku kwi-Yale Food Addiction Scale correlate kunye nokusebenza okukhulu kwe-anterior cingulate cortex, i-medial orbitofrontal cortex kunye ne-amygdala, imimandla ehambelana nenkuthazo, ekuphenduleni ukulindela ukutya okunencasa [11]. Ukusetyenziswa kokutya okunencasa ngakumbi kunokuvuselela ezi ndawo zobuchopho [11, 12], enokuthi ibe phantsi kwemiba yokuqonda yokunqwenela ukutya. Ngaphaya koko, iskena sePET sityhila ukuba izifundo ezityebileyo zibonisa ukuncipha kwe-D yokulala₂ ukufumaneka kwe-receptor ehambelana nobunzima bomzimba wesifundo [13] kwaye iyafana ngobukhulu ekunciphiseni okuxelwe kwimixholo yeziyobisi [14]. Ngapha koko, olu tshintsho lunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nokuziphatha kokutya kakhulu kunokuba kunjalo kubunzima bomzimba [15]. Izifundo ezitya kakhulu ziye zaboniswa ukuba "zizuze umsebenzi" we-mu-opioid receptor gene, ehambelana namanqaku aphezulu kumlinganiselo wokuzixela wokutya kwe-hedonic [16]. Amanye amaphepha amaninzi achaze ukugqithelana okukhoyo phakathi kokulutha kunye nokutya kakhulu [17].

Omnye unokuzibuza ukuba into engenabungozi njengokutya okunencasa, abantu abaninzi abadla ngokuyidla rhoqo ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi kwimpilo okanye kwintlalontle, inokufana neziyobisi zokusetyenziswa kakubi. Kweli candelo, sixoxa ngemodeli yezilwanyana eyaphuhliswa kwibhubhoratri yaseHoebel ebonisa iindlela apho ukutya okunencasa kunokuvelisa ukuziphatha kwiigundane ezifana nezo zibonwa ngezinto zokusetyenziswa kakubi. Le modeli, eyaphuhliswayo yaze yacokiswa kwinqanaba lokugqibela lomsebenzi kaBart, sisiphumo seminyaka engama-20+ yokufuna ukuqonda ukuba ukutya kunokubakhobokisa na okanye hayi. Njengoko kuchaziwe kwelinye lamaphepha akhe okuqala e-microdialysis apho iziphumo zokutya kumanqanaba e-extracellular dopamine (DA) kwi-nucleus accumbens (NAc) kwathiwa: "Ukutya kunokuba likhoboka ukuya kuthi ga kwiziphumo ezinje ngecocaine." ([18], iphe. 1711). Imodeli yokukhotyokiswa siswekile ibonisa ubunyani baloo mazwi.

Kulo mzekelo, iigundane zigcinwa kwimihla ngemihla ye-12-h yokunqongophala kokutya, ilandelwa yi-12-h ukufikelela kwi-25% ye-glucose okanye i-10% isisombululo se-sucrose kunye ne-rodent chow [19, 20]. Imodeli ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha ngaphambili [20], kunye neziphumo kusetyenziswa le modeli kuxoxwe ngazo kuphononongo lwangaphambili [19, 21]. Ngamafutshane, emva kweentsuku nje ezimbalwa kule shedyuli, iigundane ziqala ukunyusa ukutya kwazo kwansuku zonke kunye nokuzinkcinkca kwiswekile, njengoko kuchazwe ngokunyuka kokuthatha isisombululo seswekile ngeyure yokuqala yokufikelela. Ukongeza ekuzinkcinkceni ekuqaleni kokufikelela, iipatheni zemihla ngemihla zitshintsha kangangokuba iimpuku zithatha izidlo ezinkulu zeswekile kulo lonke ixesha lokufikelela xa kuthelekiswa nokulawula izilwanyana ezondla iswekile. ad adum. Xa ilawulwa i-opioid-receptor antagonist naloxone, iimpawu ze-somatic zokurhoxa, njengokuthetha kwamazinyo, ukungcangcazela kwe-forepaw, kunye nokushukuma kwentloko kwenzeka kwiigundane ezitya iswekile ngokugqithisileyo [22]. Iimpuku ezitya iswekile zikwabonakalisa isimilo esifana nexhala, njengoko silinganiswe sisixa esincitshisiweyo sexesha elichithwe kwingalo eveziweyo ye-plus-maze ephakamileyo. Iimpawu zokuhoxiswa okufana ne-opiate nazo zivela ngokuzenzekelayo (okt, ngaphandle kwe-naloxone unyango), xa konke ukutya kususwe kwi-24 h [19, 22]. Iimpuku ezitya iswekile zikwabonisa iimpawu zokunyusa umdla wokufumana i-sucrose; i-lever yeegundane icinezele i-23% yeswekile engaphezulu kuvavanyo emva kweeveki ezi-2 zokuziyeka kunokuba zenzayo ngaphambili [23], ngelixa iqela lokulawula elingaphambi kwe-0.5-h yokufikelela kwansuku zonke kwi-sugar elandelwa yi-2 wks yokuziyeka ayizange ibonise umphumo. Oku kuphakamisa utshintsho kwimpembelelo ekhuthazayo yeswekile eqhubekayo kulo lonke ixesha elide lokuziyeka, okukhokelela ekunyuseni kokutya. Iziphumo zikwacebisa ukuba amanqakwana amafutshane okutya iswekile akwanelanga ukukhokelela ekutyeni okwandisiweyo emva kokuzila, kodwa endaweni yoko, ukufikelela okulinganiselweyo ngohlobo lokutya okuzinkcinkca imihla ngemihla kuyafuneka ukuvelisa isiphumo.

Ukongeza, olunye uphononongo lucebisa ukuba iigundane ezitya iswekile zibonisa ukuvalelana kunye nezinye iziyobisi zokuxhatshazwa. Basebenza ngokugqithiseleyo ekuphenduleni idosi ephantsi, ecela umngeni we-amphetamine enefuthe elincinci okanye elingenaso kwizilwanyana ezingenalutho, ngelixa iigundane zigcinwe kwishedyuli yokutyisa iswekile kodwa i-saline elawulwayo ayinayo i-hyperactive, kwaye iimpuku kumaqela olawulo (umz. ukuzinkcinkca kwi-chow kuphela, okanye kunye ad adum ukufikelela kwiswekile kunye ne-chow, okanye ad adum ukufikelela kwi-chow kuphela) abanikwe umthamo wedosi ye-amphetamine [24]. Ngaphaya koko, xa iimpuku zizityela iswekile kwaye emva koko zinyanzeliswa ukuba ziyeke, emva koko zibonisa ukuthathwa okukhulu kwe-9% yotywala xa kuthelekiswa namaqela olawulo ebegcinwe ngaphambili. ad adum sucrose kunye ne-chow, ad adum chow okanye ukuzinkcinkca ngofikelelo chow yedwa [25]. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ukutyiwa kweswekile okwethutyana kusenokuba lisango lokusebenzisa utywala. Kanye kunye neziphumo ze-neurochemical ezichazwe ngezantsi, iziphumo ezivela kulo mzekelo zibonisa ukuba ukuzinkcinkca kwisisombululo seswekile kuchaphazela i-DA ye-mesolimbic kunye neenkqubo ze-opioid, kunye neziphumo ze-neural adaptations ezibonakala njengeempawu zokuxhomekeka.

Amandla acacileyo ale modeli kukuba yimodeli yokuqala yezilwanyana apho isethi ebanzi yemigaqo ehambelana nokulutha ichazwe xa iimpuku zisitya ukutya okunencasa. Ke, inokubonelela ngesixhobo esiluncedo sokufunda iindlela zobuchopho ezinxulumene nokuphindaphindeka okufana nokuzinkcinkca, kwaye mhlawumbi uncedise kuphuhliso lwee-pharmacotherapies ezijolise ekucinezeleni ukutya kakhulu, okanye mhlawumbi "umlutha" wokutya okunencasa [26]. Olo nyango lunokungqineka luluncedo kakhulu phakathi kwabantu bezonyango abavakalisa ukusebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nokuphazamiseka kokutya ngokugqithisileyo [5, 6]. Amanye amandla alo mzekelo (kwaye, ngokwenene, ezinye iimodeli ezichazwe kolu hlaziyo) kukuba, ekubeni iigundane zokuzinkcinkca azibi kakhulu, ukuguquguquka kokuziphatha kohlobo lokutya okuziinkozo kunokwahlukaniswa. Oku kubalulekile, njengoko kusaziwa ukuba iziphumo zokutyeba zinokubangela utshintsho kwingqondo echaphazela umvuzo [27]. Ke, ngokukwahlula ukuguquguquka kokutya kohlobo lokuzinkcinkca kwisiphumo sokwanda kobunzima bomzimba, iziphumo zokutya okunencasa engqondweni kunye nokuziphatha kunokumiselwa.

Ezinye iilabhoratri zinike ingxelo ngeziphumo ezincedisayo ezibonisa ukuba iimpawu zokukhobokisa zinokuvela xa kusetyenziswa ezinye iishedyuli zokufikelela kwi-sucrose. Ukufikelela okwethutyana kwe-sucrose kuxhobisa nge-cocaine [28] kwaye iququzelele uvakalelo kwi-DA agonist quinpirole [29]. Kwakhona, ukuziphatha okufana nokuxhalaba kuye kwaxelwa kwiigundane ezinokufikelela okulinganiselweyo kwi-high-sucrose diet [30]. Olunye utshintsho lomzimba kunye nokuziphatha olubonisa ukuba imeko engalunganga iye yaqatshelwa kwiigundane ezidla ngokutya iswekile. Ngokomzekelo, ukususwa kweswekile kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kunciphisa ubushushu bomzimba [31] kwaye ubangele iimpawu zokuziphatha ndlongo [32].

Imbali yeDieting + Stress (HD + Stress) iModeli

Imbali yokutya + uxinzelelo luphumela ekutyeni ngokugqithisileyo

Imodeli yeHD + yoxinzelelo ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha kwenye indawo [33, 34]. Le modeli iphinda ichaze iimpawu ezininzi zokutya kakhulu kweklinikhi [35, 36] kwaye ikhuthaza ukuzintyintya ngokutya iimpuku kwimbali yokutya (HD) kunye noxinzelelo. Ngoko ke, kulungele ukufundwa kwe-bulimia nervosa, i-binge-purge anorexia nervosa, kunye ne-BED, zonke ezi ngokuqhelekileyo zichaswa yi-HD kunye noxinzelelo, kwaye zibonakaliswe ngokutya kakhulu [8, 37-40].

Amaqela amane eempuku zabasetyhini abancinci bayathelekiswa: iqela lolawulo olusulungekileyo (noHD + noStress), iqela le-HD kuphela (HD + noStress), iqela loxinzelelo kuphela (akukhoHD + Stress) kunye neqela lovavanyo elibonisa ukutya ngokutya, HD +Iqela loxinzelelo. I-HD ilinganiswe ngokubeka iimpuku kwimijikelo yokuthintelwa kokutya kunye nokutyisa. Banikwa 66% yolawulo 'chow iintsuku ezi-5 zilandelwa 2 iintsuku ze ad adum Iicookie zeOreo (njengokutya okunencasa) kunye ad adum chow, ke iintsuku ezi-4 kunye kuphela ad adum chow. Uvavanyo lwenzeka ngo-12^th ngosuku lomjikelo kwaye ngelo xesha amaqela e-HD sele efumene ubunzima obulahlekileyo kwaye anobunzima obufanayo neempuku ze-noHD. Uxinzelelo lulawulwa nge-3 sec ye-0.6 mA yomothuko weenyawo kanye phambi kovavanyo lokutyisa. Iimpuku ezikwimeko ye-noStress zichitha ixesha elilinganayo kwigumbi lokothuka ngaphandle komothuko. Ngexesha lovavanyo lokutyisa, iimpuku ziye ad adum Izixa zamaqebengwana kunye ne-chow kwiikheji zabo zasekhaya. Emva komjikelo wesithathu wokuthintelwa / ukondla kunye noxinzelelo, kwaye emva komjikelo ngamnye emva koko (ukuya kuthi ga kwimijikelo engama-23 ixeliwe [41]), iqela le-HD +Stress lizahlula ngokutya ukutya okuninzi ngokwezibalo (ukusuka kwi-30-100% ngaphezulu kwee-kcals zokutya okunencasa ngokuchasene namanye amaqela amathathu) phakathi kwe-4 h yokuqala yovavanyo lokutyisa nangona bebengekho imeko yokunqongophala kokutya [33]. Iigundane zizitya kwicookies, hayi i-chow, ehambelana nokutya ukuze ufumane umvuzo ngokuchasene nemfuno yemetabolism [33, 42], kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ntsilelo ye-caloric ehlala ihleli ekuthinteleni / ukondla. Obona bungqina bubambekayo bokuthi ukutya okutyayo akuqhutywa yi-homeostatically kwenzeka xa iigundane zigxininisekile kwaye zivavanywa ngelixa zilambile (ngexesha lenqanaba lokuthintela i-caloric). Iigundane ze-HD zombini kunye nangaphandle koxinzelelo zitya ukutya okuninzi ngokwandisa ukutya kwazo okuqhelekileyo kwe-chow, kodwa iqela le-HD+Stress ligqithise oku kutya kuqhutywa ekhaya ngokutya ukutya okunencasa ngakumbi [43]. Ukuzinkcinkca ngokutya okunencasa vs. chow, kunye nezifundo ezilandelayo ngamachiza e-opioidergic (okuxoxwe ngezantsi) zibonisa ukuba ukuzinkcinkca kukutya okuqhutywa ngumvuzo. Ukutya umvuzo kunye neziphumo ezibangela uxinzelelo (vs. indlala) luphawu lokutya kakhulu kwekliniki [44-48]. Kuyaphawuleka ukuphawula ukuba onke amaqela amathathu olawulo ahlala edla ukutya okunencasa ngakumbi kune-chow phantsi kweemeko ezihluthiweyo, umphumo oqhelekileyo oqhutywa yi-palatability ephezulu yeecookies. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthathwa okubaxiweyo okubonakaliswe ziigundane ze-HD + zoxinzelelo ayiqhelekanga, kwaye isebenza kuthathwa njengokuzintyintya kule modeli. Amanye amaqela aliqela aguqule imodeli yoxinzelelo lweHD +, ngokuguqula ubude becandelo ngalinye lomjikelo, uhlobo lokutya okuzinkcinkca, uhlobo loxinzelelo olulawulwayo, kunye neentlobo zeempuku ezisetyenzisiweyo [60, 62, 91, 92, 182].

Nangona uxinzelelo luyinto ebalulekileyo yokuzingca, iimpuku ziyakudinga hayi ukuba sesichengeni soxinzelelo okanye ukutya okunencasa ngexesha lemijikelo yokuqala ye-HD ukwenzela ukuba kulandele ukutya ngokugqithisileyo [49]. Ngelixa zonke ezi zinto zintathu ziyimfuneko kumanqaku amva xa kutyiwa kakhulu ukuze kubonakaliswe, imbali yangaphambili yokunqongophala kwamandla yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi-neuroadapting iimpuku ukuba zitye kakhulu [33]. Inkcazo yenzululwazi yonxibelelwano phakathi kokutya kunye nomvuzo yanikezelwa kuqala nguBart Hoebel: ukunqongophala kokutya kunciphise kakhulu amanqanaba e-DA angaphandle kwi-NAc [50]. Ukwafumanise ukuba iimpuku zisebenze nzima ukuzivuselela ngombane kwi-lateral hypothalamus xa zilambile [51] kwaye ixele ukuba ukondla kwiimpuku ezithintelwe ukutya kuphakamisa amanqanaba e-DA kwiqokobhe le-NAc ukuya kwixabiso elihlala ixesha lokutya [52]. Lo msebenzi uncede ukuqinisa unxibelelwano lwe-neurobiological phakathi kwamazwe okutya kunye nomvuzo kwaye wacebisa indlela apho i-HD inokuthi isebenzise ingqondo ukuba izonwabisa. I-HD ingavelisa i-anhedonia eguqulwayo kukwanda kwe-DA efumaneka ngokutya. Enyanisweni, umsebenzi olandelayo ovela kwi-lab ye-Boggiano wafumanisa ukuba iigundane ezine-HD zavelisa utshintsho lwe-neurochemical kunye nokuziphatha oluhambelana ne-anhedonia naphezu kokulinganisela kwamandla okuqhelekileyo. Oku bekuyinyani nokuba ngamava okanye ngaphandle koxinzelelo [53] nokuba iimpuku bezinovelwano, mihla le, okanye azikho sesichengeni sokutya okunencasa ngexesha leHD [53, 54]. Ukuguqulela ebantwini, "ukutya okungavumelekanga" (ukutya okunencasa) kuhlala kutyiwa ngexesha lokuzintyintya [55, 56]. Utyando olukhaphayo kwi-DA luyakwenza oku kutya komeleze ngakumbi kubantu abakwimeko yokunqongophala kwamandla (okt ngexesha lokutya okunekhalori ephantsi), kunabantu abatya ukutya okufanayo kwimeko engenawo amandla.

Ukongezelela kwimpembelelo ebonakala ngathi inamandla iHD enayo ekutyeni ngokugqithisileyo okwalandelayo, ubungqina bakutshanje bukwabonisa ukuba ukuzinkcinkca ngomzimba kunokunciphisa uxinezeleko. Eli xabiso longezelelekileyo liya kwenza ukuba ukuzinkcinkca ngokutya kube nzima ukukucima. U-Bart Hoebel wenze uqikelelo lwangaphambili lokuba "ukukhululwa okubangelwa luxinzelelo lwe-DA kunokuququzelela iisekethe kwi-NAc kunye nezinye iisayithi ezenza inkqubo yokondla kunye neempendulo" ([57], iphe. 182). Enyanisweni, uxinzelelo kwaye ngokukodwa, i-corticosterone (CORT), sele ibonisiwe ukuba ikhulise ukukhululwa kwe-DA kwi-NAc [58, 59]. Kwiihomoni ezininzi ze-metabolic ezivavanyiweyo, izifundo eziqhutywe kwilebhu ye-Boggiano kunye nabanye abasebenzisa imodeli ye-HD+Stress ibonise ukuba ukuphakama kwi-plasma CORT yahlula iigundane ezitya kakhulu kumaqela olawulo (kubandakanywa neqela le-noHD+Stress). Oku kwafunyanwa naxa kusetyenziswa ezinye izixinzelelo. Umzekelo, uCifani et al. wasebenzisa i-isomorphic stressor ngaphezu kokuphazamiseka kweenyawo, okokuvumela iigundane ukuba zibone kwaye zivumba ukutya okunencasa (i-Nutella®/chow paste) kodwa ingabavumeli ukuba bayidle imizuzu eyi-15 [41, 60-62]. Oku kwazisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokujolisa kwi-axis ye-HPA ukunyanga ukutya kakhulu; oku kuya kuxoxwa ngezantsi kwicandelo le-neurochemistry.

Ukufunyaniswa okumangalisayo kunye nemodeli ye-HD + yoxinzelelo yayikukuba ukuba iigundane ze-HD + zoxinzelelo zinikwa iqhekeza lokutya okunencasa emva koko zishiywe zingenanto ngaphandle kwe-rat chow ecacileyo emva koxinzelelo, zisadla ngokutya. Ngapha koko, batya i-160% ngaphezulu kwe-chow kcals kunamaqela olawulo adityaniswe ngokufanayo ngokutya okunencasa [43]. Isenzo esifanayo sokutya okunencasa kwi-prime overeating ye-chow ecacileyo yabonwa kwiimpuku ezingaqhutywanga ibhayisekile ukuba bezikwindawo eneempawu ezidityaniswe ngaphambili kunye nokutya okunencasa (kunye ne-Oreos) [63]. Oku kunyuswa kokusetyenziswa kokutya okuthandwa kancinci kunokuqaliswa kukutya ukutya okunencasa [64-67], kubalelwa kwiinkqubo eziphezulu zengqiqo ebantwini (umzekelo, iingcinga zokuzoyisa okanye uqikelelo malunga nokuzuza ubunzima okanye ukusilela ukubambelela ekutyeni) [56, 68-70]. Iinkqubo zokuqonda ngokungathandabuzekiyo zidlala indima ekuqaliseni ukutya kakhulu ebantwini kodwa i-chow enkulu eboniswa yi-HD + Stress rats egcweleyo icebisa ukuba ukutya okunencasa kunokusebenzisa i-reflexive drive enamandla yokutya kakhulu, enokuba nzima kakhulu ukuyilawula. Iswekile esulungekisiweyo kunye nomgubo, amafutha ahluthayo, kunye namanqanaba aphezulu esodium, zizithako eziqhelekileyo zokutya okunencasa kwale mihla [71-73] kwaye isenokusebenza njengeengqayi zeziyobisi [9, 10, 72-75]. Kwingqondo ebekwe ngaphambili, isixa nje esincinci sinokukhokelela ekubuyeleni kwakhona. U-Hoebel unikeze ngeyona datha inyanzelisayo yezilwanyana kubukho "bokukhotyokiswa kokutya", njengoko kuchaziwe kwicandelo elidlulileyo [18, 22, 76-78]. Amandla okutya okunencasa ukuqalisa ukutya kakhulu kule kunye nezinye iimodeli zeempuku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa kusenziwa izigqibo malunga nokuqaliswa kokutya okunjalo kulawulo lweengxaki zokutya eziphawulwa kukuntywila (nangona kunjalo, bona uMurphy et al., 2010 [79], malunga nokujongana nemithetho yokutya kunyango lokutya ukutya).

Inqaku leyantlukwano yomntu ngamnye: imikhondo evela kwi-Binge-Eating Prone vs. Resistant model

Phakathi kwabantu, asingabo bonke abaneHD okanye abafumana umothuko okanye uxinezeleko ngokutya. Imfuza kunye namava obomi obunokwenzeka ayaziwa ngokonyusa umngcipheko wokutya kakhulu [80-83]. Kusenokuba njalo nangokutya okuzinkcinkcayo okuboniswa kwiimpuku xa sele zihlaselwe yiHD noxinzelelo. Ngethuba lokusebenza kunye nemodeli ye-HD + yoxinzelelo, kwaphawulwa ukuba kukho iigundane ezidla ngokuqhubekayo ngaphantsi okanye ngaphezulu kweqela lithetha ukutya okunencasa ngaphakathi kweqela le-HD + Stress. Ke ngoko, ukuba asingokutya ngokugqithisileyo kweempuku, iqela lithetha ukuba ukutya akunokwahluka kulawulo. Ngoko ke, oku kuhambelana phakathi kwegundane ekutyeni okunencasa kufundwe ngokucwangcisiweyo, okwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwemodeli yezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo, imodeli yokutya kunye nokutya okuxhathisayo (imodeli yeBEP / BER) [84].

Iinkcukacha ngalo mzekelo zichazwe kwenye indawo [84] kodwa isishwankathelo, kwaphawulwa ukuba ngelixa iimpuku zasemazi zitya izixa ezilinganayo ze-chow, xa ukutya okunencasa kufumaneka (umzekelo, iicookies zeOreo) malunga nesinye kwisithathu zihlala zitya kakhulu ukutya okunencasa kakhulu kcals (BEPs) kunokutya okunencasa okuphantsi. okwesithathu (BERs) kwi-4 yokuqala kwiiyure ze-24 zokufikelela kokutya okunencasa, ngaphezu kokuthatha kwabo rhoqo i-chow [84]. Njengeminye imifuziselo echazwe apha, ukutya okunencasa kunikezelwa rhoqo vs imihla ngemihla (2-3x ngeveki kwi-24 h). Kuyathakazelisa ukuba xa unyawo luthuthumela, omabini amaqela anciphisa ukuthathwa kokutya kodwa ukuhla kwe-BEP kubangelwa ukunciphisa i-chow intake ngelixa i-BERs kungenxa yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kokutya okunencasa [84]. Kwakhona phantsi kweemeko ezixineneyo, ii-BEP ezininzi kunee-BER ziwela amanqanaba anyukayo othuso lweenyawo kwi-M&Ms® ene-BEPs ekwanyamezele amanqanaba aphezulu othuso kunee-BER ukubuyisela iM&Ms® [85]. Ukutya ngokuzintyintya ngee-BEPs akupheleli nje kokunye ukutya okunamafutha/okuswiti [85-87] kodwa nakwii-non-sweet fats (umz., Crisco®) kunye neelekese ezingenamafutha (umz., Froot Loops®). Ngaphezu koko, xa iimpuku ze-BEP kunye ne-BER zibekwe kwirejimeni yesiqhelo yokutyeba okubangelwa kukutya apho kuphela iipellets ezinamafutha aphezulu zifumaneka yonke imihla [88], isiqingatha se-BEPs kunye nesiqingatha se-BERs sityeba ngelixa esinye isiqingatha se-BEPs kunye ne-BERs sixhathisa ukukhuluphala [84]. Yiyo loo nto le modeli inokuba luncedo ekuphononongeni iindlela eziphantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zeklinikhi, umz., i-BED (eyimodareyithwe zii-BEPs ezityebileyo), ukutyeba okungeyo-BED (okumodareyithwa zii-BER ezityebileyo), i-bulimia nervosa (eyimodeli ye-BERs enganyangekiyo) kunye nobunzima obuqhelekileyo bokungatyi abantu abasempilweni (imodeli ye-BERs enganyangekiyo).

Ukongeza kwiyantlukwano engokwemvelo ekutyeni ukutya okunencasa, iyantlukwano yomntu ngamnye kwindlela yokutya isenokuvela kumava obomi bokuqala bokusingqongileyo. Ngaphandle kokomelela kwemodeli ye-HD+ yoxinzelelo kwiinguqu kubuchule bovavanyo ngathi kunye nabanye [33, 43, 53, 60-62, 89-92], besingasoloko sikwazi ukufumana ukutya kakhulu kwiimpuku. Ngamanye amaxesha abanye, nabo, abakwazanga ukufumana umphumo ngokothuswa kweenyawo okanye ukuba baye benza, ukutya kakhulu kwakuthotywa [91, 92]. Ngelixa iyakhathaza, ingxaki eneneni inika ithuba lokuphanda izinto ezinokubakho. Okubangela umdla kukuba, uHancock et al. ifunyenwe, xa usebenzisa imodeli ye-HD+Stress, loo nto kuphela iimpuku ezinqatshelwe ukukhothwa kunye nokuzilungisa njengomantshontsho kamva emva kweHD kunye noxinzelelo [92]. Oku kwenzeka kuphela ngexesha lokufikisa kwaye hayi kamva ebudaleni kodwa iyahambelana nobudala bomntu bokuqala kwiziphazamiso ezinxulumene nokuzintyintya [8]. Ngokufanayo, amantshontsho eempuku afumana ukwahlukana komama abonisa ukuthathwa kwe-chow ebaxiweyo ngexesha lenqanaba lokutya lokuthintelwa / ukondla imijikelo ebusheni. Ezi mpuku zikwanyuse amanqanaba e-CORT xa kuthelekiswa namaqela angenaxinzelelo kwangoko [93, 94]. Siye safunda ukuba iindawo zorhwebo zeempuku, nangaphakathi kwiinkampani zabathengisi, aziwulawuli umahluko kwinani lamantshontsho akhuliswe kumama ngamnye okanye ezinye izinto zokufuya. Kwanoxinzelelo oluvela kwinqanawa lunokuba neziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezifihlakeleyo kwizilwanyana. Ezi zizinto ezaziwayo ukuba zinempembelelo kwiziphumo zeendlela zovavanyo ezilawulwa ngokugqwesileyo [95-100]. Ukuthathela ingqalelo oku, asinakukhupha ithuba lokuba amava obomi bokuqala anokuthi aqhube iiyantlukwano ekuthathweni kokutya okunencasa kwimodeli yeBEP/BER. Lilonke, izinto ezibangela uxinzelelo kubomi bangaphambili kwaye mhlawumbi nakuphi na ukungafani kokutya okuvela kwabo bacinezelayo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa kusetyenziswa iimodeli zeempuku zokutya kakhulu. Oku kuhambelana nekhonkco eliqinileyo le-etiological phakathi kokwenzakala kwabantwana kunye noxinzelelo lobomi bokuqala malunga nokutya kakhulu ebantwini [101-104].

Imodeli yoFikelelo oluNcinane

Ufikelelo olunqongopheleyo lokutya okunencasa lukhokelela ekutyeni okuziinkozo

Imodeli yofikelelo olulinganiselweyo ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha kwenye indawo [105]. Ngokungafaniyo ne-HD + yoxinzelelo kunye neemodeli ezitya kakhulu iswekile ezichazwe ngasentla, imodeli yokufikelela okulinganiselweyo ayisebenzisi ukutya kwangaphambili okanye okukhoyo ngoku ukukhuthaza ukutya kohlobo lokuzinkcinkca. Iigundane kule modeli azinakuze zithintelwe ukutya, njengoko zikwazi ukufikelela ngokuqhubekayo kwi-chow kunye namanzi ngamaxesha onke. Oku kuye kwavumela ukuba kufundwe ukusetyenziswa kohlobo lokutya oluzimeleyo oluzimeleyo kwiinguqu ze-neuronal ezinokuziswa ngokusetyenziswa kokutya kokutya. Ukukhuthaza ukutya okutyayo, iigundane zinikwa i-sporadic (ngokuphindaphindiweyo amaxesha ama-3 ngeveki), ixesha elilinganiselwe (ngokubanzi i-1-2 h) ukufikelela ekutyeni okunencasa, ngaphezu kwe-chow ekhoyo ngokuqhubekayo. Imodeli yokufikelela elinganiselweyo inokubaluleka ekutyeni ngokungabikho kwendlala, njengoko kuchazwe kwi-BED [8, 106], kunye “nokutya okwalelweyo” kwingqikelelo yokuzinkcinkca ngomntu apho ukutya abantu abathintele ukufikelela kuko kukutya abazintyintya ngako [55, 56].

Amaqela amabini eempuku asetyenziswa kule modeli, enye inokufikelela okufutshane, okunexesha elilinganiselweyo lokutya okunencasa yonke imihla (iqela lolawulo lokufikelela kwimihla ngemihla), kunye nelinye elinokufikelela ixesha elifutshane lokutya okunencasa amaxesha ambalwa (ngokuqhelekileyo. Iintsuku ezi-3) ngeveki (iqela lokuzinkcinkca ngokungaqhelekanga). Ukutya okunencasa ngokuqhelekileyo sisitya sokunciphisa imifuno ecocekileyo, engamafutha aqinileyo e-hydrogenated aqhele ukusetyenziswa kwizinto ezibhakiweyo. Xa ukunciphisa kubonelelwa ngeeyure eziyi-1-2 yonke imihla, ukusetyenziswa akutshintshi kakhulu ngexesha lonke kwaye ukuthathwa ngokuqhelekileyo kujikeleze i-2 g (~18 kcal). Nangona kunjalo, xa ukucuthwa kubonelelwa ngokungaqhelekanga, ukungena ngexesha lokufikelela okulinganiselweyo kukhula kwisithuba seeveki ezininzi ukuya ~ 4-6 g (~36-54 kcal), kwaye ibe nkulu kakhulu kunezo zeempuku ezinokufikelela imihla ngemihla. Ukuzinkcinkca kuchazwa ngokusebenzayo kulo mzekelo xa ukuthathwa kokutya okunencasa kwiqela lofikelelo olungaqhelekanga kudlula elo leqela lofikelelo lwemihla ngemihla. Enyanisweni, emva kweeveki ze-4, iqela le-sporadic lidla ukutya okuninzi okanye okunencasa kwi-1-2 h njengoko iigundane ezinokufikelela ngokuqhubekayo kokutya okunencasa kudla kwi-24 h [107, 108]. Ukunyuka kokutya okunencasa kwenzeka kwiqela le-sporadic nangona behlala bekwazi ukufikelela kwi-chow; ukufikelela kuphela ekutyeni okunencasa kuthintelwe. Iimpuku ezinexesha elilinganiselweyo lokufikelela kwimihla ngemihla ekutyeni okunencasa zibandakanyiwe njengolawulo lokunencasa kokutya okunencasa, kunye nokufunda malunga nexesha elilinganiselweyo lokufumaneka kokutya okunencasa. Iqela lemihla ngemihla, ngoko ke, lithathwa njengolawulo "oluqhelekileyo", apho ukuzinkcinkca kwiqela le-sporadic kuthelekiswa. Le nto iye yaxelwa kumadoda nabasetyhini, kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, nakumaqela aliqela eminyaka [107, 109, 110].

Nangona ukucutha kuye kwasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kule modeli, okunye ukutya okunencasa nako kuye kwavavanywa kubandakanya izisombululo ze-sucrose, ukugxilwa kwamafutha okwahlukeneyo okuboniswa njengeemulsion eziqinileyo, ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu, kunye nemixube yamafutha/sucrose [111-118]. Ukunciphisa kusebenza kakuhle njengokutya okunencasa kwezi zifundo, njengoko iimpuku zikutya ngokulula [119] kunye nomahluko phakathi kwamaqela unokuvavanywa. Ukongeza, nangona ukutya kusondela kwisilingi yomthamo wesisu sempuku (njengoko kubalwa ngokweBull kunye neePitts [120]) abafikeleli kobona buninzi bokuzaliswa kwesisu. Oku kuvumela ukuvavanywa kokubini kokuncitshiswa kunye nokuvuselela ukuthathwa kusetyenziswa i-pharmacological probes (umz.,121]).

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ukutya okunencasa kulo mzekelo osetyenziswa ngokulula, kodwa oko akukhuthazi ukutya okuninzi kangangokuba ukungafani kwamaqela akunakuqondwa. Ukuba amaqela emihla ngemihla kunye namaqela aqhelekileyo atya izixa ezikhulu, ke ukuzinkcinkca akunakwahlulwa koko kuphenjelelwa ngokulula kokutya okunencasa, njengoko kuye kwaxelwa kwizifundo ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, iigundane zidla izixa ezinkulu (5-9 g) ze-emulsions ezinamafutha aqinileyo ngexesha lokufikelela okuncinci kwisifundo esinye, kwaye ukungena akuzange kwahluke phakathi kwamaqela emihla ngemihla kunye ne-sporadic [116]. Ukunqongophala komehluko phakathi kwamaqela emihla ngemihla kunye ne-sporadic kuye kwaxelwa xa i-chow enamafutha aphezulu, ishukela / imixube yamafutha, kunye nezisombululo ezithile zeswekile zisetyenziswe njengokutya okunencasa [111-115, 117, 118]. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukungafani kokuziphatha kunye nekhemesti phakathi kwamaqela okufikelela okwethutyana kunye nemihla ngemihla kuye kwaxelwa, nangona ukuthathwa ngexesha lokungena okulinganiselweyo akuzange kwahluke phakathi kwamaqela (umz.115, 116, 121, 122]). Noko ke, nakwezi meko, ukuthathwa kwabakhulu ngokwentelekiso. Ukuba ukuthathwa kukunqunyanyisiwe (kuthintelwe) ngexesha lokuqala leeveki ezi-5 zokutyhileka okufutshane (iimpuku zivunyelwa kuphela ukuba zitye i-2 g), emva koko ukuzintyintya okulandelayo kuyathotywa xa ukuthathwa kungasabanjwanga [108]. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuvezwa nje kokutya okunencasa, kunye nokuvunyelwa ukuba kuthathwe iisampulu, akwanelanga; iimpuku kufuneka zivunyelwe ukuba 'zigrumbe' xa ziqala ukwaziswa ngokutya okunencasa ukwenzela ukuzitixa ukuze kamva zichazwe ngokupheleleyo.

Iigundane ezinokufikelela okuncinci kokutya okunencasa azifumani ubunzima obuninzi, kwaye aziqokeleli kakhulu ngamafutha omzimba, kunolawulo lwe-chow [107, 109]. Oku kungenxa yokunciphisa ukuthathwa kwe-chow okwenzekayo. Ukutya okugqithisileyo/ukungaphakami, okanye ipateni ye-'sawtooth' yokuthatha amandla emihla ngemihla ikhula kwiimpuku ezinokufikelela manqaphanqapha ekutyeni okunencasa kuba zitya kakhulu ngeentsuku ekubonelelwa ngazo ngokutya okunencasa kwaye zitya ngaphantsi xa ukutya okunencasa kungabonelelwanga [107, 109, 112-115, 123]. Isiphumo somnatha kukuba amandla aqokelelweyo apheleleyo (i-chow + mfutshane) kunye nobunzima bomzimba awohluki phakathi kwamagundane okufikelela okwethutyana kunye nolawulo lwe-chow (umz.107, 109, 112, 113, 115]. Ukusukela ukuba iimpuku zokuzinkcinkca zitya kakhulu ngeentsuku zokuzintyintya, kwaye zityile ngeentsuku ezingezizo ezotyiweyo, kuye kwaqhutywa izifundo zokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuzintyintya kuyenzeka na ngenxa yothintelo lwamandla olwenzeka ngamaxesha athile olwenzeka kwiintsuku eziphambi kofikelelo lokutya okunencasa. Oku akubonakali kunjalo; ukuzinkcinkca kuyaqhubeka, naxa ukutya ngaphantsi kungenzeki kusuku olungaphambili [124]. Ukugcinwa kokuthathwa kwamandla kunye nobunzima bomzimba kumanqanaba okulawula kuyafana neemeko zabantu ezifana ne-bulimia nervosa apho ukuzintyintya khona, kodwa ubunzima bomzimba buhlala ngaphakathi koluhlu oluqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuziphatha okuhlawulelayo njengokutya ngaphantsi [8]. Enyanisweni, ukungaphumeleli ukuqokelela ubunzima bomzimba obugqithisileyo yinto eqhelekileyo kwiimodeli ezichazwe kolu hlaziyo kwaye luqhelekileyo lokutya kwabantu; kuphela malunga nama-35% abantu abazinkcinkca ngotywala abane-BMI ≥30 [5].

Ukongeza ekusebenziseni ukunciphisa kakhulu ngexesha lofikelelo olunqongopheleyo, iimpuku zokuzintyintya ngamaxesha athile nazo zisebenza nzima ukwenza mfutshane kwiiseshoni zokusebenza. Inqanaba eliqhubelekayo lokuqhawula umlinganiselo liyenyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha kwiimpuku ngokufikelela okungaqhelekanga kufinyezo [125], kwaye inkulu kakhulu kuneempuku zemihla ngemihla [122]. Umlinganiselo oqhubekayo wokuphendula i-sucrose emva kwexesha lokunqongophala kokutya nawo uye wanda kakhulu kwiimpuku ezinokufikelela okungaqhelekanga kwimifuno encindisiweyo eneswiti xa kuthelekiswa neempuku ezinokufikelela imihla ngemihla [115]. Ukuphendula komlinganiselo oqhubekayo kuthathwa njengomlinganiselo wokuziphatha wenkuthazo [126] ecebisa ukuba ukujikeleza okunxulumene nomvuzo kunokubandakanyeka ngokwahlukileyo kwiimpuku kunye nemizuzu emfutshane yokusetyenziswa kokutya okunencasa.

Kwenzeka ntoni ngokutya okunencasa ngamanqam okunokubangela utshintsho olunjalo? Ngokucacileyo, iimpuku zifunda ukuzintyintya, kodwa i-neurocircuitry ebandakanyekayo kuloo nkqubo yokufunda sele iqalisile ukubonakaliswa. Enye inokwenzeka kukuba kusenokubakho uhlobo oluthile lokutya. Iimpuku kumlutha weswekile kunye neemodeli zeHD+ zoxinzelelo zifunda ukutya ukutya okunencasa xa kuvinjwa ukutya. Ke, inxalenye yento enokuthi iqhube ukusetyenziswa kohlobo lokuzinkcinkca kwezo modeli yi-neurocircuitry efunekayo kubudlelwane bokufunda phakathi kwezinto ezisingqongileyo kunye nokutya okunencasa ngelixa ukwimeko yokunqongophala kwamandla, njengoko kuchazwe yiHolland kunye noogxa [oogxa bakhe].127]. Idatha yakutsha nje evela kwilebhu yaseBoggiano ibonisa ukuba ukufunda okunjalo kunokwenzeka naxa kungabikho kunqongophala kokutya [63]. Ke ngoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba amandla okutya okunyanzelwa yicue asebenza kwimodeli yofikelelo olulinganiselweyo, ngokunjalo, nangona iimpuku zingazange zivinjwe ukutya.

Ngelixa ukondla okubangelwa kukukholisa kuqhelekile kuzo zontathu iimodeli, kunokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo ziyabandakanyeka. Imodeli yokulutha iswekile ibonelela ngeswekile yonke imihla kwiigundane ezithintelwe ukutya kancinci iiyure ezininzi kumjikelo omnyama. Ke, ukubonakaliswa kweswekile kuqikelelwa kakhulu kulo mzekelo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukunikezelwa kokutya okunencasa kuyenzeka manqaphanqapha, kwaye kuqikelelwa kancinci, kwiHD + Uxinzelelo kunye neemodeli zoFikelelo oluNcinane. Siphakamisa ukuba ukutya okunencasa okungalindelekanga kunegalelo ekuzinkcinkceni. Uphando lwabantu luyayixhasa le ngcamango. Ukuzinkcinkca akusoloko kucwangcisiwe [8] kunye nokuzinkcinkca ngotywala kunokwahluka kakhulu kuye nawuphi na umntu [128]. Ukongeza, iindawo ezikhuthaza iipatheni zokutya ezingalindelekanga zibonakala zikhuthaza ukuzintyintya. Ngokomzekelo, xa amabhinqa afikisayo esitya rhoqo isidlo sangokuhlwa kunye nosapho, amathuba okuzinkcinkca ngotywala angaphantsi kunaxa amabhinqa afikisayo engafane atye isidlo sangokuhlwa nosapho [129]. Ubuncinci ungenelelo oluyimpumelelo lonyango lujolise kwimeko engalindelekanga yokutya iziqendu kunye nokusetyenziswa kokutya okunencasa ngokuseka ukutya rhoqo njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sonyango [79].

Kwimodeli yofikelelo olulinganiselweyo, ukuzinkcinkca kukhula kwiimpuku ezingatyiyo ezifumana kuphela ukutya ngeentsuku ezintathu ngeveki, okt manqaphanqapha. Uninzi lwezi zifundo zibonelele ngokutya ngokutya ngoMvulo, ngolweSithathu, nangoLwesihlanu veki nganye. Ngaloo ndlela, ngamanye amaxesha kubakho usuku olunye kuphela phakathi kokuzinkcinkca kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zibe mbini. Le shedyuli yokufikelela yazisa inqanaba elithile lokungaqiniseki malunga nokuba amathuba okuzinkcinkca aya kwenzeka nini na. Sikwavavanye iishedyuli ezithe kratya kunye neziphumo ezifanayo [36]. Ukongeza, iimpuku ezinokufikelela okungaqhelekanga kokutya okunencasa zihlala kwigumbi elinye kunye neempuku ezinokufikelela imihla ngemihla. Ke ngoko, iimpuku ezingaqhelekanga zivezwa kwiimpawu ezinxulunyaniswa nokutya okunencasa yonke imihla, kodwa zikufumana kuphela ukutya okunencasa ngamaxesha athile. Ngenxa yoko, unxulumano lokutya-ukutya lukwanxulunyaniswa nokungaqiniseki. Fiorillo et al.[130] ingxelo yokudubula okwahlukileyo kwee-neurons ze-DA kwindawo ye-ventral tegmental (VTA) njengomsebenzi wokungaqiniseki kwiprothokholi apho i-cues yaxela kwangaphambili ukuhanjiswa komvuzo wokutya okungamanzi. Ke, ukubonakaliswa kwe-dopaminergic kwiindawo zokubonisa i-VTA (i-NAc, i-prefrontal cortex) inokwahluka kwiigundane ezine-sporadic (ezingaqinisekanga / ezingacingelwanga) kunye neempuku ezinemihla ngemihla (eqinisekileyo / eqikelelweyo) ukufikelela ekutyeni okunencasa. Ngokwenene, idatha ye-pharmacological eqokelelwe kusetyenziswa imodeli yoFikelelo olulinganiselweyo iyahambelana nale meko (jonga ngezantsi).

IiNkqubo ze-Neurotransmitter ezikhethiweyo eziBandakanywe kwi-Binge Eating: Iziphumo kunye neempembelelo zeklinikhi

UBart Hoebel wayenguvulindlela kuphononongo lokugqithelana okukhoyo kwi-neurocircuitry elawula ukutya kunye nokuthathwa kweziyobisi. Kweli candelo, sigxininisa iziphumo eziphefumlelweyo ngumsebenzi kaBart ophuma kwiimodeli ezichazwe apha, ezibonelela ngengqiqo kwiinguqu ze-neuronal ezenzeka njengomsebenzi wokutya kakhulu.

Dopamine

Ukubandakanyeka kwe-DA kunye nabamkeli bayo ekuzinkcinkceni iye yaphononongwa kwenye indawo [131, 132], kwaye umsebenzi kaBart Hoebel ube nempembelelo enkulu kule ndawo yophando. Iziyobisi zokuxhatshazwa zinokutshintsha ii-receptors ze-DA kunye nokukhululwa kwe-DA kwimimandla ye-mesolimbic yengqondo [133, 134]. Utshintsho olufanayo luye lwaqatshelwa kusetyenziswa imodeli yokulutha iswekile (bona [19, 21] ukuphonononga). Ngokukodwa, i-autoradiography ityhila ukunyuka kwe-D1 receptor ebophelelayo kwi-NAc kunye nokunciphisa i-D2 receptor ebophelelayo kwi-striatum enxulumene neegundane ezondliwe [76]. Abanye baye babika ukuhla kwe-D2 receptor ebophelelayo kwi-NAc yeegundane kunye nokufikelela kwangethuba kwi-sucrose kunye ne-chow xa kuthelekiswa neempuku ezondliwe i-chow kuphela [135]. Iigundane ezineswekile ephakathi kunye nokufikelela kwe-chow nazo ziye zehla i-D2 receptor mRNA kwi-NAc, kwaye yandisa i-D3 receptor mRNA kwi-NAc kunye ne-caudate-putamen xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lwe-chow-fed [78]. Nangona kunjalo, enye yezona zinto zinamandla zokufana kwe-neurochemical phakathi kokutya iswekile kunye neziyobisi zokuxhatshazwa sisiphumo kwi-DA engaphandle. Ukunyuka okuphindaphindiweyo kwe-DA engaphandle kwe-DA ngaphakathi kwegobolondo le-NAc yimpembelelo ephawulekayo yeziyobisi ezixhatshazwayo [136], kanti ngokuqhelekileyo ngexesha lokutya, impendulo ye-DA iyaphela emva kokuvezwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekutyeni njengoko ilahlekelwa yinto entsha [137]. Xa iimpuku zitya iswekile, impendulo ye-DA ifana neyokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunokutya, kunye ne-DA ekhutshwa kwi-binge nganye [77]. Ukulawula iimpuku zondliwe iswekile okanye i-chow ad adum, iigundane ezinokufikelela okuphakathi kwi-chow nje, okanye iigundane ezinambitha iswekile kumaxesha amabini kuphela, ziphuhlise impendulo ephosakeleyo ye-DA eqhelekileyo yokutya okulahlekelwa yinto entsha. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuzinkcinkca ngeswekile kuvelisa impendulo yemithambo-luvo eyahluke ngokupheleleyo kuleyo yokutya iswekile ngaphandle kokuzinkcinkca, nokuba iswekile etyiwayo iyonke iyafana kuzo zombini iimeko. Ezi ziphumo zixhaswa ngokufunyaniswayo kusetyenziswa ezinye iimodeli zokugqithiswa kweswekile apho ukuguqulwa kwe-accumbens ye-DA kunye nomthuthi we-DA kuye kwabikwa.138, 139].

Kwimodeli yokufikelela encinci, iiprobes ze-pharmacological ze-D1 kunye ne-D2 receptors ziye zavavanywa. Ulawulo lweperipheral yomchasi ofana ne-D1 SCH23390 ukunciphisa ukungena kwamafutha kunye neswekile ekuzinkcenkceni kunye nokulawula iigundane, kodwa ezi ziphumo zihlala zihamba kunye nokunciphisa i-chow intake [121]. Ke ngoko, iziphumo ze-D1 blockade zinokubakho ngenxa yokucinezelwa ngokubanzi kokuziphatha. Ulawulo lweperipheral ye-D2-like antagonist raclopride, kwelinye icala, ibe nemiphumo engazange ichazwe ngokunyanzeliswa kokuziphatha ngokubanzi. I-Raclopride icuthe ukusetyenziswa kwezisombululo zeswekile kwiimpuku ezinofikelelo mihla le okanye ngamaxesha athile, kodwa yaba neziphumo ezahlukileyo ekusetyenzisweni kokutya okunamafutha anencasa. Ngokukodwa, ukuthathwa kokutya okunamafutha anencasa ngokubanzi kuye kwancitshiswa yi-raclopride kwiidosi eziphezulu kakhulu kwiimpuku ezinokufikelela okulinganiselweyo kwemihla ngemihla kodwa ibingachaphazelekanga okanye yonyuswa yi-raclopride ngamathamo asezantsi kwiimpuku ezinokufikelela okulinganiselweyo [121]. Ezi ziphumo zibandakanya ii-receptors ze-D2 ekusetyenzisweni kokutya okunamafutha, kodwa zikwabonisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-D2 eyahlukileyo kwiimpuku kunye nokulawula. Ekubeni iidosi ezisezantsi zivuselela ukutyiwa kwi-binge (sporadic) iigundane kunye needosi eziphezulu ezincitshisiweyo zokuthatha kulawulo, ezi ziphumo ziphakamisa ngakumbi ukubonakaliswa kwangaphambili kunye ne-post-synaptic D2 phantsi kweemeko zokuzinkcinkca kunye nokulawula. Ezi ziphumo ziyahambelana neengxelo ebantwini kunye neempuku ezibandakanya ukubonakaliswa kwe-DA ekusetyenzisweni kokutya okunamafutha [3] nasekuzinkcinkceni ngokutya [15, 131].

Ukongeza kwi-NAc, iprojekthi ye-VTA dopamine neurons kwimimandla ye-prefrontal cortex ebandakanyekayo ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye nomsebenzi wokulawula (i-anterior cingulate), kunye nengqalelo (i-agranular ephakathi okanye i-Fr2; [140]; bona [141] ukuphonononga). Izifundo zokucinga zabantu zibonisa ukubandakanyeka kwe-cingulate yangaphambili kubantu abazintyintya ngokutya [142-146], kunye nokubandakanyeka kwemimandla ye-agranular ephakathi ekuhlafuneni [147]. Ke, izifundo zisandula ukuqaliswa kusetyenziswa imodeli yoFikelelo olulinganiselweyo apho ukunyuswa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-DA receptor antagonists kuye kwalawulwa kwezi ndawo zobuchopho. Iziphumo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ziyahambelana neziphumo ezifunyenwe ngeenaliti ze-peripheral, okt idosi ephantsi ye-D2 antagonist eticlopride yandisiwe ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha kwiimpuku zokuzintyintya kodwa hayi kulawulo [148]. Kuthatyathwe kunye, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukunciphisa izenzo ze-D2 ze-receptor kwimimandla ye-cortical azibangeli ukuxhamla, kodwa kunokunyusa ukugqithisa xa kusekwa. Ngamafutshane, iziphumo zibonisa ukuba amava okuzinkcinkca anokuphazamisa ukubonakaliswa kweDA, kwenze kube nzima ukuyeka xa sele kuqalisiwe ukuzitika.

Ii-Opioid Receptors

Ukongeza kwimiphumo ye-DA, iinkqubo ze-opioid zikwachatshazelwa ngokuzinkcinkca ngendlela ehambelana nemiphumo yezinye iziyobisi zokusetyenziswa kakubi. Idatha eveliswe kwimodeli yokulutha iswekile ibonise ukuba ukutyiwa kweswekile kunciphisa i-enkephalin mRNA kwi-nucleus accumbens [78], kunye ne-mu-opioid receptor binding iphuculwe kakhulu kwi-NAc shell, cingulate, hippocampus kunye ne-locus coeruleus, xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lwe-chow-fed [76]. Kwakhona, into yokuba iigundane ezitya iswekile zivakalelwa kwimiphumo ye-opioid antagonist naloxone, enokuthi ibangele iimpawu zokurhoxisa [22], icebisa ukuba ukuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiweyo kweswekile eninzi kunokutshintsha iinkqubo ze-opioid zengqondo.

Iziphumo ezivela kwi-HD+Stress kunye neemodeli zoFikelelo oluNcinane zikwabonelela ngenkxaso yendima ye-opioids ekuziphatheni kokutya kakhulu. I-HD + Ukutya okubangelwa kukuxinezeleka kupheliswe yi-naloxone, i-kappa exutywe ne-mu-receptor antagonist. Nangona ithatha ixesha elifutshane, akukho ukuzintyintya okuhlawulelayo kwiiyure ezingama-24; ngoko ke, ukubonakaliswa kwe-opioid-receptor kunokuba yimfuneko ukuze kutyiwe ngokugqithisileyo [89]. Enye indlela apho iHD ibonakala ngathi iphambili ubuchopho ukuba buzinkcinkce kukusebenzisa i-opioid-receptors [149]. Uvakalelo lunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuncipha kwe-opioid receptors ngenxa yokuba iigundane ezitya kakhulu zibonisa impendulo egqithisileyo ye-anorectic kwi-blockade ye-mu/kappa-receptor kunye ne-naloxone [89]. I-receptor-downregulation iya kuvelisa i-naloxone blockade epheleleyo njengoko kwenzeka kumlutha we-opiate [150-152]. Ngokuhambelana ne-opioid-receptor sensitivity, i-opioid-receptor agonist butorphanol ifezekisa i-hyperphagia enamandla kakhulu kwiigundane ezitya ngokutya ngokunxulumene namaqela olawulo nangona amanqanaba asele ongeziweyo [89]. Ukunikezelwa kokukhuliswa kokukhululwa kwe-DA yi-opioid-receptors kwi-mesolimbic neurons [153] kunye neendima zabo ezidibeneyo ekufuneni nasekuthandeni [132] ngokulandelanayo, akumangalisi ukuba utshintsho olubangelwa yi-HD kwi-opioid-receptors kufuneka ludlale indima yokutya. Okubalulekileyo, iziphumo zandisa iingxelo zobuvulindlela bukaHoebel kubudlelwane obuguqukileyo phakathi kokunqongophala kokutya kunye nomvuzo ngesilumkiso sokuba kwanokungabikho kokutya kwangaphambili kunokubangela utshintsho oluhlala ixesha elide kumjikelezo onxulumene nomvuzo.

Ngelixa i-HD inokubangela ukuba ingqondo ikwazi ukuzinkcinkca ngokusebenzisa i-opioid receptors, i-HD isenokungabi yimfuneko ukuba uvakaliso olunjalo lweswekile lwenzeke. Kwimodeli yoFikelelo oluNcinane, i-opioid antagonist naltrexone yanciphisa ukutya okuqinileyo kwe-100% yamafutha (ukunciphisa), ii-emulsions eziqinileyo ezenziwe ngogxininiso olwahlukileyo lokunciphisa (32%, 56%), kunye nemixube ye-sucrose yamafutha xa i-sucrose concentration yayiphantsi kwiigundane kunye ufikelelo olulinganiselweyo lwemihla ngemihla kunye neempuku ezinofikelelo olungephi ekutyeni okunencasa [116, 121]. Ngaloo ndlela, i-naltrexone yayisebenza kakuhle ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kokutya okunamafutha kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni imeko yokufikelela. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuzinkcinkca kunye nokulawula iigundane ezitya i-sucrose zazinovelwano ngokwahlukileyo kwiziphumo zokunciphisa i-naltrexone. Ngokukodwa, i-naltrexone yanciphisa ukungena kwe-3.2% kunye ne-10% yezisombululo ze-sucrose kwiigundane ezinokufikelela okulinganiselweyo, kodwa kungekhona kwiigundane ezinokufikelela okulinganiselweyo imihla ngemihla [118]. Oku kuhambelana nezinye iingxelo ezibonisa ukubandakanyeka kwe-opioid receptors ekutyeni ukutya okuneswekile kwiigundane [76, 78, 89] ngokunjalo nasebantwini [154]. Ke, ngelixa i-blockade ye-opioid receptors inciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinamafutha phantsi kweemeko ezingezizo kunye neemeko zokuzintyintya, i-opioids inokuba nendima ekhethekileyo ekusetyenzisweni kohlobo lokutya okutyebileyo kwiswekile.

Zithatyathwe kunye, ezi ziphumo zingasentla zibonisa ukuba ukutya kakhulu kunokudityaniswa yi-opioid-receptor supersensitivity (mhlawumbi ngenxa yokukhululwa kwe-opioid engapheliyo ngenxa yokutya okunencasa, okukhupha i-opioids engapheliyo [155-160]. Oku kufana nokulutha kwe-opiate apho ii-opiates, hayi ukutya okunencasa, zikhukulisa ingqondo ngokuvuselela i-opioid engapheliyo ekhokelela kulawulo lwembuyekezo ye-receptor [150-152]. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba abakhotyoki ekurhoxeni bayaziwa ngokutya iswekile ngokugqithisileyo mhlawumbi njengethathela indawo yezenzo ze-opiates engqondweni. Ukuqhuba kwabo iswekile kukuba kunokukhokelela ekutyebeni kunye nokuphazamiseka kweglucose.161-163]. Ke, ukujolisa kunyango oluchasene nomnqweno olusetyenziswa kumlutha we-opiate kunokuba luncedo ekuphatheni ukutya ngokutya (umzekelo, nge-buprenorphin [164], buprenorphin/naloxone [165], D-phenylalanine/L-amino-acids/naloxone [163]). Ukuchongwa kweziphawuli zemfuza eziqhelekileyo phakathi kokukhotyokiswa yi-opiate kunye nokutya kakhulu (endaweni yokutyeba) kunokukhawulezisa inkqubela yonyango. Inkxaso yale ngcamango ibonelelwe ngezifundo zeklinikhi apho kuncipha i-insula mu-receptor ebophelelayo kwizigulane ze-bulimia nervosa [166] kunye ne-frequency enkulu ye-mu-receptor ye-A118G eyahlukileyo (efakwe kumvuzo kunye nokulutha) phakathi kwe-BED e-obese vs.17].

I-Acetylcholine (ACh)

Ukunyuka kwe-ACh ye-extracellular kuye kwadibaniswa nokuqala kokuhlutha [167]. Kwimodeli yokulutha iswekile, iigundane ezitya iswekile ziphuhlisa ukulibaziseka ekunyukeni kwe-ACh, enokuba sesinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni ubungakanani besidlo sokutya bunyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha [77]. I-Accumbens cholinergic neurons nayo ibonakala inendima ekuziphatheni okugwenxa. Iimpawu zokuziphatha zokuhoxiswa kweziyobisi zihlala zihamba kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-DA / ACh balance kwi-NAc; I-DA iyancipha ngelixa i-ACh inyuka. Oku kungalingani kubonakaliswe ngexesha lokurhoxa kwiziyobisi ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kakubi, kubandakanya imorphine, inicotine kunye notywala.168-170]. Iigundane ezitya iswekile nazo zibonisa ukungalingani kwe-neurochemical kwi-DA / ACh ngexesha lokuhoxiswa. Esi siphumo senzeka zombini xa iigundane zinikwa i-naloxone ukuze zikhuphe ukurhoxa okufana ne-opiate [22] kwaye emva kwe-36 h yokunqongophala kokutya [19].

Serotonin

U-Hoebel kunye noogxa bakhe baqhube izifundo ze-seminal kwiimpuku eziye zanceda ukubeka isiseko se-serotonin ekujoliswe kuyo kunyango lokutya okungaqhelekanga [171, 172]. Kwimodeli ye-HD + yoxinzelelo lwe-fluoxetine, i-selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) evunyiweyo kunyango lwe-bulimia, ukunciphisa ukuthathwa kweegundane ze-HD + noStress ngokunamandla njengokutya kwe-HD + Stress rats kwi-2 h. Kwiyure ye-4 emva konyango, i-fluoxetine yayisasebenza kwiigundane ezitya kakhulu, kodwa kungekhona kwi-HD + noStress controls [53]. Ngenxa yoko, iHD isenokwenza utshintsho oluhlala ixesha elide kulawulo lokuhlutha, umsebenzi ophambili we-serotonin, nangona ubunzima bomzimba obuqhelekileyo. Uxinzelelo lwaziwa ngokunyusa amanqanaba e-synaptic serotonin anokuthi achaze ukusebenza kwexesha elide kwe-anorectic ye-fluoxetine ebonwe kwi-HD+Stress rats [53]. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-fluoxetine ayisebenzi ekunciphiseni ukutya okuzingxala ngokutya ukuba iimpuku zikwi-balance balance yamandla, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokungonelanga kwe-synaptic serotonin kwisenzo se-SSRI [173]. Ukongeza, i-fluoxetine isebenzise eyona mpembelelo inamandla ye-anorectic kwiimpuku ezinokufikelela okongeziweyo (24h) ekutyeni okunencasa okunxulumene neempuku ezine-HD ezingazange zibe nokutya okunencasa okanye zibe nako yonke imihla [54]. Ke ngoko, indima yokutya okunencasa okwethutyana ukusebenzisana ne-HD ukuphazamisa umsebenzi we-serotonin akufanele ijongelwe phantsi.

I-GABA kunye ne-Glutamate Receptors

I-GABA-B receptor iye yafumana ingqwalasela kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo ngenxa yokukwazi kwe-agonists ukunciphisa ukuzilawula kweziyobisi kwizifundo zezilwanyana, kunye namandla abo kunyango lweengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi [174, 175]. Kwimodeli yokufikelela okulinganiselweyo, i-GABA-B i-agonist i-baclofen yanciphisa ukungena kokunciphisa, kunye ne-emulsions enamafutha aphezulu (56%), kwiigundane ezinemihla ngemihla kunye nofikelelo olufutshane lwemihla ngemihla kwiidosi ezivuselelayo okanye ezingenasiphumo kwi-chow intake. [116, 121]. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-baclofen yayingenayo impembelelo ekuthathweni kwezisombululo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ze-sucrose (3.2%, 10%, 32%) kwiigundane ezine-sporadic okanye ukufikelela okulinganiselwe kwansuku zonke [121]. Xa amanqatha kunye ne-sucrose zixutywe kunye i-baclofen yanciphisa ukungena kwiigundane kunye nokufikelela okwethutyana okanye kwansuku zonke xa i-sucrose concentration iphantsi (3.2%, 10%) kodwa ingenayo impembelelo kulo naliphi na iqela xa i-sucrose concentration iphezulu (32%) [118]. Iziphumo ezifanayo ziye zaxelwa ngabanye. Ngokomzekelo, i-baclofen ayizange inciphise ukusetyenziswa kokutya okunencasa okuqulethe i-40% yamanqatha kunye ne-16% ye-sucrose kwimodeli yegundane yokutya ngokutya.112]. Emsebenzini ochazwe nguHoebel kunye noogxa, i-baclofen yanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kokunciphisa imifuno kwiigundane kunye ne-2-h yokufikelela imihla ngemihla, kodwa ayizange ibe nefuthe ekuthathweni kwesisombululo seswekile [111]. Ke ngoko, iziphumo zokunciphisa ukuthathwa kwe-baclofen kwiimpuku zibonakala zithe ngqo ekutyeni okunamafutha aphezulu, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kuncitshiswa ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lweswekile.

Akukho nanye, iimvavanyo zeklinikhi zamva nje zibonisa ukuba luncedo olunokubakho lwe-baclofen kunyango lokutya kakhulu [176, 177]. Ngokukodwa, i-baclofen yanciphisa kakhulu ubukhulu be-binge kwileyibhile evulekile [176] kunye nezifundo ezilawulwa yi-placebo [177]. Iindidi zokutya ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-macronutrient ye-binges ayizange ihlolwe kwezo zilingo. Nangona kunjalo, idatha yegundane icebisa ukuba i-baclofen inokusebenza kakhulu kwabo bantu bazinkcinkca ngokuyintloko ngokutya okunamafutha angekho phezulu kwiswekile.

Ukusebenza kunye ne-topiramate yeziyobisi kubonisa ukuba utshintsho olusebenzayo kwi-GABA-A kunye ne-glutamate receptors lunokuthi lube phantsi kohlobo lokutya okuveliswa yi-HD kunye noxinzelelo. Ukusebenzisa imodeli yabo ye-HD + yoxinzelelo olulungisiweyo, uCifani et al. yafumanisa ukuba, ngelixa i-fluoxetine kunye ne-sibutramine zicinezela ukutya okuzingxala, kuphela i-topiramate ekhethiweyo ekhethiweyo yokunciphisa ukungena kwiqela le-HD + Stress ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ukungena kulawulo olucocekileyo, Uxinzelelo-kuphela, kunye namaqela e-HD kuphela [60]. Ababhali bakrokrela ukuba inokuba ziipropathi ezichasene nokukhanga kwe-topiramate ezikhuthazwa kukusebenza kwayo kwe-GABA-A receptors kunye nokuvinjwa kwe-AMPA/ikanate glutamate receptors ezikhetha ukucinezela ukutya okuzingxala ngokutya [60, 178]. Ukujonga iprofayili yecala elibi kakhulu, i-topiramate isebenze ekunciphiseni ukutya kakhulu ngokwezonyango [179]. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ze-rodent zibalulekile kuba zinika ingcebiso kwi-neurobiology ekhethekileyo eyenziwe kunxibelelwano lwesithintelo sekhalori yangaphambili, uxinzelelo, kunye nokutya okunencasa ukuguqula ulawulo lokutya kwengqondo. Uphando olongezelelekileyo ngendima ye-GABA kunye ne-glutamate ekutyeni ngokugqithisileyo lufanelekile.

Umgca we-HPA

Ukongezelela kwimpembelelo ebonakalayo enamandla yokuba neHD ekutyeni ngokuzinkcinkca ngokulandelayo, ubungqina bakutshanje bukwabonisa ukuba ukuzinkcinkca ngomzimba kunokunciphisa uxinezeleko nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuphelisa ukuzinkcinkca ngotywala. U-Bart Hoebel wenze uqikelelo lwangaphambili lokuba "ukukhululwa okubangelwa luxinzelelo lwe-DA kunokuququzelela iisekethe kwi-NAc kunye nezinye iisayithi ezenza inkqubo yokondla kunye neempendulo" ([57], iphe. 182). Ewe, uxinzelelo kwaye ngokukodwa i-CORT, sele ibonisiwe ukuba ikhulise ukukhutshwa kwe-DA kwi-NAc [58, 59]. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, amanqanaba aphezulu e-CORT luphawu lwehomoni lokutya iigundane ezitya kakhulu kwimodeli yeHD+ yoxinzelelo [41, 61]. UCifani et al., baqwalasele amanqanaba aphezulu e-CORT besebenzisa uguqulelo lwabo olulungisiweyo lwemodeli yeHD + yoxinzelelo [60, 90]. Ukutya okunencasa okubonwayo kubonakaliswe kukusebenza okungephi kwe-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [114, 180, 181]. Kwiimpuku, uthintelo lwamandla lunokonyusa uvakalelo kuxinzelelo (oluhamba kunye nokukhululwa kwe-CORT) kwaye kunokonyusa ukuthathwa kokutya okunamafutha aphezulu ukuphendula uxinzelelo [182]. Okubalulekileyo, i-CORT yonyuswa ngexesha lokutya okunamafutha aphezulu [2], njengokuba kunjalo ngokuyeka iziyobisi ezikhobokisayo [183]. Oku kunokuseta umjikelo okhohlakeleyo ofana wokutya ukutya okunencasa xa ucinezelekile emva koko ube neziphumo zokurhoxa kokutya okunencasa, uxinzelelo ngokwalo [180].

Ukulungisa oku, uCotton et al. yafumanisa ukuba iigundane ezinokufikelela okuphakathi kokutya okunencasa zenza iimpawu zokurhoxisa xa ukutya okunencasa kungafumanekiyo, iimpawu eziguqulwe ngokuchasa i-corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) -1-receptors [4]. Kusenokubakho inkqubo efanayo nakwingxaki yokutya ebonakala ngokuzinkcinkca ngotywala. Kubantu abatyebe kakhulu abanamanqanaba e-BED cortisol aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abatyebe kakhulu ngaphandle kwe-BED [184, 185]; amanqanaba e-cortisol yegazi ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo aqikelela ukuthathwa okukhulu kweelekese [186]; kunye namanqanaba e-salivary cortisol anxulunyaniswa ngokufanelekileyo nokutya ngokutya kakhulu [187]. Ngaphandle kokuvula iimpendulo zoxinzelelo, i-CORT ikwabandakanyeka kwinkuthazo yokufuna izinto ezinomvuzo [158, 188-190]. Ke ngoko, nantoni na enokuthi ibambe lo mjikelo (umzekelo, ukutshintshwa kokutya okunencasa ngomvuzo onempilo kunye/okanye ukujolisa ngokusebenza kwe-HPA) kunokungqina ukuba luncedo ngokwamayeza kunyango lokuzinkcinkca ngokuthintela ukuphinda ubuyele. Uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukufumanisa ukuba ihomoni ye-HPA engaqhelekanga isebenze kuxinzelelo yinto esele ikho yengozi yokutya kakhulu njengoko olunye uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ingaba [185].

Kusenjalo ukuphakama kwe-CORT kwimodeli ye-HD+ yoxinzelelo kunye nakubantu abane-BED bacebisa ukuba ukutya kakhulu okudityaniswe noxinzelelo kubandakanya ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwi-axis ye-HPA. Ke ngoko, ukujolisa amahomoni oxinzelelo kunokuba luncedo ekunyangeni ukutya ngokuzonwabisa. I-Nociceptin / intandane yi-endogenous ligand ye-nociceptin opioid-receptor (aka, OP4, ORL1). Izenzo ezichasene noxinzelelo kunye nomdla wokutya, zombini eziguqulwa yiCRF ziyibize ngokuba ngumchasi osebenzayo weCRF [191]. Okubangela umdla kukuba, iidosi eziphantsi kodwa ezingekho phezulu zinciphisa kakhulu ukutya kakhulu kwe-HD+ iigundane zoxinzelelo [192]. Nangona imiphumo yachazwa ngokuthi "incinci" ngabaphandi, iphakamisa ukuba asifanele siyijonge indlela yokuphatha ukutya ngokutya kunye neziyobisi zokuphucula ukutya, ukuba ziyakwazi ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-pharmacologically. Ngaloo ndlela, idosi ingaba yinto ebalulekileyo. Enye into enomtsalane eyongezelelweyo yale molekyuli kukuba ngokungafaniyo nabachasi beCRF, inokuba isebenzise iziphumo zonyango ngaphandle kokuthintela i-axis ye-HPA [191].

ISalidroside yiglucoside eRhodiola rosea L. (aka, Golden Root, Roseroot), isityalo esaziwa eMpuma Yurophu naseAsia ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokulwa noxinzelelo lwe 'adaptogenic' [193, 194]. Kwimodeli ye-HD + yoxinzelelo, iidosi zale khompawundi azizange zibe nefuthe kwi-chow okanye ukutya okunencasa yokulawula okucocekileyo, Uxinzelelo kuphela, okanye iigundane ze-HD kuphela kodwa zakuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ukutya okutyayo okunencasa kwi-HD + Uxinzelelo. iimpuku. Kwakhona ngenxa yokuba ayizange ichaphazele ukuthathwa kweempuku ezingeyo-bhayisekile nokuba zihluthi okanye zivinjwa ukutya [62], isiphumo asinakuba ngenxa yokucinezelwa kokunyuka okuqhelekileyo kokuthatha (ukulamba okanye ukuvumba-okubangelwa) njengoko kuqhelekileyo kwii-serotonergic agents [62]. Nangona i-compound inokunyusa i-monoamines kunye B-i-endorphin, isiphumo sayo sokuchasana nokutya ngokugqithisileyo kubangelwa kukuqaqanjelwa koxinzelelo [195[62]. Uchaso oluthe ngqo lwe-CRF-1 receptors lunokuba lujolise ekuqinisekiseni ubungqina bokuba lunciphisa uxinzelelo olubangelwa kukufuna ukutya okunencasa kwiimpuku [190, 196].

Isishwankathelo/izigqibo

Imiyalezo emininzi yokuthatha ekhaya inokuthatyathwa kolu mboniso. Okokuqala, zontathu ezi modeli zichazwe apha zibonisa ukuba ukuvezwa nje kokutya okunencasa akubangeli utshintsho lokuziphatha kunye ne-neuronal olubonisa iimeko ze-pathological ezifana nokuba likhoboka. Endaweni yoko, kubonakala ngathi ukuphinda-phinda, amaxesha athile okutyiwa kokutya okunencasa okugqithisileyo kuyafuneka ukuze umntu aziphathe ngendlela egwenxa kunye notshintsho lobuchopho. Oku kuboniswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuthelekisa amaqela olawulo asebenzisa ukutya okufanayo okunencasa. Idatha efunyenwe ekusetyenzisweni kwezi modeli ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iziphumo zokuziphatha kunye ne-neuronal zokuzinkcinkca ngokutya okunencasa zahlukile kwezo zibangelwa kukutya nje ukutya okunencasa ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Okwesibini, nangona ukutya okunencasa kubonakala kungenakwaneleyo ukuzinkcinkca kunye nokuguqulwa kwayo kwe-neuronal ehambelanayo ukuphuhlisa, ukutya okunencasa kubonakala kuyimfuneko. Oku kubonakaliswa kakuhle yimodeli yokulutha iswekile. Xa iigundane zazinokufikelela kwi-chow kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo ezikhuthaza umlutha weswekile (ukufikelela kwe-12-h ukuqala i-4 h kumjikelezo omnyama kwiigundane ezazine-12-h yokutya), imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye ne-neuronal ehambelana nokulutha ayizange ibonwe [19]. Ukongeza, njengoko bekuxeliwe ngemodeli yoxinzelelo lwe-HD + naxa ukuzintyintya kwi-chow kwenzeka, kwafuneka ukuba iqale iqwalaselwe kukutya okunencasa [43]. Okwesithathu, uhlobo oluthile lokufikelela okuphakathi kokutya okunencasa, ngokuchasene nokufikelela okuqhubekayo, kubonakala kuyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni ukuzintyintya. Iindlela eziphendula ifuthe elinamandla lokuphazamiseka ekutyeni okunencasa azaziwa, kodwa ziphantsi kophando ngeli xesha. Okwesine, ngelixa umsebenzi omninzi kusafuneka wenziwe, iimodeli ezichazwe apha sele zenze inkqubela phambili ekucaciseni ezinye zee-neurotransmitters, ii-receptors zazo, kunye nemimandla yobuchopho ebonakala ibandakanyeka ekutyeni ngokugqithisileyo. Ngelixa uninzi lwabaviwa abahlukeneyo befundiwe, i-DA kunye neepeptide ze-opioid ngaphakathi kweesekethe ze-mesocorticolimbic zonwabela eyona nkxaso inkulu kwiimodeli ezivezwe apha. Okwesihlanu, ngelixa iimpawu zofuzo ngokungathandabuzekiyo zinegalelo kumngcipheko wokuzinkcinkca, zontathu iimodeli zibonelela ngobungqina obuqinileyo bokuba ukuphindaphinda ukubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni kohlobo lwe-binge kuneziphumo ze-neuronal kunye nokuziphatha. Ngamafutshane, kubonakala ngathi ukuzinkcinkca kunokubangela imeko esebenzela ukuqhubela phambili indlela yokuziphatha xa sele iqalisiwe. Okwesithandathu, zonke iimodeli zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kohlobo lokutya okunencasa kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokutyeba.

Okokugqibela, iziphumo ezivela kule mifuziselo mithathu zibonisa ukuba abaphandi akufuneki bathintele into esizama ukuyixelisa kwizilwanyana zaselabhoratri ngokukholelwa ukuba iindlela ezithile zokuziphatha zikhethekile ebantwini. Ukuba siphindaphinda imeko-bume yabantu ngokusondeleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwiimpuku, umzekelo, ngokufanisa i-HD, uxinzelelo, ukutya kwabantu, njl., akufanele simangaliswe ukuba izilwanyana zibonisa iimpawu 'eziyinkimbinkimbi' zokuzitya ezifana 'nokungalawuleki' ukuziphatha ngokutya [8, 70], uxinzelelo [54], kunye nokuziphatha okubonakala kungekho ngqiqweni njengokunyamezela iziphumo ezichaseneyo zokutya okunencasa [85, 197]. Ukucinga okucandekileyo “komntu nesilwanyana” akufuneki kudodobalise inkqubela kumzamo wokuqonda nokunyanga iziphazamiso ezibonakala ngokutya kakhulu [198-200]. Ukuboleka amazwi kaHoebel xa ebhekisa kwiingcinga zikaJames Old ngenkuthazo, akufuneki sibe neentloni ekuvavanyeni “nezona ngcinga zinzima, zineliso eliqhwanyazayo…” ([201], iphe.654).

Amagqabantshintshi ophando

Iimodeli ezintathu zeempuku zokutya kohlobo lokuzintyintya kunye neziphumo zazo ze-neuronal zichaziwe
Iziphumo ezayanyaniswa nokuzintyintya zahlukile ekuzityiseni.
Ukutya kohlobo lokuzinkcinkca kuyenzeka ngaphandle kokutyeba.

Ukwamkela

Inkxaso yezifundo ezichazwe apha ezinikezelwe nguMH67943 (RLC), MH60310 (RLC), Penn State Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (RLC), National Eating Disorders Association (NMA) kunye ne-DK079793 (NMA), DK066007 (MMB), P30DK056336 (MMB) ) kunye neMbasa yeLaureate yeNEDA (MMB).

Imihlathi

Iphepha elichazayo ukuba awusenanto oyifunayo: Le fayili yeFayile yombhalo wesandla ongabhalwanga owamkelwe ukushicilelwa. Njengenkonzo kumakhasimende ethu sinika le ngcaciso yokuqala kwincwadi yesandla. Umbhalo wesandla uza kufumana ukukopishwa, ukufakela, nokuphonononga ubungqina obunokubakho ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe kwifomu yayo yokugqibela. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngexesha lokuveliswa kweeprogram ezinokuthi zifumaneke ezinokuthi ziphazamise umxholo, kunye nazo zonke izisemthethweni ezichasayo ezisetyenziswa kwiphephancwadi.

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